This document provides an overview of key aspects of electrical system design and Indian electricity regulations. It discusses the objectives of electrical system design courses and outlines various modules that will be covered, including general safety precautions, electrical accessories and devices, wiring diagrams, and earthing systems. It also summarizes important elements of the Indian Electricity Act and Rules, including the roles of regulatory commissions, rural electrification efforts, open access provisions, and measures to prevent electricity theft.
Guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings Vijay Kumar
This document provides guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings. It covers topics such as the electricity supply specifications, planning wiring work, features of electrical wiring including examples of lighting and socket outlet circuits, selection of cables and accessories, control and protection systems, earthing, and inspection and testing requirements. Safety is an important focus of the guidelines to avoid electrical accidents. Planning work includes determining load requirements, calculating maximum demand, and submitting plans. Wiring examples shown include single phase and three phase systems.
Electricity Act 2003 and its proposed amendmentsAmitava Nag
This document provides an overview of the history and development of electricity regulation in India. It discusses the major Electricity Acts and policies passed from 1910 onwards, including the Electricity Act of 2003 which consolidated laws around electricity generation, transmission, distribution and use. The document also outlines the key features and chapters of the 2003 Act, as well as subsequent amendments. It describes the roles of central and state governments, regulatory commissions, and other authorities in establishing rules and regulations for the electricity sector in India.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Electricity Act of 2003 and its amendments. Some key points:
- The Act was enacted to consolidate laws around electricity generation, transmission, distribution and use. It aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests.
- It establishes regulatory commissions and an appellate tribunal to regulate tariffs and resolve disputes.
- Amendments in 2007 focused on rural electrification, reducing cross-subsidies gradually, and recognizing power theft as a criminal offense.
- Proposed 2014 amendments aim to enforce grid security, promote renewable energy, streamline tariff determination and encourage retail competition.
This document is the Electricity Act of 2003 from India. Some key points:
- It consolidates all laws related to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity in India.
- It establishes regulatory bodies like the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to regulate the electricity industry.
- It defines key terms related to electricity regulation like generating company, licensee, distribution licensee, electricity trader, transmission utilities and more.
- It aims to promote competition and open access in the electricity industry, protect consumer interests, and ensure electricity access nationwide.
The document summarizes electricity regulations in India. It discusses the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs), which regulate the electricity sector. It also outlines key aspects of the Electricity Act 2003, including provisions related to power generation, transmission, and distribution. The act aims to increase competition and private sector participation in the electricity industry.
This document provides an overview of the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC). It discusses the objectives and key contents of the IEGC, including the roles of various organizations in the electricity grid such as load dispatch centers, regulatory commissions, and transmission utilities. The IEGC aims to facilitate reliable, secure and economic operation of the national power grid in India. It defines operating procedures, planning guidelines, and responsibilities of grid participants.
Guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings Vijay Kumar
This document provides guidelines for electrical wiring in residential buildings. It covers topics such as the electricity supply specifications, planning wiring work, features of electrical wiring including examples of lighting and socket outlet circuits, selection of cables and accessories, control and protection systems, earthing, and inspection and testing requirements. Safety is an important focus of the guidelines to avoid electrical accidents. Planning work includes determining load requirements, calculating maximum demand, and submitting plans. Wiring examples shown include single phase and three phase systems.
Electricity Act 2003 and its proposed amendmentsAmitava Nag
This document provides an overview of the history and development of electricity regulation in India. It discusses the major Electricity Acts and policies passed from 1910 onwards, including the Electricity Act of 2003 which consolidated laws around electricity generation, transmission, distribution and use. The document also outlines the key features and chapters of the 2003 Act, as well as subsequent amendments. It describes the roles of central and state governments, regulatory commissions, and other authorities in establishing rules and regulations for the electricity sector in India.
The document provides an overview of the Indian Electricity Act of 2003 and its amendments. Some key points:
- The Act was enacted to consolidate laws around electricity generation, transmission, distribution and use. It aims to promote competition and protect consumer interests.
- It establishes regulatory commissions and an appellate tribunal to regulate tariffs and resolve disputes.
- Amendments in 2007 focused on rural electrification, reducing cross-subsidies gradually, and recognizing power theft as a criminal offense.
- Proposed 2014 amendments aim to enforce grid security, promote renewable energy, streamline tariff determination and encourage retail competition.
This document is the Electricity Act of 2003 from India. Some key points:
- It consolidates all laws related to generation, transmission, distribution, trading and use of electricity in India.
- It establishes regulatory bodies like the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions to regulate the electricity industry.
- It defines key terms related to electricity regulation like generating company, licensee, distribution licensee, electricity trader, transmission utilities and more.
- It aims to promote competition and open access in the electricity industry, protect consumer interests, and ensure electricity access nationwide.
The document summarizes electricity regulations in India. It discusses the Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs), which regulate the electricity sector. It also outlines key aspects of the Electricity Act 2003, including provisions related to power generation, transmission, and distribution. The act aims to increase competition and private sector participation in the electricity industry.
This document provides an overview of the Indian Electricity Grid Code (IEGC). It discusses the objectives and key contents of the IEGC, including the roles of various organizations in the electricity grid such as load dispatch centers, regulatory commissions, and transmission utilities. The IEGC aims to facilitate reliable, secure and economic operation of the national power grid in India. It defines operating procedures, planning guidelines, and responsibilities of grid participants.
This document summarizes an electrical engineering student's report on Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCBs). It defines a circuit breaker and ELCB, explaining that an ELCB detects small stray voltages to prevent electric shock. The document discusses that ELCBs are used to protect against electrical leakage in a circuit, cutting off power within 0.1 seconds if leakage current exceeds a fixed value. Finally, it provides brief overviews of the construction, principle of operation, advantages, and disadvantages of ELCBs.
This document discusses HVDC transmission and presents a technical seminar on the topic. It introduces HVDC transmission as a solution for transmitting large amounts of power over long distances, as AC transmission faces technical challenges for long distance power transmission. It outlines the advantages of HVDC transmission such as lower transmission losses over long distances, independent control of AC systems, and faster switching of power flow. It also discusses the components of HVDC transmission systems including converter stations, transmission lines, and ground return technology.
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) aims to ensure reliable power for all consumers through environmentally sound energy supply. Its key roles include advising the government on policy, planning electricity development, coordinating utilities, setting technical standards, and building sector skills. Recent work includes national electricity plans, monitoring project implementation, promoting renewable integration, and guidelines on issues like tariffs, metering and flexible operations. The CEA publishes various reports on sector performance and works to address issues like staffing and budget needs.
This document discusses captive power plants under the Electricity Act of 2003. Key points include: captive plants must use 51% of generated power for their own use and stakeholders must have at least 26% ownership. Surplus power can be supplied to third parties through the grid or dedicated transmission lines. Some courts have ruled dedicated lines require a distribution license, while others disagree finding no such requirement in the Act. The document argues the Act does not intend to impose licensing on captive plants' dedicated lines based on principles of statutory interpretation.
The Indian Electricity Rules were established in 1956 under the Indian Electricity Act of 1910 to regulate the safe generation, transmission, supply and use of electricity. The governing body is now the Central Electricity Authority. The rules cover licensing, safety requirements, supply conditions and precautions for overhead lines, underground cables, generating stations and more. Key safety rules address switches on live conductors, circuit protection, and clearances for overhead lines from buildings and the ground. The rules aim to ensure the safe use of electricity for all.
This document provides information on various types of cables based on their construction and use. It discusses cable types for electrical, telecom, fiber optic and other applications. It also describes the construction of different cable types like XLPE and covers aspects of cable installation like laying, jointing, testing and maintenance. Common cable accessories used are also explained.
Safety During Installation of Plant and Equipment | Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
This document discusses safety considerations for installing electrical plant and equipment. It outlines pre-requisites like quality civil works, equipment, tools, and trained personnel. Key aspects of installation include erecting main and auxiliary equipment, earthing systems, and ventilation. Essential safety systems are earthing screens, fire extinguishers, arresters. Risks include falling objects, fires, and electrical/chemical hazards. Proper planning through bar charts and documentation is needed. The installation process and safety precautions for transformers are specifically examined.
EHV (extra high voltage) AC transmission refers to equipment designed for voltages greater than 345 kV. Higher transmission voltages increase efficiency by reducing transmission losses and current, decrease infrastructure costs, and increase transmission capacity. However, they also present safety and interference risks. New technologies like FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) help maximize the benefits of EHV transmission by enabling voltage control and power flow management. There is growing support for expanding national EHV transmission grids to facilitate large-scale renewable energy integration and inter-regional power sharing.
The document provides an overview of substation automation at BSES in Delhi, India. It discusses [1] the company profile of BSES and the privatization of power distribution in Delhi, [2] what SCADA is and why it is needed for substation automation, and [3] the components of a typical SCADA system including the control center, communication systems, and remote terminal units.
This document discusses different types of megger devices, their uses, and operating principles. It describes a megger as a measuring device used for ground earth testing and insulation testing to determine leakage current and insulation levels. There are two main types: electronic meggers that are battery-operated and have digital displays, and manual meggers that are hand-operated with analog displays. The document also mentions it will cover the construction and working principles of meggers, which use hand cranking or batteries to produce test voltages that are applied to electrical systems to measure insulation.
Single-line diagrams provide an overview of electrical systems using simplified lines to represent connections between components rather than actual wiring. Circuit diagrams visually display electrical circuits using images or standard symbols. Schematic diagrams illustrate the functional plan of a circuit without depicting physical wire placement, using abstract symbols. Wiring diagrams visually map the physical layout and connections of an electrical system or circuit using wires and showing where fixtures connect.
This document discusses power system automation and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA as a system that collects data from sensors at remote locations and sends it to a central computer for monitoring and control. The key components of a SCADA system are described as remote terminal units (RTUs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), human machine interfaces (HMIs), and intelligent electronic devices. Applications of SCADA in power generation, transmission and distribution are outlined. Advantages of SCADA include efficient operation with less manpower, flexibility, reliability and rapid emergency response, while disadvantages include high initial costs and trouble alarms.
Underground cables have several key components and requirements:
- Conductors are made of stranded copper or aluminum to provide flexibility and high conductivity. Insulation provides voltage isolation and comes in materials like paper, rubber, or mineral compounds.
- Cables include protective layers like metallic sheathing to prevent damage from the environment, bedding to protect the sheath, and armoring for mechanical protection during laying.
- Cables are classified based on voltage range as low, high, extra high tension etc. Common cable types include belted cables below 11kV, screened cables from 22kV-66kV, and pressure cables over 66kV which use oil or gas insulation.
Calculation of electrical load of buildingniraj2510
This document provides an example calculation of the electrical load of a building with the following specifications: it has 5 floors with 3 flats on each floor, each flat has a 240V single phase supply and 20 wiring points, there is one 15HP lift motor and two 5HP machines, the building receives a 415V 3-phase supply. The summary calculates:
1) The total electrical load is 52.137KW
2) The main switch size is 100A
3) The main cable is 25mm sq copper cable
4) Each flat has 5 sub-circuits
132 KV Grid Station Intern ship training reportMuntazir Mehdi
1. The document summarizes Muntazir Mehdi's two-week internship training at the 132 KV Substation Kamalabad operated by IESCO in Pakistan.
2. It provides details about the substation's configuration, with two incoming 132 KV lines, and describes the various components used in substations including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, bus bars, insulators, and protection relays.
3. The substation components are classified and their functions and characteristics are explained over the course of the 14-page report.
Electrical installation for commercial & public buildingddsshukla
This document provides guidance on electrical installations for commercial and public buildings. It discusses key considerations for wiring types, circuit diagrams, load estimations, and costing. The main sections cover electrical service and supply, internal distribution, residential distribution, medium and large installations, and large installations. Specific guidance is given for installations in offices, shopping complexes, schools, hotels, and multi-storey buildings. Design considerations include lighting and appliance loads, sub-circuits, switchboard sizing, and cable sizing. Safety and capacity guidelines are provided for busbars, busbar chambers, and building substations.
This document discusses the various types of testing required for protection equipment, including:
- Type tests to prove the relay meets specifications and standards under abnormal power conditions.
- Routine factory production tests to check for defects during manufacturing.
- Commissioning tests to prove correct installation of a protection scheme before use.
- Periodic maintenance tests to identify equipment failures or degradation over time.
Electrical type tests are described in detail, including functional, rating, thermal withstand, burden, input, output, and insulation resistance tests. The purpose is to thoroughly evaluate performance and safety.
Introduction on indian codes as applied in electrical designAsif Eqbal
Introduction to Indian codes & regulation as applied in electrical design.
This PPT will provide information about role and utility of various codes being followed in India for electrical design
This PPT will also give sample details about lighting and grounding design
Insulating Shock Safety Mats.
IS: 15652 is Indian Standard Specification for rubber insulating mats for electrical purposes. It deals with insulating mats made of elastomeric (that includes rubbers, latex and elastomeric compounds that may be natural or synthetic or a mixture or a combination of both) for use as floor covering for the protection of workers on ac and dc installations with the system voltages WS33KV HT up to BD 66kVHT. As standard defines.
Specifically designed for use in front of high-voltage equipment such as switchboards, electrical safety matting is a special grade of rubber in mat form that has excellent insulating properties. Providing safety for operators and maintenance staff from electrical shock, it should be used in any area where the health and safety risk assessment has shown possible exposure to high-voltage shock.
VOLTAGE RATINGS
Class Thickness Working Voltage Proof voltage Break Down Voltage
A 2.0 mm 3.3KV 10KV 30 KV
B 2.5 mm 11KV 22KV 45 KV
C 3.0 mm 33KV 36KV 65 KV
This document summarizes an electrical engineering student's report on Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers (ELCBs). It defines a circuit breaker and ELCB, explaining that an ELCB detects small stray voltages to prevent electric shock. The document discusses that ELCBs are used to protect against electrical leakage in a circuit, cutting off power within 0.1 seconds if leakage current exceeds a fixed value. Finally, it provides brief overviews of the construction, principle of operation, advantages, and disadvantages of ELCBs.
This document discusses HVDC transmission and presents a technical seminar on the topic. It introduces HVDC transmission as a solution for transmitting large amounts of power over long distances, as AC transmission faces technical challenges for long distance power transmission. It outlines the advantages of HVDC transmission such as lower transmission losses over long distances, independent control of AC systems, and faster switching of power flow. It also discusses the components of HVDC transmission systems including converter stations, transmission lines, and ground return technology.
The Central Electricity Authority (CEA) aims to ensure reliable power for all consumers through environmentally sound energy supply. Its key roles include advising the government on policy, planning electricity development, coordinating utilities, setting technical standards, and building sector skills. Recent work includes national electricity plans, monitoring project implementation, promoting renewable integration, and guidelines on issues like tariffs, metering and flexible operations. The CEA publishes various reports on sector performance and works to address issues like staffing and budget needs.
This document discusses captive power plants under the Electricity Act of 2003. Key points include: captive plants must use 51% of generated power for their own use and stakeholders must have at least 26% ownership. Surplus power can be supplied to third parties through the grid or dedicated transmission lines. Some courts have ruled dedicated lines require a distribution license, while others disagree finding no such requirement in the Act. The document argues the Act does not intend to impose licensing on captive plants' dedicated lines based on principles of statutory interpretation.
The Indian Electricity Rules were established in 1956 under the Indian Electricity Act of 1910 to regulate the safe generation, transmission, supply and use of electricity. The governing body is now the Central Electricity Authority. The rules cover licensing, safety requirements, supply conditions and precautions for overhead lines, underground cables, generating stations and more. Key safety rules address switches on live conductors, circuit protection, and clearances for overhead lines from buildings and the ground. The rules aim to ensure the safe use of electricity for all.
This document provides information on various types of cables based on their construction and use. It discusses cable types for electrical, telecom, fiber optic and other applications. It also describes the construction of different cable types like XLPE and covers aspects of cable installation like laying, jointing, testing and maintenance. Common cable accessories used are also explained.
Safety During Installation of Plant and Equipment | Gaurav Singh RajputGaurav Singh Rajput
This document discusses safety considerations for installing electrical plant and equipment. It outlines pre-requisites like quality civil works, equipment, tools, and trained personnel. Key aspects of installation include erecting main and auxiliary equipment, earthing systems, and ventilation. Essential safety systems are earthing screens, fire extinguishers, arresters. Risks include falling objects, fires, and electrical/chemical hazards. Proper planning through bar charts and documentation is needed. The installation process and safety precautions for transformers are specifically examined.
EHV (extra high voltage) AC transmission refers to equipment designed for voltages greater than 345 kV. Higher transmission voltages increase efficiency by reducing transmission losses and current, decrease infrastructure costs, and increase transmission capacity. However, they also present safety and interference risks. New technologies like FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) help maximize the benefits of EHV transmission by enabling voltage control and power flow management. There is growing support for expanding national EHV transmission grids to facilitate large-scale renewable energy integration and inter-regional power sharing.
The document provides an overview of substation automation at BSES in Delhi, India. It discusses [1] the company profile of BSES and the privatization of power distribution in Delhi, [2] what SCADA is and why it is needed for substation automation, and [3] the components of a typical SCADA system including the control center, communication systems, and remote terminal units.
This document discusses different types of megger devices, their uses, and operating principles. It describes a megger as a measuring device used for ground earth testing and insulation testing to determine leakage current and insulation levels. There are two main types: electronic meggers that are battery-operated and have digital displays, and manual meggers that are hand-operated with analog displays. The document also mentions it will cover the construction and working principles of meggers, which use hand cranking or batteries to produce test voltages that are applied to electrical systems to measure insulation.
Single-line diagrams provide an overview of electrical systems using simplified lines to represent connections between components rather than actual wiring. Circuit diagrams visually display electrical circuits using images or standard symbols. Schematic diagrams illustrate the functional plan of a circuit without depicting physical wire placement, using abstract symbols. Wiring diagrams visually map the physical layout and connections of an electrical system or circuit using wires and showing where fixtures connect.
This document discusses power system automation and SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. It defines SCADA as a system that collects data from sensors at remote locations and sends it to a central computer for monitoring and control. The key components of a SCADA system are described as remote terminal units (RTUs), programmable logic controllers (PLCs), human machine interfaces (HMIs), and intelligent electronic devices. Applications of SCADA in power generation, transmission and distribution are outlined. Advantages of SCADA include efficient operation with less manpower, flexibility, reliability and rapid emergency response, while disadvantages include high initial costs and trouble alarms.
Underground cables have several key components and requirements:
- Conductors are made of stranded copper or aluminum to provide flexibility and high conductivity. Insulation provides voltage isolation and comes in materials like paper, rubber, or mineral compounds.
- Cables include protective layers like metallic sheathing to prevent damage from the environment, bedding to protect the sheath, and armoring for mechanical protection during laying.
- Cables are classified based on voltage range as low, high, extra high tension etc. Common cable types include belted cables below 11kV, screened cables from 22kV-66kV, and pressure cables over 66kV which use oil or gas insulation.
Calculation of electrical load of buildingniraj2510
This document provides an example calculation of the electrical load of a building with the following specifications: it has 5 floors with 3 flats on each floor, each flat has a 240V single phase supply and 20 wiring points, there is one 15HP lift motor and two 5HP machines, the building receives a 415V 3-phase supply. The summary calculates:
1) The total electrical load is 52.137KW
2) The main switch size is 100A
3) The main cable is 25mm sq copper cable
4) Each flat has 5 sub-circuits
132 KV Grid Station Intern ship training reportMuntazir Mehdi
1. The document summarizes Muntazir Mehdi's two-week internship training at the 132 KV Substation Kamalabad operated by IESCO in Pakistan.
2. It provides details about the substation's configuration, with two incoming 132 KV lines, and describes the various components used in substations including transformers, circuit breakers, isolators, bus bars, insulators, and protection relays.
3. The substation components are classified and their functions and characteristics are explained over the course of the 14-page report.
Electrical installation for commercial & public buildingddsshukla
This document provides guidance on electrical installations for commercial and public buildings. It discusses key considerations for wiring types, circuit diagrams, load estimations, and costing. The main sections cover electrical service and supply, internal distribution, residential distribution, medium and large installations, and large installations. Specific guidance is given for installations in offices, shopping complexes, schools, hotels, and multi-storey buildings. Design considerations include lighting and appliance loads, sub-circuits, switchboard sizing, and cable sizing. Safety and capacity guidelines are provided for busbars, busbar chambers, and building substations.
This document discusses the various types of testing required for protection equipment, including:
- Type tests to prove the relay meets specifications and standards under abnormal power conditions.
- Routine factory production tests to check for defects during manufacturing.
- Commissioning tests to prove correct installation of a protection scheme before use.
- Periodic maintenance tests to identify equipment failures or degradation over time.
Electrical type tests are described in detail, including functional, rating, thermal withstand, burden, input, output, and insulation resistance tests. The purpose is to thoroughly evaluate performance and safety.
Introduction on indian codes as applied in electrical designAsif Eqbal
Introduction to Indian codes & regulation as applied in electrical design.
This PPT will provide information about role and utility of various codes being followed in India for electrical design
This PPT will also give sample details about lighting and grounding design
Insulating Shock Safety Mats.
IS: 15652 is Indian Standard Specification for rubber insulating mats for electrical purposes. It deals with insulating mats made of elastomeric (that includes rubbers, latex and elastomeric compounds that may be natural or synthetic or a mixture or a combination of both) for use as floor covering for the protection of workers on ac and dc installations with the system voltages WS33KV HT up to BD 66kVHT. As standard defines.
Specifically designed for use in front of high-voltage equipment such as switchboards, electrical safety matting is a special grade of rubber in mat form that has excellent insulating properties. Providing safety for operators and maintenance staff from electrical shock, it should be used in any area where the health and safety risk assessment has shown possible exposure to high-voltage shock.
VOLTAGE RATINGS
Class Thickness Working Voltage Proof voltage Break Down Voltage
A 2.0 mm 3.3KV 10KV 30 KV
B 2.5 mm 11KV 22KV 45 KV
C 3.0 mm 33KV 36KV 65 KV
The document provides guidelines for photovoltaic system inspections from the Development Services Department Division of Building, Construction and Safety. It outlines the inspection process and what is verified, including conformance with approved plans and compliance with electrical codes. Key areas that are inspected include ground mounting, roof mounting, necessary paperwork, wiring methods, inverters, service equipment, grounding, penetrations through structures, and signage.
Safety grounding lightning protection and buildingEdy Iskanto
Dokumen ini membahas tentang prinsip dasar sistem grounding pada bangunan dan manfaatnya untuk keselamatan listrik dan proteksi petir. Jenis grounding yang dijelaskan adalah TN, TT, dan IT beserta variasinya, serta cara memelihara sistem grounding secara berkala.
01 guidelines for electrical work ace 9632136976Southern Railway
This document provides guidelines for electrical work and installation of cables. It lists various Indian Standards (IS) that must be followed for electrical wiring, fire safety, earthing, equipment, and other electrical work. Guidelines are provided for inspecting, handling, storing, laying, and terminating power and control cables up to 1.1kV. Cables must be laid at minimum depths and clearances depending on the location. Methods of cable laying include direct burial, drawing through ducts, laying on trays/racks in air or inside trenches. Joints must be properly sealed. Testing is to be done before and after laying. Lighting installation guidelines cover office and data center premises, with point wiring details.
Arc flash incidents can be costly in terms of personnel injury and equipment repair/replacement. This presentation provides an overview of the NFPA 70E 2012 Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace and the requirements of the standards, which are intended to better protect electrical workers from injury when they work on energized electrical equipment. This includes all aspects of facility and employer responsibilities for compliance to the NFPA 70E standards, as well as the current status of OSHA enforcement of these standards. Copyright AIST Reprinted with Permission.
The document discusses electrical measurement safety and standards. It aims to raise awareness of hazards, understand safety specifications, and minimize risks. Key points covered include:
1. Common electrical measurement hazards and how to avoid them through safety inspections of meters and test leads.
2. International safety standards IEC 61010 which defines overvoltage categories and improved protection against transients.
3. Choosing meters rated for the correct overvoltage category, such as CAT III for distribution-level circuits, to withstand higher transient voltages.
This document discusses arc flash hazards and NFPA 70E standards for electrical safety. It provides the following key points:
1. Arc flashes produce extremely high temperatures that can cause severe burns and pressure waves. Following NFPA 70E standards helps protect workers from arc flash injuries.
2. NFPA 70E requires hazard analyses to determine shock, flash boundaries and personal protective equipment requirements. Employers must implement electrical safety programs, train workers, and ensure only qualified personnel work on live equipment.
3. Analyses consider incident energy levels, fault currents and clearing times to determine appropriate protective boundaries and PPE. Proper work procedures and well-maintained equipment help prevent arc flash incidents.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang bahaya listrik dan keselamatan listrik di fasilitas industri. Ia menjelaskan jenis bahaya listrik, efek sengatan listrik, pencegahan bahaya melalui isolasi, grounding, dan sirkuit proteksi, serta tindakan penyelamatan dan pertolongan pertama bagi korban sengatan listrik.
The document discusses electrical hazards on airports and how to improve electrical safety. It begins with an introduction and agenda, then covers topics like electrical hazards, worker protection through personal protective equipment and grounding, safety management, codes/standards, and recommendations. The goal is to increase awareness of electrical dangers and suggest ways to enhance safety.
This document provides guidance on conducting effective workplace safety inspections. It discusses that inspections help maintain a safe work environment by identifying and controlling unsafe conditions and acts. The inspection process involves identifying hazards through inspection of the entire indoor and outdoor work areas, implementing controls, and documenting findings and corrective actions. All agencies are required to conduct inspections using checklists, and hazards found should be corrected as soon as possible. Effective inspections reinforce safety and encourage a safe workplace.
PV System Basics
Introduction to relevant Codes and Standards
Permit and Field Inspector Guidelines for PV Systems
Summary of Changes in 2005/2008 National Electrical Code
The document provides details of an electrical installation design project for a 6-floor building in Dubai, UAE. It includes specifications for the building and flats, load calculations and schedules for distribution boards and the central chilled water system, and drawings of layouts and designs. Electrical designs were completed for typical 2-bedroom and 3-bedroom flats according to Dubai standards.
To download head to http://solarreference.com/solar-pv-codes-brooks/
Also available on the Brook Solar website (they have some quality stuff)
This presentation from Brook Solar (Now Brooks Engineering LLC) is a wonderful compilation of the standards in place in the PV industry. But you do know that standards are like babies, they don't stop growing!
For more quality information visit http://solarreference.com/
A quick reference guide highlighting the 2014 changes in the National Electrical Code and the associated impact on engineers, contractors, and inspectors.
This document provides an overview of standard grade electrical safety in the home. It discusses the basics of electricity, how plugs and wiring work, electrical safety devices like fuses and switches, potential electrical faults, and how the earth wire acts as a safety mechanism. Key topics covered include how electricity flows along wires, plug wiring and colors, the purpose of fuses and switches, dangers of loose live wires, and prevention of electric shock through proper earthing.
The document discusses effective workplace safety inspections. It outlines the inspection process, goals of inspections, what should be inspected, types of inspections, who can conduct inspections, examples of things to inspect like emergency equipment and electrical safety, documenting inspection findings, implementing controls for identified hazards, and required record keeping. Inspections help maintain a safe work environment, control hazards, and ensure operational efficiency. All agencies are required to conduct monthly and quarterly inspections and document findings.
Consulting engineers who specify emergency power equipment understand that installations for mission critical facilities, such as hospitals and data centers, are required to comply with NFPA 110: Standard for Emergency and Standby Power Systems, in conjunction with NFPA 70: National Electrical Code. System designers must interpret the requirements of NFPA 110, ensure their designs follow them, and educate their clients about how the standard affects their operations.
NFPA 110 provides performance requirements for emergency and standby power systems that supply reliable auxiliary power to critical and essential loads when the primary power source fails. The standard covers installation, maintenance, operation, and testing requirements as they pertain to the performance of the emergency power supply system (EPSS) including power sources, transfer equipment, controls, supervisory equipment, and all related electrical and mechanical auxiliary and accessory equipment.
SASCO provides training on NFPA 70E, which establishes guidelines for electrical safety in the workplace. It addresses electrical hazards like shock, arc flash, and fire ignition. Arc flashes produce extremely high temperatures that can cause serious burns. Following the guidelines in NFPA 70E helps ensure electrical work is performed safely, such as through establishing limited approach boundaries and determining the proper personal protective equipment based on the potential hazards. Proper safety protocols, hazard analyses, and emergency response procedures can help minimize risks to workers from electrical incidents and injuries.
The document summarizes Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), an Indian power equipment manufacturer. It discusses BHEL's vision, mission, products, sectors, SWOT analysis, and strategies. BHEL manufactures equipment for power generation, transmission and industrial use. It has a diverse product portfolio, a large workforce, and manufacturing units across India. While it faces threats from global competition, BHEL aims to grow through technological innovation, quality focus, training programs, and addressing opportunities in the power and infrastructure sectors.
Presentation On Salient Features Of The Electricity Act , 2003rapper44
The document summarizes the salient features of the Electricity Act 2003, covering areas such as rural electrification, generation, transmission, distribution, role of government, consumer protection, regulatory commissions, tariff principles, measures against theft, and restructuring of state electricity boards. Key points include promoting rural electrification, removing licensing requirements for generation and captive power, establishing regulatory commissions and appellate tribunals, and provisions for open access and distribution reforms.
Regulations, Supply Rules and Standards of ElectricityRupesh Bobbili
This document summarizes key Indian electricity regulations, standards and supply rules over time. It discusses the Electricity Act of 1910 which established the basic framework for the electric supply industry. It then covers the Electricity (Supply) Act of 1948 which mandated the creation of State Electricity Boards. The Electricity Regulatory Commission Act of 1998 allowed for setting up commissions to determine tariffs independently of governments. Subsequent acts addressed energy efficiency, liberalized the electricity market, established regulatory bodies, and outlined requirements for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. The document provides an overview of the regulatory evolution of the Indian electricity sector.
K a-sivaram-chitale-policy-framework-for-transmission-distributionsrinivasdeepak
This document provides an overview of India's policy framework for power transmission and distribution. It discusses the key laws and policies governing this sector, including the Electricity Act of 2003, National Tariff Policy of 2006, guidelines for tariff determination through competitive bidding, and foreign direct investment policy. The Electricity Act aims to promote private sector participation through liberalization of entry barriers and mandates open access. Transmission and distribution are regulated through licensing by the Central and State Electricity Regulatory Commissions. Tariffs are required to be determined through a multi-year tariff framework. The policies seek to introduce competition while ensuring consumer protection.
This document provides an overview of the availability based tariff (ABT) mechanism and deviation settlement mechanism (DSM) in India. It discusses the constituents of the power grid in India and the evolution of the regional grids into a unified national grid. It then explains the constituents of ABT, including generators, transmission lines, load dispatch centers, and regulatory authorities. The key aspects of ABT are described, such as scheduling of generation and load, deviation charges for over-injection and under-injection to incentivize grid discipline. Finally, the document outlines the changes introduced in Maharashtra through the DSM regulations of 2019, bringing the state mechanism in line with the central electricity regulatory commission guidelines.
New Entrants in Electric Generation in Tennessee ValleyTNenergy
New Entrants in Electric Generation in Tennessee Valley" at the 43rd Annual Environmental Show of the South on April 30, 2014 in Gatlinburg, TN. The panel was comprised of experts in energy law and federal regulations, including Jim Rossi of Vanderbilt University and Gregory Young and Kenneth Gish of Stites and Harbison, PLLC. The session was approved for continuing legal education credits.
Environmental show of the south 2014 new entrants in electricity generationTNenergy
Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation’s Office of Energy Programs’ Director Molly Cripps moderated a panel presentation on “New Entrants in Electric Generation in the Tennessee Valley” at the 43rd Environmental Show of the South (ESOS) in Gatlinburg on April 30. The panel was comprised of experts in energy law and federal regulations, and the session was approved for continuing legal education credits.
Glen Wright - Legal and Regulatory Aspects of REANUECI
The document discusses renewable energy development in regional Australia and the National Electricity Market (NEM). It outlines several key barriers to renewable energy under the current regulatory system, including complex planning and grid connection processes that disadvantage renewable projects. Reforms are underway through the Australian Energy Market Commission to address some of these issues by standardizing connection for smaller embedded generators and allowing cost sharing for large-scale transmission upgrades. The document recommends that local authorities and RDAs support these reforms and help communities navigate regulatory processes for community renewable energy projects.
The document discusses India's restructuring of its power grid. It explains that India is undergoing power sector restructuring like other countries around the world. It then provides details on the components that make up the grid like transformers and circuit breakers. It discusses the need for restructuring due to financial constraints and the goal of improving efficiency. The document examines models used internationally and suggests the Transmission System Operator model is most suitable for India. It outlines features of the Electricity Act of 2003 that facilitates the restructuring.
The need for enactment of Electricity Act 2003,was felt by the Central Government in the backdrop of the on going Economic Reforms in the country coupled with power sector reforms in various States.
Electricity Act (Amendment) Bill 2022.pptxmsounak95
Electricity Amendment Bill, 2022 presents a landmark opportunity in overhauling the electricity sector. It introduces free and fair competition in distribution business as well as updated arbitration procedures.
The document discusses India's power grid system and the introduction of the Availability Based Tariff (ABT) mechanism and Deviation Settlement Mechanism (DSM) in India. It provides details on the constituents of India's power grid including 5 regional grids, installed capacity and demand in each region. It then summarizes the key aspects of ABT including its objectives to encourage grid discipline, components of generator tariffs under ABT, and definitions related to ABT. Finally, it outlines the changes made in Maharashtra's intra-state ABT mechanism as per the 2019 DSM regulations to make it similar to CERC's mechanism including aspects related to deviation charges and additional charges.
The document summarizes key proposed amendments in the Electricity (Amendment) Bill, 2020. Some of the major changes proposed include establishing a National Renewable Energy Policy, introducing a payment security mechanism before scheduling electricity dispatch, allowing cross border electricity trade through rules prescribed by the central government, constituting a selection committee for regulatory commissions and authorities, establishing an Electricity Contract Enforcement Authority to settle contract disputes, reducing surcharges and cross subsidies progressively, and requiring state governments to pay in advance any electricity subsidies through a direct benefit transfer mechanism.
The document discusses India's captive power policy. Some key points:
- Captive generation was first recognized in 1948 and allowed under certain conditions. The Electricity Act of 2003 removed restrictions and allowed any person to set up a captive generating plant.
- A captive generating plant is defined as one set up primarily to generate power for one's own use. Excess power can be sold to the grid. Dedicated transmission lines are also allowed.
- The objective is to increase competitive pressure on utilities and prevent high cross-subsidies for industrial consumers. However, open access and transmission tariffs can limit available capacity for the grid.
- Rules require captive users to own at least 26% of
The document discusses key provisions and issues related to captive power plants in India. The Electricity Act of 2003 legally enables the establishment of captive power plants. National policies also aim to promote captive power by ensuring cost-effective and reliable electricity. However, challenges remain around open access for selling surplus power to the grid and high transmission costs. Further development of captive power could help industries and support renewable energy growth.
Utility (Power) Distribution Franchisee Business in India - Basic Information for understanding with focus on "Input & Investment" Model
This presentation is for Education purpose only.
Tapping potential of waste heat to power and energy conservationIPPAI
The document discusses promoting co-generation in India by amending relevant laws and policies. It argues that existing laws around co-generation are confusing and insufficient, and that co-generation from non-renewable sources should also be encouraged. It proposes amending Section 86(1)(e) of the Electricity Act to explicitly promote and encourage all co-generation irrespective of fuel source. It also discusses related issues like renewable purchase obligations, preferential tariffs for co-generation, and removing penalties for captive and open access users who do not meet RPO targets. Overall, the document makes the case for comprehensive policy and regulatory changes to better promote co-generation in India.
The document provides an overview of India's power and energy sector. It discusses that coal accounts for 53% of primary energy in India, with fossil fuels making up 28-31% and nuclear power 8-10%. The public sector dominates India's power industry, owning 79% of total installed capacity of 1,736,260 MW as of 2017. Key challenges facing the sector include the demand-supply gap, availability of coal, reliance on equipment suppliers, and high transmission and distribution losses. The document outlines various government policies and regulatory bodies that aim to promote private participation and investment in the industry to address issues and achieve long-term sector goals.
This document summarizes the key points of India's National Electricity Policy and National Tariff Policy. The National Electricity Policy, introduced in 2005, aims to achieve universal access to electricity, meet the growing demand, improve quality and availability, and ensure the financial viability of the electricity sector. It also focuses on issues like rural electrification, generation, transmission, distribution, and private sector participation. The National Tariff Policy, introduced in 2006, provides the framework for determining tariffs and aims for fair returns while protecting consumers. It outlines approaches for tariffs related to generation, transmission, distribution and cross-subsidies.
Day-3, Mr. Ramesh Narayan BYPL Ippai issues in distributionIPPAI
This document summarizes key points from a presentation on issues in power distribution and open access in India.
1) There is a large mismatch between power generation capacity and demand in India, with suppressed demand from lack of connections, pumpsets running on diesel, and unelectrified rail corridors.
2) The 12th Five Year Plan aims to increase generation capacity by 88,536 MW and invest over 350,000 crores in transmission and distribution. Key targets include reducing technical and commercial losses.
3) Distribution faces major challenges including high power purchase costs, inadequate tariffs, and accumulated losses of over 1.2 lac crores for utilities. Reforms proposed include cost-reflective tariffs, financial re
The document outlines key policies related to renewable energy and electricity in India:
1) The Electricity Act of 2003 lays the statutory framework for promoting renewable energy generation and mandates that regulators specify renewable purchase obligations.
2) National Electricity Policies from 2005-2021 aim to increase access and availability of power, promote renewable energy, and improve the financial viability of the electricity sector.
3) National Tariff Policies of 2006 and 2016 provide guidelines for regulators to determine tariffs and promote renewable energy through measures like renewable purchase obligations and competitive bidding.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
2. OBJECTIVE
• To import the basic concepts of various
electrical installation
• To study the design and estimation of
different electrical installation
3. MODULE - 1
• General:
– Salient features of Indian Electricity Act
– Indian Electricity Rules and Energy Conservation Act
– General safety precautions
– Role and scope of National Electric Code – IS codes and IEC codes
– Classification of supply systems: TN, TT and IT systems.
• Accessories and protective devices:
– Load break switches, Switch Fuse Units, Fuse Switches,
– Circuit Breakers: MCB, MCCB, ELCB, ACB, OCB and VCB - Different types of fuses-
• Protection against over load
• Service connections - Reception and distribution of main supply - Schematic and
wiring diagrams
• Estimation of wiring materials used for a small residential building
• Neutral and earth wire
• Earth bus
• Design of earthing systems: pipe earthing
4. Salient features of Indian Electricity act
• Three erstwhile Acts that regulated the electricity
sector:
• The Indian Electricity Act, 1910
• The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
• The Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998
5. • The Indian Electricity Act, 1910
• Provided basic framework for electric supply industry in
India.
• Growth of the sector through private licensees. License
by State Govt.
• Provision for license for supply of electricity in a specified
area.
• Legal framework for laying down of wires and other works.
• Provisions laying down relationship between licensee and
consumer.
6. • The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948
• Mandated creation of SEBs.
• Need for the State to step in (through SEBs) to extend
electrification (so far limited to cities) all across the
country.
7. • Main amendments to the existing Acts
• Amendment in 1975 to enable generation in Central sector
• Amendment to bring in commercial viability in the
functioning of SEBs –
• Section 59 amended to make the earning of a minimum return of
3% on fixed assets a statutory requirement (w.e.f 1.4.1985)
• Amendment in 1991 to open generation to private sector
and establishment of RLDCs
• Amendment in 1998 to provide for private sector participation
in transmission, and also provision relating to Transmission
Utilities
8. • The Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act, 1998
• Provision for setting up of Central / State Electricity
Regulatory Commission to with powers to determine
tariffs.
• Constitution of SERC optional for States. .
• Distancing of Govt. from tariff determination.
10. Common features of State Acts
• Independent Regulatory Mechanism
• Constitution of SERC
• Powers of tariff fixation, licensing, regulation or working of
licensees, performance standards etc. to SERC
• Reorganisation of SEB
• TRANSCO as successor entity
• Single buyer model
• Separation of generation, transmission & distribution
11. • Powers of State Governments to give policy
directions to SERCs.
• Policy directions also on subsidy
• State Governments to compensate licensee affected by
direction regarding subsidy
12. Need for the new legislation
• Requirement of harmonizing and rationalizing the provisions in the
existing laws to
- Create competitive environment for benchmark competition which
will result in enhancing quality and reliability of service to consumer.
- distancing regulatory responsibilities of Govt.
• Reform legislation by several States separately.
• Obviating need for individual States to enact their own reform laws.
• Requirement of introducing newer concepts like power trading, open
access, Appellate Tribunal etc.
• Special provision for the Rural areas.
13. Objective of Indian electricity act
• Encouraging autonomous regulation with the
separation of
• policy regulation and operational aspects
• Rationalizing tariff and lowering the cross-
subsidization
• levels
• Creating competition in the industry
• Ensuring supply of electricity to all areas
• Protecting consumer interests
14. Policy
• A National electricity plan shall be prepared in
accordance with National Electricity Policy
every 5 years National policy on stands alone
systems for rural areas and Nonconventional
energy systems National policy on
electrification and local distribution in rural
areas
15. Salient features of the Electricity
Act, 2003
• Role of Government
• Rural Electrification
• Generation
• Transmission
• Distribution
• Consumer Protection
• Trading / Market Development
• Regulatory Commission / Appellate Tribunal
• Tariff Principles
• CEA
• Measures against Theft of electricity
• Restructuring of SEBs
16. Role of Government
• Central Government to prepare National Electricity Policy and Tariff
Policy.(Section 3)
• Central Govt. to notify a National Policy for rural areas permitting
stand alone systems based on renewal and Non-Conventional
energy sources in consultation with States. (Section 4)
• Central Govt. to formulate a National Policy in consultation with the
concerned State Govts. for bulk purchase of power and
management of local distribution through Users’ Association,
Cooperatives, Franchisees and Panchayat Institutions etc. (Section
5)
17. Rural Electrification
Appropriate Government to endeavor to extend
supply of electricity to all villages/hamlets.
(Section 6)
No requirement of licence if a person intends to
generate and distribute power in rural area.
(Section 14)
18. GENERATION
Generation free from licensing. (Section 7)
Requirement of TEC for non-hydro generation done away with. (Section 7)
Captive Generation is free from controls. Open access to Captive generating plants
subject to availability of transmission facility. (Section 9)
Clearance of CEA for hydro projects required. Necessary due to concern of dam
safety and inter-State issues. (Section 8)
Generation from Non-Conventional Sources / Co-generation to be promoted.
Minimum percentage of purchase of power from renewable may be prescribed by
Regulatory Commissions. (Sections 61 (h), 86 (1) (e))
19. TRANSMISSION
There would be Transmission Utility at the Centre and in the States to undertake
planning & development of transmission system. (Sections 38 & 39)
Load dispatch to be in the hands of a government company/organisation. Flexibility
regarding keeping Transmission Utility and load dispatch together or separating
them. Load Dispatch function critical for grid stability and neutrality as compare to
generators and distributors. Instructions to be binding on both.
(Sections 26, 27,31, 38, 39)
Transmission companies to be licensed by the Appropriate Commission after giving
due consideration to the views of the Transmission Utility.
(Sections 15(5)(b))
The Load Dispatch Centre/Transmission Utility / Transmission Licensee not to
trade in power. Facilitating genuine competition between generators
(Sections 27, 31, 38, 39,41)
Open access to the transmission lines to be provided to distribution licensees,
generating companies. (Sections 38-40)
This would generate competitive pressures and lead to gradual cost reduction.
20. DISTRIBUTION
• Distribution to be licensed by SERCs.
• Distribution licensee free to take up generation & Generating co. free to
take up distribution licence. This would facilitate private sector
participation without Government guarantee/ Escrow. (Sections 7, 12)
• Retail tariff to be determined by the Regulatory Commission. (Section 62)
• Metering made mandatory. (Section 55)
• Provision for suspension/revocation of licence by Regulatory Commission
as it is an essential service which can not be allowed to collapse. (Sections
19, 24)
• Open access in distribution to be allowed by SERC in phases. (Section 42)
• In addition to the wheeling charges provision for surcharge if open access
is allowed before elimination of cross subsidies, to take care of
• Current level of cross subsidy
• Licensee’s obligation to supply. (Section 42)
• This would give choice to customer
21. Regulatory Commissions/Appellate
Tribunal
State Electricity Regulatory Commission to be constituted within six months.
(Section 82)
Provision for Joint Commission by more than one State/UT. (Section 83)
Provision for constitution of Appellate Tribunal consisting of Chairman and
three Members. (Section 110, 112)
Appellate Tribunal to hear appeals against the orders of CERC/SERC, and also
to exercise general supervision and control over the Central/State
Commissions. (Section 111)
Appeal against the orders of Appellate Tribunal to lie before the Supreme
Court. (Section 125)
Appellate Tribunal considered necessary to-
Reduce litigation and delay in decisions through High Court.
Provide technical expertise in decision on appeals.
22. CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY
CEA to continue as the main technical Advisor of the
Govt. of India/ State Government with the responsibility of
overall planning. (Section 70)
CEA to specify the technical standards for electrical plants
and electrical lines. (Section 73)
CEA to be technical adviser to CERC as well as
SERCs.(Section 73)
CEA to specify the safety standards. (Section 53)
23. TARIFF PRINCIPLES
Regulatory Commission to determine tariff for supply of electricity
by generating co. on long/medium term contracts. (Section 62)
No tariff fixation by regulatory commission if tariff is determined
through competitive bidding or where consumers, on being allowed
open access enter into agreement with generators/traders.
Consumer tariff should progressively reduce cross subsidies and
move towards actual cost of supply. (Section 61 (g), (h))
State Government may provide subsidy in advance through the
budget for specified target groups if it requires the tariff to be lower
than that determined by the Regulatory Commission. (Section 65)
Regulatory Commissions may undertake regulation including
determination of multi-year tariff principles, which rewards
efficiency and is based on commercial principles. (Section 61 (e), (f))
Regulatory Commission to look at the costs of generation,
transmission and distribution separately. (Section 62 (2))
24. RESTRUCTURING OF SEBs
• Provision for transfer scheme to create one or
more companies from SEB. (Section 131)
• Provision for continuance of SEBs (Section 172)
• States given flexibility to adopt reform
model/path
25. Measures Against Theft of
Electricity
- Focus on revenue realisation rather than criminal proceedings. (Sections
126, 135)
- Penalties linked to the connected load and quantum of energy and
financial gain involved in theft. (Section 135)
- Provisions for compounding of offences. (Section 152)
- Assessment of electricity charges for unauthorised use of electricity by the
assessing officer designated by the State Government. (Section 126)
- Theft punishable with imprisonment. (Section 135)
- Punishment provision for abetment of theft. (Section 150)
- Special Courts (Sections 153-158)
26. New Central Law vis a vis State Reform
/ Amendment Laws
• All licenses, authorisations, permissions, approvals,
clearances issued under the repealed laws are saved for a
maximum period of one year. (Section 172(b)).
• Action taken under corresponding provisions of the
repealed laws or rules made thereunder are saved to the
extent of consistency/correspondence with the provisions
of the new Act(Section 185 (2)).
• Provisions of State Reform laws not inconsistent with
provisions of the new Central law will continue to apply in
that State (Section 185(3)).
• State Governments can defer implementation of the new
Act by a maximum period of six months. (Section 172(d)).
27. INDIAN ELECTRICITY RULES
• Indian Electricity Rules : 1956 – An Overview
• Indian Electricity Rules 1956 are made the Indian Electricity
Act:1910 , which is repealed by the Electricity Act:2003.
• These Rules shall be in force till new Rules are framed under the
Electricity Act:2003.
• Indian Electricity Rules contain general and specific provisions
regarding reliability and safety of Electrical supply systems.
• They focus on protection of persons and property from injury by
reasons of contact with , or the proximity of , or by the reason of
the defective or dangerous condition of any appliances or
apparatus/equipment used in the generation, transmission , supply
or use of energy.
• The Indian Electricity Rules supplement the various codes of the
Bureau of Indian standards.
28. Indian Electricity Rules have been
covered in 11 Chapters in all
Chapte
rs
Rules
covered
Details
1 1 to 3 It covers preliminaries, such as definitions of
different expressions used in Rules, Authorization
to person to work on live mains etc.
2 4 to 10 It deals with appointment of Electrical Inspector,
his qualification and experience. Powers of Electrical
Inspector to enter the premises and to serve order
for compliance of defects, provision of appeals
against the order of Electrical Inspector etc.
29. 3 11 to
28
It deals with granting of license
for supply of electricity. As per
the provision of the Electricity
Act:2003, such license shall be
issued by the Gujarat
Electricity Regulatory
Commission ( GERC ) ,
constituted under the new Act.
4 29 to
46
This chapter deals with General
Safety requirement. All
these Rules are described below
in detail .
30. 5 47 to
59
It deals with general conditions
relating to supply and use of
energy. It covers general Rules
for applicable to all class of
installation.
6 60 to 62 It covers the Rules applicable to
low and medium voltage
installation’s supply and use.
7 63 to 73 It covers the Rules applicable to
high and extra high voltage
installations.
31. 8 74 to
93
It deals with the provision of
Rules applicable to Overhead
lines and under ground cables.
9 94 to
108
This contains specific safety
provisions which apply only to a
Electrical energy used for the
purpose of Traction.
10 109 to
132
It deals with precautions to be
adopted in mines and oil fields.
11 133 to
143
Miscellaneous – Contain mainly
penalty for breaking Rules.
32. General Safety Requirements ( Chapter-IV ,
Rules 29 to 46 )
• Rule:29 – Construction , installation , protection , operation and maintenance
of electric supply lines and apparatus
• Rule:30 – Service line and apparatus on Consumer’s premises
• Rule:31 – Cut –Out on Consumer’s premises
• Rule:32– Proper distinction between live, neutral and earth conductors
• Rule:33 – Earthed terminal on Consumer’s premises
• Rule:34 –Accessibility of bare conductors
• Rule:35 – Caution / Danger Notices
• Rule:36 – Handling of Electric Supply lines Apparatus
• Rule: 41 – Distinction of different circuits
• Rule: 43 – Provision applicable to Protective Equipment
• Rule: 44 – Instruction for restoration of persons suffering from electric shock
• Rule: 44 A– Intimation of Accident
• Rule: 45– Precautions to be adopted by consumers, owners, occupiers,
electrical contractors, electrical workmen and supplier
• Rule: 46– Periodic Inspection
33. Reasons of accidents
• Snapping of Conductors.
• Accidental contact with live electric wire /
equipment.
• Violation / neglect of safety measures / lack of
supervisions.
• Defective appliances / apparatus / tools.
• Inadequate / lack of maintenance.
• Unauthorised work / Sub-standard construction.
• Others reasons (inadequate knowledge / training of
the work force, leakage of current etc.)
34. Hazards of electricity
• Electric shock:- Current flows through body or part of
body when two surfaces having electrical potential
difference is touched resulting in burn, disability or
even death.
• Flashover:-Sudden collapse of electric field by having a
conducting path between two electrical potential
different surfaces resulting in burn, fire.
• Blast:-Failure of dielectric medium between two
electrical potential different surfaces resulting in
projectile, mechanical force, fire or burn.
• Heat:-Caused by loose connection in the circuit,
overheating of insulation/ conductor due to overload
or prolonged short circuit current etc. resulting in fire,
burn.
35. Quantitative effect of electric current
(up to 3sec.) on human (source Daziel)
Effect mA
d.c a.c
60Hz 10kHz
M F M F M F
Perception threshold 5.2 3.5 1.1 0.7 12 8
Shock but not painful 9 6 1.8 1.2 17 11
Muscular control lost, breathing
difficulty.
90 60 23 15 94 63
Ventricular fibrillation 500 500 100 100
36. The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 and its Features
Policy Framework – Energy Conservation Act – 2001
• With the background of high energy saving potential
and its benefits, bridging the gap between demand and
supply, reducing environmental emissions through
energy saving, and to effectively overcome the barrier,
the Government of India has enacted the Energy
Conservation Act – 2001. The Act provides the much-
needed legal framework and institutional arrangement
for embarking on an energy efficiency drive.
• Under the provisions of the Act, Bureau of Energy
Efficiency has been established with effect from 1st
March 2002 by merging erstwhile Energy Management
Centre of Ministry of Power
37. Important features of the Energy
Conservation Act are:
• Standards and Labeling
Standards and Labeling (S & L) has been identified as a key
activity for energy efficiency improvement. The S & L program, when in
place would ensure that only energy efficient equipment and
appliance would be made available to the consumers.
• The main provision of EC act on Standards and Labeling are:
– Evolve minimum energy consumption and performance standards for
notified equipment and appliances.
– Prohibit manufacture, sale and import of such equipment, which does
not conform to the standards.
– Introduce a mandatory labeling scheme for notified equipment
appliances to enable consumers to make informed choices
– Disseminate information on the benefits to consumers
38. • Designated Consumers
• The main provisions of the EC Act on designated consumers are:
• The government would notify energy intensive industries and other
establishments as designated consumers;
• Schedule to the Act provides list of designated consumers which covered
basically energy intensive industries, Railways, Port Trust, Transport Sector,
• Power Stations, Transmission & Distribution Companies and Commercial
buildings or establishments;
• • The designated consumer to get an energy audit conducted by an
accredited energy auditor;
• • Energy managers with prescribed qualification are required to be
appointed or designated by the designated consumers;
• • Designated consumers would comply with norms and standards of
energy consumption as prescribed by the central government.
39. • Certification of Energy Managers and
Accreditation of Energy Auditing Firms
• The main activities in this regard as envisaged in
the Act are:
• A cadre of professionally qualified energy
managers and auditors with expertise in policy
analysis, project management, financing and
implementation of energy efficiency projects
would be developed through Certification and
Accreditation programme. BEE to design training
modules, and conduct a National level
examination for certification of energy managers
and energy auditors.
40. • Energy Conservation Building Codes:
• The main provisions of the EC Act on Energy
Conservation Building Codes are:
• The BEE would prepare guidelines for Energy
Conservation Building Codes (ECBC);
• These would be notified to suit local climate conditions
or other compelling factors by the respective states for
commercial buildings erected after the rules relating to
energy conservation building codes have been notified.
In addition, these buildings should have a connected
load of 500 kW or contract demand of 600 kVA and
above and are intended to be used for commercial
purposes;
• Energy audit of specific designated commercial
building consumers would also be prescribed.
41. • Central Energy Conservation Fund:
• The EC Act provisions in this case are:
• The fund would be set up at the centre to
develop the delivery mechanism for large-scale
adoption of energy efficiency services such as
performance contracting and promotion of
energy service companies. The fund is expected
to give a thrust to R & D and demonstration in
order to boost market penetration of efficient
equipment and appliances. It would support the
creation of facilities for testing and development
and to promote consumer awareness.
42. • Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE):
• The mission of Bureau of Energy Efficiency is to
institutionalize energy efficiency services, enable delivery
mechanisms in the country and provide leadership to
energy efficiency in all sectors of economy. The primary
objective would be to reduce energy intensity in the Indian
Economy.
• The general superintendence, directions and management
of the affairs of the Bureau is vested in the Governing
Council with 26 members. The Council is headed by Union
Minister of Power and consists of members represented by
Secretaries of various line Ministries, the CEOs of technical
agencies under the Ministries, members representing
equipment and appliance manufacturers, industry,
architects, consumers and five power regions representing
the states. The Director General of the Bureau shall be the
ex-officio member-secretary of the Council.
43. • Role of Bureau of Energy Efficiency
• The role of BEE would be to prepare standards
and labels of appliances and equipment, develop
a list of designated consumers, specify
certification and accreditation procedure,
prepare building codes, maintain Central EC fund
and undertake promotional activities in co-
ordination with center and state level agencies.
The role would include development of Energy
service companies (ESCOs), transforming the
market for energy efficiency and create
awareness through measures including clearing
house.
44. • Role of Central and State Governments:
• The following role of Central and State Government is
envisaged in the Act
• Central - to notify rules and regulations under various
provisions of the Act, provide initial financial assistance
to BEE and EC fund, Coordinate with various State
Governments for notification, enforcement, penalties
and adjudication.
• State - to amend energy conservation building codes to
suit the regional and local climatic condition, to
designate state level agency to coordinate, regulate
and enforce provisions of the Act and constitute a State
Energy Conservation Fund for promotion of energy
efficiency.
45. • Enforcement through Self-Regulation:
• E.C. Act would require inspection of only two
items. The following procedure of self-
regulation is proposed to be adopted for
verifying areas that require inspection of only
two items that require inspection.
46. • Penalties and Adjudication:
• Penalty for each offence under the Act would be in
monetary terms i.e. Rs.10,000 for each offence and
Rs.1,000 for each day for continued non Compliance.
• The initial phase of 5 years would be promotional and
creating infrastructure for
• implementation of Act. No penalties would be effective
during this phase.
• The power to adjudicate has been vested with state
Electricity Regulatory Commission which shall appoint
any one of its member to be an adjudicating officer for
holding an enquiry in connection with the penalty
imposed.
47. Role and Scope of IS and IEC code
• NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE 2011
• This Part 1/Section 1 of the Code describes the scope
of the National Electrical Code.
• This Part 1/Section 2 of the Code covers definitions of
terms.
• This Part 1/Section 3 of the Code covers graphical
symbols for diagrams, letter symbols and signs which
may be referred to for further details.
• This Part 1/Section 4 of the Code covers guidelines for
preparation of diagrams, charts and tables in
electrotechnology and for marking of conductors.
• This Part 1/Section 5 of the Code covers units and
systems of measurement in electrotechnology.
48. • This Part 1/Section 6 of the Code covers standard values of
ac and dc distribution voltages, preferred values of current
ratings and standard system frequency.
• This Part 1/Section 7 of the Code enumerates the
fundamental principles of design and execution of electrical
installations.
• This Part 1/Section 8 of the Code covers guidelines for
assessing the characteristics of buildings and the electrical
installation therein.
• This Section 9 of the Code covers the essential design and
constructional requirements for electrical wiring
installations.
• This Part 1/Section 10 covers guidelines and general
requirements associated with circuit calculations, namely,
short circuit calculations and voltage drop calculations for
cables and flexible cords.
49. • This Part 1/Section 11 of the Code covers
requirements for installation work relating to
building services that use electric power.
• This Part 1/Section 12 of the Code covers general
criteria for selection of equipment.
• This Part 1/Section 13 of the Code covers general
principles of erection of installation and
guidelines on initial testing before
commissioning.
• This Part 1/Section 14 of the Code covers general
requirements associated with earthing in
electrical installations. Specific requirements for
earthing in individual installations are covered in
respective Parts of the Code.
50. • 1.1 This (Part 1/Section 15) of the Code covers guidelines
on the basic electrical aspects of lightning protective
systems for buildings and the electrical installation forming
part of the system.
• 1.2 Additional guidelines if any, for specific occupancies
from the point of lightning protection are covered in
respective sections of the Code.
• 1.1 This Part 1/Section 16 covers the protection
requirements in low voltage electrical installation of
buildings.
• 1.2 This part does not cover the primary protection against
lightning which is covered under Part 1/ Section 15.
• This Part 1/Section 18 of the Code covers the aspects to be
considered for selection of equipment from energy
conservation point of view and guidance on energy audit.
51. • This Part 1/Section 19 of the Code covers
guidelines on safety procedures and practices
in electrical work.
• This Part 1/Section 20 gives frequently
referrred tables in electrical engineering work.