This study examines the impact of the quantity of education on economic growth using gross enrolment ratio of primary, secondary and tertiary education as a proxy for the quantity of education. The annual data over the period 1985 to 2017 was used. Unit root tests, cointegration and causality tests were conducted following the Johansen and Juselius cointegration approach. The results indicate that the higher the education level attained the more likely the contribution to Uganda’s economic growth. The study variables were found to be integrated of order one using the ADF test for unit root. The long run causality test detected the existence of long run causality at all levels of education with GDP. The paper contributes to the ongoing debate as to whether education contributes to economic growth, and if it does which level is likely to contribute more to a country’s growth and under what conditions. The paper recommends the need for policy makers to provide an enriched curriculum that trains learners to be creative and productive right from primary education. The government is urged to increase the budget allocation to education as a percentage of GDP to at least 5.4% to ensure acquisition of the necessary education infrastructure to promote quality education.
EDUCATION AS A PATHWAY TO SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN NIGERIApaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic development. The basic objective of this paper investigates the authenticity of education being the pathway to sustainable economic development in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2014. The paper employs OLS methodology using Cobb Douglas production with white heteroskedasticity testing, wald test analysis and breusch pagan godfrey autocorrelation test. The results shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 118% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 114% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 22% increase in total recurrent expenditure on education (TREXPEDU) and 0.00095% increase in (TLBF), total labour force. R2 shows that 98% systematic variation in Real GDP is caused by variation in the explanatory variables. This indicates that there is, indeed a short and long-run relationship between education, and economic development. The findings have a strong implication on educational policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational investment with a focus on human capital development in order to ensure and accelerate inclusive growth that would engender economic development.
This paper discussed primary Education for sustainable development in developing countries. The objectives of primary Education as stated in the National Policy on Education (NPE) were highlighted. It presented problems facing primary schools and the nation’s constraint in development and fine-tune the channel where education can be improved for sustainable development in Nigeria. For basic education to be sustainable in Nigeria, corruption must be dealt with in the country. Methodology should be reviewed and constant training for the teachers should be emphasized in such a way that will bring positive impact to teaching and learning. Constant monitoring and evaluation should be adopted since primary education is the bed rock of citizens’ development; these are among the suggestion proffered.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
EDUCATION AS A PATHWAY TO SUSTAINABLE GROWTH IN NIGERIApaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic development. The basic objective of this paper investigates the authenticity of education being the pathway to sustainable economic development in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2014. The paper employs OLS methodology using Cobb Douglas production with white heteroskedasticity testing, wald test analysis and breusch pagan godfrey autocorrelation test. The results shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 118% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 114% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 22% increase in total recurrent expenditure on education (TREXPEDU) and 0.00095% increase in (TLBF), total labour force. R2 shows that 98% systematic variation in Real GDP is caused by variation in the explanatory variables. This indicates that there is, indeed a short and long-run relationship between education, and economic development. The findings have a strong implication on educational policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational investment with a focus on human capital development in order to ensure and accelerate inclusive growth that would engender economic development.
This paper discussed primary Education for sustainable development in developing countries. The objectives of primary Education as stated in the National Policy on Education (NPE) were highlighted. It presented problems facing primary schools and the nation’s constraint in development and fine-tune the channel where education can be improved for sustainable development in Nigeria. For basic education to be sustainable in Nigeria, corruption must be dealt with in the country. Methodology should be reviewed and constant training for the teachers should be emphasized in such a way that will bring positive impact to teaching and learning. Constant monitoring and evaluation should be adopted since primary education is the bed rock of citizens’ development; these are among the suggestion proffered.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Arising from the questions “Would all types of human capital affect economic growth identically? And which type of schooling - primary, secondary, or tertiary – should public policy promote?”, this study examines the nexus between different educational levels and Indonesia’s economic growth over a reference period 1984-2014. During this period, education expansion took place at all three levels of education reflecting structural changes tied within the policies under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) as the key and powerful factor for sustainable economic development. The study applies the augmented Lucas endogenous growth model and employs the autoregressive distributed lag model. The empirical analysis reveals a long-run relation between education and economic growth. The estimated long-run and short-run elasticity of different education levels reveal that, overall, human capital structure in Indonesia is still at the stage of promoting economic growth and identifies tertiary education as the main level for development. The findings reveal that education level matters to economic growth. Further, the empirical evidence helps shed light on why empirical studies have failed to find a significant relationship between schooling and economic growth.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
It is obvious to postulate that there is a linkage between youth and national development. Due to the challenges facing youths has been attributed to the lack of a comprehensive policy to provide a blueprint for youths. Therefore, this study interrogates the role of youths on national development in the Gambia and the intercourse is not only symbiotically connected; but, one depends on the other for its sustenance. The study is descriptive and data obtained from secondary and primary sources. The findings in the study revealed that hostile political environment, institutional settings and public policies among others has been major setback, however, the Gambia youths are still pertinent to national development due to self-help projects in various local governments in Gambia especially projects that involve trade, commerce, small and medium term enterprises and agriculture. Also, on religion awareness, conflict resolution and security, like the Youth Crime Watch The Gambia (YCWG) engage the necessary measures to address all vulnerabilities that may tend to destabilize the country. Since the wheel of development of any country lies on the shoulder of how productive and creative the youthful populations are with over 63.55% of 2.2 million populations. So, therefore, this quantum of population is a great asset for the Gambian state if they are harnessed and utilized in the right direction. The Gambia National Development Plan (2018-2021), constitution and policies should be pluralistic for youth representation, and just in their treatment of the Gambian citizens.
Restructuring Educational Goals for National and Economic Development in Nigeriaiosrjce
Successful development strategy entails more than just formulating economic policies, investing in
physical capital, or closing the gap in capital, but also involves designing educational curriculum that has
economic relevance, having the ability to bridge the gap in economic need. This is where Nigeria and most
developing countries tend to be lacking in policy relevance. Educational policies do not seem to correlate with
economic needs, thus, with the much emphasis on compulsory education, increase in school enrolment at all
levels and the proliferation of universities in the country, national productivity and economic development
remain stiffened. Given this concern, there is need to develop knowledge- based educational curriculum in core
economic areas that requires building a strong link between universities and industry for research, development
and entrepreneurship. This will involve creating opportunities in collaboration at institutional level, capturing
the labour market and private sector needs, and capturing needs in capacity building in quality assurance,
research and leadership development in higher education. This is informed by a policy front in Education for
the attainment of Economic Objective, established by this paper.
The present paper seeks to explain the issues plaguing higher education in India against the backdrop of globalization and resultant demand for higher standard of quality education. While the demand for higher education has been growing, system has rendered itself as ill-equipped to meet the needs of different strata of society. To government, higher education receives a low priority. Short term measures such as hikes in course fee, appointing part time teachers, introducing paid and market oriented courses are being adopted by the government that in the long run defeat the very social objectives of higher education. In the era of globalization, states are more competitive and even more interdependent. Even the future of state is more dependent on the creation of new knowledge to suit its people in the discharge of their duties in administration, business and in all other areas. This possible if right to higher education is recognized as one of the individual and higher embraces the principle of equality
Slides from the presentation of Mr Mohammad Allam of Minto Circle, Aligarh on April 10, 2016 at the National Seminar on Growth with Justice at Lucknow. The video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0UvxJjwy7Q and the paper has been published in the compendium available at http://www.amazon.in/dp/1519227078
In addition to analyzing the characteristics of gender equality in tertiary education enrolment in Africa, this paper empirically studies the key drivers of gender equality in tertiary education enrolment, using cross-sectional time series data from 1970 to 2012. Our results show that the coefficient associated with the level of real GDP per capita is positive and statistically significant. Our results also suggest that higher domestic investment, increased economic globalization, the quadratic element of political globalization, economic globalization, ethnic fractionalization, increased democracy, and Christian dominance in a country increase gender equality in tertiary education enrolment in the continent. However, increases in the level of political globalization and increased incidence of civil wars tend to lower it. The policy implications and lessons of these results are discussed.
The position paper presents the interconnection between demographic and gender
gap dimension in university admission, and the suspected limitations to the success of
STEM curricula in Nigeria. The thoughts presented were supported by archivalreview
of existing literature and empirical descriptive analysis of university enrolment
with respect to STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics).
The paper was a post-departmental seminar adjusted paper following audience
comments. The presentation emphasised the systematic biases in support for higher
institution with potential to constrain and weaken the humanities, social sciences and
consequently discourage universities (especially the private) from advertising for
humanities and social sciences courses. The result of analysis shows that the 4-year
cumulative admission (2005-2008) for courses like agriculture, medical science,
sciences and engineering was higher than the preceding 4-year (2001-2004)
cumulative admission. The opposite was recorded in administration, arts, education
and law, that range from 14.7% in 2006 to 18.5% in 2008. The social sciences
witnessed 20% and 8.0% admission cut down in 2005 and 2008 respectively.
Male/female enrolment gap range from 13.6% to 21.1%. The position is that STEM
could be a dependable programme for technological advancement but the persistence
gender gap in university enrolment could sustain the existing low economic status of
women with possible potential for more socio-economic vices such as high fertility
rate, infant and maternal morbidity and mortality, unemployment and poor family
wellbeing. The authors recommend intervention programme that could boost women
university enrolment in STEM subjects in Nigeria without relegating the humanities
and social sciences.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Bases of the education system for brazil in the contemporary ageFernando Alcoforado
Brazilian education is going through an unprecedented crisis. This crisis results, on the one hand, from the lack of an efficient and effective education system and, on the other, from the lack of government policies that contribute to overcoming the current problems of education and their adaptation to the ongoing technological changes that impact on the world of work and society in general. The fact that Brazil's education system is inefficient and ineffective prevents it from functioning as a factor of economic and social development and contributes to the social ascent of the lower classes of the population. The lack of a new education policy adjusted to the current technological changes prevents Brazil from increasing the productivity of its workers and jeopardizing their future economic and social development. These are the reasons why it is imperative to implement a new education system in Brazil.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The role of education in economic developmentalishadoll2
The role of education in economic development
Introduction
Education in every sense is one of the fundamental factors of development .no country can achieve sustainable economic development without substantial investment in capital education in riches peoples understanding themselves and world.it improves the qualities of their lives and leads to broad social benefits to individual and society .education raises people productivity and creativity and promote entrepreneurship and technologist advances in addition it play a very crucial role in securing economic and social progress and improving income distribution
Key words : human development ,economic growth,poverty,labour productivity,education,technology,trade,health,role of education in economy
Introduction: the main purpose of this page is to show the role of education in economic development and the effect on labour productivity,poverty,trade,technology,health,income distribution and family structure.education provide a foundation for development,the groundwork on which much of our economic and social well being is build.It is the key increase the economic efficiency and social consistency .By increase the value and efficiency of their labour it help us to raise the poor from poverty.It increase the overall poverty intellectual flexibility of the labour force .It helps to ensure that a country is competitive in world market now characterized by changing technology and production method.By increase a child integration with dissimilar social or ethnic groups in early life education contribute significantly to national building and interpersonal tolerance .
"A nation which doesn't educate its women cannot progress".(Back Bektas Bali)
The importance of education in economic development,education and productivity,education and income,human capital and family:education and the family,education and trade,challenge's:access ,equity,quality and spending up reform
Conclusion,bibliography
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
Arising from the questions “Would all types of human capital affect economic growth identically? And which type of schooling - primary, secondary, or tertiary – should public policy promote?”, this study examines the nexus between different educational levels and Indonesia’s economic growth over a reference period 1984-2014. During this period, education expansion took place at all three levels of education reflecting structural changes tied within the policies under the Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s) as the key and powerful factor for sustainable economic development. The study applies the augmented Lucas endogenous growth model and employs the autoregressive distributed lag model. The empirical analysis reveals a long-run relation between education and economic growth. The estimated long-run and short-run elasticity of different education levels reveal that, overall, human capital structure in Indonesia is still at the stage of promoting economic growth and identifies tertiary education as the main level for development. The findings reveal that education level matters to economic growth. Further, the empirical evidence helps shed light on why empirical studies have failed to find a significant relationship between schooling and economic growth.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
It is obvious to postulate that there is a linkage between youth and national development. Due to the challenges facing youths has been attributed to the lack of a comprehensive policy to provide a blueprint for youths. Therefore, this study interrogates the role of youths on national development in the Gambia and the intercourse is not only symbiotically connected; but, one depends on the other for its sustenance. The study is descriptive and data obtained from secondary and primary sources. The findings in the study revealed that hostile political environment, institutional settings and public policies among others has been major setback, however, the Gambia youths are still pertinent to national development due to self-help projects in various local governments in Gambia especially projects that involve trade, commerce, small and medium term enterprises and agriculture. Also, on religion awareness, conflict resolution and security, like the Youth Crime Watch The Gambia (YCWG) engage the necessary measures to address all vulnerabilities that may tend to destabilize the country. Since the wheel of development of any country lies on the shoulder of how productive and creative the youthful populations are with over 63.55% of 2.2 million populations. So, therefore, this quantum of population is a great asset for the Gambian state if they are harnessed and utilized in the right direction. The Gambia National Development Plan (2018-2021), constitution and policies should be pluralistic for youth representation, and just in their treatment of the Gambian citizens.
Restructuring Educational Goals for National and Economic Development in Nigeriaiosrjce
Successful development strategy entails more than just formulating economic policies, investing in
physical capital, or closing the gap in capital, but also involves designing educational curriculum that has
economic relevance, having the ability to bridge the gap in economic need. This is where Nigeria and most
developing countries tend to be lacking in policy relevance. Educational policies do not seem to correlate with
economic needs, thus, with the much emphasis on compulsory education, increase in school enrolment at all
levels and the proliferation of universities in the country, national productivity and economic development
remain stiffened. Given this concern, there is need to develop knowledge- based educational curriculum in core
economic areas that requires building a strong link between universities and industry for research, development
and entrepreneurship. This will involve creating opportunities in collaboration at institutional level, capturing
the labour market and private sector needs, and capturing needs in capacity building in quality assurance,
research and leadership development in higher education. This is informed by a policy front in Education for
the attainment of Economic Objective, established by this paper.
The present paper seeks to explain the issues plaguing higher education in India against the backdrop of globalization and resultant demand for higher standard of quality education. While the demand for higher education has been growing, system has rendered itself as ill-equipped to meet the needs of different strata of society. To government, higher education receives a low priority. Short term measures such as hikes in course fee, appointing part time teachers, introducing paid and market oriented courses are being adopted by the government that in the long run defeat the very social objectives of higher education. In the era of globalization, states are more competitive and even more interdependent. Even the future of state is more dependent on the creation of new knowledge to suit its people in the discharge of their duties in administration, business and in all other areas. This possible if right to higher education is recognized as one of the individual and higher embraces the principle of equality
Slides from the presentation of Mr Mohammad Allam of Minto Circle, Aligarh on April 10, 2016 at the National Seminar on Growth with Justice at Lucknow. The video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0UvxJjwy7Q and the paper has been published in the compendium available at http://www.amazon.in/dp/1519227078
In addition to analyzing the characteristics of gender equality in tertiary education enrolment in Africa, this paper empirically studies the key drivers of gender equality in tertiary education enrolment, using cross-sectional time series data from 1970 to 2012. Our results show that the coefficient associated with the level of real GDP per capita is positive and statistically significant. Our results also suggest that higher domestic investment, increased economic globalization, the quadratic element of political globalization, economic globalization, ethnic fractionalization, increased democracy, and Christian dominance in a country increase gender equality in tertiary education enrolment in the continent. However, increases in the level of political globalization and increased incidence of civil wars tend to lower it. The policy implications and lessons of these results are discussed.
The position paper presents the interconnection between demographic and gender
gap dimension in university admission, and the suspected limitations to the success of
STEM curricula in Nigeria. The thoughts presented were supported by archivalreview
of existing literature and empirical descriptive analysis of university enrolment
with respect to STEM subjects (science, technology, engineering and mathematics).
The paper was a post-departmental seminar adjusted paper following audience
comments. The presentation emphasised the systematic biases in support for higher
institution with potential to constrain and weaken the humanities, social sciences and
consequently discourage universities (especially the private) from advertising for
humanities and social sciences courses. The result of analysis shows that the 4-year
cumulative admission (2005-2008) for courses like agriculture, medical science,
sciences and engineering was higher than the preceding 4-year (2001-2004)
cumulative admission. The opposite was recorded in administration, arts, education
and law, that range from 14.7% in 2006 to 18.5% in 2008. The social sciences
witnessed 20% and 8.0% admission cut down in 2005 and 2008 respectively.
Male/female enrolment gap range from 13.6% to 21.1%. The position is that STEM
could be a dependable programme for technological advancement but the persistence
gender gap in university enrolment could sustain the existing low economic status of
women with possible potential for more socio-economic vices such as high fertility
rate, infant and maternal morbidity and mortality, unemployment and poor family
wellbeing. The authors recommend intervention programme that could boost women
university enrolment in STEM subjects in Nigeria without relegating the humanities
and social sciences.
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
Our Mission:
To provide breakthrough research works to our clients through Perseverant efforts towards creativity and innovation”.
Vision:
Writekraft endeavours to be the leading global research and publications company that will fulfil all research needs of our clients. We will achieve this vision through:
Analyzing every customer's aims, objectives and purpose of research
Using advanced and latest tools and technique of research and analysis
Coordinating and including their own ideas and knowledge
Providing the desired inferences and results of the research
In the past decade, we have successfully assisted students from various universities in India and globally. We at Writekraft Research & Publications LLP head office in Kanpur, India are most trusted and professional Research, Writing, Guidance and Publication Service Provider for PhD. Our services meet all your PhD Admissions, Thesis Preparation and Research Paper Publication needs with highest regards for the quality you prefer.
Our Achievements:
NATIONAL AWARD FOR BEST RESEARCH PROJECT (By Hon. President APJ Abdul Kalam)
GOLD MEDAL FOR RESEARCH ON DISABILITY (By Disabled’s Club of India)
NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
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Bases of the education system for brazil in the contemporary ageFernando Alcoforado
Brazilian education is going through an unprecedented crisis. This crisis results, on the one hand, from the lack of an efficient and effective education system and, on the other, from the lack of government policies that contribute to overcoming the current problems of education and their adaptation to the ongoing technological changes that impact on the world of work and society in general. The fact that Brazil's education system is inefficient and ineffective prevents it from functioning as a factor of economic and social development and contributes to the social ascent of the lower classes of the population. The lack of a new education policy adjusted to the current technological changes prevents Brazil from increasing the productivity of its workers and jeopardizing their future economic and social development. These are the reasons why it is imperative to implement a new education system in Brazil.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
The role of education in economic developmentalishadoll2
The role of education in economic development
Introduction
Education in every sense is one of the fundamental factors of development .no country can achieve sustainable economic development without substantial investment in capital education in riches peoples understanding themselves and world.it improves the qualities of their lives and leads to broad social benefits to individual and society .education raises people productivity and creativity and promote entrepreneurship and technologist advances in addition it play a very crucial role in securing economic and social progress and improving income distribution
Key words : human development ,economic growth,poverty,labour productivity,education,technology,trade,health,role of education in economy
Introduction: the main purpose of this page is to show the role of education in economic development and the effect on labour productivity,poverty,trade,technology,health,income distribution and family structure.education provide a foundation for development,the groundwork on which much of our economic and social well being is build.It is the key increase the economic efficiency and social consistency .By increase the value and efficiency of their labour it help us to raise the poor from poverty.It increase the overall poverty intellectual flexibility of the labour force .It helps to ensure that a country is competitive in world market now characterized by changing technology and production method.By increase a child integration with dissimilar social or ethnic groups in early life education contribute significantly to national building and interpersonal tolerance .
"A nation which doesn't educate its women cannot progress".(Back Bektas Bali)
The importance of education in economic development,education and productivity,education and income,human capital and family:education and the family,education and trade,challenge's:access ,equity,quality and spending up reform
Conclusion,bibliography
Human Capital Development as a Recipe for Sustainable Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2013. The paper employs OLS methodology with BLUE assumptions, wald test, breusch Godfrey and pairwise granger test was also used to argument the OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 46% increase in (EXPHLTH) expenditure on health, 107% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 92% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 0.00091% increase in (TLBF) Total labour force. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
An analysis of financing of elementary education in India [www.writekraft.com]WriteKraft Dissertations
Writekraft Research and Publications LLP was initially formed, informally, in 2006 by a group of scholars to help fellow students. Gradually, with several dissertations, thesis and assignments receiving acclaim and a good grade, Writekraft was officially founded in 2011 Since its establishment, Writekraft Research & Publications LLP is Guiding and Mentoring PhD Scholars.
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NOMINATED FOR BEST MSME AWARDS 2017
5 STAR RATING ON GOOGLE
We have PhD experts from reputed institutions/ organizations like Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Indian Institute of Management (IIM) and many more apex education institutions in India. Our works are tailored and drafted as per your requirements and are totally unique.
From past years our core advisory members, research team assisted research scholars from various universities from all corners of world.
Subjects/Areas We Cover:
Management, Commerce, Finance, Marketing, Psychology, Education, Sociology, Mass communications, English Literature, English Language, Law, History, Computer Science & Engineering, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Pharmacy & Healthcare.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
The Influence of Economic Growth on Poverty, Investment, and Human Developmen...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
This paper discusses about the economic growth that has a direct impact on Human Development Index (HDI) and indirect one on the increase of investment absorption and decrease of poverty. Besides, we can know that economic growth has a direct impact on the increase of investment, as well as it directly affects the decrease of poverty level by using partial test quantitative analysis. To increase the economic growth and reduce poverty as well as to increase HDI, these are what to do (a) revitalizing the agriculture to help main sector of Fak Fak district (agriculture); (b) giving modal such as: banking soft loan with easy terms and revolving fund for the right target in the form of natura (cows, sheeps, etc.) that can accelerate the increase of economic; (c) regional government facilitates the linkage and partnership program with “win-win solution” concept.
Effect of Government Spending on the Nigerian Educationijtsrd
Over the years, the quality of education offered in Nigeria has been affected by poor attendance and inadequate preparation by teachers at all levels. The morale of teachers has been low due to poor condition of service, low salaries and poor physical facilities such as libraries, laboratories, modern communication and Information technology equipments. The research work investigates the effect of government expenditure on the growth of the education sector in Nigeria. The research work employs both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis particularly the multiple regression estimating technique. Two models are formulated to examine this. The first model used average school enrollment as proxy for education growth while the share of the education sector in the GDP is used to proxy education sector growth in the second model. The independent variables are recurrent the total government recurrent expenditure, the total capital education and the GDP. The study made use of secondary data from 1987 2019. The result shows that recurrent expenditure does not have significant impact on the share of education sector in the GDP while it has significant and negative relationship with average school enrollment. On the other hand capital expenditure does not have significant impact on the average school enrolment but it does on share of education sector in the GDP. The implication of the result is that enrollment growth in the education sector in Nigeria does not correspond with the recurrent expenditure in Nigeria. Also the capital expenditure in terms of provision of educational and infrastructural facilities has not been having significant impact on the volume of school enrollment in Nigeria. This study has added to the literature calling for the increase in funding of the education sector in Nigeria. Oguntuase, Adeniyi "Effect of Government Spending on the Nigerian Education" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49484.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/49484/effect-of-government-spending-on-the-nigerian-education/oguntuase-adeniyi
Family matters: The economics of the family and human capital in the United ...IPPR
What has happened to US families in terms of income and hours of paid employment?
What we know from the literature about how these trends affect human capital for development of human capital?
What do this all mean for policymakers?
By Heather Boushey, of the Center for American Progress (Washington DC) and IPPR (London).
It is widely known that education for all ought to be equal to all, regardless of race, ethnicity, gender and hierarchy. Although equality in education is the primary purpose of our government, however, there are some instances that inequality in education exists due to some factors. This research identifies the factors that lead to inequality in education. Based on our findings factors such as individual characteristics attitudes and beliefs, psychological traits, parental socio economic status , individual educational success attainment, field of study , population groups men and women and ethnic groups , educational inequality gender pay gap, horizontal, occupational and segregation contributes to the overall dilemma. Moreover, our findings also show that micro and social contributes to the gaps of inequality of education, thus, social interactions and social structures affects the micro conditions and outcome. This implied that educational inequality is caused by different factors and constructs that undermined the policy of an educational system and this lead to inequality of education. Lucelle B. Collamat | Maureen S. Salagada | Emerson A. Sentos | Clarissa S. Tabar | Regina P. Galigao "Inequality in Education: A Literature Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33639.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/33639/inequality-in-education-a-literature-review/lucelle-b-collamat
This study examines adult basic education in the 21st century world. The study identifies a new paradigm in response to global changes particularly concerning employment. Preparation for additional training as the basis for basic education for adults in the 21st century. The study also indicates that there is relationship between literacy, environment and development by Ephraim Wordu 2020. Re-thinking adult basic education in the 21st century . International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 227-230. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.1041. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/1041/989 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/1041
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
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Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
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This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
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The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
James et al 196
Hanushek (2016) is in support of this paradigm shift from
quantity to quality and the provision of more education that
is focused by arguing how the quality of basic skills is key
to other levels of education and also adds that higher
education without the necessary basic skills is worthless.
The justification of more and better education is also
supported by Njong (2010) who is in support of enriching
the curriculum at all levels of education aimed at producing
a productive labor force. According to the World Economic
Forum (2016), education enables sustainable economic
growth mainly through three channels 1) the worker is
enabled to execute tasks fast and preciously 2) more
education eases knowledge transfer 3) knowledge transfer
enables new knowledge. A more educated labor can easily
adapt to new tasks, skills and technologies. In essence,
education increases labor productivity, an active labor is
less prone to crime as it neutralizes the adage “an idle
mind is a devil’s workshop”.
Denison (1962) defines economic growth as the increase
of real GDP or GDP PC measured in constant prices.
Boldeanu and Constantinescu (2015) hold the same view
on economic growth which they define as the increase in
the growth rate of GDP. Boldeanu and Constantinescu
(2015) further labor to identify the four major determinants
of economic growth that include: human resources,
natural resources, capital formation and technology.
Robert Solow (1957) attributed the growth of New York to
three sources: increases in stock of physical capital,
increase in the size of the labor force, and a residual
representing all other factors. Solow observed that
increasing levels of education were one of the factors
contributing to this growth. We can note that education
features most among the key determinants of growth in
form of human resources and capital formation. It is also
worth noting that education plays a key role in the proper
utilization of the other determinants of economic growth,
namely, natural resources and technology. Hanushek and
Wopman (2010) identifies education as one of the key
determinants of economic growth provided the necessary
facilitating factors, such as, functioning institutions for
markets and legal systems are in place. Prichett (2001)
decried the poor policies and institutions responsible for
hampering growth in many developing countries where
quality skilled labor is deployed into relatively unproductive
activities.
Acemoglu (2009) distinguishes between economic and
non-economic determinants of growth. Among the non-
economic determinants of growth identified includes
factors like institutions, governance and social factors. In
the study on the role of governance on economic growth
for 71 developed, developing and transition countries
between 1996 and 2003, Arusha (2009) reached a
conclusion that countries with high governance grow faster
compared with those with weak governance. Todaro and
Smith (2015) argue that education which is a form of
human capital is among the key factors influencing the
country’s level of economic growth and social change.
According to Becker (1975) education loaded with virtues
like punctuality and honesty are a form of human capital;
for the more educated one is, the more earnings he/she is
likely to obtain. Researches by several economists attest
to the notion that more and better education leads to
improved wealth and welfare (Denison 1962; Cooray
2009; Barro 1991; Sala-i-Martin et al.2004). Research
suggests that societies with a large number of highly
skilled workers generate more ideas and consequently
grow more (Romer 1990; Grant 2017;WEF 2016). A highly
educated population is able to transform the society and
according to Grant 2017 help the country to sail through
the middle income trap to a high income country status.
The more educated tend to earn more than the less
educated, and research findings support the existence of
a linear relationship between education and earnings
(Njong 2010).
The World Economic Forum (WEF 2016) defines
education as the stock of skills, competencies and other
productivity -enhancing characteristics. Education is
considered to be a public good that the state should avail
to the citizens (OIDEL, 2018). In many countries, the
provision of education is provided by the government
(public sector) and individual entrepreneurs (private
sector). Whether education is provided by the government
or individuals, the regulation of the education enterprise is
largely in the hands of the central government to ensure
issues of equity and quality are well catered for. Given the
resource envelop limitations in many developing countries;
it is essential that any amount of public spending is
efficiently allocated to prioritized sectors. William., Isabel.,
and Jeffrey (2006) in a policy brief #153 analyze the impact
of high quality universal preschool policy on economic
growth. William et al submit that education spending
estimated at a cost of $59 billion by 2080 could add up to
$2 trillion to annual US GDP by 2080. Studies relating
government expenditure on education and economic
growth have yielded mixed results; with some studies
positing a positive relationship (Baladacci et al. 2008;
Cooray 2009; Babalola 2011), other positing a negative
relationship (Devarajan et al.1996) and other studies
positing a no relationship (Prichett, 2001).
Literature suggests that a higher education level (skilled
labour) is an essential component of human capital. A well
trained labor is associated with quality output and
increased productivity. The UNESCO reports of 2010,
2011 seem to support the need for more schooling when
they attribute improved livelihood of children and general
poverty reduction to the acquisition of more years of
schooling by mothers. It is estimated that 1.8 million
children’s lives could have been saved in 2008 if their
mothers had at least secondary education representing a
41 percent reduction (UNESCO 2011). William., Isabel.,
and Jeffrey (2006) evaluated the effects of investing in
early education on economic growth based on research
3. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
World J. Econs. Fin. 197
using models where growth is endogenous. William et al.
(2006) reached a conclusion that the direct and indirect
effects of education are substantially large, where for
instance, the direct impact of a 10 percent increase in the
amount of education that people get could be as much as
7 or 8 percent and an increase in investment in education
could produce a permanent increase in the rate of growth.
According to Cooray (2009), a one percent increase in the
primary enrolment ratio is associated with a 0.12 percent
increase in income per capita, a one percent increase in
the secondary enrolment ratio is associated with a 0.17
percent increase in income per capita while a one percent
increase in schooling life expectancy is associated with a
0.19 percent increase in per capita income. Cooray’s study
seem to corroborate studies that more years of schooling
leads to higher per capita income and associated high
levels of economic growth. Grant (2017) studied the
contribution of education to economic growth and found
that investment in secondary education provides a clear
boost to economic development much more than it can be
achieved by UPE alone. Grant (2017) made a
recommendation to low and lower middle income countries
to allocate at least 3.4 percent of GDP on pre-primary,
primary and lower secondary education or 5.4 percent
across all education levels. Based on this, we can safely
justify the need to carry out more studies justifying
increased public spending on education in designated
contexts.
The state of education in Uganda
The Uganda government adopted universal primary
education (UPE) for all her school going age children in
1997 and later in 2006 introduced universal secondary
education (USE). The main objective of this initiative was
to eliminate illiteracy among the population and reduce
poverty through skilling of the young generation.
Cuaresma and Raggi (2014) assessed changes in returns
to education at the subnational level in Uganda using the
Uganda National Household Surveys for 2002/2003 and
2005/2006. The findings indicated that average returns to
schooling tended to converge across regions in the last
decade. Ahaibwe (2017) explored the links between
education attainment, age of marriage and child birth, and
labour market among young Ugandans (15 -24 years of
age). The study found that young women leave school
early, give birth and/or get married before the legal age of
18 years, enter the labour market early with limited skills,
while a good number are inactive (neither in the labour
market nor in school). Mugizi (2018) explored how higher
education can contribute towards achieving Uganda Vision
2040 and found that higher education influences the
development of improved technology, knowledge transfer,
promotes national unity, democracy, supports innovation
and increases productivity. Despite this supported
evidence crediting education with economic growth, there
are growing worries on the quality of education offered to
our learners in schools especially at the lower levels of
education.
The Uwezo (2018,p10) report on the quality of learning in
refugee contexts in Uganda decry the poor learning
outcomes across refugee and non refugee contexts where
findings with primary three pupils showed that more than
90 percent were unable to read, comprehend and divide.
Earlier Uwezo reports depicted the same poor quality of
learning outcomes where many of those who drop out
before completing the primary cycle never mastered the
intended basic skills Uwezo (2015,p19-21). The Uwezo
(2016,p20) reported that on average, 8 out of 10 primary 3
pupils and 2 out of 10 primary 7 pupils are unable to read
a primary 2 level story!! This poor state of education may
be attributed to low budget allocation to education as a
percentage of GDP which over the last ten (10) years has
stood below a miserable 3 percent (UNESCO Institute for
Statistics (http://uis.unesco.org). The specific objectives
that guided this current study were: 1) To identify the level
of contribution of different levels of education to the
country’s GDP 2) To check either there is a long run
relationship of education with economic growth or not 3)
To test the existence of causality between the different
levels of education and GDP.
The UNESCO (2020) report refers to issues of quality
education when it refers to inclusive education to be not
just a result but a process. A result would put emphasis on
the quantity but a process will take care of the quality
aspects embedded in the education system. The
measures for quality of education usually provided in the
literature include: survival rates, repetition rates, student-
teacher ratios, schooling life expectancy, trained teachers
and test scores in numeracy especially at the level of
primary education (Cooray 2009). The school environment
and other factors like parent-teacher meetings, community
involvement, local government coordination structures and
ministerial structures are identified as key ingredients in
support of a quality education system. Quality education is
contextualized as education that prepares the young to be
productive members of the global citizenry. Quality
education is manifest where graduates of the school
system exhibit proficiency in literacy and numeracy, have
an appreciation for the respect of human rights, respect for
cultural diversity and have the relevant skills and attitudes
required in the job market. Quality education is a joint effort
of all stakeholders that strive to ensure that children in
schools achieve the required skills and mindset that mirror
the societal aspirations.
1. Theoretical and Empirical Review
Nowak and Dahal (2016) investigated the long run
relationship between education and economic growth in
Nepal between 1995 and 2013 through the application of
Johansen cointegration technique and ordinary least
squares (OLS). The results from OLS showed that
4. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
James et al 198
primary, secondary and tertiary education contributes
significantly to the real Gross domestic product per capita
(GDP PC) in Nepal. The cointegration test results
confirmed the existence of a long run relationship between
education and real GDP PC. Kwabena et al. (2006)
investigated the effect of higher education human capital
on economic growth in African countries. The study found
that all levels of education, human capital including higher
education human capital, have positive and statistically
significant impact on the growth rate of per capita income
in African countries.
Mankiw et al (1992) and Barro (1991) investigated the
relationship between education and economic growth.
They examined the variation in school enrolment rates,
using a single cross section of both the industrialized and
low developing countries. From the study findings, they
concluded that schooling has a significant positive impact
on the rate of growth of real GDP. Aghion et al. (2009)
investigated the causal impact of education on economic
growth in the United States and the results supported the
existence of a positive causal impact between education
and economic growth.
Odit et al. (2010) investigated the impact of investment in
education on economic growth in Mauritius. The research
findings revealed that human capital plays a key role in
economic growth mainly as an engine of improving of the
output level. Babalola (2011) evaluated the impact of
education on economic growth in Nigeria. The study
findings revealed the existence of a long run relationship
between education and economic growth. The causality
test results indicated uni –directional causality that runs
from economic growth to education.
Mercana and Sezer (2014) investigated the effect of
education expenditure on economic growth in Turkey for
the period 1970-2012 and the study findings revealed a
positive relationship between education expenditures and
economic growth. Musila and Belassi (2004) employed the
time series technique and Johansen cointegration
procedure to investigate the relationship between
government education expenditure and economic growth
in Uganda during the period 1965 -1999. The results
showed that education expenditure per worker has a
positive and significant impact on economic growth in both
the short run and long run. Cooray (2009) examined the
effects of the quantity and quality of education on
economic growth in a cross section of low and medium
income countries. The study found that education quantity
measured by enrolment ratios has a positive influence on
economic growth.
The millennium development goals (MDGs) provide
indicators of quantity of education that have been adopted
by several researchers. These include: enrolment ratios
(Mankiw, Romer and Weil 1992; Barro 1991; Cooray
2009), average years of schooling (Hanushek and
Woessmann, 2008), and the funding allocated to
education activities (Baladacci et al, 2008; Cooray 2009).
The UNESCO (2012) report highlights how for every US$
1 spent on education, as much as US$10 to US$15 can be
generated in economic growth. On the other hand, the
measures for quality of education usually provided in the
literature include: survival rates, repetition rates, student-
teacher ratios, schooling life expectancy, trained teachers
and test scores in numeracy especially at the level of
primary education (Cooray 2009). Hanushek et al (2010)
found the quality of education to be significantly related to
long run economic growth. Hanushek et al (2010) caution
that if developing countries are to achieve their long run
economic performance, they have to focus on the
improvement of the quality of their school system.
The UNESCO(2020) report decries the unequal
distribution of education opportunities and the increasing
barriers to quality education especially among the
disadvantaged groups that has been worsened by school
closures in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. Many would
be school going children estimated at about one in five
have been excluded from the school system widening
societal inequalities. The report recommends the need for
countries to adopt inclusive education that focuses on the
elimination of all forms of exclusion. The report
acknowledges the essential contribution of education
towards building inclusive, social cohesion and democratic
societies. Inclusive and quality education are given as a
key ingredient in exploiting fully the benefits of any
country’s human potential and thus a clear justification for
increased education funding (UNESCO,2019;2020).
2. METHODOLOGY
We apply the Johansen cointegration approach to test the
existence of a long run relationship between education and
economic growth. The Johansen cointegration approach is
justified where variables to be tested have the same level
of integration I (1) (Naidu,Pandaram and Chand,2017).
The unit root tests were performed using the Augmented
Dickey-Fuller (ADF) where it was found that all variables
were I (1) thereby qualifying our choice of Johansen
cointegration approach. The verification of unit root status
of variables is necessary given that regression based on
non stationary variables is spurious and could undermine
policy implications (Engle and Granger, 1987). In order to
test the existence of short run causality between the
different levels of education and GDP, we perform the
Wald test; and to test for the existence of long run
causality, we perform the long-run Granger Causality test.
Descriptive statistics are provided for the key variables
under study. To identify the level of contribution of the
different levels of education to the country’s GDP, we
conduct the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) estimation. The
OLS is used because under certain assumptions, namely,
the equation to be estimated is linear in parameters, is non
5. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
World J. Econs. Fin. 199
stochastic, has zero mean value, possess equal variance
of distribution makes the model a powerful method of
regression analysis. We test the robustness of the model
used in the study by carrying out various diagnostic tests
including normality, multicollinearity, serial correlation and
heteroskedasticity tests.
Model specification
The growth model for the study takes the form of the Cobb
–Douglas function:
)(edufgdp (1.1)
Where gdp is the gross domestic product and edu
represents the gross enrolment ratio of the various levels
of education under study.
Gross enrolment ratio for primary education is defined as
total enrolment in primary education regardless of age,
expressed as a percentage of the population of official
primary education age, and this can exceed 100 percent
due to the inclusion of over aged and under aged students
because of early or late school entrance and grade
repetition. Gross enrolment ratio for secondary education
is defined as total enrolment in secondary education
regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
population of official secondary education age. Gross
enrolment ratio for tertiary education is defined as total
enrolment in tertiary education regardless of age,
expressed as a percentage of the total population of the
five year age group following on from secondary school
leaving (green data-
https://knoema.com/atlas/uganda/GER).
This is expressed in a linear form as:
ttt edugdp loglog 10
(1.2)
0 and 01
The OLS specification of the model estimated is
tXXXLGDP 3322110
(1.3)
Where 31, ii represent the regression coefficients,
1X represents primary education gross enrolment ratio,
2X represents secondary education gross enrolment ratio
3X represents tertiary education gross enrolment ratio
while 𝜀𝑖~𝑖𝑖𝑑(0, 𝛿2
is the model error term).
The literature posits that time series data are non
stationery (have a stochastic trend) and regressing non
stationery series on each other is bound to produce
spurious results (Engle and Granger, 1987). Non
stationery variables are made stationery by differencing. If
ttt UpYY 1 and ,11 p where tY is the
variable of interest and tU is white noise error term, then
it is concluded that tY has unit root and thus non stationery
provided p=1. We handle the subject of unit root of our
time series variable through the use of the Augmented
Dickey-Fuller (ADF). Given our interest in establishing the
long run relationship between the study variables, it was
necessary to test for cointegration. Granger (1987)
advises that a test for cointegration be done as a pre-test
to avoid spurious regression results. Cointegration in
economics would imply the existence of long run or
equilibrium relationship between two or more variables
(Babalola, 2011). In this study as discussed earlier on, the
Johansen cointegration approach is adopted.
In the building of forecasting models, it is essential to test
for causality as widely popularized by economists like
Granger (1969). One variable )( tX is said to granger
cause another variable )( tY if the lagged values of )( tX
can predict tY and the reverse also holds. In this study,
the Granger causality test was performed using the vector
autoregressive model below:
If causation runs from education to gdp, we have:
n
m
tjtj
n
i
tit edugdpgdp
1
1
1
1 logloglog
(1.4)
If causation runs from gdp to education, we have:
n
m
tjtj
n
i
tit gdpeduYedu
1
2
1
1 logloglog
(1.5)
Where t1 and t2 are assumed to be uncorrelated.
The decision rule:
From equation (1.4), jtedu log Granger causes
tgdplog if the coefficient of the lagged values of edu as a
group j is significantly different from zero based on F-
test, and from equation (1.5) jtgdp log Granger causes
tedulog if is statistically significant.
Data sources
The study employed secondary data with reference period
of 1985-2017 sourced from the World Bank data, World
Development Indicators, UNESCO Institute for statistics
(http://uis.unesco.org); Uganda Bureau of Statistics,
Ministry of Education and Sports and the National Council
for Higher Education.
6. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
James et al 200
Empirical Results and Discussion
This section covers the empirical results of the study and
the subsequent discussion therefrom.
Study Descriptives
The descriptives for the variables under study are
represented in Table 1
Table 1: Summary statistics
Variable Mean Std. Dev. Min Max
Primary 103.52 26.30 63.7 138.4
Secondary 17.62 7.03 9.1 28
Tertiary 2.79 1.44 0.7 5
GDP 1.30E+10 7.80E+09 4.12E+09 2.86E+10
Unit root tests
The real values of the variables were converted to logs and tested for stationarity using the Augmented Dickey Fuller test.
Table 2: Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test results before differencing
Variable Test Statistic 1% Critical
value
5% Critical value 10% Critical P-value Conclusion
Lgprimary -1.316 -3.702 -2.98 -2.622 0.6218 Non stationary
Lgsecondary -0.98 -3.702 -2.98 -2.622 0.7604 Non stationary
Lgtertiary -2.206 -3.702 -2.98 -2.622 0.2042 Non stationary
Lgdp -0.038 -3.702 -2.98 -2.622 0.9553 Non stationary
All variables were found to be non stationary at level. We
proceeded to difference all variables and the results
showed that all variables became stationery at first
difference as represented in Table 3.
Table 3: Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test results after first differencing
Variable Test Statistic 1% Critical value 5% Critical value 10% Critical P-value Conclusion
Dlgprimary -5.213 -3.71 -2.98 -2.62 0.000 Stationary
Dlgsecondary -4.129 -3.71 -2.98 -2.62 0.001 Stationary
Dlgtertiary -6.184 -3.71 -2.98 -2.62 0.000 Stationary
Dlgdp -4.877 -3.71 -2.98 -2.62 0.000 Stationary
Optimal lag selection
Since all the variables were found to be stationary at I (1),
it meant the existence of a long run relationship between
them. A Johansen cointegration test using the Johansen –
Julius maximum likelihood cointegration that is very
sensitive to the choice of lag length was used. The VAR
model was fitted to the time series data to establish an
appropriate lag structure and the results are presented in
Table 4
Table 4: VAR lag order selection criteria
Lag LL LR Df P FPE AIC HQIC SBIC
0 150.54 3.30E-10* -10.47* -10.41* -10.28*
1 157.74 14.39 16 0.569 6.40E-10 -9.83819 -9.55 -8.89
2 178.97 42.46 16 0.000 4.70E-10 -10.2118 -9.69 -8.50
3 187.04 16.15 16 0.443 1.00E-09 -9.64558 -8.89 -7.17
4 200.51 26.95* 16 0.042 2.00E-09 -9.46507 -8.48 -6.23
7. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
World J. Econs. Fin. 201
Endogenous: dloggdp, dlogpri, dlogsec, dlogter
Exogenous: _cons
LR: sequential modified LR test static (at 5% level)
From Table 4, lag 4 was chosen and used in subsequent analysis.
Testing for long run association by Johansen Cointegration
Both the Trace and Maximum Eigen value tests were run
Table 5: Unrestricted Cointegration rank test (Trace)
maximum rank Parms LL Eigenvalue Trace statistic 5% critical value
0 20 156.39 . 66.59 47.21
1 27 170.97 0.62 37.43 29.68
2 32 181.48 0.50 16.41 15.41
3 35 187.34 0.32 4.69 3.76
4 36 189.68 0.14
Since the eigen values are less than the trace static, this
indicates the existence of a long run relationship between
the explanatory variables and the dependent variable. The
null is thus rejected at 5% level.
Table 6: Maximum rank
maximum rank Parms LL Eigenvalue Maximum statistic 5% critical value
0 20 156.39 . 29.17 27.07
1 27 170.97 0.62 21.02 20.97
2 32 181.48 0.50 11.72 14.07
3 35 187.34 0.32 4.69 3.76
4 36 189.68 0.14
Since the eigen values are less than the maximum
statistic, this indicates the existence of a long run
relationship between the explanatory variables and the
dependent variable. The null is thus rejected at 5% level.
From the cointegration Tables 5 and 6, both the trace
statistic and maximum eigen value statistic indicate the
presence of cointegration at 5% level of significance
implying the existence of a log run relationship between
the explanatory variables and the dependent variable.
Johansen and Juselius (1990) suggest that where the
Trace statistic and Maximum eigen value tests produce
different results, it is preferable to use the results of the
trace test. In our study, they both yield the same results
and therefore, there was no need to make a choice
between them.
Granger causality test
Table 7: Short run Granger Causality (Wald test)
To detect the Short-run Granger Causality, one looks at the P-value if it is significant or not (Kigosa, 2014).
Causal variable Coefficient P-value Null hypothesis Decision
Primary education 0.13 0.031 Primary education does not
Granger Cause GDP
Reject the null
hypothesis
Tertiary education -0.12 0.018 Tertiary education does not
Granger Cause GDP
Reject the null
hypothesis
Secondary
education
0.8 0.005 Secondary education does not
Granger Cause primary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
Tertiary education -0.81 0.022 Tertiary education does not
Granger Cause primary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
GDP 2.01 0.058 GDP does not
Granger Cause primary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
8. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
Primary education -0.81
0.000
Primary education does not
Granger Cause secondary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
Tertiary education 0.58 0.002 Tertiary education does not
Granger Cause secondary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
GDP 1.88 0.002 GDP does not
Granger Cause secondary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
Secondary
education
0.5 0.053 Secondary education does not
Granger Cause tertiary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
GDP 1.65 0.036 GDP does not
Granger Cause tertiary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
From the Table 7, it can be seen that both Primary and
Tertiary School Education Granger Cause GDP implying
that you can use the lagged/ passed values of the above
two variables to predict/ forecast growth. In the same vein,
GDP does Granger Cause both Primary and Tertiary
School Education meaning that there is a two-way
causality between GDP and Primary School Education,
and between GDP and Tertiary School Education. A two-
sided Granger Causality was also observed between
Primary and Secondary School Education. Only a
unidirectional Granger causality from Tertiary to Primary
School Education was detected. Lastly, a two-sided
Granger Causality was observed between Secondary and
Tertiary School Education.
Long-run Granger Causality test
To determine if there is a long-run causality, the coefficient
is analyzed. If the coefficient is negative and significant, it
means a long-run causality exists (Kigosa and Rudi,
2014). The results of the long-run Granger Causality are
presented in Table 8
Table 8: Long-run Granger Causality test
Causal variable Coefficient P-value Null hypothesis Decision
Primary education -0.72 0.000 Primary education does not
Granger Cause GDP
Reject the null
hypothesis
Secondary
education
-1.24 0.037 Secondary education does not
Granger Cause Primary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
Tertiary education -0.98 0.001 Tertiary education does not
Granger Cause Secondary education
Reject the null
hypothesis
From Table 8, it can be seen that a long-run causality from
Primary School Education to GDP was detected because
the coefficient was negative and significant. This means
that the lagged values of Primary School Education can
help in predicting economic growth in the long run.
Similarly, a long-run causality was detected from
Secondary Education to Primary Education. Lastly, it was
also found that Tertiary Education Granger Causes
Secondary Education.
Error correction model
The literature posits that cointegration is a necessary
condition for an error correction model to hold (Engle and
Granger, 1987). Figure 1 reveals evidence for the model
to be error correcting in the long run after short-run
disturbance.
9. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
World J. Econs. Fin. 203
Figure 1: Error correction model
OLS model estimation
The results of the ordinary least square regression as drawn from equation (1.3) are presented in Table 9.
Table 9: OLS Model estimates
Lggdp Coef. Std. Err. t P>t
Lgprimary -0.29 0.15 -2.00 0.055
lgsecondary 0.37 0.13 2.75 0.010
Lgtertiary 0.87 0.10 8.28 0.000
Cons 22.66 0.70 32.33 0.000
R-squared 0.96 R-adjusted 0.95
F-value 215.97 0.000
From Table 9, it can be seen that the coefficient of primary
school education is negative though weakly significant at
5% level. The implication of the negative sign of the
coefficient is that primary school education negatively
affects the growth of the economy. This can be attributed
to the poor quality of primary school education in Uganda
where most learners can hardly read and write (Uwezo,
2015). The coefficient of the Primary school education
above means that if the level of the Primary school
education increases by one percent, the level of growth
decreases by 0.29%. The coefficients of the secondary
and tertiary school education on the other hand are
positive and significant implying that these two variables
positively contribute to economic growth. The coefficient of
the secondary school education above means that if the
level of the secondary school education increases by one
percent, the level of growth increases by 0.37%. Similarly,
if the level of tertiary school education increases by one
percent, the level of growth increases by 0.87%. The
adjusted R-squared implies that the explanatory variables
explain 96 percent of the variation in the level of growth
and other factors outside this model only account for 4
percent of the change in the level of growth.
The estimated model is thus specified as
321 87.037.029.066.22 XXXGDP
(1.3)*
We thus reject the null and accept the alternative for X2
and X3 that secondary and tertiary education has a
significant positive effect on growth. We otherwise accept
the null for X1 that primary education does not have a
significant positive effect on growth.
Diagnostic tests
Test for multicollinearity
This was done to test whether the variables tested have
correlation among or between each other
-.2
0
.2.4.6
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Year
dlggdp dlgprimary
dlgsecondary dlgtertiary
10. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
James et al 204
Table 10: Multicollinearity test results
Variable VIF 1/VIF
Lgtertiary 7.14 0.14
Lgsecondary 5.32 0.19
Lgprimary 2.74 0.36
Mean VIF 5.07
Table 10 results show that VIF (5.07) is greater than 5
and less than 10. The collinearity tolerance (1/VIF) for all
predictor variables were greater than 0.1 (10%) with the
corresponding variable inflation factor (VIF) for all
variables ranging between 2.74 and 7.14 which is within
the recommended interval of 1 and 10 implying
nonexistence of multicollinearity.
Test for Serial correlation
Table 11: Breusch-Godfrey LM test for autocorrelation
lags(p) F df Prob > F
1 1.286 (1,27) 0.2667
No serial correlation
Test for normality
The Jack –Bera (JB) test was used to test the normality of
the model. The statistics of the model is given as
24
)3(
6
22
KS
nJB
Where n is the sample size, S stands for skewness and K
stands for Kurtosis coefficient. For distribution of the
variable, S=0 and K=3, therefore the JB test of normality is
a test of joint hypothesis where skewness and kurtosis are
0 and 3 respectively. The worth of the JB statistic is
considered to be 0 in this case (Gujrati,2004)
Table 12: Jack- bera test for normality
Equation chi2 Df Prob > chi2
Lggdp 4.13 2 0.1266
Lgprimary 12.33 2 0.0021
Lgsecondary 4.67 2 0.09689
Lgtertiary 2.74 2 0.25395
ALL 23.87 8 0.00241
The normality results show that GDP as the dependent
variable is normally distributed as the corresponding p-
value from the test statistic was greater than 5 percent
level of significance. Similarly, all explanatory variables
with the exception of primary education were found to be
normally distributed.
Test for heteroskedasticity
Ho: Constant variance
Table 13: Breusch-Pagan / Cook-Weisberg test for
heteroskedasticity
Stat chi2 (1) Prob > chi2
Output 0.35 0.5562
The Chi square value was 0.35. Prob Chi square value
at 0.5562. This means there is no heteroskedasticity, so
the null hypothesis was upheld.
CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
This study examines the impact of the quantity of
education on economic growth using gross enrolment ratio
of primary, secondary and tertiary education as a proxy for
the quantity of education. The results indicate that the
higher the education level attained the more likely the
contribution to Uganda’s economic growth. The study
variables were all found to be integrated of order one using
the ADF test for unit root. The long run causality test
detected the existence of long run causality at all levels of
education with GDP. The study confirms the existence of
long run relationship between education and GDP as
shown from the Johansen cointegration test results. The
paper contributes to the on going debate as to whether
education contributes to economic growth, and if it does
which level is likely to contribute more to a country’s growth
and under what conditions. The paper recommends the
11. Education and Economic Growth in Uganda: A Cointegration Approach
World J. Econs. Fin. 205
need for policy makers to provide an enriched curriculum
that trains learners in skills needed to make labor more
creative and productive right from the early stages of
education. The school environment should be improved
especially at the lower levels of education to ensure that
graduates at the primary level meet the required
competences in literacy and numeracy as per UNESCO
guidelines. The Government of Uganda should consider
increasing her spending on education as a percentage of
GDP across all education levels to near the 5.4%
recommended by Grant (2017) to facilitate the acquisition
of the necessary education infrastructure to promote
quality education. In line with SDG 4, the government
should prioritize inclusive education as a way of minimizing
the widening inequalities in society and as a means of
ensuring the maximal efficient harnessing of all her human
potential. It is also recommended that stakeholder
engagements in the education system be strengthened to
ensure learners in schools are trained in accordance with
the aspirations of the society, in which case, this requires
regular monitoring and support of what goes on in our
schools by all stakeholders.
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