This paper discusses about the economic growth that has a direct impact on Human Development Index (HDI) and indirect one on the increase of investment absorption and decrease of poverty. Besides, we can know that economic growth has a direct impact on the increase of investment, as well as it directly affects the decrease of poverty level by using partial test quantitative analysis. To increase the economic growth and reduce poverty as well as to increase HDI, these are what to do (a) revitalizing the agriculture to help main sector of Fak Fak district (agriculture); (b) giving modal such as: banking soft loan with easy terms and revolving fund for the right target in the form of natura (cows, sheeps, etc.) that can accelerate the increase of economic; (c) regional government facilitates the linkage and partnership program with “win-win solution” concept.
Human capital development and economic growth in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The study evaluates the relationship between human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria using data from 1977-2011.
2. The results of the analysis show there is a strong positive relationship between primary school enrollment, life expectancy, and economic growth (proxied by GDP). However, public expenditure on education has a negative impact on economic growth.
3. The findings suggest that investments in education and health can promote economic growth by increasing labor productivity. However, Nigeria needs to improve how it utilizes expenditures on education to achieve quality education and maximize its impact on the economy.
Human capital: Education and health in economic development egpShivani Baghel
A brief study on the economic development of health and education in India in the present scenario.
It talks about joint investment in both the sectors considering their rate of return, while dealing with questions like why increasing income is not sufficient? It also briefs about child labor and gender gap.
This document provides background information on a proposed study analyzing the impact of government expenditure on human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. It discusses how developed nations have realized the importance of investing in education and healthcare as strategic efforts for economic development. While Nigeria has prioritized human capital development, there are concerns about the ability of education and healthcare systems to meet population needs given inconsistent funding over different political regimes. The proposed study aims to determine the extent to which government education and healthcare spending impacts economic growth in Nigeria.
11.human capital development and economic growth in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. It analyzes the relationship between investments in education, health, and skills training (proxies for human capital) and GDP (a proxy for economic growth).
2) The analysis finds a strong positive relationship between human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. However, Nigeria still struggles with high illiteracy, unskilled workers, and uneven distribution of skilled labor.
3) To promote continued economic growth, the document recommends that Nigeria evolve more effective strategies for developing skills and capabilities across its population. It also calls for improved institutions to align training with the needs of different economic sectors.
Human Capital Development as a Recipe for Sustainable Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2013. The paper employs OLS methodology with BLUE assumptions, wald test, breusch Godfrey and pairwise granger test was also used to argument the OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 46% increase in (EXPHLTH) expenditure on health, 107% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 92% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 0.00091% increase in (TLBF) Total labour force. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1980 to 2012. The paper employs OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude, 1% increase in GDP is brought about by 22% increase in human capital. This postulates that an increase in allocation to education and health will lead to increase in GDP. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.80 or 80% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
Human capital development and economic growth in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1. The study evaluates the relationship between human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria using data from 1977-2011.
2. The results of the analysis show there is a strong positive relationship between primary school enrollment, life expectancy, and economic growth (proxied by GDP). However, public expenditure on education has a negative impact on economic growth.
3. The findings suggest that investments in education and health can promote economic growth by increasing labor productivity. However, Nigeria needs to improve how it utilizes expenditures on education to achieve quality education and maximize its impact on the economy.
Human capital: Education and health in economic development egpShivani Baghel
A brief study on the economic development of health and education in India in the present scenario.
It talks about joint investment in both the sectors considering their rate of return, while dealing with questions like why increasing income is not sufficient? It also briefs about child labor and gender gap.
This document provides background information on a proposed study analyzing the impact of government expenditure on human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. It discusses how developed nations have realized the importance of investing in education and healthcare as strategic efforts for economic development. While Nigeria has prioritized human capital development, there are concerns about the ability of education and healthcare systems to meet population needs given inconsistent funding over different political regimes. The proposed study aims to determine the extent to which government education and healthcare spending impacts economic growth in Nigeria.
11.human capital development and economic growth in nigeriaAlexander Decker
1) The document discusses human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. It analyzes the relationship between investments in education, health, and skills training (proxies for human capital) and GDP (a proxy for economic growth).
2) The analysis finds a strong positive relationship between human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria. However, Nigeria still struggles with high illiteracy, unskilled workers, and uneven distribution of skilled labor.
3) To promote continued economic growth, the document recommends that Nigeria evolve more effective strategies for developing skills and capabilities across its population. It also calls for improved institutions to align training with the needs of different economic sectors.
Human Capital Development as a Recipe for Sustainable Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1981 to 2013. The paper employs OLS methodology with BLUE assumptions, wald test, breusch Godfrey and pairwise granger test was also used to argument the OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude 1% increase in RGDP (proxy Economic growth) is brought about by 46% increase in (EXPHLTH) expenditure on health, 107% increase in (GFCF) gross fixed capital formation, 92% increase in (TEXPEDU) total expenditure on education, 0.00091% increase in (TLBF) Total labour force. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.98 or 98% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The crucial role of education in the overall development of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It is not only seen as a key to poverty reduction and vehicle for promoting equity, fairness and social justice but also helps to supply the essential human capital which is a paramount condition for sustained economic growth. Thus, enhancing effective investment on education and health has been a tenet of growth and development strategies for most countries. The basic objective of this paper investigated the relationship between human capital (through education and effective health care services) and economic growth in Nigeria, using annual time series data from 1980 to 2012. The paper employs OLS methodology. The result shows that considering the magnitude, 1% increase in GDP is brought about by 22% increase in human capital. This postulates that an increase in allocation to education and health will lead to increase in GDP. The estimated value of R2 (goodness of fit) of 0.80 or 80% and it show that the independent variables explain about 80% of the variation in the dependent variable. The findings have a strong implication on educational and health policy in Nigeria. The study seems to suggest that a concerted effort should be made by policymakers to enhance educational and health investment in order to accelerate growth which would engender economic growth.
Human capital development in technical vocational education (tve) for sustain...Alexander Decker
This document discusses human capital development in technical vocational education for sustainable national development in Nigeria. It makes three key points:
1. Technical vocational education plays an important role in human capital development by developing skills that increase productivity and employability, which supports sustainable economic growth and national development.
2. For technical vocational education to effectively contribute to human capital development, institutions must be well-equipped with infrastructure, workshop facilities, and qualified teachers to ensure graduates acquire skills for gainful employment.
3. Nigeria has faced challenges in technical vocational education like insufficient facilities and teachers, but it remains an important way to reduce unemployment and poverty through skills training.
The document discusses how human capital formation through education, health, job training, and access to information leads to economic growth and development. It contributes to increased earnings potential, technological advancement, and improved standards of living globally. Recent reports predict India will become a major economic power in the 21st century, with fast growth expected among BRICS countries including India, China, Brazil, and South Africa.
The document discusses several factors contributing to regional differences in educational attainment in India. It notes that states differ in language, culture, needs, climate and more. As a result, some regions lack educational facilities while others prioritize education more. For example, states like Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have lower literacy rates while states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal have higher rates. Generally, regions with lower standards of living, fewer job opportunities and more subsistence level work value education less. Poverty also prevents families from sending children to school, as they rely on child labor. Gender disparities further contribute to regional differences in education across India.
Human Capital and Human Resource Developmentcmutamba
Human capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and abilities gained through education and training. Several economists viewed human capital as a form of investment that yields returns both privately to individuals in the form of higher income and publicly through greater productivity. More recent views see human capital as the collective knowledge and capabilities of individuals that create competitive advantages for organizations and drive economic growth at national and international levels. Expenditures on education and training are considered investments in human capital that improve productivity.
Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and health that enable people to be productive. Developing human capital through education and training is important for economic growth. While Pakistan has made some investments in education and seen gains in literacy and human development, it spends less than comparable countries on health and education. Improving human capital will require greater investment, better education quality, and addressing issues like population growth and unequal access to opportunities.
The document discusses human capital formation in India. It defines human capital formation as acquiring skills, education, and experience to increase economic and political development. Sources of human capital formation include expenditures on education, health, on-the-job training, migration, and information. While human capital growth in India has been fast, economic growth has not increased at the same rate due to challenges like high population growth, poverty, and low education quality. Further investments in education and health are needed to fully realize gains from India's demographic dividend.
This document discusses human capital investment and outlines a three pillar approach:
1. The Human Capital Index measures and tracks the productivity of future workers based on their expected health and education outcomes.
2. Improving measurement and research of human capital formation to better support investment decisions.
3. Engaging countries to develop national strategies to accelerate progress on human capital through early adopters.
Key areas of focus are improving survival rates, quality of education, adult health, and creating an aligned education system focused on learning outcomes.
1. Human capital formation refers to increasing the productive qualities of a country's labor force through education, skills training, health care, and other means.
2. Key factors that influence human capital formation in Pakistan include low literacy rates, lack of on-the-job training, insufficient health and nutrition levels, and inadequate basic infrastructure and services.
3. Improving human capital formation is important for Pakistan's economic development as it can increase labor productivity and utilization of resources, promote technological advancement, boost industrial performance, and reduce poverty and unemployment. However, challenges to human capital formation in Pakistan include rapid population growth, unequal access to education, and lack of awareness about its benefits.
Investment in Education Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper investigated the relationship between investment in education, entrepreneurship and economic growth in Nigeria using annual time-series data from 1981 to 2013. OLS methodology, Johansen Co-integration and Error correction technique were employed to analyze macroeconomic data sourced from CBN statistical bulletin. The OLS result shows through its 98% goodness of fit value that all variable except unemployment are positively related to the gross domestic product, proxy for economic growth in Nigeria. The Co-integration test and the Error-correction technique revealed that a long-run relationship exists between investment in education, entrepreneurship and economic growth in Nigeria. The study suggests that the government should take appropriate measures to adequately invest in the educational sector and also place more attention on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in order to ensure sustainable economic growth in Nigeria.
Education expenditure and economic growth a causal analysis for malaysiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between government expenditure on education and economic growth in Malaysia from 1970 to 2010. It finds that GDP is positively correlated with fixed capital formation, labor force participation, and government education expenditure based on a vector autoregression analysis. A Granger causality test also finds a two-way relationship between economic growth and education expenditure in the short term. Overall, the study provides evidence that increased government spending on education contributes to economic growth in Malaysia.
Capital formation is the process of increasing a country's capital assets through investing in productive infrastructure and equipment. This promotes economic development by raising productivity, technological progress, and standards of living. In developing countries, capital formation relies on both domestic and external resources. Domestically, capital comes from voluntary savings, involuntary savings (e.g. taxes), government borrowing, and utilizing idle resources. Externally, foreign economic assistance such as loans and grants are important sources of capital that help bridge savings gaps, increase employment and productivity, and provide access to new technologies. While necessary, capital alone is not sufficient for development - other factors like education, government effectiveness, and social attitudes also significantly influence economic progress.
This document is a term paper submitted by a student for their BSC degree in economics. It includes information identifying the student such as their name, roll number, and department. The paper analyzes trends in economic growth, inequality, and poverty across Indian states since the early 1990s. It seeks to address questions related to defining poverty lines in India, measuring poverty accurately, the next steps in poverty reduction, the impact of economic reforms on regional inequality, and the relationship between growth and inequality reduction. The paper includes an abstract, introduction discussing key concepts, objectives, a literature review, methodology, data analysis, and conclusions.
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriainventionjournals
The study examines the impact of human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria. The study sought to find out how human capital development (education and health) contributes to economic growth (GDP, unemployment and employment rate) in Nigeria. Investment in Education and health are always not considered in Nigeria which limits the economic growth in Nigeria thereby not contributing to gross domestic product in Nigeria. Poor consideration of human capital development result to high level unemployment, low GDP and low employment rate in Nigeria. The main objective is to examine the impact of human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria. Time series data were collected from secondary source from 1999-2015. The Ordinary Least Square was adopted and finding reveals that human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria is insignificant. The study also found that human capital development contributes to unemployment rate in Nigeria but does not contributes to GDP and employment rate in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that Nigeria government should re-strategies its human capital development policies and develop a programme to solve human development needs in terms of education and health since there is insignificant relationship between human capital development and economic growth.
This document provides an abstract for a research paper that analyzes the relationship between economic growth and economic development in the Vaal Triangle region of South Africa. The research uses an economic development index that includes unemployment, poverty, and the human development index to measure economic development. A Vector Auto Regression model indicates that economic development leads to economic growth in the short run. Therefore, policies aimed at increasing human development and reducing unemployment and poverty can achieve sustainable economic growth in the short run. The full paper will include literature on economic growth and development theories, methodology using data from reliable sources, results, discussion, recommendations, and a conclusion.
Investment in human capital are central to development, delivering substantial economic benefits in the long term. However, the benefits of these investments often take time to materialize and their benefits to the society are not always visible, leading to underinvestment in human capital. The Human Capital Index quantifies the contribution of health and education to the productivity of the next generation of workers. Nigeria whose capital index (HCI) is 0.34, has been ranked 152 out of 157 countries in the first-ever Human Capital Index released by the World Bank Group which makes is one of the worse in the world.
Descriptive Analysis of Inflation and Unemployment in Indian EcononmyAnu Damodaran
This document provides an overview of a term paper on trends of inflation and unemployment in the Indian economy from 2002-2012. The paper was submitted by Ms. Anu Damodaran to her faculty guide, Mr. Rajneesh Mishra, at Amity University in Dubai in partial completion of her MBA program. The 67-page paper includes sections on inflation, unemployment, data analysis of inflation and unemployment rates in India, and conclusions on the relationship between inflation and unemployment.
This document discusses socio-economic development and empowerment of disadvantaged groups in India. It begins by defining key concepts like socio-economic development, human development, and factors that impact development like income, education, health. It then discusses how solely focusing on economic indicators like GDP does not capture development in its full sense. The concept of human development is introduced, which places people at the center of development and focuses on expanding choices and well-being. The key tool for measuring human development, the Human Development Index (HDI), is also explained which combines health, education, and income indicators. The document concludes by showing India's state-wise HDI rankings.
This document provides an overview of human capital including its economic perspective, sources, pillars, and indexes. It discusses human capital indexes for top countries including India. The four pillars of human capital are education, health, workforce/employment, and enabling environment. India ranks 78th out of 122 countries on the overall human capital index, with relatively low scores in health and the enabling environment. The document concludes by noting the importance of human capital for development and identifying challenges to improving human capital in India like population growth and lack of education and health facilities.
Analysis of Economic Growth Quality to Improve Society Welfare in Southeast S...theijes
This study entitled "Analysis of Economic Growth Quality to Improve Society Welfare in Southeast Sulawesi". The research activities carried out as an effort to help the government of Southeast Sulawesi in solving economic problems is based on the economic growth achieved over the value of the national average but has not been able to provide overall welfare for the people. The aims to be achieved in this research is to investigate and analyze the impact economic growth quality to improve society welfare in Southeast Sulawesi. The research was conducted by taking samples at six districts and two cities in Southeast Sulawesi. The data used is quantitative data that is processed by the research model that had been developed by using statistical analysis econometric approach with panel data regression.The results showed that economic growth quality have significant impact with a positive direction to rate of society welfare in several districts / cities in Southeast Sulawesi. This means that economic growth quality that proxy with the pace of GDP growth, Gini Ratio Index , Williamson Index, the percentage decline in poverty and unemployment were able to improve society welfare in some districts / cities in Southeast Sulawesi which proxy with income per capita and Human Development Index during the period from 2006 until 2015
Fulrubell Corporation was established in 2006 to deliver technology products focused on quality and value. They have offices in the Philippines and Taiwan, and distribute electronic components, telecom products, and power solutions. Their mission is to exceed customer expectations through continuous improvement.
Human capital development in technical vocational education (tve) for sustain...Alexander Decker
This document discusses human capital development in technical vocational education for sustainable national development in Nigeria. It makes three key points:
1. Technical vocational education plays an important role in human capital development by developing skills that increase productivity and employability, which supports sustainable economic growth and national development.
2. For technical vocational education to effectively contribute to human capital development, institutions must be well-equipped with infrastructure, workshop facilities, and qualified teachers to ensure graduates acquire skills for gainful employment.
3. Nigeria has faced challenges in technical vocational education like insufficient facilities and teachers, but it remains an important way to reduce unemployment and poverty through skills training.
The document discusses how human capital formation through education, health, job training, and access to information leads to economic growth and development. It contributes to increased earnings potential, technological advancement, and improved standards of living globally. Recent reports predict India will become a major economic power in the 21st century, with fast growth expected among BRICS countries including India, China, Brazil, and South Africa.
The document discusses several factors contributing to regional differences in educational attainment in India. It notes that states differ in language, culture, needs, climate and more. As a result, some regions lack educational facilities while others prioritize education more. For example, states like Bihar, Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh have lower literacy rates while states like Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Uttaranchal have higher rates. Generally, regions with lower standards of living, fewer job opportunities and more subsistence level work value education less. Poverty also prevents families from sending children to school, as they rely on child labor. Gender disparities further contribute to regional differences in education across India.
Human Capital and Human Resource Developmentcmutamba
Human capital refers to the knowledge, skills, and abilities gained through education and training. Several economists viewed human capital as a form of investment that yields returns both privately to individuals in the form of higher income and publicly through greater productivity. More recent views see human capital as the collective knowledge and capabilities of individuals that create competitive advantages for organizations and drive economic growth at national and international levels. Expenditures on education and training are considered investments in human capital that improve productivity.
Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and health that enable people to be productive. Developing human capital through education and training is important for economic growth. While Pakistan has made some investments in education and seen gains in literacy and human development, it spends less than comparable countries on health and education. Improving human capital will require greater investment, better education quality, and addressing issues like population growth and unequal access to opportunities.
The document discusses human capital formation in India. It defines human capital formation as acquiring skills, education, and experience to increase economic and political development. Sources of human capital formation include expenditures on education, health, on-the-job training, migration, and information. While human capital growth in India has been fast, economic growth has not increased at the same rate due to challenges like high population growth, poverty, and low education quality. Further investments in education and health are needed to fully realize gains from India's demographic dividend.
This document discusses human capital investment and outlines a three pillar approach:
1. The Human Capital Index measures and tracks the productivity of future workers based on their expected health and education outcomes.
2. Improving measurement and research of human capital formation to better support investment decisions.
3. Engaging countries to develop national strategies to accelerate progress on human capital through early adopters.
Key areas of focus are improving survival rates, quality of education, adult health, and creating an aligned education system focused on learning outcomes.
1. Human capital formation refers to increasing the productive qualities of a country's labor force through education, skills training, health care, and other means.
2. Key factors that influence human capital formation in Pakistan include low literacy rates, lack of on-the-job training, insufficient health and nutrition levels, and inadequate basic infrastructure and services.
3. Improving human capital formation is important for Pakistan's economic development as it can increase labor productivity and utilization of resources, promote technological advancement, boost industrial performance, and reduce poverty and unemployment. However, challenges to human capital formation in Pakistan include rapid population growth, unequal access to education, and lack of awareness about its benefits.
Investment in Education Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Nigeriapaperpublications3
Abstract: The paper investigated the relationship between investment in education, entrepreneurship and economic growth in Nigeria using annual time-series data from 1981 to 2013. OLS methodology, Johansen Co-integration and Error correction technique were employed to analyze macroeconomic data sourced from CBN statistical bulletin. The OLS result shows through its 98% goodness of fit value that all variable except unemployment are positively related to the gross domestic product, proxy for economic growth in Nigeria. The Co-integration test and the Error-correction technique revealed that a long-run relationship exists between investment in education, entrepreneurship and economic growth in Nigeria. The study suggests that the government should take appropriate measures to adequately invest in the educational sector and also place more attention on the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in order to ensure sustainable economic growth in Nigeria.
Education expenditure and economic growth a causal analysis for malaysiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that examines the relationship between government expenditure on education and economic growth in Malaysia from 1970 to 2010. It finds that GDP is positively correlated with fixed capital formation, labor force participation, and government education expenditure based on a vector autoregression analysis. A Granger causality test also finds a two-way relationship between economic growth and education expenditure in the short term. Overall, the study provides evidence that increased government spending on education contributes to economic growth in Malaysia.
Capital formation is the process of increasing a country's capital assets through investing in productive infrastructure and equipment. This promotes economic development by raising productivity, technological progress, and standards of living. In developing countries, capital formation relies on both domestic and external resources. Domestically, capital comes from voluntary savings, involuntary savings (e.g. taxes), government borrowing, and utilizing idle resources. Externally, foreign economic assistance such as loans and grants are important sources of capital that help bridge savings gaps, increase employment and productivity, and provide access to new technologies. While necessary, capital alone is not sufficient for development - other factors like education, government effectiveness, and social attitudes also significantly influence economic progress.
This document is a term paper submitted by a student for their BSC degree in economics. It includes information identifying the student such as their name, roll number, and department. The paper analyzes trends in economic growth, inequality, and poverty across Indian states since the early 1990s. It seeks to address questions related to defining poverty lines in India, measuring poverty accurately, the next steps in poverty reduction, the impact of economic reforms on regional inequality, and the relationship between growth and inequality reduction. The paper includes an abstract, introduction discussing key concepts, objectives, a literature review, methodology, data analysis, and conclusions.
Impact of Human Capital Development on Economic Growth in Nigeriainventionjournals
The study examines the impact of human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria. The study sought to find out how human capital development (education and health) contributes to economic growth (GDP, unemployment and employment rate) in Nigeria. Investment in Education and health are always not considered in Nigeria which limits the economic growth in Nigeria thereby not contributing to gross domestic product in Nigeria. Poor consideration of human capital development result to high level unemployment, low GDP and low employment rate in Nigeria. The main objective is to examine the impact of human capital development on economic growth in Nigeria. Time series data were collected from secondary source from 1999-2015. The Ordinary Least Square was adopted and finding reveals that human capital development and economic growth in Nigeria is insignificant. The study also found that human capital development contributes to unemployment rate in Nigeria but does not contributes to GDP and employment rate in Nigeria. It is therefore recommended that Nigeria government should re-strategies its human capital development policies and develop a programme to solve human development needs in terms of education and health since there is insignificant relationship between human capital development and economic growth.
This document provides an abstract for a research paper that analyzes the relationship between economic growth and economic development in the Vaal Triangle region of South Africa. The research uses an economic development index that includes unemployment, poverty, and the human development index to measure economic development. A Vector Auto Regression model indicates that economic development leads to economic growth in the short run. Therefore, policies aimed at increasing human development and reducing unemployment and poverty can achieve sustainable economic growth in the short run. The full paper will include literature on economic growth and development theories, methodology using data from reliable sources, results, discussion, recommendations, and a conclusion.
Investment in human capital are central to development, delivering substantial economic benefits in the long term. However, the benefits of these investments often take time to materialize and their benefits to the society are not always visible, leading to underinvestment in human capital. The Human Capital Index quantifies the contribution of health and education to the productivity of the next generation of workers. Nigeria whose capital index (HCI) is 0.34, has been ranked 152 out of 157 countries in the first-ever Human Capital Index released by the World Bank Group which makes is one of the worse in the world.
Descriptive Analysis of Inflation and Unemployment in Indian EcononmyAnu Damodaran
This document provides an overview of a term paper on trends of inflation and unemployment in the Indian economy from 2002-2012. The paper was submitted by Ms. Anu Damodaran to her faculty guide, Mr. Rajneesh Mishra, at Amity University in Dubai in partial completion of her MBA program. The 67-page paper includes sections on inflation, unemployment, data analysis of inflation and unemployment rates in India, and conclusions on the relationship between inflation and unemployment.
This document discusses socio-economic development and empowerment of disadvantaged groups in India. It begins by defining key concepts like socio-economic development, human development, and factors that impact development like income, education, health. It then discusses how solely focusing on economic indicators like GDP does not capture development in its full sense. The concept of human development is introduced, which places people at the center of development and focuses on expanding choices and well-being. The key tool for measuring human development, the Human Development Index (HDI), is also explained which combines health, education, and income indicators. The document concludes by showing India's state-wise HDI rankings.
This document provides an overview of human capital including its economic perspective, sources, pillars, and indexes. It discusses human capital indexes for top countries including India. The four pillars of human capital are education, health, workforce/employment, and enabling environment. India ranks 78th out of 122 countries on the overall human capital index, with relatively low scores in health and the enabling environment. The document concludes by noting the importance of human capital for development and identifying challenges to improving human capital in India like population growth and lack of education and health facilities.
Analysis of Economic Growth Quality to Improve Society Welfare in Southeast S...theijes
This study entitled "Analysis of Economic Growth Quality to Improve Society Welfare in Southeast Sulawesi". The research activities carried out as an effort to help the government of Southeast Sulawesi in solving economic problems is based on the economic growth achieved over the value of the national average but has not been able to provide overall welfare for the people. The aims to be achieved in this research is to investigate and analyze the impact economic growth quality to improve society welfare in Southeast Sulawesi. The research was conducted by taking samples at six districts and two cities in Southeast Sulawesi. The data used is quantitative data that is processed by the research model that had been developed by using statistical analysis econometric approach with panel data regression.The results showed that economic growth quality have significant impact with a positive direction to rate of society welfare in several districts / cities in Southeast Sulawesi. This means that economic growth quality that proxy with the pace of GDP growth, Gini Ratio Index , Williamson Index, the percentage decline in poverty and unemployment were able to improve society welfare in some districts / cities in Southeast Sulawesi which proxy with income per capita and Human Development Index during the period from 2006 until 2015
Fulrubell Corporation was established in 2006 to deliver technology products focused on quality and value. They have offices in the Philippines and Taiwan, and distribute electronic components, telecom products, and power solutions. Their mission is to exceed customer expectations through continuous improvement.
Edital e Anexos do Processo 09/2016 – Pregão Eletrônico 01/2016Maria Julia Medeiros
"Edital e Anexos do Processo 09/2016 – Pregão Eletrônico 01/2016, para Sistema de Registro de Preços para possíveis aquisições de material elétrico para manutenção da rede de iluminação pública, conforme Anexo I – Termo de Referência
Edital Retificado e Anexos do Processo 07/2016 Pregão Presencial 06/2016Maria Julia Medeiros
Este edital convoca licitação na modalidade de pregão presencial para contratação de serviços de manutenção do site oficial do município, incluindo possível criação de novo site. O edital define datas e locais para recebimento de propostas, credenciamento, disputa de lances e julgamento. O critério de julgamento será o menor preço por lote.
This document discusses cancer, including how it forms, signs and symptoms, screening and detection methods, and different treatment types like chemotherapy. It focuses on chemotherapy by describing cytotoxic drugs, compounding procedures for chemotherapy medication that pharmacy technicians must follow, and why pharmacy technicians need to wear protective equipment like in a vertical laminar flow hood when working with hazardous chemotherapy drugs. The document emphasizes the importance of pharmacy technicians being knowledgeable about chemotherapy due to the risks of exposure when preparing these toxic medications.
Edital e anexos do Processo 14/2016 - Pregão Presencial 08/2016Maria Julia Medeiros
Este edital de pregão presencial tem como objetivo estabelecer um sistema de registro de preços para futuras aquisições de pedra para calçamento e conserto de ruas no município de Lavras do Sul. O pregão será realizado em 14 de abril de 2016, com recebimento de propostas entre 31 de março e 14 de abril. A disputa de lances ocorrerá no dia 14 de abril às 14h. A proposta vencedora será aquela que apresentar o menor preço unitário por item, atendendo às especificações do edital.
- Edital RETIFICADO e Anexos do Processo 11/2016, Pregão Presencial 08/2016Maria Julia Medeiros
Este edital anuncia uma licitação na modalidade de pregão presencial para registro de preços de materiais de construção civil, com o objetivo de futuras aquisições pelo município de Lavras do Sul. O pregão será realizado em 19 de abril de 2016, com recebimento de propostas entre 23 de março e 19 de abril. A disputa de lances ocorrerá a partir das 14h do dia 19 e o julgamento se dará pelo menor preço por item/lote.
1. The document discusses UV-visible spectroscopy, describing the basic components and functioning of a UV-visible spectrophotometer.
2. Key aspects covered include the electromagnetic spectrum, sample cuvettes, light sources, monochromators, detectors, and performance verification tests to ensure the instrument is functioning properly.
3. UV-visible spectroscopy is a technique used to study light absorption by molecules to determine concentration and identify substances.
This document is a resume for Stephani Walsh, who is seeking an electrical engineering position. She has over 5 years of experience as an intern and contractor at Lockheed Martin and GE Aviation, where she performed systems engineering, requirements engineering, testing, and integration work. She has skills in requirements management tools like DOORS, modeling tools like Visio, programming languages like C++, and engineering tools like Matlab. She has a Bachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of South Florida.
This document provides guidance on effective texting strategies for attracting and engaging with women. It discusses topics like generating comfort through humor, using nicknames to build intimacy, mirroring a woman's communication style, role-playing to spark emotions, and ending conversations on a positive note to make her want more interaction. The overall message is that texting should be lighthearted and focus on setting up an in-person meeting.
The document discusses economic growth and its relationship to economic development. It defines economic growth as an increase in a country's real per capita income over time, while economic development aims to improve living standards, create jobs, and expand social services. While economic growth can lead to higher incomes, development looks more broadly at creating opportunities and choices for a nation's people. The relationship between growth and development is complex, as growth does not always guarantee equal benefits or improved freedoms.
An Analysis of Impact of Human Capital Investment on Demographic Characterist...inventionjournals
The demographic features of the 2011census of India have revealed that India is the second largest country next to China in terms of working age population (25 - 50 years) in the world. It has been known that the country’s economic growth is based on both natural and human resources available in the country. Still, there are more avenues for effective and efficient use of labour-productivity in this age group. It is well conceived by the theory that the human resources are the biggest contributor of economic growth which is augmented by a process of human capital formation. Of late, health and education have been viewed as the two dimensions of human capital which are treated as an indicator of social welfare. The variations in health status of different age groups in market and non-market labour productivities are still prevalent in many developing countries. The low health status persons contribute less to human capital formation than of others (Behrman and Deolalikar, 1988). According to them, “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity”. Therefore, it cannot be purchased by the consumers in the market as we do for other goods and services in the market. On the other hand, it can be produced by spending time upon health improving activities, as well as, purchasing medical inputs (Grossman M., 1972). Behrman has pointed out that there is an inverse relationship between low health status and human capital formation. Therefore, the economists have focused their attention to study the determinants and impact of health status on economic growth. The present study attempts to analyse the human capital investment and its impact of socio- economic status on human resources (HR) in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu. To aid our research effort, an extensive literature has also been reviewed in an attempt to answer various queries raised. On the basis of the statement of problems, the research questionnaires have been canvassed among the respondents to obtain the information. This study is based on databases obtained both from primary and secondary sources. The information through primary sources has been collected with the help of interview schedule. The secondary data on Human Capital Investment and the Impact of Socio- Economic Status on Human Resources have been collected from various sources in Chennai City. In the health sector, this study focuses its attention to reporting illness, amount spent, days lost. Some of the opted econometric techniques have been used to examine the objectives of the study. Our empirical strategy has applied the following tools of analysis. The statistical tools like OLS, PROBIT and LOGIT techniques are used to analyze the indicator ‘selfreported illnesses. And, ‘Health expenditure’ and ‘number of days lost’ are estimated by OLS and TOBIT techniques, besides by applying correlation, regression analysis.
This document is a term paper assignment submitted by Priyanshi Srivastava to Dr. Ajay Prakash on the topic of the Human Development Index (HDI). It includes an acknowledgement, introduction to human development and its pillars, an overview of the HDI and how it is calculated. The HDI is a statistic composite index used by the UN to rank countries on life expectancy, education, and income indicators. It emphasizes people's capabilities over solely economic growth.
The economic growth of America can be traced back to early settlers farming fertile soil to produce cash crops like tobacco and cotton. As the population grew, the government enacted the Homestead Act to provide farmland, and farmers thrived on the Great Plains. However, in the late 1920s the stock market crash impacted rural America severely. Schools struggled to pay teachers and many families lived in poor conditions without electricity or running water. In response, President Roosevelt introduced the Rural Electrification Act to help modernize farms.
The Impacts of Health and Education Components of Human Resources Development...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
Effect Of Capital Expenditures, Economic Growth And Poverty On Human Developm...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF) discourages theoretical articles that are limited to axiomatics or that discuss minor variations of familiar models. Similarly, IOSR-JEF has little interest in empirical papers that do not explain the model's theoretical foundations or that exhausts themselves in applying a new or established technique (such as cointegration) to another data set without providing very good reasons why this research is important.
(The Case of West Java Province, Indonesia)
Prepared to fulfill assignments in the Education Policy Course, GSID Nagoya Universisity, 2002
By: Tri Widodo W. Utomo
The document discusses the impact of population growth on economic development in India. It begins by providing background on global and Indian population growth rates. The research aims to analyze how rapid population growth affects India's economic development and to suggest measures to control population expansion. The methodology involves a regression analysis of variables like population growth, unemployment, human resource development, and trade openness on GDP growth. The results found that high population growth can slow economic development by making it difficult to productively employ the labor force and increasing demand for resources. However, correlation can be positive if population increases are proportionate to available resources and people have skills to efficiently use resources. In conclusion, uncontrolled population growth poses more of a constraint than benefit to developing countries like India
The document discusses the impact of population growth on economic development in India. It notes that while a larger population can provide more labor, high population growth can outpace available resources and hinder development. The paper aims to analyze how India's fast population growth affects economic development and suggests measures to control overpopulation. It will use regression analysis to study the relationship between variables like population growth, GDP growth, unemployment, human resource development, and trade openness. The results indicate that very high population growth can slow economic development by increasing consumption needs beyond available resources and hindering capital formation. However, population growth may aid development if increases in population are proportionate to available resources and people have skills to productively use resources.
This document discusses human resource development in OIC countries. It finds that while OIC countries have made progress in expanding knowledge, improving health, and raising living standards, they still need to increase productivity and efficiency of human capital development. The key challenges facing OIC countries are relatively high infant mortality rates, low life expectancy, and limited access to education and healthcare for many citizens. Successful human resource development requires allocating resources effectively within and between sectors, both domestically and through supplemental foreign resources, in order to implement strategies that develop people's capabilities.
This study aims to analyze the effect of the regional GDP (GRDP), education expenditure, the
number of school participants between the 16-18 age groups, and the school building toward the Human
Development Index in West Java Province in 2015-2019. The analytical method used in this research is a
quantitative analysis and regression
1Economic Development of Mashonaland RegionIntroductionEcoEttaBenton28
1
Economic Development of Mashonaland Region
Introduction
Economic development refers to the creation of wealth that ultimately enables a community to realize benefits and meet its needs. It is a commitment and an investment in the economy so that the community can enhance the prosperity and quality of life for everyone. According to Myint, (2016) economic development is a process in which simple and low-income economies transform into modern and industrial economies through quantitative and qualitative improvements. The theory of economic development defines it as the process through which poor and primitive economies can evolve into relatively prosperous economies. From a public perspective, economic development involves an efficient allocation of limited resources such as land in a manner that benefits people in terms of income distribution and employment. Economic development is usually the responsibility of the government to influence the direction, nature, and viability of investment towards opportunities that assure the growth of the economy. Through sustained economic growth, the government can provide profitable business opportunities to its people, a situation that furthers the growth of the economy.
Unified growth is a concept that captures the economic growth process over the course of human existence by focusing on factors such as technology, population growth, and education. The concept encourages the need for governments to actively invest in technology. Through this concept, subnational regions have transitioned from stagnation to a period of sustained economic growth. They achieve this by capturing the key phases of economic development as well as the central role that human capital plays in the economic growth and development process. The concept maintains that the variations in cultural, biogeographical, and institutional characteristics can enhance the transition from stagnation to economic growth and development. The unified growth concept, therefore, contributes to economic geography since it identifies factors that can govern the transition from economic stagnation to economic growth and ultimately economic development.
Mashonaland is a subnational region in Northern Zimbabwe divided into three provinces namely Mashonaland West, Mashonaland east Mashonaland central. It borders Zambia to the North and Mozambique to the east and northeast. It is also the traditional homeland of the Shona, a Bantu-speaking group in Zimbabwe. The region has a population of about two million people. The region predominantly consists of savanna grassland although there are areas that have savanna woodland. The economy of the region consists mainly of agriculture, service, and mining industries. Many citizens of this region are predominantly farmers hence agriculture drives the economy of Mashonaland. It also has prospects for tourism which have significantly improved its economy.
However, the subnational government is increasingly faced w ...
Economic growth refers to an increase in a country's real GDP or output, measured as a higher value of goods and services produced, while economic development encompasses broader socioeconomic changes that improve living standards. Development considers changes in factors like income distribution, employment opportunities, education, health, and sustainability, whereas growth only focuses on quantitative increases in production. The Human Development Index provides a more comprehensive measure of a country's progress than GDP alone by also accounting for literacy, life expectancy, and other quality of life indicators.
The document discusses the differences between economic growth and economic development. It states that economic growth is a narrower concept, measured by increases in GDP, while economic development is normative and focuses on improving living standards, self-esteem, freedom from oppression, and choice. It introduces the Human Development Index as the most accurate measure of development, taking into account literacy, life expectancy, and standard of living. Economic development leads to greater opportunities and productivity, while economic growth does not consider issues like depletion of resources and sustainability.
The document discusses the differences between economic growth and economic development. It states that economic growth is a narrower concept, measured by increases in GDP, while economic development is normative and focuses on improving living standards, self-esteem, freedom from oppression, and choice. It introduces the Human Development Index, which is used to assess whether a country is developed, developing, or underdeveloped based on factors like life expectancy, education, and GDP per capita. Economic development implies qualitative and quantitative changes, while economic growth only implies quantitative changes in output.
Economic growth is defined as an increase in a country's GDP and can be measured quantitatively, while economic development is a normative concept focused on improving living standards, self-esteem, freedom from oppression, and choice. The Human Development Index provides a composite measure of a nation's health, education, and income levels to determine whether a country is developed, developing, or underdeveloped. Economic development aims to expand people's abilities and opportunities to lead fulfilling lives through investments in health, education, employment, and environmental conservation, whereas economic growth does not account for issues like inequality, resource depletion, and pollution that development seeks to address through sustainable practices.
The document discusses the differences between economic growth and economic development. It states that economic growth is a narrower concept, measured by increases in GDP, while economic development is normative and focuses on improving living standards, self-esteem, freedom from oppression, and choice. It introduces the Human Development Index as the most accurate measure of development, taking into account literacy, life expectancy, and standard of living. Economic development leads to greater opportunities and productivity gains, while economic growth does not consider issues like depletion of resources and sustainability.
Social Protection, Financial Depth, Soundness and Inclusive Growth in Nigeria AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This paper examines the effect of social protection on inclusive growth in Nigeria, focusing also
on the role of financial depth and soundness on inclusive growth using a time series data from 1981 to 2019.
The System Generalized Method of Moments (SYSTEM – GMM) estimator was used in estimating the model.
It was found that social protection had a positive and significant effect on inclusive growth. We also found a
positive and significant effect of the size of financial intermediaries in the financial system on inclusive growth,
but the effectiveness of social protection in enhancing inclusive growth was not dependent on the size of
financial intermediaries in the financial system. A negative and insignificant effect of bank credit to the private
sector to GDP on inclusive growth was also found, nevertheless, the credit to the private sector channel has the
wherewithal to complement social protection to raise the inclusive growth. The liquidity ratio had a positive and
significant effect on inclusive growth and complements the effectiveness of social protection in raising the
inclusive growth rate. The study recommends expansion of the government social safety net measures to
accommodate more beneficiaries especially the small entrepreneurs and the poor unemployed. In this way,
growth will be distributive to enhance inclusiveness. Also, the government social safety net policies cannot
work effectively in isolation with a sound financial system. Therefore, measures should be in place to ensure a
sound and sustainable financial system in the economy
This document discusses social protection, financial depth and soundness, and inclusive growth in Nigeria. It was found that social protection had a positive and significant effect on inclusive growth. The size of financial intermediaries also had a positive effect, but social protection's impact was not dependent on financial intermediary size. Bank credit to the private sector did not significantly impact inclusive growth. The liquidity ratio had a positive effect and complemented social protection's impact. The study recommends expanding social protection and ensuring a sound financial system to effectively promote inclusive growth.
Similar to The Influence of Economic Growth on Poverty, Investment, and Human Development Index in Fak, Fak District, West Papua Indonesia (20)
STUDY ON APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY–BASED LOCAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN BIAK REGE...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
This research is conducted in Biak Regency under the following objectives: (1) to find out the economic performance of Biak Regency with Regencies/ Cities in Papua viewed from economic growth aspect and the contribution of regional economic sector, (2) to identify potential sectors in the economy of Biak Regency, and (3) to analyze the leading sector in the economy of Biak Regency viewed from the economic structure of Papua Province. This research uses primary and secondary data. The primary data is obtained from the result of interview with BPS staffs of Papua Province and Biak Regency concerning PDRB. Meanwhile, the secondary data is collected from any documents related to the Analytical Tools used in this research, namely Analysis of Klassen Typology, Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share. The result of this research shows that there are economic potentials based on appropriate technology which can be developed in Biak Regency, and one of them is sea fishery. The fish production which mainly produced is tuna fish and cekalang fish. The center of capture fisheries in Biak Regency is located in the District of Biak Utara, Timur, Barat, and Biak Kota.
Keywords: PDRB, Klassen Typology, Location Quotient (LQ), Shift Share.
Jornal of Social and Development Sciences (JSDS) Vol. 6, No. 3, September 201...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
Journal of Social and Development Sciences (JSDS) is a scholarly journal deals with the disciplines of social and development sciences. JSDS publishes research work that meaningfully contributes towards theoretical bases of contemporary developments in society, business and related disciplines. The work submitted for publication consideration in JSDS should address empirical and theoretical contributions in the subjects related to scope of the journal in particular and allied theories and practices in general. Scope of JSDS includes: sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, political science, international relations, linguistics, history, public relations, hospitality & tourism and project management. Author(s) should declare that work submitted to the journal is original, not under consideration for publication by another journal, and that all listed authors approve its submission to JSDS. It is JSDS policy to welcome submissions for consideration, which are original, and not under consideration for publication by another journal at the same time. Author (s) can submit: Research Paper, Conceptual Paper, Case Studies and Book Review. The current issue of JSDS consists of papers of scholars from Malaysia, Indonesia, Nigeria and Pakistan. Political communication, economic community, human development index, economic inequality, payment systems & money laundering, government spending & per capita income, branding social marketing services & criminal recidivism were some of the major practices and concepts examined in these studies. Journal received research submission related to all aspects of major themes and tracks. All the submitted papers were first assessed by the editorial team for relevance and originality of the work and blindly peer reviewed by the external reviewers depending on the subject matter of the paper. After the rigorous peer-review process, the submitted papers were selected based on originality, significance, and clarity of the purpose. Current issue will therefore be a unique offer, where scholars will be able to appreciate the latest results in their field of expertise, and to acquire additional knowledge in other relevant fields.
Rural Area Development Strategy through Rural Infrastructure Development ProgramSuwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
This document summarizes a study on rural development strategies in Biak District, Papua, Indonesia. The study used quantitative methods to analyze rural infrastructure development programs. It found that capacity building for local institutions, integrated agricultural systems, and sustainable development were key strategic concepts. Factor analysis identified five important factors: processing and marketing, seed and planting techniques, farm factors, upstream factors, and irrigation environment. The conclusion discusses policies needed to encourage integrated agriculture, empower the rural poor, and improve access to resources, technologies, education, capital and markets.
Structure and Economic Development Pattern in Jayapura through other Cities a...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
This research aims to: (1) determine the economic performance of Jayapura City or Cities and Towns in Papua viewed from economic growth aspect and the contribution of the local economy, (2) identify the potential sectors of economy in Jayapura City, (3 ) analyze the dominant sector in terms of the economy in Jayapura City. The data obtained from interviews staffs of Centre Bureau of Statistics (BPS) based on the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the related documents. The analytical tool used was Typology Analysis of Klassen, Location Quotient (LQ) and Shift Share. The results of this study: the construction sector is included in the prime sector qualification in which this is caused by the growth rate of the construction sector Jayapura City larger than the building sector at provincial level in Papua. The potential sector qualificatios are: transportation and communication, agriculture, services, electricity, water and financial. The mining and quarrying sectors, trade and industry are the growing sector qualifications. The superior category are: agriculture, manufacturing, electricity and water supply, construction, trade, and transport and communications.
The Impact of the Utilization of Riparian Area for Settlements (Case Study of...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The limitedness of area and plot of land in Jayapura City which are allocated for settlements has become a problem in Jayapura city. Population growth and high-rate of urbanization are impacted on the utilization of land which is not in accordance with its allocation. The modification of riparian area on the right and left sides of the river for settlements has reduced the function of the river, because in addition to river conservation, river has a double role as the securer of water source and as the protector of its surrounding area. Therefore, riparian area becomes more important to be considered. The riparian area in settlement area is assumed to be adequate for a 10-15 meters inspection road to be built on. The real condition of the rivers in North Jayapura District of Jayapura City, compared to the criteria of riparian area for settlement area, has not been inappropriate. The river’s function as the protector of its surrounding area has gone astray. If there is someday a flood, the impact may cause material damage or even life victims.
Rural Area Development Strategy through Rural Infrastructure Development ProgramSuwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
This study was conducted in Biak District of Papua employing the quantitative method. The strategic concept in the development of local institutional capacity was to maximise the role of institutions as social capital not taken over, such as driving as farmers’ cooperatives, cooperatives as agro-tourism objects, and integrating the local institutional system under the auspices of Papua local institutions.
The Linkages of Financial Liberalization and Currency Stability: What do we l...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The tendency of repeating history has made any financial crisis a valuable source to be explored and studied. It will make people be more prepared and ready to anticipate. This paper examined the nature of linkages between exchange rate and macroeconomic fundamentals over
1997-2004. It investigated the evidence on both the short- and long-run effects of exchange rate determinant factors using co-integration theory. It also explored the stability of rupiah during the pre and post economic crisis, seeking whether the Indonesian currency was overshooting or not. To test the stability of rupiah after monetary and fiscal liberalization, we employed the Chow test. The results revealed that the rupiah was overshooting during the crisis' period and there was a structural change of rupiah after 1998. Due to the significant effects of interest rate and exchange rate on the currency stability, it is important to the Indonesia’s monetary institution to be aware of these two variables, especially in stabilizing the economic performance after the financial liberalization. The elasticity obtained for relative money supply (m) is greater than unity indicating that this result consistent with overshooting hypothesis.
The Impact of Mining Activities on Regional Development of Pegunungan Bintang...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
Pegunungan Bintang Regency is an autonomous region which was formed in 2001 with great potential of
natural resources in mining, including coal, oil, and gas. Mineral is a non-renewable natural resource the
management of which may pose positive impacts or negative impacts. Therefore, the management of mineral must be done wisely in order to give optimum benefits to the regional development and the people residing in the vicinity of the mine. In connection with the foregoing, the study aimed at analyzing the impact of mining activities on regional development, among others, economic growth, community development, and suitability of space utilization. The analysis results showed that mining activities contributed greatly to regional development, as reflected in the structure of regional economy.
THE EFFECT OF FISCAL DECENTRALIZATION AND PAPUA SPECIAL AUTONOMY AGAINST DIRE...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The aim of this study was to understand and analyze the significance of the influence of The Fiscal Decentralization and Papua Special Autonomy against Direct expenditure of district / city governments in Papua. Results of analysis and hypothesis testing, concluding that the Fiscal Decentralization effects, fiscal decentralization is intended to finance the implementation of the tasks of government, public services and regional development. In the structure regionl expenditure, the direct budget includes (1) personnel expenditure (temporary honor); (2) goods and services expenditures; and (3) capital expenditure. Thus, large-small fiscal decentralization will directly influence significantly to direct expenditure of district / city governments. The influence of fiscal decentralization of funds from the central government to direct expenditure of district / city significantly, on the one hand implies that fiscal decentralization policy tends to improve further fiscal dependence on government expenditure of district / city towards decentralization of central funds. In other words, direct expenditure by the district / city government is still relying on the reception of funds transfers from the central government. But on the other hand, the effects of fiscal decentralization of funds towards direct expenditure significantly implies that local governments have been able to manage fiscal decentralization funds for the purpose of increasing investment pemerintah. One of component in direct expenditures are capital expenditures that are necessary in the process of accelerating developments of district. Increased expenditure on capital goods as a result of an increase in funding for fiscal decentralization, is expected to enlarge in the district
ANALYSIS OF CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN LOCAL FARMERS AND MIGRAN...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The aims of this research are; (1) long term purposes: to improve the food security for Papuan farmers, and reduce the economic gap between Papuan and the migrants population, since the socio-economic jealousy has been happening. (2) For the short term purposes areanalyzing the differences between the consumption behavior of Papuan and the migrant farmers. The analysis method used is quantitative analysis. The results shows that there is the difference between the consumption behavior of Papuan farmersand migrant farmers in fulfilling the needs of food consumption. Papuan farmers’ share of expenditure is 61.52%, while the migrant farmers’ is 45.68%. When the income increased by 100%, the spending behavior of Papuan farmers decreased by 57.3%, and 33.7% decreased for the migrants. There is the difference of consumption behavior between the local farmers and the migrant farmers in fulfilling the needs of non-food consumption. The share of expenditure for local farmers only 38.48%, while migrant farmers is 54.32%. If the household income increased by 100%, the spending behavior of local farmers increased by 58.3%, and 29.2% decreased for the migrant farmers.
Analysis Of Influence Of Spatial Planning On Performance Of Regional Developm...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The various problems in regional spatial planning in Waropen District, Papua, shows that the Spatial Planning (RTRW) of Waropen District, Papua, drafted in 2010 has not had a positive contribution to the settlement of spatial planning problems. This is most likely caused by the inconsistency in the spatial planning. This study tried to observe the consistency of spatial planning as well as its relation to the regional development performance. The method used to observe the consistency of the preparation of guided Spatial Planning (RTRW) is the analysis of comparative table followed by analysis of verbal logic. In order to determine if the preparation of Spatial Planning (RTRW) has already paid attention on the synergy with the surrounding regions (Inter-Regional Context), a map overlay was conducted, followed by analysis of verbal logic. To determine the performance of the regional development, a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was done. The analysis results showed that inconsistencies in the spatial planning had caused a variety of problems that resulted in decreased performance of the regional development. The main problems that should receive more attention are: infrastructure, development growth, economic growth, transportation aspect and new properties.
Structure and Economic Development Pattern in Jayapura through other Cities a...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
This document summarizes a research study on the economic development pattern in Jayapura City, Papua, Indonesia. The study aimed to: 1) analyze the economic performance and growth of Jayapura City compared to other cities in Papua province, 2) identify potential economic sectors in Jayapura City, and 3) analyze the dominant economic sector in Jayapura City. The results of the study found that the construction sector was the prime economic sector in Jayapura City due to its higher growth rate compared to the provincial level. Additional potential sectors identified were transportation/communication, agriculture, services, electricity/water, and finance. The mining/quarrying, trade, and industry sectors were found to be growing economic sectors
Fiscal Decentralization and Special Local Autonomy: Evidence from an Emerging...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The quest of searching the endogeny variables of financial decentralization in emerging markets have become a serious topic due to the increasing wave of decentralized regions in many countries. The paper aimsto examine the effects of fiscal decentralization and specific local autonomy on economic growth, employment, poverty, and welfare in the special province Papua (Indonesia). The study exploited the main data of the decentralization fund by using a panel data of eight regencies and municipals, particularly the regional autonomy fund, direct and indirect government expenditure, and economic growth. The paper used the path analysis to explore the relationships of the observed variables. The results revealed that the decentralization fund influenced significantly on government’s direct expenditure and economic growth. The special local autonomy's fund has influenced considerably on government’s indirect expenditure. Its effect has increased, through economic growth as the intermediating variable, meaningfully on employment, poverty, and welfare. The results are in line with the prior studies, which explore the consequences of decentralization and specific autonomy to spur the economic growth in certain regions. It implies that the economic development strategies in Indonesia’s less-developed regions should be started with a bigger autonomy transfer program to those regions and simultaneously enhanced it by special budget allocation to trigger and support the development.
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT MODEL Pakas Anim Leadership System Inside A Concept of V...Suwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The latest trend reveals that the model of cultural assistance in the development and analysis of information and technology of communication. Culture model with a traditional village governance system is a powerful tool to guide the development of Papua. This study examines the construction of Pakas anim-ism cultural model, which evolved from a historical and anthropological analysis of instructional products designed by and for Papua. Extrapolated finding from the analysis revealed a cultural context. The cultural context provides evidence of how the culture of an instructional product development embodied in Papua, especially for practicioners with pakas-anim leadership system for Malin anim people who live along the coast and the inland Merauke (Wendu, Buti, Wayau, Koa.). This data is more specific for the village development planners, therefore the design factor of development villages planning in Papua through cultural analysis is important to note. Pakas anim-ism model, one among many development models based on culture is the framework of instructional design that guides the designer through the design, management, development, and assessment processes with regard explicit of cultural context as consideration in planning the development of Papua in general, and in particular regarding to the Malin anim people in Merauke regency.
REVIEW ON THE OPINIONS ABOUT THE APLICATION OF DIMINISHING RETURNS LAWSuwandi, Dr. SE.,MSi
The importance of human needs upon food causes an opinion that agricultural sector is a productive sector with its surplus between the production and consumption results. The role of land is very essential for realizing the fulfilment of food needs. The combination between land and other production factors will result in food.
The economic thinkers from Physiocracy and Classical School stated that a theory on land rent which initially found in the framework of Turgot (1766) and David Ricardo (1821), as well as Thomas Robert Malthus (1820), brought a consequence on the application of Diminishing Returns law in agricultural production.
The objective of this study is determining and analysing the effect of regional expansion, infrastructure development and productive economic activities toward people welfare in South Sorong. It is also conducted in order to know and analyze the dominant program on the people welfare in South Sorong. This research was conducted in South Sorong with quantitative and qualitative data applying multiple regression analysis. Regression analysis result showed that there is a significant relationship on variable regional expansion with people welfare in South Sorong-Papua. The development of infrastructure has a significant influence on people welfare in South Sorong-Papua. Productive economic activities also have an influence on people welfare in South Sorong-Papua. Partial analysis testing result discovers that infrastructure development factor has dominant effects on people welfare compared to the factors of regional expansion program and productive economic business.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Thesis Statement for students diagnonsed withADHD.ppt
The Influence of Economic Growth on Poverty, Investment, and Human Development Index in Fak, Fak District, West Papua Indonesia
1. IOSR Journal of Economics and Finance (IOSR-JEF)
e-ISSN: 2321-5933, p-ISSN: 2321-5925.Volume 7, Issue 3. Ver. I (May. - Jun. 2016), PP 69-72
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/5933-0703016972 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
The Influence of Economic Growth on Poverty, Investment, and
Human Development Index in Fak, Fak District, West Papua
Indonesia
Suwandi
Faculty of Economics and Business Cendrawasih University of Jayapura Papua Indonesia
Abstract: This paper discusses about the economic growth that has a direct impact on Human Development
Index (HDI) and indirect one on the increase of investment absorption and decrease of poverty. Besides, we can
know that economic growth has a direct impact on the increase of investment, as well as it directly affects the
decrease of poverty level by using partial test quantitative analysis. To increase the economic growth and
reduce poverty as well as to increase HDI, these are what to do (a) revitalizing the agriculture to help main
sector of Fak Fak district (agriculture); (b) giving modal such as: banking soft loan with easy terms and
revolving fund for the right target in the form of natura (cows, sheeps, etc.) that can accelerate the increase of
economic; (c) regional government facilitates the linkage and partnership program with “win-win solution”
concept.
Keywords: investment, economic growth, poverty, Human Development Index
I. Introduction
To see to what extent development and prosperity of human being has succeeded, UNDP has published
Human Development Index (HDI) as an indicator to measure the success of development and prosperity of a
country. HDI is a benchmark of prosperity number of a region or country seen by three dimensions as follows:
life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, mean years of schooling, and purchasing power parity. Life expectancy
indicator measures the health, literacy rate indicator on adults and mean years of schooling measure the
education, and purchasing power parity indicator measures the life standard. Three of them influence each other
and can also be influenced by other factors such as the availability of working opportunity which is determined
by the economic growth, infrastructure, and the government policy that HDI will increase as those three
indicators increase. A high HDI indicates the success of economic development of a country (Saepudin, 2011).
This index was first developed by Indian Nobel winners, Amartya Sen and Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistan economists
helped by Gustav Ranis from Yale University and Lord Meghnad Desai from London School of Economics. In
its development model, UNDP places human as the center point in all development process and activity.
Government as the implementer of development needs qualified human resource as the basic modal of
development. Human in the role of a subject and object of development, which means humans as well as actors
of development is also the target of development. In this case it takes a variety of facilities and infrastructure to
encourage the human role in development. Therefore, investment is needed in order to create the formation of a
productive human resource. Investment in human capital is expected to be a positive influence on economic
performance, one of which can be observed from the aspect of education, health and poverty. The shaping of
human capital has attracted the attention of many economists which then led the emergence of many models of
economic growth which includes education as the substitute of knowledge as the source of the economic
growth. The relation between education and economic growth is indirect but through process, in which a good
education will provide a chance for the society to be involved in the economic growth and human development
of a region. Besides, society household has an important role in human development in which its spending has a
direct contribution on it such as: foods, health and education. The household spending is determined by the
income. Compared to the rich, he poor will use mostly or even all of their income to fulfill the need of food.
Today’s evolving paradigm of development is the economic growth which is measured by human development
that is seen from the level of human life quality of each country.
One of the benchmarks that can be used is Human Development Index (HDI) which is measured by the
quality of education, health, and economic level (purchasing power). By increasing those three indicators, it is
expected that the quality of human life will also increase. It is caused by the individual heterogeneity,
geographic disparity, and vary social condition that then makes the increase og income cannot be used as the
main benchmark to measure the success of development. However, the success of human development cannot
be separated from the performance of government in creating regulation for the achievement of social order
(Denni S Mirzap, 2012) and (Vo, 2009).
2. The Influence of Economic Growth on Poverty, Investment, and Human Development Index in Fak..
DOI: 10.9790/5933-0703016972 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
II. Review Of Literature
According to classical economist, there are four factors that influence the economic growth: amount of
population, amount of capital goods, ground width, natural resources and level of used technology. Human
development in Indonesia is identical to the decrease of poverty. Investment on educational and health field is
more useful for the poor compared to the rich since their main asset is their manual labor. The availability of
education facilities and economical health will help increase the productivity which later in its time will also
increase the income. Hence, it can be said that the human development has not been done optimally because it
only focuses on decreasing the poverty (Denni S Mirzap, 2012).
2.1. Economic Growth and Investment
Economic growth is defined as the increasing ability of an economy in producing goods and services. It
shows to what extent the economical activities will produce additional income for the society in a certain period.
In connection with the consumption and investment problems, consumption in Indonesia will increase if the
disposable income and the previous consumption increase. On the contrary, if the disposable income and the
previous consumption decrease, it will also decrease. Rate of interest significantly influences the previous
consumption. It means that if the rate of interest decreases, the consumption will increase. (Dewi, Syamsul, &
Efrizal, 2013). (Saragih, and Khadafi, M. S. (2003),
The shaping of human capital has attracted the attention of many economists which then led the
emergence of many models of economic growth which includes education as the substitute of knowledge as the
source of the economic growth. Investment on educational field will increase the quality of human resources
that can be seen from the increase of knowledge and skills of the labors. It will boost the productivity of labors
that the company will give higher wages/salary to them. In the end, someone with productivity will get a better
prosperity that can be seen from the increase of their income and or consumptions (Saepudin, 2011).
2.2. Economic Growth and Poverty
A stable economic growth is very expected by a developing country such as Indonesia because it can
overcome the poverty and jobless problems. According to Solow, economic growth is based on one or more
than three factors of the increase of quantity and quality of labors (through the growth of total population and
education improvement. By seeing between the amount of citizens who work and who look for jobs, the
working citizens are bigger in amount but the increase each time is higher for job seekers. In development,
citizens have a role as labors and it triggers a problem in providing job vacancies to emerge. Hence, the increase
of total population in Indonesia from year to year that is imbalance with the job vacancies can cause competition
among job seekers and the lack of chance to fulfill their prosperity need that may increase poverty (Supartoyo,
Tatuh, & Sendouw, 2013) and (Martinez-and McNab, 2005).
2.3. Economic Growth and Human Development Index
The new growth theory or well known as endogenous growth model has two types of theories; they are
(1) Human Capital Model, and (2) Research and Development Model. Human Capital Human Capital Model
emphasizes the accumulation of capital in its various forms such as physical capital, human capital, health
capital, etc. that will produce economic growth. Between those two models, Human Capital Model is better to
use since education is the main element of human capital. It then becomes reasonable if it is used as a manual in
analyzing the influence of capital growth, the increase of skillful labors, unskilled labors, mean years of
schooling, and the growth of government spending for education on the economic growth. From the view of
monetary authority of central – region, money transfer mechanism potentially causes problem in operating
monetary management. Fiscal decentralization potentially causes the risk of the change of fiscal management
acts in regions. If the regional government allocates the fund to strengthen the regional economic foundation, it
will give positive impact to the economic growth. The definition of Human Development, according to UNDP
(United Nation Development Program), is a process of enlarging people’s choices. Referring to that definition,
citizens become the last goal of development, while the principal means becomes a medium to reach the goal.
This definition is larger than the one which only give emphasize on the economic growth. In human
development concept, development should be analyzed and understood not only from its human side but also
from economic growth side.
III. Methodology
3.1. Research Method and Data
This research used quantitative method in collecting the data. The research analysis was done in Fak
Fak district, West papua. The data collected and used in this research are economic growth of gross domestic
product, economic growth data, and national income.
3. The Influence of Economic Growth on Poverty, Investment, and Human Development Index in Fak..
DOI: 10.9790/5933-0703016972 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
3.2. Model and Data Analysis
The analysis was done using literature approach and secondary data processing. This research used
analysis path as follows:
IV. Result
Path coefficient was got from multiple linear regression analysis. Path coefficient was got from the
result of standardized regression coefficient (beta). Partial influence from that variable was done by test-t.
Economic growth with the path coefficient 0.521 has a significant direct impact on investment absorption
(t=2.02; p=0.048). It shows that the increase of economic growth will give a direct impact to the investment
absorption. The increase of economic growth will be followed by the increase of investment. Economic growth
with path coefficient -0.740 has a direct impact on poverty (t=3.645; p=0.004). It explains that economic growth
has direct impact on poverty. Investment absorption with path coefficient -0.571 has direct impact on poverty
(t=2.308; p=0.041). It explains that the increase of investment absorption gives direct impact to the decrease of
poverty level. Economic growth with path coefficient 0.521 has a significant direct impact on HDI (t=2.027; p=0.045).
It explains that the increase of economic growth gives direct impact to HDI. Investment absorption with path
coefficient -0.721 has significant direct impact on HDI (t=2.388; p=0.041). It explains that the increase of
investment absorption gives direct impact to the increase of HDI level. Poverty with path coefficient -0.582
gives significant direct impact to HDI (t=2.371; p=0.037). It shows that the decrease of poverty directly affect
the increase of HDI.
V. Discussion
Human Capital theory explains that someone can increase his income by entering higher education
level. Beside the delay of income, people who want to continue their study has to directly pay the bill. After
finishing their study, they are expected to get higher income which will lead to the economic growth of their
region. The higher the educational level positively affects the economic growth. The growth rate of human
capital is seen as the main growth machine which has role to boost the economic growth. Solow’s theory stated
that the growth rate of human capital positively influences the economic growth which is caused by human
capital as the input of main key for research sector so that new products and ideas are found. Hence, the
economy of countries with higher early stock of human capital will grow faster. Human capital, then, is
recognized as an important growth source in endogenous growth model (Supartoyo et al., 2013) and (Stern, and
Rogers, 2005).and (Treisman, 2000) IFLS encompasses data of salary, investment and health, education, family
planning, and social safety net program. The result of the study shows that after Indonesia experienced crisis for
three years, individual HDI in IFLS data did not decrease/increase compared to the end of 1997 before crisis
seen from many dimension of society’s life standard. Based on estimation result between investment absorption
and poverty in Fak Fak district, it shows that investment absorption gives negative influence on poverty. Hence,
the hypothesis which stated that ”Investment absorption gives negative and significant influence on poverty in
Fak Fak district” can be accepted because it is statistically proved. Based on estimation result between economic
growth and HDI in Fak Fak district, it shows that economic growth give positive influence on HDI. Hence, the
hypothesis which stated that ”Economic growth gives positive and significant influence on HDI in Fak Fak
district” can be accepted because it is statistically proved. It also shows that the higher economic growth will
increase the prosperity of the society in Fak Fak district. This result supports the previous study done by
Martapina and Suwandi (2013) and (Rondinelli, 2001).and (Seda, 2004), and (Tanzi, 2000).and (Zhang,
1998) and (Xie, & Davoodi, 1999) which shows that there was especially a significant relation
between HDI and economic growth. It can be seen that it has strengthened the social integration and solidarity,
widened the ability to access health, education, domicile, and social protection service. There are two
requirements needed in repairing the income and HDI distribution; they are widening the investment and
increasing productivity. By widening the investment, the access potential of the society in getting income will
be bigger even though they work at the same hour. It also forces people to determine the specialization that will
4. The Influence of Economic Growth on Poverty, Investment, and Human Development Index in Fak..
DOI: 10.9790/5933-0703016972 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
increase the productivity in a long term. Based on estimation result between investment absorption and HDI in
Fak Fak district, it shows that investment absorption gives positive influence on HDI. Hence, the hypothesis
which stated that ”Investment absorption gives positive and significant influence on HDI in Fak Fak district”
can be accepted because it is statistically proved. There are many limitations suggested by the experts, but
generally, HDI can be explained as someone’s ability level to fulfill their basic needs such as clothing, food,
home, education and health. HDI can also be defined as someone’s accessibility level in owning the production
factors that they can use in a production process so they will get compensations from the use of those production
factors. Based on estimation result between poverty and HDI in Fak Fak district, it shows that poverty gives
negative influence on HDI. Hence, the hypothesis which stated that ”Poverty gives negative and significant
influence on HDI in Fak Fak district” can be accepted because it is statistically proved.
VI. Conclusion
Based on result analysis and discussion about influence of economic growth on investment absorption,
poverty and HDI in Fak Fak district, it can be concluded that economic growth gives a direct impact on HDI,
but it gives indirect impact through the increase of investment absorption and decrease of poverty. It gives direct
impact on the increase of investment. It is also proved that the increase of investment gives direct impact on the
decrease of poverty.
VII. Suggestions
To increase the economic growth and reduce poverty as well as to increase HDI, these are what to do
(a) revitalizing the agriculture to help main sector of Fak Fak district (agriculture); (b) giving capital such as:
banking soft loan with easy terms and revolving fund for the right target in the form of natura (cows, sheep, etc.)
that can accelerate the increase of economic; (c) regional government facilitates the linkage and partnership
program with “win-win solution” concept between small and big industries both in the field of raw material and
output that it is able to boost the economy of each region. Government is expected not only to pursue the high
growth rate of economy but also intensively implement development which is based on human development to
increase the HDI of society through: a. increasing the quality of education, especially the elementary and
intermediate education based on minimum service standard by adding budget allocation (20 percent from
regional budget); b. increasing the level of health, boosting the independence of society to do healthy acts,
increasing the health service to increase the health level of the society; c. increasing the fulfillment of basic
needs. Government is expected to increase the HDI of the society by fulfilling their needs such as road,
irrigation, electricity, telecommunication, BBM, etc.
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