Edible vaccines hold promise as a cost-effective, easy to administer vaccine that can be stored and transported without special equipment. They work by introducing genes into plants that allow them to produce vaccine proteins. While initially thought to only prevent infectious diseases, edible vaccines may also help prevent some autoimmune diseases, cancer, and be used for birth control. Advantages include not needing medical personnel for administration, low production costs, stability during storage and transport, and activation of both mucosal and systemic immunity. Various foods like bananas and potatoes are being studied as platforms for delivering edible vaccines against diseases like hepatitis, cholera, and foot-and-mouth disease.
Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socioculturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. They have passed the major hurdles in the path of an emerging vaccine technology. Various technical obstacles, regulatory and non-scientific challenges, though all seem surmountable, need to be overcome. This review attempts to discuss the current status and future of this new preventive modality.
This Presentation is based on inventions or patent of Dr. Charles Artnzen. He is nowadays known as father of plant based edible Vaccines. Presentations introduces from Dr. Hippocratus to Dr. Edward Jenner and Dr. Charles, current status and Its golden future with reliable references cited properly. Dr. Charles who has championed the production of drugs in plants by convincing them to do so modified with our gene of interest.
Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.
These types of vaccines are antigenic proteins that are genetically engineered into a consumable crop. The strategy is that the plant food product haves the protein witch is obtained from some disease causing pathogen. People eat the plant food, the food is digested
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems.
The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native immunologic properties.
Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socioculturally readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases. There is growing acceptance of transgenic crops in both industrial and developing countries. Resistance to genetically modified foods may affect the future of edible vaccines. They have passed the major hurdles in the path of an emerging vaccine technology. Various technical obstacles, regulatory and non-scientific challenges, though all seem surmountable, need to be overcome. This review attempts to discuss the current status and future of this new preventive modality.
This Presentation is based on inventions or patent of Dr. Charles Artnzen. He is nowadays known as father of plant based edible Vaccines. Presentations introduces from Dr. Hippocratus to Dr. Edward Jenner and Dr. Charles, current status and Its golden future with reliable references cited properly. Dr. Charles who has championed the production of drugs in plants by convincing them to do so modified with our gene of interest.
Edible Vaccine involves introduction of selected desired genes into plant and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the altered protein.
These types of vaccines are antigenic proteins that are genetically engineered into a consumable crop. The strategy is that the plant food product haves the protein witch is obtained from some disease causing pathogen. People eat the plant food, the food is digested
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease.
In the edible vaccine, Transgenic plants are used as vaccine production systems.
The genes encoding antigens of bacterial and viral pathogens can be expressed in plants in a form in which they retain native immunologic properties.
Synopsis
Introduction
History
Definition
Need for edible vaccine
Plants normally used for production of
edible vaccine
Production
Mode of application
Advantages
Disadvantages
Application
Conclusion
References
Edible vaccines derived from plants as part of a plant molecular farming activities with the aim of producing cheap vaccines has been raised from years ago. Low cost production of these vaccines have been led to attention to them, especially in developing countries . In this power point, history, production, uses , creating systemic and mucosal immune responses, advantages and disadvantages, biosafety issues and, ultimately, the future prospects of this type of vaccine will be discussed.
"edible vaccines": Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.
Presentation of Edible Vaccine, Properties of an edible vaccine, how to make an edible vaccine, and etc.
An edible vaccine is the best vaccine for developing country because of it very cost effective and very simple to use.
But our country has not developed this vaccine yet. So it is our responsibility to develop an edible vaccine to protect our human being form more infectious disease.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
Synopsis
Introduction
History
Definition
Need for edible vaccine
Plants normally used for production of
edible vaccine
Production
Mode of application
Advantages
Disadvantages
Application
Conclusion
References
Edible vaccines derived from plants as part of a plant molecular farming activities with the aim of producing cheap vaccines has been raised from years ago. Low cost production of these vaccines have been led to attention to them, especially in developing countries . In this power point, history, production, uses , creating systemic and mucosal immune responses, advantages and disadvantages, biosafety issues and, ultimately, the future prospects of this type of vaccine will be discussed.
"edible vaccines": Vaccines or candidate vaccines derived from edible plants. Transgenic plants are used as recombinant protein production systems and the edible plant tissue functions as an oral vaccine.
Presentation of Edible Vaccine, Properties of an edible vaccine, how to make an edible vaccine, and etc.
An edible vaccine is the best vaccine for developing country because of it very cost effective and very simple to use.
But our country has not developed this vaccine yet. So it is our responsibility to develop an edible vaccine to protect our human being form more infectious disease.
SYNTHETIC PEPTIDE VACCINES AND RECOMBINANT ANTIGEN VACCINED.R. Chandravanshi
What is a Vaccine?
A vaccine is a substance that is introduced into the body to prevent infection or to control disease due to a certain pathogen (a disease-causing organism, such as a virus, bacteria or parasite). The vaccine “teaches” the body how to defend itself against the pathogen by creating an immune response.
1 Unlike traditional pharmaceuticals, vaccines are biologics since they are made from living organisms (biological sources).
2 Specifically, vaccines are preparations of components derived from (or related to) a pathogen; they can typically induce a protective effect through one to three very small doses, in the range of micrograms to milligrams.
3 Immunity lasts for an extended period, from one year up to lifetime protection, including prevention of disease and/or related sequelae.
Synthetic peptide vaccines represent fragments of protein antigen sequences, synthesizing specific B cell and T cell epitopes offer the potential to induce diseases neutralizing immuno response with completely synthetic structure. Now it is well established that short chain peptides can be used to mimic antigenic sites of viruses and thus can be used the basics for vaccines and development. therefore, attempts have been made to synthesize such peptides which act as the serrogate immuunogens, as an alternative to the existing conventional vaccines.
WHAT IS VACCINE
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL VACCINE
TYPES OF VACCINEs
TRADIONTIONAL VS EDIBLE VACCINES
EDIBLE VACCINES :- INTRO AND DEFINITION
STANDARDS FOR EDIBLE VACCINE
HISTORY OF EDIBLE VACCINE
WHY TO CHOOSE EDIBLE VACCINE?
CRITERIA FOR HOST PLANT
DEVELOPING AN EDIBLE VACCINE
METHOD OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
HOW TO MAKE EDIBLE VACCINE
HOW EDIBLE VACCINE WORK (MECHANISM)
FACTOR AFFECTING EDIBLE VACCINE
PROS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
CONS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
PLANTS USED FOR EDIBLE VACCINE PRODUCTION
PROS AND CONS OF SELECTED HOST PLANT
APPLICATION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
1. Edible vaccines hold great promise as a cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe,
and sociocultural readily acceptable vaccine delivery system, especially for the poor developing
countries. It involves introduction of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these
altered plants to manufacture the encoded proteins. Introduced as a concept about a decade ago, it
has become a reality today. A variety of delivery systems have been developed. Initially thought
to be useful only for preventing infectious diseases, it has also found application in prevention of
autoimmune diseases, birth control, cancer therapy, etc. Edible vaccines are currently being
developed for several human and animal diseases. Creating edible vaccines involves introduction
of selected desired genes into plants and then inducing these altered plants to manufacture the
encoded proteins. This process is known as "transformation," and the altered plants are called
"transgenic plants." Like conventional subunit vaccines, edible vaccines are
composed of antigenic proteins and are devoid of pathogenic genes. Thus, they have no way of
establishing infection, assuring its safety, especially in immuno-compromised patients.
Advantages of Edible vaccines :
*Edible vaccines would enhance compliance, especially in children, and because of oral
administration, would eliminate the need for trained medical personnel.
*Their production is highly efficient and can be easily scaled up.
*They are cheaper, sidestepping demands for purification (single dose of hepatitis-B vaccine
would cost approximately 23 paise), grown locally using standard methods and do not require
capital-intensive pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities.
*Mass-indefinite production would also decrease dependence on foreign supply. They exhibit
good genetic stability.
*They are heat-stable; do not require cold-chain maintenance; can be stored near the site of use,
eliminating long-distance transportation.
*Non-requirement of syringes and needles also decreases chances of infection.
*Fear of contamination with animal viruses - like the mad cow disease, (a threat in vaccines
manufactured from cultured mammalian cells - is eliminated, as plant viruses don't infect humans.
*Edible vaccines activate both mucosal and systemic immunity, as they meet the digestive tract
lining. Dual effect would provide first-line defense against pathogens invading through mucosa,
like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and agents causing diarrhea, pneumonia, STDs, HIV, etc.
*Edible vaccines are suitable against neglected/rare diseases like dengue, hookworm, rabies, etc.
They may be integrated with other vaccine approaches, and multiple antigens may also be
delivered.
Various foods under study are banana, potato, tomato, lettuce, rice, etc. Edible vaccines are
currently being developed for a number of human and animal diseases, including measles,
cholera, foot and mouth disease and hepatitis B, C and E.
Mechanism of Action
The antigens in transgenic plants are delivered through bio-encapsulation, (tough outer wall of
plant cells, which protects them from gastric secretions, and finally break up in the intestines).
The antigens are released, taken up by M cells in the intestinal lining that overlie Peyer's patches
and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), passed on to macrophages, other antigen-presenting
cells; and local lymphocyte populations, generating serum IgG, IgE responses, local IgA response
and memory cells, which would promptly neutralize the attack by the real infectious agent.
Edible Vaccines
Introduction
2. Preparation of Edible Vaccines
Introduction of foreign DNA into plant's genome can either be done by bombarding
embryonic suspension cell cultures using gene-gun or more commonly through
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a naturally occurring soil bacterium, which can get into plants
through wound (scratch, etc.). It possesses a circular "Ti plasmid" (tumor inducing), which
enables it to infect plant cells, integrate into their genome and produce a hollow tumor
(crown gall tumor), where it can live. This ability can be exploited to insert foreign DNA into
plant genome.
The DNA integrates randomly into plant genome, resulting in a different antigen expression
level for each independent line,I0 so that 50-I00 plants are transformed together at a time,
from which one can choose the plant expressing the highest levels of antigen and least
number of adverse effects.
Production of transgenic plants is species dependent and takes 3-9 months.
Some antigens, like viral capsid proteins, must self-assemble into VLPs (virus- like particles).
VLPs mimic the virus without carrying DNA or RNA and therefore are not infectious. Each
single antigen expressed in plants must be tested for its proper assembly and can be verified
by animal studies, Western blot; and quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA).
“Second-Generation” Edible Vaccines
Multicomponent vaccines can be obtained by crossing two plant lines harboring different
antigens. Adjuvants may also be co-expressed along with the antigen in the same plant. B
subunit of Vibrio cholerae toxin (VC-B) tends to associate with copies of itself, forming a
doughnut-shaped five-member ring with a hole in the middle.I This feature can bring several
different antigens to M cells at one time - for example, a trivalent edible vaccine against
cholera, ETEC (Enterotoxigenic E. coli) and rotavirus could successfully elicit significant
immune response to all three.
Approaches to mucosal vaccine formulation include
(i) gene fusion technology, creating non-toxic derivatives of mucosal adjuvants;
(ii) genetically inactivating antigens by deleting an essential gene;
(iii) co-expression of antigen and a cytokine, which modulates and controls mucosal immune
response; an
(iv) genetic material itself, which allows DNA/ RNA uptake and its endogenous expression in
the host cell.
Various mucosal delivery systems include biodegradable micro- and nanoparticles,
liposomes, live bacterial/viral vectors, and mucosal adjuvants.
Chimeric Viruses
Certain viruses can be redesigned to express fragments of antigenic proteins on their surface,
such as
• CPMV (cowpea mosaic virus)
• Alfalfa mosaic virus,
• TMV (tobacco mosaic virus),
• CaMV (cauliflower mosaic virus),
• Potato virus X
• Tomato bushy stunt virus
3. Technologies involved are overcoat and epicoat technology. Overcoat technology permits the
plant to produce the entire protein, whereas epicoat technology involves expression of only
the foreign proteins.
CONSIDERATIONS IN DEVELOPING A PLANT-BASED VACCINE
Antigen selection
• Is the antigen safe and non-pathogenic in all circumstances?
• Can the antigen induce a protective immune response?
• Is the antigen suitable for expression in plants?
Efficacy in model systems
• Does the antigen accumulate in plants in sufficient quantities?
• Is the plant-derived antigen immunogenic?
• Do trial animals develop protective immune responses?
• Possible plant cell interference with antigen presentation
• Possible induction of immune tolerance
Choice of plant species for vaccine delivery
• Best food plant?
• Ability to be eaten raw and unprocessed?
• Suitable for infants?
• Widely and easily grown?
• Easily stored? Resistant to spoiling?
• Amenable to transformation and regeneration?
• Possible cost to plant of multiple transgenes
Delivery and dosing issues
• Requirement of mucosal adjuvants for protective response?
• Can a large enough dose be delivered by simply eating the plant?
• Number of doses required?
Safety issues
• Allergenic and toxic (e.g., glycans, nicotine, etc.) potential of plant components
• Potential for interference
• Production of oral tolerance?
• Risk of atypical measles (in plants with cloned measles virus genes)?
• Health and environmental risks of genetically modified organisms
• Prevention of misuse/overuse
Public perceptions and attitudes to genetic modification
• Will negative attitudes to genetically modified organisms influence vaccine
acceptability?
• Legal and ethical considerations regarding products from plants with status like
tobacco
Quality control and licensing
• Can antigen expression be consistent in crops?
• Who will control vaccine availability and production?
4. Uses
Veterinary Sciences
The first patented edible vaccine to demonstrate efficacy in animal trials was against the
transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) in pigs and was under planning to be made
commercially available.49 Vaccines against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
(PRRS) and other diseases like parvovirus are being investigated. Various transgenic animal
feeds are currently undergoing clinical trials in pigs.50 Other candidates are diseases of pets,
animals in swine and poultry industries, draft and wild animals.
Passive Immunization
Just as any antigenic protein can be expressed in plants, antibody molecules too can be
expressed in plants. Protective antibodies produced in plants are sometimes referred to as
"plantibodies." To date, only four antibodies produced in plants have the potential to be used
as therapeutic agents, and only IgG-IgA against Streptococcus mutans has been tested on
humans. Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) against STDs like genital herpes have been expressed
in soybean.
Other Potential Domains
Cancer therapy
5. Plants can make monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy in sufficient quantities. Soybean
has been genetically engineered to make monoclonal antibody (BR-96) as a vehicle for
targeting doxorubicin for breast, ovarian, colon and lung tumors.
Birth control
TMV has been designed to express protein found in mouse zona pellucida (ZB3 protein).3,39
When injected, resulting antibodies were able to prevent fertilization of eggs in mice.
Role in autoimmune diseases
For unknown reasons, oral delivery of auto-antigens can suppress immune activity by
switching on suppressor cells of the immune system, producing immunological tolerance.
Potatoes expressing insulin and a protein called GAD (glutamic acid decarboxylase), linked
to CT-B subunit, were able to suppress immune attack in a mouse strain that would become
diabetic and could delay the onset of high blood sugar.
Recombinant drugs/proteins
Apart from vaccines and antibodies, plants are also being modified by engineered virus
inoculation to produce enzymes; drugs such as albumin, serum protease and interferon, which
are otherwise difficult or expensive to produce - for example, glucocerebrosidase (hGC)
production in tobacco plants for treating Gaucher's disease. Transgenic plant-derived
biopharmaceutical hirudin (an antithrombin) is now being commercially produced. Food
crops are being increasingly used to produce pharmaceuticals and drugs.
Summary
Edible plant-derived vaccine may lead to a future of safer and more effective immunization.
They would overcome some of the difficulties associated with traditional vaccines, like
production, distribution and delivery, and they can be incorporated into the immunisation
plans. They have passed the major hurdles in the path of an emerging vaccine technology.
Before becoming a reality, the technical obstacles, though all seem surmountable, need to be
overcome. However, with limited access to essential health care in much of the world and
with the scientific community still struggling with complex diseases like HIV, malaria, etc., a
cost-effective, safe and efficacious delivery system in the form of edible vaccines will
become an essential component in our disease-prevention arsenal.