A new approach for delivering vaccine antigens is the use of inexpensive, oral vaccines. Edible oral vaccines offer exciting possibilities for significantly reducing the burden of diseases like hepatitis and diarrhoea particularly in the developing world where storing and administering vaccines are often major problems. Even though they have some disadvantages like control of the “dosage” of the antigen that is present in the recombinant fruit or vegetable, they have many advantages as they trigger the immunity at the mucosal surfaces which is the body’s first line of defence. To overcome the disadvantage of adequate dosage, stable plant lines that produce fruits and vegetables with relatively constant amounts of the antigen need to be developed. The hope is that edible vaccines could be grown in many of the developing countries where their need is more. The traditional vaccines development requires more time and high cost and due to this, the disease outbreaks becomes more challenging. Now a days, plants have become more attractive platform for edible vaccine production than the other system. The development of an edible vaccine in a selected plant system has many significant advantages such as; easy and efficient oral delivery, low cost with higher scale production, avoidance of any trained medical personnel for delivery, lack of any pathogenic infection, multicomponent expression in a single plant. By using this plant-based platform, an edible vaccines can be produced in many crops like banana, cucumber, carrot, lettuce, and tomato against various diseases. Due to increasing cases glob¬ally with COVID-19, there is an urgent requirement to develop an ideal vaccine and antiviral therapy against this virus to control the disease worldwide.
WHAT IS VACCINE
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL VACCINE
TYPES OF VACCINEs
TRADIONTIONAL VS EDIBLE VACCINES
EDIBLE VACCINES :- INTRO AND DEFINITION
STANDARDS FOR EDIBLE VACCINE
HISTORY OF EDIBLE VACCINE
WHY TO CHOOSE EDIBLE VACCINE?
CRITERIA FOR HOST PLANT
DEVELOPING AN EDIBLE VACCINE
METHOD OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
HOW TO MAKE EDIBLE VACCINE
HOW EDIBLE VACCINE WORK (MECHANISM)
FACTOR AFFECTING EDIBLE VACCINE
PROS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
CONS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
PLANTS USED FOR EDIBLE VACCINE PRODUCTION
PROS AND CONS OF SELECTED HOST PLANT
APPLICATION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Edible vaccine production through genetic engineering.pptxSarathS586768
This presentation will teach you how edible vaccines are made, as well as their benefits and drawbacks. You will also learn how biotechnological approaches are used to produce Blue Roses and Orange Petunia.
This document discusses the production of valuable proteins through plant molecular farming. It begins by introducing molecular farming as an alternative to microbial and mammalian expression systems. Several early successes in the 1980s demonstrated that plants could produce complex mammalian proteins like antibodies. However, downstream processing challenges have limited the number of commercial successes. The document examines the technical and economic factors needed for successful commercialization, including optimizing platforms like tobacco for productivity and processing. Plant systems offer diverse options for protein expression but must be systematically compared. Clinical trials show plants can produce vaccines, antibodies, and replacement human proteins. Overall production consistency and downstream processing remain challenges for the broader application of plant-based protein production.
This document provides an overview of biopharming, which uses agricultural plants to produce useful molecules for non-food applications. Biopharming aims to lower production costs of therapeutic molecules like enzymes by expressing genes in plants. Current research focuses on plant-made vaccines, antibodies, and proteins to treat diseases. Risks include contamination of the food supply or environment. Suggested safeguards include making biopharmed crops sterile or detectable. Future progress requires improving yields and stability while establishing reliable biosafety. Whether biopharmed crops are further developed will depend on regulation and public perception of risks.
This document provides an overview of biopharming, which uses agricultural plants to produce useful molecules for non-food applications. Biopharming aims to lower production costs of therapeutic molecules like enzymes by expressing genes in plants. Key points discussed include the history of biopharming, strategies like transient vs stable transformation, advantages of using plants, current industrial and pharmaceutical products, risks and concerns, and challenges and future directions of the field.
This document provides an overview of biopharming, which is the use of plants to produce useful molecules for non-food applications. It discusses what biopharming is, why plants are used, current and evolving regulation, and risks and concerns. Specifically, it covers plant-made pharmaceuticals and industrial products, strategies for biopharming including plant expression systems and targeted tissues, examples of products on the market and in development, regulatory systems and guidelines, case studies, safeguard suggestions, alternatives, economics considerations, and directions for the future of this agricultural biotechnology.
Applications of genetic engineering techniques in agriculture byB. DEVADATHAB.Devadatha datha
Genetic engineering techniques can be used to improve plants for agriculture. Methods like Agrobacterium transfer and biolistic bombardment are used to insert genes. This allows traits like insect and disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, nutritional enhancement, and more. However, there are also risks to the environment and human health that must be considered through safety testing and regulation. While GM crops have potential benefits, caution is needed to avoid unintended harm.
Genetic engineering techniques can be used to improve plants for agriculture. Methods like Agrobacterium transfer and biolistic bombardment are used to insert genes. This allows traits like insect and disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, nutritional enhancement, and more. However, there are also risks to the environment and human health that must be considered through safety testing and regulation. While GM crops have potential benefits, caution is needed to avoid unintended harm.
WHAT IS VACCINE
PROPERTIES OF IDEAL VACCINE
TYPES OF VACCINEs
TRADIONTIONAL VS EDIBLE VACCINES
EDIBLE VACCINES :- INTRO AND DEFINITION
STANDARDS FOR EDIBLE VACCINE
HISTORY OF EDIBLE VACCINE
WHY TO CHOOSE EDIBLE VACCINE?
CRITERIA FOR HOST PLANT
DEVELOPING AN EDIBLE VACCINE
METHOD OF VACCINE PRODUCTION
HOW TO MAKE EDIBLE VACCINE
HOW EDIBLE VACCINE WORK (MECHANISM)
FACTOR AFFECTING EDIBLE VACCINE
PROS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
CONS OF EDIBLE VACCINE
PLANTS USED FOR EDIBLE VACCINE PRODUCTION
PROS AND CONS OF SELECTED HOST PLANT
APPLICATION
FUTURE PROSPECTS
Edible vaccine production through genetic engineering.pptxSarathS586768
This presentation will teach you how edible vaccines are made, as well as their benefits and drawbacks. You will also learn how biotechnological approaches are used to produce Blue Roses and Orange Petunia.
This document discusses the production of valuable proteins through plant molecular farming. It begins by introducing molecular farming as an alternative to microbial and mammalian expression systems. Several early successes in the 1980s demonstrated that plants could produce complex mammalian proteins like antibodies. However, downstream processing challenges have limited the number of commercial successes. The document examines the technical and economic factors needed for successful commercialization, including optimizing platforms like tobacco for productivity and processing. Plant systems offer diverse options for protein expression but must be systematically compared. Clinical trials show plants can produce vaccines, antibodies, and replacement human proteins. Overall production consistency and downstream processing remain challenges for the broader application of plant-based protein production.
This document provides an overview of biopharming, which uses agricultural plants to produce useful molecules for non-food applications. Biopharming aims to lower production costs of therapeutic molecules like enzymes by expressing genes in plants. Current research focuses on plant-made vaccines, antibodies, and proteins to treat diseases. Risks include contamination of the food supply or environment. Suggested safeguards include making biopharmed crops sterile or detectable. Future progress requires improving yields and stability while establishing reliable biosafety. Whether biopharmed crops are further developed will depend on regulation and public perception of risks.
This document provides an overview of biopharming, which uses agricultural plants to produce useful molecules for non-food applications. Biopharming aims to lower production costs of therapeutic molecules like enzymes by expressing genes in plants. Key points discussed include the history of biopharming, strategies like transient vs stable transformation, advantages of using plants, current industrial and pharmaceutical products, risks and concerns, and challenges and future directions of the field.
This document provides an overview of biopharming, which is the use of plants to produce useful molecules for non-food applications. It discusses what biopharming is, why plants are used, current and evolving regulation, and risks and concerns. Specifically, it covers plant-made pharmaceuticals and industrial products, strategies for biopharming including plant expression systems and targeted tissues, examples of products on the market and in development, regulatory systems and guidelines, case studies, safeguard suggestions, alternatives, economics considerations, and directions for the future of this agricultural biotechnology.
Applications of genetic engineering techniques in agriculture byB. DEVADATHAB.Devadatha datha
Genetic engineering techniques can be used to improve plants for agriculture. Methods like Agrobacterium transfer and biolistic bombardment are used to insert genes. This allows traits like insect and disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, nutritional enhancement, and more. However, there are also risks to the environment and human health that must be considered through safety testing and regulation. While GM crops have potential benefits, caution is needed to avoid unintended harm.
Genetic engineering techniques can be used to improve plants for agriculture. Methods like Agrobacterium transfer and biolistic bombardment are used to insert genes. This allows traits like insect and disease resistance, herbicide tolerance, nutritional enhancement, and more. However, there are also risks to the environment and human health that must be considered through safety testing and regulation. While GM crops have potential benefits, caution is needed to avoid unintended harm.
CBR.799 Edible Vaccine and and its effects on human .pptxbhanvejain
The document discusses edible vaccines, which are subunit vaccines produced in transgenic plants. Edible vaccines offer advantages like low cost, thermal stability, and needle-free administration through consumption of plant tissues. Various plants used for edible vaccine production are discussed, including tobacco, potato, banana, and rice. Methods for producing edible vaccines like gene gun and Agrobacterium transformation are also summarized. Potential applications of edible vaccines for diseases like hepatitis B and measles are mentioned. The conclusion states that edible vaccines could provide inexpensive immunization in developing countries through plant-derived vaccines.
This presentation highlights some important facts about biotechnology in relationship to plants. it lay emphasis on some factors associated with biotechnology, the importance of it and the negative impact as well.
1) Biopharming involves genetically engineering plants and animals to produce pharmaceuticals. It offers lower production costs compared to traditional methods.
2) Early examples include cows modified in 1990 to produce human lactoferrin and tobacco plants in 1992 producing human serum albumin.
3) Methods include stable transgenic plants with genes integrated into nuclear or chloroplast genomes or transient expression systems using viral or Agrobacterium vectors. Genes are inserted and plants are harvested for protein extraction and purification.
This document discusses the stages and applications of biotechnology. It begins by outlining the three stages of biotechnology development: ancient biotechnology related to food and shelter, classical biotechnology using fermentation for food production and medicine, and modern biotechnology using genetic engineering techniques. It then states that bacteria are useful in biotechnology due to their rapid reproduction and ability to produce complex molecules. The document goes on to discuss areas of biotechnology like genetic engineering, protein engineering, and plant/animal biotechnology. It provides examples of genetic engineering applications including producing recombinant proteins, transgenic plants and animals, animal cloning, and gene therapy to cure hereditary diseases.
1 r dna & its pharmaceutical applications prasanthi rao
Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating a gene of interest and inserting it into a plasmid or bacterial chromosome. The modified bacteria can then be used to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, diagnose and screen for genetic diseases, and conduct gene therapy and DNA fingerprinting. Agricultural applications include creating herbicide-tolerant, pest-resistant, drought-tolerant and nutritionally enhanced crops. Environmental studies use recombinant DNA to identify microbes and study their roles.
The presentation is about the introduction, usage, benefits and disadvantages of biological techniques through we are producing genetically modified foods
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is used to add new traits to organisms that do not naturally occur. The document discusses various applications of genetic engineering including in agriculture, medicine, and genetic studies. In agriculture, genetic engineering has been used to develop crops with traits like virus resistance, insect resistance, and herbicide tolerance. In medicine, genetic engineering is being used to produce human insulin, growth hormone, vaccines, and interferons. It is also being explored for gene therapy applications.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. Edible vaccinesDr. Pritam Juvatkar
Edible vaccines use transgenic plants to produce vaccine antigens that are administered orally. The presentation discusses how genes encoding antigens are inserted into plants using techniques like Agrobacterium transformation. This allows the plants to produce the antigens, which can then be delivered through fruits and vegetables. Advantages of edible vaccines include easy administration without refrigeration and stimulation of mucosal immunity. Examples presented include transgenic potatoes producing antigens for hepatitis B, cholera, and typhoid fever. Limitations include potential immune tolerance and stability of antigens in foods.
This document provides information about edible vaccines. It begins by defining an ideal vaccine and then defines vaccines in general. It introduces the concept of edible vaccines, which are genetically engineered foods that express vaccine antigens to provide immunity. The document discusses the mechanisms of action, methods for transforming DNA into plants, candidate plant species, examples, factors affecting efficacy, applications, limitations, regulatory issues, recent discoveries, advantages and disadvantages, and future aspects of edible vaccines.
Tarns-genesis and development of transgenic plantAhmad Ali khan
This document provides an overview of transgenesis and the development of transgenic plants. It defines key terms like transgene and transgenic plants. It describes traditional plant breeding techniques and compares them to transgenic technology. Transgenic technology allows genes to be transferred between any organisms, while traditional breeding is limited to the same genus. Reasons for developing transgenic plants include crop improvement, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. The document outlines the process of developing transgenic plants, including vector-mediated gene transfer using Agrobacterium and biolistic methods. It provides examples of transgenic plants created for insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and more. Both advantages and disadvantages of transgenic plants are discussed.
Plant biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and manipulate plant cells or tissues for beneficial uses. Some key techniques include genetic engineering, which involves transferring genes between organisms, and tissue culture, which involves growing plant cells or tissues in artificial conditions. The first transgenic plant was created in 1983 when scientists transferred genes from other animals into tobacco plants. Golden rice, developed in 1999, was one of the earliest genetically engineered crops and was intended to produce beta-carotene to address vitamin A deficiencies.
This document discusses various applications of biotechnology including therapeutics, diagnostics, food production, environmental applications, agriculture, and chemical production. It also describes techniques such as genetic engineering, DNA probes, DNA sequencing, PCR, gene therapy, biosensors, biochips, nanoparticles, assisted reproductive technologies, vaccine development, hybridoma technology, stem cell technology, and fermentation technology. The key applications and components of these techniques are summarized.
CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pptxJyoti Gadge
Genetically modified crops can increase food production and reduce reliance on pesticides. The document discusses biotechnological applications in agriculture including GM crops, such as Bt cotton, which are modified to produce toxins that kill pests without insecticides. It also covers applications in medicine like producing human insulin through genetic engineering of E. coli and using gene therapy to treat genetic diseases. Ethical issues around patenting native plants and related traditional knowledge are also addressed.
The document discusses various applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crop improvement. It provides examples of transgenic plants developed with improved nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and for producing pharmaceuticals. Specifically, it describes the development of golden rice with enhanced vitamin A content and Bt crops with insect resistance. The use of genetic engineering to develop herbicide and disease resistant crops as well as plants with enhanced traits like drought and salt tolerance is also covered.
This document provides an overview of edible vaccines. It discusses how edible vaccines are produced by introducing genes encoding vaccine antigens into edible plants using transformation methods. The document outlines various plant species used for edible vaccines like tomatoes, rice, maize, potatoes, and tobacco. It discusses factors affecting the efficacy of edible vaccines and provides examples of edible vaccine research for diseases like malaria, measles, hepatitis B, norovirus, and Alzheimer's disease. The conclusion states that edible vaccines could improve vaccination programs in developing countries by reducing costs and need for cold storage.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
CBR.799 Edible Vaccine and and its effects on human .pptxbhanvejain
The document discusses edible vaccines, which are subunit vaccines produced in transgenic plants. Edible vaccines offer advantages like low cost, thermal stability, and needle-free administration through consumption of plant tissues. Various plants used for edible vaccine production are discussed, including tobacco, potato, banana, and rice. Methods for producing edible vaccines like gene gun and Agrobacterium transformation are also summarized. Potential applications of edible vaccines for diseases like hepatitis B and measles are mentioned. The conclusion states that edible vaccines could provide inexpensive immunization in developing countries through plant-derived vaccines.
This presentation highlights some important facts about biotechnology in relationship to plants. it lay emphasis on some factors associated with biotechnology, the importance of it and the negative impact as well.
1) Biopharming involves genetically engineering plants and animals to produce pharmaceuticals. It offers lower production costs compared to traditional methods.
2) Early examples include cows modified in 1990 to produce human lactoferrin and tobacco plants in 1992 producing human serum albumin.
3) Methods include stable transgenic plants with genes integrated into nuclear or chloroplast genomes or transient expression systems using viral or Agrobacterium vectors. Genes are inserted and plants are harvested for protein extraction and purification.
This document discusses the stages and applications of biotechnology. It begins by outlining the three stages of biotechnology development: ancient biotechnology related to food and shelter, classical biotechnology using fermentation for food production and medicine, and modern biotechnology using genetic engineering techniques. It then states that bacteria are useful in biotechnology due to their rapid reproduction and ability to produce complex molecules. The document goes on to discuss areas of biotechnology like genetic engineering, protein engineering, and plant/animal biotechnology. It provides examples of genetic engineering applications including producing recombinant proteins, transgenic plants and animals, animal cloning, and gene therapy to cure hereditary diseases.
1 r dna & its pharmaceutical applications prasanthi rao
Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating a gene of interest and inserting it into a plasmid or bacterial chromosome. The modified bacteria can then be used to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, diagnose and screen for genetic diseases, and conduct gene therapy and DNA fingerprinting. Agricultural applications include creating herbicide-tolerant, pest-resistant, drought-tolerant and nutritionally enhanced crops. Environmental studies use recombinant DNA to identify microbes and study their roles.
The presentation is about the introduction, usage, benefits and disadvantages of biological techniques through we are producing genetically modified foods
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification, is used to add new traits to organisms that do not naturally occur. The document discusses various applications of genetic engineering including in agriculture, medicine, and genetic studies. In agriculture, genetic engineering has been used to develop crops with traits like virus resistance, insect resistance, and herbicide tolerance. In medicine, genetic engineering is being used to produce human insulin, growth hormone, vaccines, and interferons. It is also being explored for gene therapy applications.
Applications of plant tissue culture in pharmacognosy. Edible vaccinesDr. Pritam Juvatkar
Edible vaccines use transgenic plants to produce vaccine antigens that are administered orally. The presentation discusses how genes encoding antigens are inserted into plants using techniques like Agrobacterium transformation. This allows the plants to produce the antigens, which can then be delivered through fruits and vegetables. Advantages of edible vaccines include easy administration without refrigeration and stimulation of mucosal immunity. Examples presented include transgenic potatoes producing antigens for hepatitis B, cholera, and typhoid fever. Limitations include potential immune tolerance and stability of antigens in foods.
This document provides information about edible vaccines. It begins by defining an ideal vaccine and then defines vaccines in general. It introduces the concept of edible vaccines, which are genetically engineered foods that express vaccine antigens to provide immunity. The document discusses the mechanisms of action, methods for transforming DNA into plants, candidate plant species, examples, factors affecting efficacy, applications, limitations, regulatory issues, recent discoveries, advantages and disadvantages, and future aspects of edible vaccines.
Tarns-genesis and development of transgenic plantAhmad Ali khan
This document provides an overview of transgenesis and the development of transgenic plants. It defines key terms like transgene and transgenic plants. It describes traditional plant breeding techniques and compares them to transgenic technology. Transgenic technology allows genes to be transferred between any organisms, while traditional breeding is limited to the same genus. Reasons for developing transgenic plants include crop improvement, disease resistance, and stress tolerance. The document outlines the process of developing transgenic plants, including vector-mediated gene transfer using Agrobacterium and biolistic methods. It provides examples of transgenic plants created for insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance, and more. Both advantages and disadvantages of transgenic plants are discussed.
Plant biotechnology is the application of scientific techniques to modify and manipulate plant cells or tissues for beneficial uses. Some key techniques include genetic engineering, which involves transferring genes between organisms, and tissue culture, which involves growing plant cells or tissues in artificial conditions. The first transgenic plant was created in 1983 when scientists transferred genes from other animals into tobacco plants. Golden rice, developed in 1999, was one of the earliest genetically engineered crops and was intended to produce beta-carotene to address vitamin A deficiencies.
This document discusses various applications of biotechnology including therapeutics, diagnostics, food production, environmental applications, agriculture, and chemical production. It also describes techniques such as genetic engineering, DNA probes, DNA sequencing, PCR, gene therapy, biosensors, biochips, nanoparticles, assisted reproductive technologies, vaccine development, hybridoma technology, stem cell technology, and fermentation technology. The key applications and components of these techniques are summarized.
CHAPTER 12 BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS.pptxJyoti Gadge
Genetically modified crops can increase food production and reduce reliance on pesticides. The document discusses biotechnological applications in agriculture including GM crops, such as Bt cotton, which are modified to produce toxins that kill pests without insecticides. It also covers applications in medicine like producing human insulin through genetic engineering of E. coli and using gene therapy to treat genetic diseases. Ethical issues around patenting native plants and related traditional knowledge are also addressed.
The document discusses various applications of tissue culture and genetic engineering in crop improvement. It provides examples of transgenic plants developed with improved nutritional quality, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and for producing pharmaceuticals. Specifically, it describes the development of golden rice with enhanced vitamin A content and Bt crops with insect resistance. The use of genetic engineering to develop herbicide and disease resistant crops as well as plants with enhanced traits like drought and salt tolerance is also covered.
This document provides an overview of edible vaccines. It discusses how edible vaccines are produced by introducing genes encoding vaccine antigens into edible plants using transformation methods. The document outlines various plant species used for edible vaccines like tomatoes, rice, maize, potatoes, and tobacco. It discusses factors affecting the efficacy of edible vaccines and provides examples of edible vaccine research for diseases like malaria, measles, hepatitis B, norovirus, and Alzheimer's disease. The conclusion states that edible vaccines could improve vaccination programs in developing countries by reducing costs and need for cold storage.
Unlocking the mysteries of reproduction: Exploring fecundity and gonadosomati...AbdullaAlAsif1
The pygmy halfbeak Dermogenys colletei, is known for its viviparous nature, this presents an intriguing case of relatively low fecundity, raising questions about potential compensatory reproductive strategies employed by this species. Our study delves into the examination of fecundity and the Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) in the Pygmy Halfbeak, D. colletei (Meisner, 2001), an intriguing viviparous fish indigenous to Sarawak, Borneo. We hypothesize that the Pygmy halfbeak, D. colletei, may exhibit unique reproductive adaptations to offset its low fecundity, thus enhancing its survival and fitness. To address this, we conducted a comprehensive study utilizing 28 mature female specimens of D. colletei, carefully measuring fecundity and GSI to shed light on the reproductive adaptations of this species. Our findings reveal that D. colletei indeed exhibits low fecundity, with a mean of 16.76 ± 2.01, and a mean GSI of 12.83 ± 1.27, providing crucial insights into the reproductive mechanisms at play in this species. These results underscore the existence of unique reproductive strategies in D. colletei, enabling its adaptation and persistence in Borneo's diverse aquatic ecosystems, and call for further ecological research to elucidate these mechanisms. This study lends to a better understanding of viviparous fish in Borneo and contributes to the broader field of aquatic ecology, enhancing our knowledge of species adaptations to unique ecological challenges.
Current Ms word generated power point presentation covers major details about the micronuclei test. It's significance and assays to conduct it. It is used to detect the micronuclei formation inside the cells of nearly every multicellular organism. It's formation takes place during chromosomal sepration at metaphase.
Authoring a personal GPT for your research and practice: How we created the Q...Leonel Morgado
Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths ForwardLeonel Morgado
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intellige...University of Maribor
Slides from talk:
Aleš Zamuda: Remote Sensing and Computational, Evolutionary, Supercomputing, and Intelligent Systems.
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defectsSérgio Sacani
Assuming spherical symmetry and weak field, it is shown that if one solves the Poisson equation or the Einstein field
equations sourced by a topological defect, i.e. a singularity of a very specific form, the result is a localized gravitational
field capable of driving flat rotation (i.e. Keplerian circular orbits at a constant speed for all radii) of test masses on a thin
spherical shell without any underlying mass. Moreover, a large-scale structure which exploits this solution by assembling
concentrically a number of such topological defects can establish a flat stellar or galactic rotation curve, and can also deflect
light in the same manner as an equipotential (isothermal) sphere. Thus, the need for dark matter or modified gravity theory is
mitigated, at least in part.
2. Contents
• What is vaccine?
• Prophylactic Vaccine
• Therapeutic Vaccine
• Major outbreaks
• Types of Vaccine
• Molecular Farming
• Properties of ideal vaccine
• Edible Vaccine
• Types of Edible vaccine
• Mechanism of edible vaccine
• Candidate plant
• Vegetables as candidate plant
• Properties of candidate plant
• Production of edible vaccine
• Regulatory aspects
• Cases studies
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Future thrust
3. What is vaccine?
• Vaccine is biological preparation that provide
active acquired immunity to a particular disease
• Vaccine contains particles resembles disease
causing microorganisms
• These are weakened or killed forms of
microbes (Toxins or surface protein)
• These particles stimulates body’s immune
system – Antigen
Edward Jenner (1796) used vaccine in
human beings – against smallpox
4. Vaccines Can be
• Prophylactic Vaccine
• Also known as Preventive Vaccines
• To prevent the effects of future infection by a pathogen
• Produces antibodies for those antigens
• Eg: Polio, Mumps etc.,
• Therapeutic Vaccine
• Vaccines are used for an individual who is already affected by a disease or
infection
• Therapeutic vaccine fights the existing infection in the body rather than
immunizing the body for future diseases and infections
• Vaccine used against viral infections (Human Papilloma virus) and cancer
thearpy
Shimasakii 2014 & fqsida.org
6. Types of Vaccines
• Live Attenuated
• Original and 1st Vaccine
• Weakened form of live infectious organism used as Vaccine
• Eg: Small pox, Measles, Mumps, TB, BCG, etc.
• Inactivated or Killed
• Debris of dead pathogens are used as vaccine
• In-activated using heat or chemicals - destroys replicating ability
• Eg: Rabies, Polio, Hepatitis A, etc. “COVAXIN”
• Toxoid / Inactivated toxin
• Toxins by organism is used as vaccine
• Eg: Tetanus (TT)- Clostridium tetani – Neurotoxin (Tetanospasmin)- inactivated
• Subunit / Conjugate
• A part of target pathogen or gene code for target protein
• Eg: NOVAVAX - COVID, Hepatitis B, Human papilloma-virus
Plotkin et al., 2013
7. • RNA Vaccine
• A piece of Messenger RNA (mRNA) that produce antigenic proteins used as Vaccine
• Eg: COVID 19 mRNA Vaccine
• Biosynthetic Vaccine
• Man made vaccines with similar shape and properties of pathogens
• Eg: Hepatitis B Vaccine
• DNA vaccines
• Plasmid DNA with sequence encoding antigen
• Directly injected into muscle or tissue to get expressed
• Eg: Malaria, Herpes Virus
• Recombinant Vaccine
• Gene encoding antigen is expressed in bacteria or Yeast cells
• Protein is then purified and used as vaccine – “COVISHIELD”
• Eg: 6-in-1 vaccine - UK - 6 serious diseases: diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough
(pertussis), polio, Hib disease (Haemophilus influenzae type b) and hepatitis B
• Edible Vaccine
• Edible part of plant is genetically modified to express antigens to stimulate immunity
Plotkin et al., 2013
8. Molecular Farming
• Molecular Farming –
experimental
application of
“Biotechnology”
• Genetic modification
of crops (GMO) – to
produce proteins
and Phytochemicals
– Biopharmaceutical
systems - for
commercial purpose
MOLECULAR
FARMING
Nutraceuticals
Therapeutical
Products
Vaccines
Antibodies
Molecular biology, 2016
9. Edible Vaccine
• Edible vaccines involves introduction of desired genes
into plant system to manufacture altered protein
(antigen proteins)
• Antigen proteins are genetically engineered into the crops
that are consumed
• Genes encoding bacterial and viral antigens can be
made to express in plants
• In 1989, Hiatt and co-workers formulated plant vaccine
protocol
• In 1990s Concept of edible vaccine was developed by
Charles Arntzen
Concha et al., 2017
Charles Arntzen
10. History of Edible Vaccines
• Tobacco leaf
• Surface
Antigen of
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis
B (1992)
• Tomato leaf
& fruit
• Rabies Virus
Glycoprotein
Rabies
Virus
(1995)
• Potato tuber
• Norwalk
Virus Capsid
Protein
Norwalk
Virus
(1996)
12. Why Edible vaccine?
• Needle Free
• Oral vaccine provide “Mucosal Immunity”
• Don’t require sterilization and low risk of
infection
• Cheap
• Production cost can be reduced
• Storage
• Don’t required cold chain maintenance
• Safe
• Activates both mucosal and systemic
immunity
Mason et al., 1992 & Mishra et al., 2008
13. Types of Edible Vaccines
• Plant Based Edible Vaccine
• Eg: Vegetables, fruits, etc.
• Algae Based Edible Vaccine
• Eg: Single Cell Micro-Aglae
• Chlamdomonas reinhardtii
• Dunaliella salina
• Phaeodactylum tricornutum
• Insect Cell based Vaccine
• NOVAVAX – Expressed in Moth Cells of Fall Armyworm by Baculovirus + Adjuvant
soapbark tree extract
• “CERVARIX”- Expressed in Cabbage Looper – VLP - Human Papillomavirus L1 protein
• Whole Cell Yeast Based Edible Vaccine
• Eg: Saccharomyces cerevisiae – HPV, Hepatitis C virus Vaccine
• Lactic Acid Bacteria Based Edible Vaccine
• Eg: Lactobacillus spp & Bacillus subtilis - expressing Helicobacter pylori urease B -ulcer
JAYARAM, 2018
14.
15. Main Goal : To stimulate Mucosal and systemic immunity
Oral intake Edible vaccine – Mastication and degradation occur in
intestine by digestive enzymes
Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) – Peyer’s Patch (PP)
component of GALT- enriched source of IgA producing plasma cells
Edible Vaccine breaks at Peyer’s Patch – Follicle site allows antigen
penetration in intestine epithelium – M CELLS ARE PRESENT
Jayaraman et al., 2018 & William, 2000
17. Candidate Plant and its properties
Candidate plant : Plant suitable for edible vaccine production
Properties of candidate plant
• Long shelf life : long storage Without degradation
• Faster growth : Plants are preferred than trees
• More biomass
• More protein content
• Easy Transformation
Gunasekaran & Gothandam, 2020
19. Why Vegetables as Candidate Plant?
• Vegetable has lesser growth cycle
• Transgenic vegetables development is
easy
• Vegetables are hardy and palatable plant -
high nutritive value and protein content
• Most of them can be consumed raw as
salads
• More possibility of developing plants
expressing more than one antigenic
protein
20. Developing Edible Vaccine
• There are 2 ways
• First Case : Entire structural gene is
inserted into plant transformation
vector between 5’ and 3’
• Second Case: Epitope within the
antigen are identified - DNA
fragment encoding these protein is
used to construct
21. Production of Edible Vaccines
• Direct Gene Delivery Method
• Biolistic Method
• Electroporation Method
• Indirect Gene Delivery system
• Agrobacterium Mediated Gene
transfer
• Genetically Engineered Plant
Virus
Eg: CaMV, TMV, etc
22.
23. Other Transformation Techniques
Transformation Method Plant Microagale Bacteria References
Agrobacterium Mediated gene
transfer + + -
Silin et al., 2002
Gene Gun Method + + -
Muynck et al ., 2010
Electroporation + + +
Doshi et al., 2013
Glass Beads method + -
Green et al., 1993
Electrospray - - +
Mozo et al., 1991
Heat Shock Method - - +
Froger and Hall, 2007
24. Current status of plant-based vaccines and therapeutic proteins
Disease Product Plant References
Hepatitis B HBsAg Lettuce, Cherry Tomato Ritrcher et al., 2000
Hepatitis E HEV-E2 Potato Ma et al., 2003
Rabies Rabies Virus GP/NP Spinach Modelska et al., 1998
Gaucher Disease Glucocerebrosidase Carrot sell suspension Sayed et al.,2017
Cholera Cholera Toxin B (CTB) Tomato, Potato Arakawa et al.,1997
Gastroenteritis Tetraspanin proteins Potato tuber & Tomato Lamphang 2005
Norwalk Virus Capsid Protein Potato Zhang et al., 2006
Measles Loop B cell epitope Carrot Yu & Langridge, 2003
HIV HIV1 TAT protein Spinach Karasev et al., 2005
HIV CP24 Protein Carrot Lindh et al., 2009
Human Cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B Beans Yan et al., 2010
Systemic lupus
erythematosus
INF alpha D Turnip Zoeten et al., 1989
25. Regulatory Aspects of Edible Vaccine
• Care Taken – from contamination in food,
medicine or agricultural products
• Ensure to grown in greenhouse or other
structures – to avoid release of
antigenic proteins into environment
• Transgenes may spread by sucking
insects, pollens, soil microbes – pollute
surface and ground water
• Labelling of edible pharmaceutical
plants to preserve their identity, and
avoid the contamination of the food
supply.
Taccket, 2009 & Butelli et al., 2008
26. Gene Transfer into the environment
• Different approaches suggested to stop the flow of gene from
Edible vaccine crops (GM crops) to environment
• Physical Isolation
• Tough and expensive – frequently done
• Crops are grown in isolated areas
• Grown in contained greenhouse conditions
• Genetic Containment
• Achieved through different technological means
• Infertility & incompatibility systems to limit – transfer of pollens
• Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURT) – hinder seed formation
• Chloroplast transformation – chloroplast genome inherited maternally –
not in pollen
Chow et al., 2016
27. AIM
• EpCAM (Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule) is a cell-surface glycoprotein – expressed high in Colorectal
Carcinoma
• Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation in 2 Plants
• One with genes encoding EpCAM recombinant protein
• Second with J chain with KDEL Endoplasmic Reticulum Retention Motif
• Materials and Methods
• Plant : Chinese Cabbage (B.rapa)
• Proteins : EpCAM (837 bp) with Fragment crystallizable region of IgM (1053 bp) & J chain K (543 bp)
• Place : Korea, 2020
28. • EpCAM – Cancer antigenic Protein – Prevents & Inhibit Cancer
• Fused with Fc (Fragment Crystallizable) region of IgG – enhance protein stability – Induce
“humoral Immunity”
• J Chain - protein component of the antibodies IgM and IgA
• KDEL sequence prevents a protein from being secreted from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
• Promotor : CaMV
• Vector : pRCV2 & pCAMBIA 1301
29.
30. • The expected quaternary structure of EpCAM–IgM
Fc X J-chain K in transgenic plant F1 is pentameric
• Conclusion
• Cross-fertilization results revealed that both
transgenes were stably inserted EpCAM–IgM Fc
and J-chain K T1 transgenic plants.
• Transgenic Chinese cabbage expressing EpCAM–
IgM Fc express anti-colorectal cancer IgM Fc
fusion recombinant vaccine candidate proteins
31. AIM
• To Produce Oral Vaccine against Shigellosis, Anthrax and Cholera antigens in tomato tissue
• To Fuse PA20, ipaD and CTxB as gene cassette
Materials and Method
• Place : Iran,2018
• Plant : Tomato
• Gene : PA20, ipaD and CTxB
• Method of Transformation: Agroinfilteration of A.tumifaciens
• Vectors:
• pBI121 (containing extension single peptide and CTxB)
• pET28 (ipaD and PA20)
32. • Agrobacterium Strain GV 3101 was
transformed by Heat shock
• Kanamycin and Rifampin – uses to
select colonies
• Agro - Infiltration was carried out in
2 month old tomato leaves & Red
State Fruit in green house
• Inoculated samples – growth
chamber – 16/8h Dark & Light
condition 5-7 days @ 26 C
33. • RESULT & CONCLUSION
• The highest expression (signal) was related to the conjugation of antibody to
antigen @ 1/100 dilution
• Maximum expression of antigens - Green tomato fruits (Not useful), tomato
fruit is consumed at ripe and red state
• Since gene constructed using CaMV35S - Tomato fruit specific promoter
involved in ethylene biosynthesis can be used to get expressed at ripening
stage
ipaD
PA20
PA20 Control
Data diagram obtained from ELISA reader
34. • Aim
• To produce cost effective Plant based vaccine for Rabies Virus
• Expression of Rabies Virus (PRGSpRgp) glycoprotein in Melon
• Materials & Methods
• Plant: Cantaloupe melon – Cotyledon as explant
• Transformation: Agrobacterium Mediated
• Vector: Agrobacterium tumefaciens pBin19 strain EHA105 with
PRGSPRgpKDEL gene (64-66 kDa)
WESTERN BLOT ASSAY
35. 66 kDA
• Study conducted with 48 Swiss albino rats
• Con A (Concanavalin A) protein extract - Transgenic melon plant
• Intramuscular (0.2ml)
• Intramuscular + Freund’s Adjuvant (0.2ml + 0.1ml)
• Intraperitoneal (0.5 ml)
Result & Conclusion
• Transgenic cantaloupe fruit expressed sufficient levels of rabies
glycoprotein - Neutralizing antibodies in mice.
• No adverse effects were observed in the inoculated mice
• Intramuscular injection with Freund’s adjuvant is effective in
controlling Rabies in mice
36. • Aim
• Fasciolosis - chronic disease – Affecting cattle and sheep - Loss of
approximately 3 billion dollars annually
• Oral vaccination for Fasciolosis against sheep and cow
• Materials and Methods
• Candidate Plant : Lettuce
• Gene : Cysteine proteinase of the trematode Fasciola hepatica
(CPFhW)
• Transformation : Agrobacterium Mediated using Strain LBA 4404
• Parasite : Weybridge Strain of Fasciola hepatica
• Host : Fluke Free- 12 Corriedale lambs and 12 Holstein-Friesian
calves – 5 Month old Fasciola hepatica
37. Vaccine Construct & Transgenic lettuce plant
• cDNA encoding CPFhW cloned into the
pcDNA3.1 to amplify sequence encoding
CPFhW
• HBV 321 plasmid of hepatitis B virus used to
amplify the encoding core protein
• Fused protein HBcAg(T) with CPFhW by
GlyRich Linkers - placed in a pROK2 plant
expression vector of A. tumefaciens LBA 4404
strain
• Lettuce leaves are transformed with
A.tumefaciens
• Amount of vaccine antigen - calculated using
ELISA
• 6 Lambs and calves (3M & 3F) – administered
with 500 μg of freeze dried lettuce leaves
orally
• 2 doses – orally – 4 week interval
• After 4 weeks – infected with parasite
• After 12 weeks Slaughtered and examined
38. Results & Conclusion
• Increased IgG levels - noted in vaccinated animals of both species – Peaked from 6 WPI to 10 WPI
• Female animals had higher anti-CPFhW IgG levels when compared to male counterparts
• Cysteine protease family - Cathepsin L1 - the protease is known to play pivotal roles in liver migration, tissue
feeding and blood digestion
• CPFhW fused with HBcAg is responsible for the enhanced immunogenicity
• Enzyme in vaccine study (CPFhW) - showed reduction in F. hepatica fecundity
• Oral immunization with a plant-made vaccine expressing CPFhW fused to an HBcAg carrier is highly efficient
in controlling fasicolosis
Total IgG levels in sera collected from experimental animals
39. Advantages
• Easy administration.
• Easy transportation.
• Extensive storage facilities like cold storage are not required.
• Heat stable and no need of refrigeration.
• Antigen is protected through bio encapsulation
• Stimulation of both systemic and mucosal immunity.
• Multiple antigens can be delivered – Gene cassette technique
• Cheap
40. Disadvantages
• Stability of fruit vaccine in fruit is not known.
• Evaluating dosage requirement is tedious.
• Chances of food allergic reactions due to the presence of antigens
• Selection of specific plant for specific gene is difficult.
• Certain foods like potato are not eaten raw and cooking the food might
weaken the medicine present in it.
41. Edible Vaccine Dosage
• Right Dosage – Person weight & Age ; Plants size & Protein content is considered
• Foreign proteins in plants - accumulate at low amounts (0.01–2 %) - less immunogenic
• So, Oral dose far exceeds the intranasal/parenteral dose
• Low doses fail to induce immunity
For example
• Oral hepatitis B dose require 10 – 100 times more than parenteral dose
• 100 g potato expressing B subunit of labile toxin of ETEC (LT-B) requires in 3 different
doses to be immunogenic.
• Attempts to boost amount of antigens cause stunted growth of plants and reduced tuber/fruit
formation
• Result: More mRNA from the transgene causes gene silencing in plant genome.
Plant biotechnology, Umesha, 2019
42. Steps to Over Come Edible Vaccine Dosage Problem
• Optimization of coding sequence of bacterial/ viral gene for
expression
• Plant virus expressing foreign gene
• Expression in plastids
• Coat protein fusion
• Promoter elements with reporter genes
Plant biotechnology, Umesha, 2019
43. ELELYSO™ (TALIGLUCERASE ALFA)
Elelyso (Taliglucerase alfa)
The US Food and Drug
Administration (USFDA) Approved
therapeutic enzyme based vaccine
produced from genetically engineered
carrot Cells - Treat type 1 Gaucher’s
disease in 2012
Disease cause fatty substances to
build up in the bone marrow, liver and
spleen.
A rare genetic disorder in which
individuals fail to produce the enzyme
glucocerebrosidase
A recombinant form of human
Glucocerebrosidase made to express in
transgenic carrot cells.
44. Edible Cholera vaccine made of powdered
rice proves safe in phase 1 human trials
University of Tokyo and Chiba University
DR. HIROSHI KIYONO
For the study, 30 volunteers received a
placebo and groups of 10 volunteers received a total of
four doses spaced every two weeks of either 3
milligrams (mg), 6 mg or 18 mg each of the vaccine.
NEWS RELEASE 25-JUN-2021
45. • US Researchers Are Engineering Lettuce and Spinach to Carry mRNA
COVID Jabs
• Spinach and lettuce are being genetically engineered with COVID-
19 mRNA vaccines
• mRNA, a molecule contained in the Pfizer-BioNTech and
Moderna COVID-19 vaccines that is normally used by our cells
to make protein
• The mRNA in the vaccine teaches your cells how to make
copies of the spike protein.
• Genetic material contained in mRNA vaccines will be inserted
into small, disk-like structures within plant cells
called chloroplasts
• Ideally, a single plant would produce enough mRNA to
vaccinate a single person
46. Future Aspects
• Farmers have widely adopted GM technology –
increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to
191.7 million hectares in 2018, 113 fold increase
• Future edible vaccine against smallpox, anthrax, plague, etc. can be produced
on a large scale within a short span of time
• Edible vaccines can be produced at large quantity with low cost
• New vaccine production systems using rDNA or mRNA technologies -
emerging diseases - COVID-19, MERS-CoV, Avian influenza, Ebola, Zika and
possible future infections.
MoFW, 2021