Phase shifter is a key component in phase array antenna for the Radar application and the wireless communication system. This paper presents a novel design of miniaturised 2bits phase shifter using Koch fractal shapes of one iteration orders. The 3-section branch line coupler is used to extend the bandwidth of the phase shifter,this type of coupler is characterised by a low cost and simplicity of fabrication.Using the Koch fractal geometry the circuit size of the coupler is reduced to 6.36cm ×2.14cm at 2.4GHz. The simulation results show a good performance. So, over 2.1GHz-2.7GHzThe novel design of 2bits fractal reflection phase shifter based on the 3section show a return loss less than -20dB and the phase error varied between 0.1° and 0.4°for the four output phases . The circuit size of the phase shifter is reduced to9.5cm×2.1cm.
A Probe-Fed Patch Antenna with a Step-Shaped Ground Plane for 2.4 GHz Access ...Saou-Wen Su
This Letter demonstrates a new design of a probe-fed patch antenna with a modified antenna ground, and a constructed prototype ideal for applications in a 2.4-GHz WLAN access point is presented. The antenna has a thick air substrate for broadband operation and is fed by an inclined probe pin at the edge of the patch bent portion. The antenna ground comprises different portions and is in the shape of a step. With the proposed probe feed and ground configuration, good impedance bandwidth with VSWR below 1.5 over the 2.4 GHz WLAN band can be obtained. In addition, good broadside radiation characteristics have also been observed.
21 15036 design of planar dielectric resonator antenna array at 28 g hz(edit)nooriasukmaningtyas
This article presents a planar array of rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna operating for 28 GHz applications. The proposed antenna is formed through two stages of designs which are a single element and planar array. It is made up from a ceramic material with a dielectric constant of 10 and mounted on RT/Duroid 5880 with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.254 mm. A prospective study using three different configurations of three by three planar array is done in order to obtain the best performance in terms of bandwidth, gain, and cost reduction. Besides that, this study is also conducted for a beam steering capability of each configuration. Finally, the best configuration is proposed for 5G application.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a frequency reconfigurable double square microstrip patch antenna. The antenna incorporates four bridges between two square patches to achieve multiple frequency bands with a flat input resistance and linear input reactance profile. By loading the bridges with varactor diodes, the antenna achieves a tunable frequency range of 1.11 GHz to 3 GHz while reducing the size by 90% compared to a conventional patch antenna. Simulated and measured return loss and radiation patterns are presented for different bridge widths, demonstrating tunability of the operating frequencies for applications such as wireless LAN.
Design of t shaped fractal patch antenna for wireless applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Since the evolution of the patch antennas, there is rapid growth observed in the applications of the patch antenna. There are number of advantages such as small size, ease of fabrication and installment, and a stable performance, so there are huge number of designs has been developed and presented by the researchers time to time. Taking an example of the mobile phone antennas, the antenna must have a small size and must be capable to resonate at multiple frequency bands. Reviewing about the various requirements of the antenna design for the wireless applications a novel multiple band fractal patch antenna has been designed. In this paper, a T-shaped patch antenna has been designed and discussed and fractal geometry has been applied to it in order to obtain self-similar characteristics. The dimensions of the Square Patch has been taken as 36 x 36 mm. Dimension of ground has been taken as been taken as 50 x 50 mm. The substrate material used for antenna design is FR-4 having dielectric constant 4.4. Antenna resonates at four operating bands 3.5 GHz, 4.48 GHz, 6.1 GHz and 8.17 GHz. This antenna has return loss of -16.76 dB, -16 dB, -28.63 dB and -15.03dB with bandwidth of 432 MHz, 332 MHz, 295 MHz and 364 MHz at resonant frequencies. Further this antenna has impressive gain of 3.55 dBi, 5.7 dBi and 3.16 dBi and 3.27 dBi at corresponding frequencies. This antenna can be useful for Wi-Max, 4G network, WLAN, Satellite & RADAR communication applications. Key Words: Wireless applications, WLAN, Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna.
Design and Realization of 2.4GHz Branch-line CouplerQuang Binh Pham
This project report describes the design and measurement of a 2.4GHz branch-line coupler. Binh Pham Quang designed the coupler using ADS software, simulating both the schematic and electromagnetic models. Key steps included calculating transmission line impedances from design specifications, synthesizing physical dimensions, and tuning for optimal performance. The coupler was then fabricated on an RO4350B substrate and measured using a vector network analyzer. Results showed good agreement with simulations, achieving high reflection coefficient, coupling, and directivity near the target frequency.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPACT UWB BAND PASS FILTERijeljournal
This paper presents design, implementation and analysis of an ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass-filter using parallel-coupled microstrip line with defective ground plane and a uniform multi-mode resonator. The structure of the filter is designed on microwave substrate GML 1000 of dielectric constant 3.2 and height is 0.762 mm. Simulation is carried out by CST MSW software and optimized structure is fabricated. The frequency response is measured on vector analyzer and measured results show close approximation with simulation results. In this article modeling of the proposed filter is also reported. The electric model of the filter is analyzed by circuit theory and MATLAB. This model is validated by comparing the results with the CST simulation and VNA measured results. This filter is compact in size of dimension 30˟1.87 mm2 may be useful for modern wireless application of communication.
This document summarizes the design and testing of two corner truncated rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas (CTSLRMAs) for quad-band and triple-band operation. CTSLRMA-I operates in four bands from 1-16 GHz with a maximum gain of 9.9 dB. CTSLRMA-II operates in three bands and provides a notch band, with a 57.66% virtual size reduction and maximum gain of 16 dB. Both antennas exhibit omnidirectional radiation patterns. Experimental results show good agreement with simulations. The proposed antennas could enable applications in microwave communication systems.
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, a novel miniaturized compact coupler using the shunt-stubs artificial transimission
lines with high and low impedances is presented. Design of the proposed coupler is accomplished by
modifying the length and impedance of the branch lines in the conventional structure with the planar
resonators in order to achieve branch line coupler with compact size and improvement of the
performances. First part of this work is focusing on the theorical study of the proposed resonators where
the equations are obtained. Secondly, the proposed coupler is designed on FR4 susbtrate, and simulated
by using the EM Solver (ADS from Agilent technologies and CST microwave studio) in order to operate in
the ISM band. The obtained results show good agreement with the simulations and the coupler shows a
good perfo6rmance in the hole bandwidth. The size of the proposed coupler is reduced around 50%
compared to the conventional design. The last part conerns the fabrication and test of the proposed
coupler. The measurement and simulation results are in good agreements.
A Probe-Fed Patch Antenna with a Step-Shaped Ground Plane for 2.4 GHz Access ...Saou-Wen Su
This Letter demonstrates a new design of a probe-fed patch antenna with a modified antenna ground, and a constructed prototype ideal for applications in a 2.4-GHz WLAN access point is presented. The antenna has a thick air substrate for broadband operation and is fed by an inclined probe pin at the edge of the patch bent portion. The antenna ground comprises different portions and is in the shape of a step. With the proposed probe feed and ground configuration, good impedance bandwidth with VSWR below 1.5 over the 2.4 GHz WLAN band can be obtained. In addition, good broadside radiation characteristics have also been observed.
21 15036 design of planar dielectric resonator antenna array at 28 g hz(edit)nooriasukmaningtyas
This article presents a planar array of rectangular Dielectric Resonator Antenna operating for 28 GHz applications. The proposed antenna is formed through two stages of designs which are a single element and planar array. It is made up from a ceramic material with a dielectric constant of 10 and mounted on RT/Duroid 5880 with a relative permittivity of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.254 mm. A prospective study using three different configurations of three by three planar array is done in order to obtain the best performance in terms of bandwidth, gain, and cost reduction. Besides that, this study is also conducted for a beam steering capability of each configuration. Finally, the best configuration is proposed for 5G application.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a frequency reconfigurable double square microstrip patch antenna. The antenna incorporates four bridges between two square patches to achieve multiple frequency bands with a flat input resistance and linear input reactance profile. By loading the bridges with varactor diodes, the antenna achieves a tunable frequency range of 1.11 GHz to 3 GHz while reducing the size by 90% compared to a conventional patch antenna. Simulated and measured return loss and radiation patterns are presented for different bridge widths, demonstrating tunability of the operating frequencies for applications such as wireless LAN.
Design of t shaped fractal patch antenna for wireless applicationseSAT Journals
Abstract Since the evolution of the patch antennas, there is rapid growth observed in the applications of the patch antenna. There are number of advantages such as small size, ease of fabrication and installment, and a stable performance, so there are huge number of designs has been developed and presented by the researchers time to time. Taking an example of the mobile phone antennas, the antenna must have a small size and must be capable to resonate at multiple frequency bands. Reviewing about the various requirements of the antenna design for the wireless applications a novel multiple band fractal patch antenna has been designed. In this paper, a T-shaped patch antenna has been designed and discussed and fractal geometry has been applied to it in order to obtain self-similar characteristics. The dimensions of the Square Patch has been taken as 36 x 36 mm. Dimension of ground has been taken as been taken as 50 x 50 mm. The substrate material used for antenna design is FR-4 having dielectric constant 4.4. Antenna resonates at four operating bands 3.5 GHz, 4.48 GHz, 6.1 GHz and 8.17 GHz. This antenna has return loss of -16.76 dB, -16 dB, -28.63 dB and -15.03dB with bandwidth of 432 MHz, 332 MHz, 295 MHz and 364 MHz at resonant frequencies. Further this antenna has impressive gain of 3.55 dBi, 5.7 dBi and 3.16 dBi and 3.27 dBi at corresponding frequencies. This antenna can be useful for Wi-Max, 4G network, WLAN, Satellite & RADAR communication applications. Key Words: Wireless applications, WLAN, Fractal Microstrip Patch Antenna.
Design and Realization of 2.4GHz Branch-line CouplerQuang Binh Pham
This project report describes the design and measurement of a 2.4GHz branch-line coupler. Binh Pham Quang designed the coupler using ADS software, simulating both the schematic and electromagnetic models. Key steps included calculating transmission line impedances from design specifications, synthesizing physical dimensions, and tuning for optimal performance. The coupler was then fabricated on an RO4350B substrate and measured using a vector network analyzer. Results showed good agreement with simulations, achieving high reflection coefficient, coupling, and directivity near the target frequency.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPACT UWB BAND PASS FILTERijeljournal
This paper presents design, implementation and analysis of an ultra-wideband (UWB) band-pass-filter using parallel-coupled microstrip line with defective ground plane and a uniform multi-mode resonator. The structure of the filter is designed on microwave substrate GML 1000 of dielectric constant 3.2 and height is 0.762 mm. Simulation is carried out by CST MSW software and optimized structure is fabricated. The frequency response is measured on vector analyzer and measured results show close approximation with simulation results. In this article modeling of the proposed filter is also reported. The electric model of the filter is analyzed by circuit theory and MATLAB. This model is validated by comparing the results with the CST simulation and VNA measured results. This filter is compact in size of dimension 30˟1.87 mm2 may be useful for modern wireless application of communication.
This document summarizes the design and testing of two corner truncated rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas (CTSLRMAs) for quad-band and triple-band operation. CTSLRMA-I operates in four bands from 1-16 GHz with a maximum gain of 9.9 dB. CTSLRMA-II operates in three bands and provides a notch band, with a 57.66% virtual size reduction and maximum gain of 16 dB. Both antennas exhibit omnidirectional radiation patterns. Experimental results show good agreement with simulations. The proposed antennas could enable applications in microwave communication systems.
Design and Fabrication of the Novel Miniaturized Microstrip Coupler 3dB Using...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this work, a novel miniaturized compact coupler using the shunt-stubs artificial transimission
lines with high and low impedances is presented. Design of the proposed coupler is accomplished by
modifying the length and impedance of the branch lines in the conventional structure with the planar
resonators in order to achieve branch line coupler with compact size and improvement of the
performances. First part of this work is focusing on the theorical study of the proposed resonators where
the equations are obtained. Secondly, the proposed coupler is designed on FR4 susbtrate, and simulated
by using the EM Solver (ADS from Agilent technologies and CST microwave studio) in order to operate in
the ISM band. The obtained results show good agreement with the simulations and the coupler shows a
good perfo6rmance in the hole bandwidth. The size of the proposed coupler is reduced around 50%
compared to the conventional design. The last part conerns the fabrication and test of the proposed
coupler. The measurement and simulation results are in good agreements.
Comparison of the link budget with experimental performance of a wi max systemPfedya
The document compares the link budget calculations of a WiMAX system to experimental performance measurements in a suburban environment. It describes the configuration of the WiMAX system operating at 3.5 GHz, including the base station parameters, receiver sensitivity, and scenario. It then presents the methodology, which involves measuring path loss to develop a path loss model, using that model to calculate link budgets and expected ranges for different modulations, and validating these by taking actual performance measurements with WiMAX modems. The results of the path loss measurements and link budget calculations are then compared to the experimental performance measurements to validate the link budget approach.
26 GHz phase shifters for multi-beam nolen matrix towards fifth generation (5...journalBEEI
This paper presents the designs of phase shifters for multi-beam Nolen matrix towards the fifth generation (5G) technology at 26 GHz. The low-cost, lightweight and compact size 0° and 45° loaded stubs and chamfered 90°, 135° and 180° Schiffman phase shifters are proposed at 26 GHz. An edge at a corner of the 50 Ω microstrip line Schiffman phase shifter is chamfered to reduce the excess capacitance and unwanted reflection. However, the Schiffman phase shifter topology is not relevant to be applied for the phase shifter less than 45° as it needs very small arc bending at 26 GHz. The stubs are loaded to the phase shifter in order to obtain electrical lengths, which are less than 45°. The proposed phase shifters provide return loss better than 10 dB, insertion loss of -0.97 dB and phase difference imbalance of ± 4.04° between 25.75GHz and 26.25 GHz. The Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and substrate thickness of 0.254 mm is implemented in the designs.
In this paper, UWB technology operating in broad
frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz has shown great achievement
for high- speed wireless communications. to satisfy the UWB
system requirements, a band pass filter with a broad pass
band width, low insertion loss, and high stop-band suppression.
UWB band-pass filter (BPF) with wireless local area network
(WLAN) notch at 5.8 GHz and 3-dB fractional bandwidth of
108% using a microstrip structure is presented. Initially a
two transmission pole UWB band pass filter in the frequency
range 3.1-10.6 GHz is achieved by design a parallel-coupled
microstrip line with defective ground plane structure using
GML 1000 substrate with specification: dielectric constant 3.2
and thickness 0.762 mm at centre frequency 6.85 GHz. In this
structure a ë/4 open circuited stub is introduced to achieve the
notch at 5.8 GHz to avoid the interference with WLAN
frequency with lies the desired UWB band. The design
structure was simulated on electromagnetic circuit simulation
software and fabricated by microwave integrated circuit
technique. The measured VNA results show the close
agreement with simulated results.
This document describes the design and simulation of a dual-fed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications at 2.4 GHz. A circular patch antenna with a diameter of 30 mm is designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.6 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Circular polarization is achieved by feeding the patch from two points with a 90 degree phase difference using a 3dB hybrid coupler. The antenna is simulated using ADS software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.404 GHz with a return loss of -28.003 dB and gain of 6.368 dB. The antenna provides circular polarization as required for WLAN applications.
A novel miniature coplanar band-pass filter for ISM applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents a novel approach to design a compact miniature coplanar band-pass filter by using rectangular split ring resonator. This proposed circuit is designed for the Industrial, Scientific and, Medical (ISM) frequency band applications at 2.4 GHz. At the first stage, a metamaterial resonator is designed and simulated in a TEM waveguide to verifiy its electromagnetic proprieties around the desired frequency bands. At the second stage, a band pass filter is designed using the proposed metamaterial resonator. Many parametric studies are realized to investigate the effect and influence of some resonator parameters on the proposed BPF performances. ADS Agilent and CST-MWS solvers are used in order to verify the simulated results. The circuit frequency responses show an excellent insertion loss and good return loss in the passband.
In this paper, a low pass filter based on T-Shaped resonator is presented. The T-Shaped resonator consists of meandered lines and rectangular patches. Also, the LC model and transfer function of the proposed resonator is presented. For suppression of spurious harmonics, a bandstop structure consists of hexangular patches and open stubs has been utilized. Finally, the wide stopband microstrip lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 2.72 GHz has been simulated, fabricated and measured. The LPF has good characteristics such as wide stopband and insertion loss lower than 0.18 dB in the passband region. The rejection level is less than -20 dB from 2.98 up to 21.3 GHz. The filter size is 10.5 mm×12.7 mm, or 0.131 λg× 0.158 λg, where λg is the guided wavelength. The measured and simulated results of the filter is in good agreement with each other, which show the merits of low insertion loss and wide stopband.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
A new power line communication modem design with applications to vast solar f...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research article that presents a new power line communication (PLC) modem design for managing large solar farms. The modem uses binary frequency shift keying modulation over twin core power lines. It was designed based on analysis of the power line channel characteristics and uses a networking protocol to control data flow for long-distance communication without repeaters. The system consists of a master controller that sends sun location data to slave controllers on individual solar trackers to control their positioning for maximum solar energy collection. It can also acquire performance data from the slave controllers.
This document describes a compact dual-band bandpass filter using stub-loaded spiral stepped-impedance resonators. The filter operates at 0.35 GHz and 0.9 GHz with a small size of 0.06λg × 0.09λg. It provides good selectivity for both passbands through the generation of eight transmission zeros. Simulated and measured results show the filter achieves high selectivity and improved stopband performance up to 3 GHz compared to other dual-band filter designs.
IRJET- Design and Performance Analysis of Linear ArrayIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and performance analysis of linear antenna arrays using different substrate materials at 2.4GHz. Single element and two element arrays were designed using FR-4 and Arlon AD250 substrates. Four element arrays were also designed using both materials. Simulation results showed that arrays using Arlon substrate achieved better gain and lower side lobe levels compared to FR-4. When the four element Arlon array was optimized, it achieved a gain of 13.3dB, side lobe level of -15.4dB, and bandwidth of 55.6MHz. In conclusion, Arlon material provided better performance but FR-4 achieved higher bandwidth for four element arrays.
This document summarizes measurements and simulations of on-chip microstrip transmission lines in silicon-germanium (SiGe) technology up to 110GHz. Two transmission lines of different lengths were fabricated with and without passivation and measured on wafer. Using de-embedding techniques and a two-line method, the characteristic parameters were extracted and matched well with electromagnetic and parametric simulations up to 110GHz, validating the simulation tools. Passivation increased insertion loss due to a lowered characteristic impedance, as predicted by the models. The accurate transmission line models will enable transmission line component design for millimeter-wave applications in SiGe technology.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
This document summarizes a report on the design of compact ultra-wideband bandpass filters and notched bandpass filters using microstrip structures. It describes:
1) The use of a dual-mode ring resonator to provide two resonant frequencies in the UWB band and a dual-line parallel-coupled structure for tight coupling between ports and resonators.
2) For the notched bandpass filter, λ/4 open-circuited stubs provide a notch at 5.2 GHz to suppress the HyperLAN frequency.
3) Both filters achieve good agreement between simulated and measured results, with the bandpass filter providing over 100% fractional bandwidth and the notched filter providing two pass
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
- The document analyzes the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and Nakagami-m fading.
- It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability of two users in such NOMA systems considering the joint impact of imperfect CSI and Nakagami-m fading.
- Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical outage probability expressions derived for the two users under the system and channel models considered.
Rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas for triple band operationIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on designing rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas to achieve triple-band operation, virtual size reduction, and enhanced bandwidth. The antennas were simulated and tested experimentally. Adding a vertical rectangular slot to the patch produced three resonant bands from 1-16 GHz with 62% virtual size reduction. Rotating the slot 30 degrees retained the triple-band operation while increasing bandwidth. Rotating it 60 degrees converted the three bands to six bands. All designs exhibited omnidirectional radiation patterns. Experimental results matched simulations. The antennas could potentially be used in microwave communication systems.
Wideband Branch Line Coupler with Open Circuit Coupled Lines IJECEIAES
This paper focuses on the design of a Wideband Branch Line Coupler by using open circuits coupled lines technique. The design is implemented by adding four open circuits coupled lines to the structure of the Conventional Branch Line Coupler. The proposed design of Wideband Branch Line C 3 z -3 orts. The prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the simulated results. A similar Wide Bandwidth is observed on simulation and measurement. The structure achieved a fractional bandwidth of 42.63%, and return loss of 21 dB compared to the Conventional Branch Line Coupler (BLC).
This document discusses contour-mode Aluminum Nitride (AlN) filters for cognitive radio applications. AlN filters offer advantages like low loss, narrow bandwidth, and high out-of-band rejection. Statistical element selection (SES) is applied to arrays of AlN filters integrated with a CMOS switching matrix to achieve reconfigurable filtering. Measurements show encapsulated filters have average center frequency of 1.146 GHz, insertion loss of 4.44 dB, bandwidth of 3.83 MHz, and out-of-band rejection of 24.8 dB. Variations in filter properties are harnessed by SES to achieve reconfigurability and high yield from an array of filters.
Numerical parametric study on interval shift variation in simo sstd technique...eSAT Journals
This document presents a parametric study on the time shift interval variation in the SIMO-SSTD technique for experimental modal analysis. The SSTD (Single Station Time Domain) technique extracts modal parameters from free decay responses without using Fourier transforms. The study investigates the accuracy of natural frequency and damping ratio results from the SSTD algorithm when using different time shift intervals between data matrices. Simulated data with known modal properties is used to calculate percentage errors for different shift intervals and noise levels. The goal is to determine the effect of time shift interval on the accuracy of the SSTD technique.
Environment-aware Localization of Femtocells for Interference ManagementAvishek Patra
Femtocells are a promising approach to provide high data rates through autonomous configuration in indoor environments. However, due to the random and uncontrolled deployment of femtocells within users premises, interference between femtocells themselves and with macrocell base stations is a major issue. In this work, we look into the interference management problem and work towards the development of an interference mitigation algorithm based on the localization of randomly positioned femtocells using radio environmental information. In particular, we show that based on building floor plans and basic information on the urban landscape, femtocells can accurately localize themselves using macro cellular base stations as anchor nodes. Based on the localized femtocell positions, various channel allocation schemes are employed to mitigate interference.
This document presents the design of a phased array antenna system using phase shifters. A group of 4 students designed and simulated a 1x4 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a Wilkinson power divider in ADS software. They first designed a single rectangular patch antenna, then a 1:4 Wilkinson power divider and combined them into an antenna array. Phase shifters using varactor diodes were also designed and simulated for different voltage biases. The phase and insertion loss characteristics of the phase shifters were analyzed to verify their performance in the phased array system.
Comparison of the link budget with experimental performance of a wi max systemPfedya
The document compares the link budget calculations of a WiMAX system to experimental performance measurements in a suburban environment. It describes the configuration of the WiMAX system operating at 3.5 GHz, including the base station parameters, receiver sensitivity, and scenario. It then presents the methodology, which involves measuring path loss to develop a path loss model, using that model to calculate link budgets and expected ranges for different modulations, and validating these by taking actual performance measurements with WiMAX modems. The results of the path loss measurements and link budget calculations are then compared to the experimental performance measurements to validate the link budget approach.
26 GHz phase shifters for multi-beam nolen matrix towards fifth generation (5...journalBEEI
This paper presents the designs of phase shifters for multi-beam Nolen matrix towards the fifth generation (5G) technology at 26 GHz. The low-cost, lightweight and compact size 0° and 45° loaded stubs and chamfered 90°, 135° and 180° Schiffman phase shifters are proposed at 26 GHz. An edge at a corner of the 50 Ω microstrip line Schiffman phase shifter is chamfered to reduce the excess capacitance and unwanted reflection. However, the Schiffman phase shifter topology is not relevant to be applied for the phase shifter less than 45° as it needs very small arc bending at 26 GHz. The stubs are loaded to the phase shifter in order to obtain electrical lengths, which are less than 45°. The proposed phase shifters provide return loss better than 10 dB, insertion loss of -0.97 dB and phase difference imbalance of ± 4.04° between 25.75GHz and 26.25 GHz. The Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate with dielectric constant of 2.2 and substrate thickness of 0.254 mm is implemented in the designs.
In this paper, UWB technology operating in broad
frequency range of 3.1-10.6 GHz has shown great achievement
for high- speed wireless communications. to satisfy the UWB
system requirements, a band pass filter with a broad pass
band width, low insertion loss, and high stop-band suppression.
UWB band-pass filter (BPF) with wireless local area network
(WLAN) notch at 5.8 GHz and 3-dB fractional bandwidth of
108% using a microstrip structure is presented. Initially a
two transmission pole UWB band pass filter in the frequency
range 3.1-10.6 GHz is achieved by design a parallel-coupled
microstrip line with defective ground plane structure using
GML 1000 substrate with specification: dielectric constant 3.2
and thickness 0.762 mm at centre frequency 6.85 GHz. In this
structure a ë/4 open circuited stub is introduced to achieve the
notch at 5.8 GHz to avoid the interference with WLAN
frequency with lies the desired UWB band. The design
structure was simulated on electromagnetic circuit simulation
software and fabricated by microwave integrated circuit
technique. The measured VNA results show the close
agreement with simulated results.
This document describes the design and simulation of a dual-fed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications at 2.4 GHz. A circular patch antenna with a diameter of 30 mm is designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.6 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Circular polarization is achieved by feeding the patch from two points with a 90 degree phase difference using a 3dB hybrid coupler. The antenna is simulated using ADS software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.404 GHz with a return loss of -28.003 dB and gain of 6.368 dB. The antenna provides circular polarization as required for WLAN applications.
A novel miniature coplanar band-pass filter for ISM applicationsjournalBEEI
This paper presents a novel approach to design a compact miniature coplanar band-pass filter by using rectangular split ring resonator. This proposed circuit is designed for the Industrial, Scientific and, Medical (ISM) frequency band applications at 2.4 GHz. At the first stage, a metamaterial resonator is designed and simulated in a TEM waveguide to verifiy its electromagnetic proprieties around the desired frequency bands. At the second stage, a band pass filter is designed using the proposed metamaterial resonator. Many parametric studies are realized to investigate the effect and influence of some resonator parameters on the proposed BPF performances. ADS Agilent and CST-MWS solvers are used in order to verify the simulated results. The circuit frequency responses show an excellent insertion loss and good return loss in the passband.
In this paper, a low pass filter based on T-Shaped resonator is presented. The T-Shaped resonator consists of meandered lines and rectangular patches. Also, the LC model and transfer function of the proposed resonator is presented. For suppression of spurious harmonics, a bandstop structure consists of hexangular patches and open stubs has been utilized. Finally, the wide stopband microstrip lowpass filter with cutoff frequency 2.72 GHz has been simulated, fabricated and measured. The LPF has good characteristics such as wide stopband and insertion loss lower than 0.18 dB in the passband region. The rejection level is less than -20 dB from 2.98 up to 21.3 GHz. The filter size is 10.5 mm×12.7 mm, or 0.131 λg× 0.158 λg, where λg is the guided wavelength. The measured and simulated results of the filter is in good agreement with each other, which show the merits of low insertion loss and wide stopband.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
A new power line communication modem design with applications to vast solar f...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research article that presents a new power line communication (PLC) modem design for managing large solar farms. The modem uses binary frequency shift keying modulation over twin core power lines. It was designed based on analysis of the power line channel characteristics and uses a networking protocol to control data flow for long-distance communication without repeaters. The system consists of a master controller that sends sun location data to slave controllers on individual solar trackers to control their positioning for maximum solar energy collection. It can also acquire performance data from the slave controllers.
This document describes a compact dual-band bandpass filter using stub-loaded spiral stepped-impedance resonators. The filter operates at 0.35 GHz and 0.9 GHz with a small size of 0.06λg × 0.09λg. It provides good selectivity for both passbands through the generation of eight transmission zeros. Simulated and measured results show the filter achieves high selectivity and improved stopband performance up to 3 GHz compared to other dual-band filter designs.
IRJET- Design and Performance Analysis of Linear ArrayIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and performance analysis of linear antenna arrays using different substrate materials at 2.4GHz. Single element and two element arrays were designed using FR-4 and Arlon AD250 substrates. Four element arrays were also designed using both materials. Simulation results showed that arrays using Arlon substrate achieved better gain and lower side lobe levels compared to FR-4. When the four element Arlon array was optimized, it achieved a gain of 13.3dB, side lobe level of -15.4dB, and bandwidth of 55.6MHz. In conclusion, Arlon material provided better performance but FR-4 achieved higher bandwidth for four element arrays.
This document summarizes measurements and simulations of on-chip microstrip transmission lines in silicon-germanium (SiGe) technology up to 110GHz. Two transmission lines of different lengths were fabricated with and without passivation and measured on wafer. Using de-embedding techniques and a two-line method, the characteristic parameters were extracted and matched well with electromagnetic and parametric simulations up to 110GHz, validating the simulation tools. Passivation increased insertion loss due to a lowered characteristic impedance, as predicted by the models. The accurate transmission line models will enable transmission line component design for millimeter-wave applications in SiGe technology.
The Approach on Influence of Biasing Circuit in Wideband Low Noise Amplifier ...IJEACS
This proposed work investigates the effects of biasing
circuit in the ultra-wideband microwave low noise amplifier
which operates between 3GHz to 10GHz. The complete circuit is
visualized the importance of every component in the design with
respect to linear measurements like Gain, Noise Figure, Return
loss under unconditionally stable condition. The design and
realization are made by using Hybrid Microwave integrated
circuit in AWR microwave office. The thing that is absolutely
necessary and frequently the difficult step in the design of an
LNA is 'biasing circuit design'. The difficulty situation arises
because traditional methods LNA by using S-parameters data
files in EDA tools provides almost all linear measurements.
Hence a number of time consuming iterations of different biasing
circuits with optimization methods may be required to reach
targeted specifications with the fixed operating point at the
desired points in the load line. Considering this behavior, various
alternate biasing circuit schemes are prepared and founded the
results associated with it. Furthermore, this paper unmistakably
clarifies the impacts of the biasing circuit by utilizing
intermodulation and harmonics distortion technique for
portrayal characterization. Different cases and sorts of the
biasing circuits with various biasing focuses have been tested and given clear perspective of the biasing ideas.
This document summarizes a report on the design of compact ultra-wideband bandpass filters and notched bandpass filters using microstrip structures. It describes:
1) The use of a dual-mode ring resonator to provide two resonant frequencies in the UWB band and a dual-line parallel-coupled structure for tight coupling between ports and resonators.
2) For the notched bandpass filter, λ/4 open-circuited stubs provide a notch at 5.2 GHz to suppress the HyperLAN frequency.
3) Both filters achieve good agreement between simulated and measured results, with the bandpass filter providing over 100% fractional bandwidth and the notched filter providing two pass
5G Fixed Beam Switching on Microstrip Patch Antenna IJECEIAES
5G technology is using millimeter-wave band to improve the wireless communication system. However, narrow transmitter and receiver beams have caused the beam coverage area to be limited. Due to propagation limitations of mm wave band, beam forming technology with multi-beam based communication system, has been focused to overcome the problem. In this letter, a fixed beam switching method is introduced. By changing the switches, four different configurations of patch array antennas are designed to investigate their performances in terms of radiation patterns, beam forming angle, gain, half-power bandwidth and impedance bandwidth at 28 GHz operating frequency for 5G application. Mircostrip antenna is preferred due to its low profile, easy in feeding and array configurations. Three different beam directions had been formed at -15°, 0°, and 15° with half-power bandwidth of range 45˚ to 50˚.
A new look on CSI imperfection in downlink NOMA systemsjournalBEEI
- The document analyzes the performance of downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems under imperfect channel state information (CSI) and Nakagami-m fading.
- It derives closed-form expressions for the outage probability of two users in such NOMA systems considering the joint impact of imperfect CSI and Nakagami-m fading.
- Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to verify the accuracy of the analytical outage probability expressions derived for the two users under the system and channel models considered.
Rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas for triple band operationIAEME Publication
This document summarizes research on designing rectangular slot loaded monopole microstrip antennas to achieve triple-band operation, virtual size reduction, and enhanced bandwidth. The antennas were simulated and tested experimentally. Adding a vertical rectangular slot to the patch produced three resonant bands from 1-16 GHz with 62% virtual size reduction. Rotating the slot 30 degrees retained the triple-band operation while increasing bandwidth. Rotating it 60 degrees converted the three bands to six bands. All designs exhibited omnidirectional radiation patterns. Experimental results matched simulations. The antennas could potentially be used in microwave communication systems.
Wideband Branch Line Coupler with Open Circuit Coupled Lines IJECEIAES
This paper focuses on the design of a Wideband Branch Line Coupler by using open circuits coupled lines technique. The design is implemented by adding four open circuits coupled lines to the structure of the Conventional Branch Line Coupler. The proposed design of Wideband Branch Line C 3 z -3 orts. The prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the simulated results. A similar Wide Bandwidth is observed on simulation and measurement. The structure achieved a fractional bandwidth of 42.63%, and return loss of 21 dB compared to the Conventional Branch Line Coupler (BLC).
This document discusses contour-mode Aluminum Nitride (AlN) filters for cognitive radio applications. AlN filters offer advantages like low loss, narrow bandwidth, and high out-of-band rejection. Statistical element selection (SES) is applied to arrays of AlN filters integrated with a CMOS switching matrix to achieve reconfigurable filtering. Measurements show encapsulated filters have average center frequency of 1.146 GHz, insertion loss of 4.44 dB, bandwidth of 3.83 MHz, and out-of-band rejection of 24.8 dB. Variations in filter properties are harnessed by SES to achieve reconfigurability and high yield from an array of filters.
Numerical parametric study on interval shift variation in simo sstd technique...eSAT Journals
This document presents a parametric study on the time shift interval variation in the SIMO-SSTD technique for experimental modal analysis. The SSTD (Single Station Time Domain) technique extracts modal parameters from free decay responses without using Fourier transforms. The study investigates the accuracy of natural frequency and damping ratio results from the SSTD algorithm when using different time shift intervals between data matrices. Simulated data with known modal properties is used to calculate percentage errors for different shift intervals and noise levels. The goal is to determine the effect of time shift interval on the accuracy of the SSTD technique.
Environment-aware Localization of Femtocells for Interference ManagementAvishek Patra
Femtocells are a promising approach to provide high data rates through autonomous configuration in indoor environments. However, due to the random and uncontrolled deployment of femtocells within users premises, interference between femtocells themselves and with macrocell base stations is a major issue. In this work, we look into the interference management problem and work towards the development of an interference mitigation algorithm based on the localization of randomly positioned femtocells using radio environmental information. In particular, we show that based on building floor plans and basic information on the urban landscape, femtocells can accurately localize themselves using macro cellular base stations as anchor nodes. Based on the localized femtocell positions, various channel allocation schemes are employed to mitigate interference.
This document presents the design of a phased array antenna system using phase shifters. A group of 4 students designed and simulated a 1x4 microstrip patch antenna array fed by a Wilkinson power divider in ADS software. They first designed a single rectangular patch antenna, then a 1:4 Wilkinson power divider and combined them into an antenna array. Phase shifters using varactor diodes were also designed and simulated for different voltage biases. The phase and insertion loss characteristics of the phase shifters were analyzed to verify their performance in the phased array system.
The document discusses different types of phase shifters, including ferrite and semiconductor phase shifters. Ferrite phase shifters work by changing the permeability of ferrite material with a magnetic field, thus changing the guided wavelength and phase delay. Semiconductor phase shifters include switched line, loaded line, and switched path designs using PIN diodes or FETs. Digital phase shifters provide precise phase shifts in discrete increments. Phase shifters have applications in communication systems, radar systems, and industrial instrumentation due to their ability to electronically control the phase of RF signals.
Directional couplers ppt for microwave engineeringDivya Shree
Directional couplers are passive microwave devices that divide power and distribute it through multiple ports. They have four ports: input, through, coupled, and isolated. Power entering the input port splits between the through and coupled ports, with some power coupled out through the coupled port. Directional couplers are characterized by their coupling factor, directivity, and isolation factor. They are used in applications such as power monitoring, signal sampling, and reflection coefficient measurements.
A directional coupler is a passive device that couples part of the transmission power from one transmission line to another. It has four ports: input, transmitted, coupled, and isolated. Key parameters are coupling factor, loss, isolation, and directivity. Directional couplers are commonly used to monitor power and frequency without interrupting the main signal, for frequency and power measurements, and combining signals to a receiver when isolation is high.
This document discusses ferrite phase shifters. It begins by defining ferrites as magnetic materials used in microwave applications due to their electric and magnetic anisotropy. It then discusses three main types of ferrite phase shifters: latching ferrite phase shifters, dual mode ferrite phase shifters, and rotary field ferrite phase shifters. Latching ferrite phase shifters include twin toroid designs that induce a phase shift by modifying the transmission line propagation constant. Dual mode ferrite phase shifters convert signals to circular polarization to interact with a ferrite rod under a bias field, producing a phase shift. Rotary field ferrite phase shifters rotate a ferrite half-wave plate to produce a phase
The document summarizes different types of shifters used in microprocessor design including logical, arithmetic, barrel, and funnel shifters. It describes the function of each shifter type and provides examples. It then focuses on funnel shifters, explaining they can perform all shift operations, and describes two types of funnel shifter designs - array and multilevel funnel shifters. The array design uses an array of multiplexers while the multilevel design uses multiple levels of smaller multiplexers.
The document summarizes key components and concepts in basic microwave engineering. It discusses waveguides and their operating frequencies based on dimensions. It also describes electric and magnetic fields in rectangular waveguides. Additional components summarized include coaxial to waveguide transitions, choke joints, coupling loops, phase shifters, junctions, tuners, mixers, isolators, circulators, directional couplers, and cavity resonators. Isolators, circulators, and directional couplers are multi-port devices that control the direction of signal propagation with differing levels of attenuation.
This document describes the design of an equal split Wilkinson power divider with the following specifications: frequency of 2.4 GHz, source and load impedances of 50 ohms, substrate permittivity of 3.38, substrate thickness of 1.524 mm, and conductor thickness of 0.15 mm. It provides background on Wilkinson power dividers, describes the calculation of microstrip line widths and lengths, shows the simulated circuit schematic and layout, and plots the resulting S-parameters which achieve the desired 3 dB power split with good port matching and isolation as expected.
An Assesment of Groundwater Quality Index in Bommasandra Area,Bengaluru city,...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and
industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing
urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers
and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of
Bommasandra. Bommasandra city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition
among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides,
discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also
contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
This paper presents a Dye sensitized solar cell (DYSSC), which is called as future generation solar cell. It is a
new class of green photovoltaic cell based on photosynthesis principle in nature. DYSSCs are fabricated using
two different natural dyes as sensitizers, which extracted from the materials existing in nature and our life, such
as flowers, leaves, fruits, traditional Chinese medicines, and beverages. The use of sensitizers having a broad
absorption band in conjunction with oxide films of nanocrystalline morphology permits to harvest a large
fraction of sunlight. There are good prospects to produce these cells at lower cost and much better efficiency
than conventional semiconductor devices by introducing various chemical and natural dyes. DYSSC are
implemented with simple and new technique to overcome the energy crisis and excess cost of semiconductor
solar cells.
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a 32-bit linear feedback shift register (LFSR) using VHDL. It describes how LFSRs generate pseudo-random test patterns by shifting bits in a linear fashion. A 32-bit LFSR was implemented using VHDL on an FPGA to analyze performance and randomness. Simulation and synthesis results showed the memory usage was the same for 8, 16, and 32-bit LFSRs, but longer sequences take more time to simulate. The document compares different LFSR designs and concludes that 8-16 bit LFSRs are sufficient for most applications due to difficulties simulating very long sequences.
A survey on RBF Neural Network for Intrusion Detection SystemIJERA Editor
Network security is a hot burning issue nowadays. With the help of technology advancement intruders or hackers are adopting new methods to create different attacks in order to harm network security. Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a kind of security software which inspects all incoming and outgoing network traffic and it will generate alerts if any attack or unusual behavior is found in a network. Various approaches are used for IDS such as data mining, neural network, genetic and statistical approach. Among this Neural Network is more suitable approach for IDS. This paper describes RBF neural network approach for Intrusion detection system. RBF is a feed forward and supervise technique of neural network.RBF approach has good classification ability but its performance depends on its parameters. Based on survey we find that RBF approach has some short comings. In order to overcome this we need to do proper optimization of RBF parameters.
The document presents a method for solving nonlinear time delay control systems using Fourier series. The key steps are:
1) Time functions in the system are expanded as truncated Fourier series with unknown coefficients.
2) Operational matrices of integration, delay, and product are presented and used to evaluate the Fourier coefficients for the solution.
3) This reduces solving the time-delay control system to solving a set of algebraic equations for the Fourier coefficients.
Scientific principles and concepts expressed through the laws, equations and formulas are the bedrock for the prediction of the deign-in functionality performance of any engineering creation. However, there are not equivalent when the in-service functionability predictions have to be made. Hence, Mirce Mechanics has been created at the MIRCE Akademy to fulfil the roll. The main purpose of this paper is to present the development and application of Mirce Functionability Equation which is the bedrock for the prediction of the in-service motion of functionability performance of maintainable systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document summarizes an experimental study on optimizing surface roughness and material removal rate during turning of AISI D2 steel. 27 experiments were conducted using a full factorial design varying cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. Cutting speed had the greatest effect on surface roughness, while feed rate and depth of cut most influenced material removal rate. Analysis of variance found cutting speed contributed 79.8% to surface roughness. Grey relational analysis identified the optimal condition for low surface roughness as low feed rate, low depth of cut, and high cutting speed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Fresh Water Augmentation and Salinity Management in KuttanadIJERA Editor
The Thanneermukkam bund was constructed to resolve the salinity problems faced by the farmers of Kuttanad; though it could reduce the problems to a large extend it had many ill effects such as water pollution, spread of aquatic weeds and other flora and fauna related problems. The main objective is to reduce the salinity level in Vembanad Lake during summer season that is during the closure period of Thanneermukkam Bund (TMB). The problem is solved efficiently by adapting following methods (1) water is taken from Muvattupuzha River, and conveyed through a regulator to Kuttanad region during summer season to dilute the water and keep the salinity below 2ppt and (2) water is collected in the pazhnilam before the closure of TMB and pumped out into Lake surrounding at times of acute shortage. The design of the regulator, its location and working is also discussed along with the various management techniques to be adopted in Kuttanad for effective implementation of the project. A proposal for management of water quantity and salinity for the natural water system of Kuttanad is developed.
MICROSTRIP COUPLED LINE FILTER DESIGN FOR ULTRA WIDEBAND APPLICATIONSjmicro
A compact microstrip parallel coupled line filter for ultra wide band applications by means of combining a network of coupled line and defected ground is proposed. The design equations for three and five interconnected networks are derived and implemented. Simulations for three different configurations for filters are optimized. Then three prototype circuits are constructed, a bandpass filter with center frequency 2.25 GHz and two different bandpass filters (in terms of perturbations) with center frequencies 2.33GHz.
For 2.25 GHz circuit wide fractional bandwidth of about 90% is obtained but undesired high return loss existed. For 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in sides fractional bandwidth of about 60% is obtained at about 3.4 GHz center frequency. However undesired return loss existed for this circuit whereas good out off or 2.33GHz circuit with grooves in whole sections the center frequency got shifted to about 3.4 GHz and about 50% fractional bandwidth is obtained with very good out off band performance observed.
Microstrip band-stop filter based on double negative metamaterialIJECEIAES
In this work, we present a novel miniature band stop filter based on double negative metamaterial, this circuit is designed on a low-cost substrate FR-4 of relative permittivity 4.4 and low tangential losses 0.002. The proposed filter has a compact and miniature size of 15 mm in length and 12mm in width without the 50 Ω feed lines. The resonator was studied and analyzed with a view to achieving a band-stop behavior around its resonant frequency. The band-stop characteristics are obtained by implementing the metamaterial resonator on the final structure. The obtained results show that this microstrip filter achieves fractional bandwidth of 40% at 2 GHz. Furthermore, excellent transmission quality and good attenuation are achieved. This filter is an adequate solution for global system for mobile communications (GSM).
Design of miniaturized patch crossover based on superformula slot shapesIJECEIAES
In this paper, miniaturized microstrip crossover circuits are proposed using slots shapes obtained using the superformula. The design starts by using a conventional half-wavelength square patch crossover. For miniaturization purposes, different superformula slot shapes are introduced on the square patch. The proposed crossovers are designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using a 0.8 mm thick FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.4. The designs are simulated using the high frequency structure simulator (HFSS). One of the miniaturized designs is fabricated and its scattering parameters are measured using a vector network analyzer. Simulated and measured results agree very well. At the design frequency, the measured input port matching is better than ˗19 dB, while 𝑆12, 𝑆13 and 𝑆14 have the values of ˗12 dB, ˗2.2 dB and ˗10 dB, respectively. Furthermore, a 71% size reduction is achieved as compared to the conventional crossover area.
IRJET- Design of Phased Array Antenna for Beam Forming Applications using...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design of a 4x4 Butler matrix beamforming network to feed a 4-element microstrip antenna array. Key aspects summarized:
1. The Butler matrix is designed using quadrature hybrid couplers, cross-couplers, and phase shifters on a single substrate layer for simplicity.
2. Simulation results show the Butler matrix provides over 20% bandwidth with good isolation and phase shifts between input/output ports.
3. A 4-element microstrip antenna array is fed by the Butler matrix to produce switched beams in different directions for applications like Wi-Fi systems.
3.4-3.9GHz Parallel Coupled Bandpass Filter with High Stopband Rejection and ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of 3.4-3.9 GHz parallel coupled microstrip
bandpass filter. The EM simulation results indicate that the insertion loss varies between -1dB and -0.795dB at
the desired frequency band. Both input and output VSWRs show the maximum value of 1.28. More than 40dB
rejections out of band are witnessed at the stopbands of DC-2.7GHz and 4.85-7.45GHz. In contrast, the
measured insertion loss is a little poorer, changing from -1.87dB to -2.59dB, and above 40dB suppression is also
recorded at the same stopbands. A little higher input and output VSWRs, 1.415 and 1.404 are achieved in the
fabricated filter. These results demonstrate that the developed filter can be applied in 3.4-3.9GHz
communication systems.
3.4-3.9GHz Parallel Coupled Bandpass Filter with High Stopband Rejection and ...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the design, fabrication, and measurement of 3.4-3.9 GHz parallel coupled microstrip
bandpass filter. The EM simulation results indicate that the insertion loss varies between -1dB and -0.795dB at
the desired frequency band. Both input and output VSWRs show the maximum value of 1.28. More than 40dB
rejections out of band are witnessed at the stopbands of DC-2.7GHz and 4.85-7.45GHz. In contrast, the
measured insertion loss is a little poorer, changing from -1.87dB to -2.59dB, and above 40dB suppression is also
recorded at the same stopbands. A little higher input and output VSWRs, 1.415 and 1.404 are achieved in the
fabricated filter. These results demonstrate that the developed filter can be applied in 3.4-3.9GHz
communication systems.
This document summarizes a research paper about the development of a ground plane aperture technique to enhance capacitive coupling in parallel-coupled microstrip lines (PCMLs) and enable the design of broadband multi-pole microstrip bandpass filters. The technique involves forming an aperture in the ground plane of the PCML. Equivalent circuit models of the PCML indicate that the aperture increases the coupling factor in a frequency-dependent manner. A novel multi-pole broadband filter topology is proposed using a single microstrip line resonator connected between two PCML sections. Predicted and measured results confirm attractive properties such as 60% bandwidth, deep stop-band rejection, and compact size.
A Compact Reconfigurable Dual Band-notched Ultra-wideband Antenna using Varac...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In this paper, a reconfigurable dual band-notched ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna is presented.
The antenna design consists of a circular shape with two pairs of the L-resonator. To realize the notch
characteristics in WLAN at 5.2 GHz and 5.8 GHz bands, the half wavelength of the L-resonator is
introduced in the design. The T-shaped notch is etched in the ground to enhance the bandwidth which
covers the UWB operating frequency range from 3.219–10.863 GHz. The proposed reconfigurable dual
band-notched UWB antenna shows good impedance matching for the simulated in the physical layout.
Furthermore, the proposed antenna has a compact size of 37.6x28 mm2. This proposed reconfigurable
design can provide an alternative solution for the wireless system in the designing of a band-notched
antenna with a good tuning capability.
Two, four, eight, and sixteen-element patch array antennas for beam switching are presented in this study. For a 1×2 array, an aperture-coupled feeding mechanism is used to feed patches while a slot line on the ground plane provides the phase delay between antenna elements. The 1×2 array is used to create the 2×2, 4×2, and 8×2 arrays, and an equal power divider provides the signal for each. For applications in the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency spectrum, the antennas are modeled. With -37.14 dB, -17.85 dB, -21.51 dB, and -26.03 dB return loss for two, four, eight, and sixteen-element array antennas respectively the simulation demonstrates that the antennas are properly matched at the resonant frequency. The antennas can switch its radiated beam to ±24 ◦ , ±24 ◦ , ◦ ±28 , and ±26 ◦ with gains of 8.97 dBi, 11.19 dBi, 13.23 dBi, and 16.24 dBi, respectively at the resonance frequency. The directivity of the proposed antenna is found to be 9.17 dBi, 11.20 dBi, 13.40 dBi, and 16.45 dBi respectively. The antennas are constructed with two 0.8 mm-thick Teflon substrate layers. The ground plane between the two substrate layers contains the aperture and the slot line that generates the phase delay.
This document presents the design and development of a frequency reconfigurable bandpass filter for wireless applications. The filter uses a combination of microstrip coupled resonators and PIN diodes to provide three reconfigurable states at 5.1 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.8 GHz. The filter structure provides good selectivity and rejection at the desired resonant frequencies without compromising performance. Measurement results show good agreement with simulations and validate the reconfigurable functionality. The compact size and ability to target lower wireless frequency bands makes this filter suitable for wireless applications.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a modified patch antenna design for dual-band operation at 3 GHz and 5 GHz. The antenna design incorporates slots of different sizes and a defected ground structure to achieve the dual-band functionality. Simulation results using IE3D software show return losses of -12.17 dB at 3 GHz and -10.04 dB at 5 GHz. The fabricated antenna prototype shows good agreement with the simulated results, with a measured return loss of -12.71 dB. The proposed antenna design achieves the goal of operating at two frequency bands for applications requiring body-centric wireless communication.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
28 GHz balanced pHEMT VCO with low phase noise and high output power performa...IJECEIAES
This paper presents the study and design of a balanced voltage controlled oscillator VCO for 5G wireless communication systems. This circuit is designed in monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) technology using PH15 process from UMS foundry. The VCO ensures an adequate tuning range by a single-ended pHEMT varactors configuration. The simulation results show that this circuit delivers a sinusoidal signal of output power around 9 dBm with a second harmonic rejection between 25.87 and 33.83 dB, the oscillation frequency varies between 26.46 and 28.90 GHz, the phase noise is -113.155 and -133.167 dBc/Hz respectively at 1 MHz and 10 MHz offset and the Figure of Merit is -181.06 dBc/Hz. The power consumed by the VCO is 122 mW. The oscillator layout with bias and RF output pads occupies an area of 0.515 mm 2 .
A power efficient delta-sigma ADC with series-bilinear switch capacitor volta...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In low-power VLSI design applications non-linearity and harmonics are a major dominant factor which affects the performance of the ADC. To avoid this, the new architecture of voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) was required to solve the non-linearity issues and harmonic distortion. In this work, a 12-bit, 200MS/s low power delta-sigma analog to digital converter (ADC) VCO based quantizer was designed using switched capacitor technique. The proposed technique uses frequency to current conversion technique as a linearization method to reduce the non-linearity issue. Simulation result show that the proposed 12-bit delta-sigma ADC consumes the power of 2.68 mW and a total area of 0.09 mm² in 90 nm CMOS process.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
BODY ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR BODY CENTRIC WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMjantjournal
This paper presents modified patch antenna for 3 GHz and 5 GHz operating frequencies. Here different approaches are studied by varying slot sizes, defected ground size, notch and also changing feed position. Insertion of slots gives dual frequency operation. Notch provides shifting of lower frequency band towards left hand side. Here combined effect of each techniques adopted gives desired result. Proposed antenna resonates for 3 and 5 GHz frequency. Simulation is done using IE3D software for various parameters. Return loss of final design was -12.17 dB for 3 GHz frequency and VSWR of 1.65. For 5 GHz simulation response was -10.04dB return loss and VSWR of 1.91. Proposed antenna is fabricated giving different details. Paper gives good agreement between measured and simulated results.
Similar to Modelling And Miniaturization of A 2-Bits Phase Shifter Using Koch Fractal Shape Microstripline (20)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Modelling And Miniaturization of A 2-Bits Phase Shifter Using Koch Fractal Shape Microstripline
1. Mariem. Mabrouki et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.68-73
www.ijera.com 68 | P a g e
Modelling And Miniaturization of A 2-Bits Phase Shifter Using Koch Fractal Shape Microstripline Mariem. Mabrouki, Lassaad.Latrach, Ridha.Ghayoula And Ali.Gharsallah
Unit of Research in High Frequency Electronic Circuits and Systems, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Campus Universitaire Tunis - El Manar – 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
Abstract Phase shifter is a key component in phase array antenna for the Radar application and the wireless communication system. This paper presents a novel design of miniaturised 2bits phase shifter using Koch fractal shapes of one iteration orders. The 3-section branch line coupler is used to extend the bandwidth of the phase shifter,this type of coupler is characterised by a low cost and simplicity of fabrication.Using the Koch fractal geometry the circuit size of the coupler is reduced to 6.36cm ×2.14cm at 2.4GHz. The simulation results show a good performance. So, over 2.1GHz-2.7GHzThe novel design of 2bits fractal reflection phase shifter based on the 3section show a return loss less than -20dB and the phase error varied between 0.1° and 0.4°for the four output phases . The circuit size of the phase shifter is reduced to9.5cm×2.1cm.
Index Terms—Digital phase shifter, phased antenna array, Directional coupler, Koch fractal geometry.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the modern application, the broadband and the compact size are the essential factors. So, size and weight of phase shifter are the major problems for developed array system. Therefore miniaturization and widening of the bandwidth have become important objectives. Many techniques have beendeveloped to miniaturize the structures of RF phase shifter such as monolithic microwave integrated circuits MMIC, micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) and Fractal geometry. MMIC technology is characterised by expensive cost and complexity of fabrication;Such as in [3] when a 6bits Digital Phase Shifter is fabricated using GAETEC Hyderabad 0.7um GaAs MESFETSwitch model to handle 30dBm peak power.Measured results show a 9dB insertion loss and a return loss better than -15dB and a compact size of 7.0mm ×2.35mm. MEMS technology has a limited life and yield. Generally this technology have been used at frequency above20GHz and it requiresa high bias voltage. In [4]2and 4bits phase shifter operate over 40-70GHz has been developed based on micro- machined capacitive shunt switch.The tow phase shifter present a compact size equal receptivelyto 6.3mm×1.5mm and7.9 mm ×1.5 mm.In [9] a 3 bits distributed MEMS phase shifter is developed forthe ku frequency band based on fractal Koch geometries. This phaseshifter is set up by cascading a distinct number of MEMS switch. The insertion loss is less than -3.7dB, the return loss is better than -20 dB at 12GHz.
Fractal technique is used to implement many RF systems (filters, couplers, power dividers......). This technique can reduce the size and increase bandwidth. Why many phases shifter summers have developed using fractal geometry. In [1]a miniaturised 3 bits loaded line phase shifter is realised using Koch fractal curves the results obtained from the fabricated circuit show a good performance over a narrow bandwidth (2.4GHz- 2.5GHz) and an area reduction of (41.88%) compared to the conventional phase shifter. Then, in [2] a 2bits loaded line phase shifter is implemented using the Koch curve fractal geometry for reduced the size. The phase shifter designed operate at 2.4 GHz using FR4 substrate. The simulation results show reflection loss less than - 20dB and insertion loss better than -0.8dB over a narrow bandwidth (2.35GHz-2.45GHz). So, in [10] Manoharan developed a Koch fractal reflection type phase shifter based on -3dB branch line coupler this phase shifter is fabricated on an FR4 substrate at 2.45 GHz. Measured results show a return loss less than -10dB an insertion loss less than -6.5dB an error phase shift varied between 2° and 10° of four phase shift over 2.4GHz-2.48GHz . The Koch fractals are applied to the matching and bias transmission line the circuit size is reduced by 32%. This paper reports on the design of 2bits Koch fractal reflection phase shifter using a 3-section branch line coupler The paper is organizedaround four sections: In section 2, we present design and simulation of 3 section branch line coupler. Then, we present the miniaturisation of the structure using Koch fractal geometry.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Mariem. Mabrouki et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.68-73
www.ijera.com 69 | P a g e
In section 3, we try to develop a 2bits reflection
type phase shifter using a 3section branch line
coupler and we reduce the circuit size using the Koch
fractal geometry.
Finally, we end up with a conclusion
II. 2 BITS REFLECTION TYPE PHASE
SHIFTER USING 3SECTION BRANCH
LINE COUPLER
A. 3-section branch line coupler design and
simulation
The Branch-line couplers are used in many RF
circuits , these couplers have narrow band (<20%
bandwidth) and a large size at low frequencies [5].
So, it presents a fundamental component to develop
reflection type phase shifter and it has many impacts
to the performance of this type of phase shifter. Many
techniques are used to enhance their bandwidth and
reduce size.Such as in [8] when a miniaturized fractal
shaped branch line coupler based on composite
right/left handed transmission lines is fabricated and
measured. the measured results show a good
performance at 0.9 GHz and 1.8GHz . The circuit
size is reduced respectively to 49.7%and 64%
.In[11]a broadband directional coupler is developed,
this coupler is characterised by a compact size and it
can provide a coupling over ultra large wide band.
To increase bandwidth, a multi-section branch-line
coupler can be used [5].In this section we try to
design a 3-section branch line coupler operated at
2.4GHz.The substrate used for designs is the Rogers
RTduroid 5880 with a dielectric constant of 2.2 and
athickness of0.508mm.The layout of 3-section branch
line coupler is shown in fig.1.
Fig.1. 3-section branch line coupler
To design this coupler the branch and the main
line impedances are determined by solving equation
(1) and (2) [6].
2
1 ( ( )
t
r
Z Z r os (1)
( ( )
2
2 t r
t r
Z Z r os
(2)
2 t 4 1 k
Where:
r: impedance transformation ratio
k2 =
4
3
out
out
P
P
: power split ratio
Zos=50Ω
For an equal power division the power split ratio
must be equal to k=1. The minimum value of r for
non-negative branch impedance is 0.5 [6]. Then, the
characteristic impedances of main line and branch
lines are 35.35Ω and 120.7Ω and the parameters of
the micro-strip-line is calculated using the line
calculating tools included in the advanced design
system.The return loss, coupling and the isolation of
the designed coupler are shown in Fig.2. When, the
phase difference between the two output ports is
shown in Fig.3
Fig.2. Simulated results of the designed 3-section
branch line coupler
Fig 3. Phase difference between the two output ports
Over 1.8-2.7 GHz , simulation results show a
return loss and isolation better than -15dB , the
coupling is 3±1dB and the phase difference between
the port 3 and 4 is 90°±1°. The structure has a large
size equal to 9.3cm×2.9cm.Based on this coupler, a
2bits phase shifter can be designed.
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
S(ij)en dB
Freq (Hz)
S11
S21
S31
S41
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
80
85
90
95
100
phase(S31)-phase(S41)en deg
Freq (Hz)
3. Mariem. Mabrouki et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.68-73
www.ijera.com 70 | P a g e
B. 2 bits reflection type phase shifter design and
simulation
Digitalphase shifter is benefitedwith their
temperature variation and low control voltage noise.
Also, using digital phase shifter, array system can
switch to different state.
So, it can have a fast and accurate switching
between different phase states of the system. Usually,
four topologies are used to design digital phase
shifter: switched network phase shifter, loaded line
phase shifter, reflection phase shifter and vector
based phase shifter. In this paper, reflection topology
using a 3section branch line coupler is used.
Reflection topology is characterized by low
fabricationcost and phase error, but it has a narrow
bandwidth and a large size due to using the branch
line coupler. Then, we proposed to increase the
bandwidth of the phase shifter using the 3-section
branch line couplerdescribed in the above section.
The structure of this phase shifter is designed and
simulated at 2.4 GHz using the duroid 5880 substrate.
Fig.4 show the layout of the 2bits phase shifter based
on 3-section branch line coupler.
Fig.4. Layout 2bits phase shifter with 3section
coupler
The 2 bits phase shifter is composed of a 3-
section branch line coupler, Ga As FET switches
controlled bya digital command and a delay line. The
input signal is first split into two part via the coupler,
then, according to the state of the switches the signal
pass through a delays line and reflected in the output
port. So, the output phase is obtained by selecting
the pair of the switches to be switched.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.5.Simulated results of (a) Input return loss
,(b)Insertion loss, (c) Phase shift of 2bits reflection
Phase shifter
The simulation results obtained are plotted in
Fig.5. It can be noticed that the return loss is better
than -15dB, the insertion loss is varied between -
0.5dB and -2dB and the phase error is less than 0.4°
for the four output phase over 2-2.7GHz
Using the 3 section branch line coupler, we have
succeededto increase the bandwidth of the phase
shifter to 50% compared to the bandwidth of the
reflection type based on the 3dB branch line coupler
(200Mhz) but the size of the structure is increased to
12.3cm×2.9cm. to miniaturise the size of this
structure Koch fractalgeometry canbe used.
III. 2 BITS KOCH FRACTAL REFLECTION
TYPE PHASE SHIFTER
A. Design and simulation fractal-shaped 3-section
branch line coupler
The demand for high performance and low cost
system requires a miniaturized structure and
increased bandwidth.
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Freq (Hz)
S11 en dB
phase90°
phase0°
phase2700°
phase180°
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Freq (Hz)
S(21)en dB
phase90°
phase0°
phase270°
phase180°
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
PhaseS(21)en deg
Freq (Hz)
phase90
phase0
phase270
phase180
4. Mariem. Mabrouki et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.68-73
www.ijera.com 71 | P a g e
The fractal geometry is used to miniaturize and
increase the bandwidth of many microwave circuit
such as antenna, coupler, phase shifter, modulator.
Koch fractal is characterised by two factors: the
iteration factors and the iteration order [7].Fig.6
presents the generation process of Koch-shaped
micro-strip-line has an impedance of 50Ω and an
electrical length of λg /4 and with iteration factor of
1/4.Then, the length of micro-strip-line after the first
iteration order (K1) and the second iteration order
(K2) is determined respectively using equation (1)
and (2) [8].
3
2
2 1
l
l w (1)
9
4
6 2
l
l w (2)
To reduce the size of micro-strip-line using the
Koch fractal technique ,the condition
6
l
w must be
satisfied[4].
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig 6. Koch-shaped micro-strip-line with iteration
factor of 1/4
In [7], it is demonstrated that with bend structure
the return loss is small and the transmission phase
shifts to higher negative value. So, the micro-stripe
length must be reduced by Δb and will be calculated
using the formula3,4,5.
2
0.16 2
p f
f
D
b
(3)
0
120
z
h
D
r
(4)
h
z
fb
0 0.4
(5)
Now with phase shifting property , we try to
design a fractal-shaped 3-section branch line coupler
at 2.4GHz using duroid 5880 with a dielectric
constant of 2.2 and a thickness of 0.508mm.
Moreover, the length and the width of horizontal and
vertical transmission line for K0 and K1 are
presented in Table I. The Fig.7 show the layout of
fractal3-section branch line coupler.
TABLE I. PARAMETRES OF 3SECTION FRACTAL
COUPLER
35.35Ω 120.7Ω
W (mm) L (mm) W
(mm)
L (mm)
K0 2.6 22.4 0.2 23.7
K1 2.6 20.1 0.2 16.2
Fig.7. Fractal-shaped 3-section branch line coupler
Fig.8. Simulated results of the designed 3-section
fractal branch line coupler
1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8
x 10
9
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
S(ij)en dB
Freq (Hz)
S21
S11
S31
S41
l=λg/4
w
l/4
l/6
l/6
l/16
l/24
l/24
l/36
5. Mariem. Mabrouki et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.68-73
www.ijera.com 72 | P a g e
Fig 9. Phase difference between the two output ports
Fig.8, Fig.9presents simulated transmitting
parameters and phase difference between direct and
coupled ports of the fractal 3-section coupler .it can
be noticed that over 1.9-2.8 GHz , simulation results
shows a return loss and isolation better than -15dB ,
the coupling 3±1dB and the phase difference
between the port 3 and 4 is 90°±1°. The size structure
is reduced to 6.36cm×2.14cm.
B. Design and simulation miniaturised 2 bits
reflection type phase shifter
The iteration order is limited to one iteration
because the toleration of the circuit. The design of the
fractal phase shifter is illustrated in Fig.10. It can be
seen that the size of the structure was reduced.
Fig.10. layout 2bits fractal phase shifter
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig.11 Simulated results of (a) Input return loss
,(b)Insertion loss, (c) Phase shift of 2bits fractal
Phase shifter
The design of fractal phase
shifteroperates2.4GHz . So, we can see that the
operating frequency bandwidth for the four output
phases is decreased compared to the 0 iterations 2bits
phase shifter. Well, the reflection performance is
decreased because we are using a greater number of
bending .The simulation results of the fours output
phases are plotted in Fig.11 and it can show that the
return loss is better than -20dB, the insertion loss is
varied between -0.5dB and -2dB and the phase error
is less than 0.4° for the four output phase over
2.1GHz-2.7GHz.
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper, we have been proposed firstly to
increase the bandwidth of two bit phase shifter using
a three section branch line coupler. The simulation
results show a good performance over 700 MHz of
bandwidth, but the circuit size is increased. In the
second section, we proposed to miniaturise the
structure of phase shifter using Koch-fractal-shaped
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
80
85
90
95
phase(S31)-phase(S41)en deg
Freq (Hz)
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Freq (Hz)
S(11)en dB
phase90°
phase0°
phase270°
phase180°
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
-3
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
Freq (Hz)
S(21)en dB
phase90°
phase0°
phase270°
phase180°
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8
x 10
9
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
100
150
200
Freq (Hz)
PhaseS(21)en deg
phase90°
phase0°
phase270°
phase180°
6. Mariem. Mabrouki et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.68-73
www.ijera.com 73 | P a g e
micro-strip line for one iteration. So, the physical parameters of the fractal 2bits phase shifter is determined by using the length reduction formulae of the chamfered bend. The simulation results show a good performance over 600MHz of bandwidth and a reduction of circuit size.
REFERENCES
[1] V K Manoharan, S. Sindhja, S Deepak Ram Prasath, S Raju and V Abhaikumar, ―A novel miniaturized loaded line phase shifter,‖ Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research, vol. 69, pp. 823– 829,November2010
[2] Mercy.J1, Muthukumaran.P2,―Design and implementation of 2-bit loaded line phase shifter ‖, Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Advances in Electronic Communications (ADELCO’ 12), 24th Feb, 2012, [3] Nagaveni D. Doddamanil, Harishchandra2 and Anil V. Nandi―Design of SPDT Switch, 6 Bit Digital Attenuator, 6 Bit Digital Phase Shifter for L-Band T/R Module using 0.7 p.M GaAs MMIC Technology‖,IEEE - ICSCN 2007, MIT Campus, Anna University, Chennai, India, pp.302-307, Feb. 22-24, 2007 [4] Hong-Teuk Kim, Jae-Hyoung Park, Sanghyo Lee, Seongho Kim, Jung-Mu Kim, Yong-Kweon Kim, and Youngwoo Kwon, ―V -Band 2-b and 4-b Low-Loss and Low- Voltage Distributed MEMS Digital Phase Shifter Using Metal–Air–Metal Capacitors‖, IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques, vol. 50, no. 12, December 2002 [5] R. K. Mongia, I. J. Bahl, P. Bhartia, J. Hong, ―RF and Microwave Coupled-Line Circuits ,‖ book,2007 [6] S. Kumar, C. Tannous and T. Danshin ―A multisection broadband impedance transforming branch-line hybrid‖, arxiv: physics, Avril 2001 [7] W.-L. Chen G.-M. Wang, ―Exact design of novel miniaturised fractal-shaped branch- line couplers using phase-equalising method ‖,IET Microw. Antennas Propag ,Vol. 2, No. 8, pp.773–780, 2008 [8] M. Jahanbakht and M. N. Moghaddasi, ―Fractal beam ku-band MEMS phase shifter‖, Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol.5, pp.73-85, 2008
[9] He-xiu XU, Guang-ming WANG, Pei-lin CHEN, Tian-peng LI,―Miniaturized fractal- shaped branch-line coupler for dual-band applications based on composite right/left handed transmission lines‖, Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE C, pp. 766– 773, 2011
[10] Manoharan v k, ―design and development of a class offractal based miniaturized phase,‖ Thesis ,Faculty of information and communication engineering Anna universityChennai, DECEMBER 2010 Wireless Communications (IJRRWC) Vol. 1, No. 3, September 2011.
[11] Amin M. Abbosh and Marek E. Bialkowski, Fellow ― Design of Compact Directional Couplers for UWB Applications‖, IEEE Transactions on microwave theory and techniques, vol. 55, no. 2, February 2007