Human well-being is highly dependent on ecosystems and the benefits they provide such as food and drinkable water. Over the past 50 years, however, humans have had a tremendous impact on their environment.
To better understand the consequences of current changes to ecosystems and to evaluate scenarios for the future, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan has launched a comprehensive scientific study, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment.
What actions could be taken to limit harmful consequences of ecosystem degradation?
Ecosystems have changed significantly due to human activities. Freshwater ecosystems have been modified by dams and water withdrawals, altering river flows. More than half of grasslands and forests have been converted to farmland. Biodiversity has declined as species' populations and geographical ranges shrink. The main indirect drivers of ecosystem change are population growth, economic development, and technological advancement, while the most important direct drivers are land conversion, fishing, pollution, and climate change. Excessive nutrient loading and climate change in particular have been major causes of ecosystem degradation across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biomes in recent decades.
The document summarizes different types of ecological succession that occur in ecosystems. It describes how succession leads to increases in ecosystem complexity over time through changes in species composition and interactions. Succession can be driven by external environmental changes (allogenic) or internal biological processes (autogenic). Primary succession occurs on new, undeveloped habitats while secondary succession follows disturbances to existing habitats. Intensive human activities like agriculture, pollution, and development can reduce ecosystem complexity by simplifying species interactions and food webs.
Direct And Indirect Drivers of BiodiversitySally Longford
A power point to practice working out whether the drivers that change biodiversity are direct or indirect, as described in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Definition, scope and Importance of environment scienceSnehal Patel
Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field that combines various sciences to protect the environment. It studies both the biotic environment of living things like plants and animals, as well as the abiotic physical and chemical surroundings. The scope of environmental science is wide, as it examines how human activities impact natural resources in forests, rivers, cities, and more. Protecting the environment is important because natural resources are limited and human population growth is increasing resource usage and pollution, threatening human health and life itself if left unchecked. Individual action is needed alongside government efforts to preserve environmental resources for the future.
Ecosystems can be classified in various ways based on their size and level of human interference. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem encompassing all others. Ecosystems also exist at the mega, marine, freshwater, semi-terrestrial, terrestrial, urban-industrial, macro, meso, and micro levels. Natural ecosystems are self-regulating without human interference, while artificial ecosystems are man-made like cities and croplands. Disturbances, whether abiotic like tsunamis or biotic like insects, disrupt ecosystems. Succession describes how communities change and recover after disturbances through primary succession in new areas and secondary succession in previously inhabited areas.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living things found in different environments like mountains, water, and as microorganisms. Scientists have studied this variety over long periods. The environment consists of interconnected living and nonliving things like sunlight, air, water, soil, plants, and animals. There are many food chains in nature, with producers like plants using sunlight to make food, which is then eaten by herbivores, and subsequently carnivores, with each organism fulfilling a link. Multiple overlapping food chains make up a food web. Plants play a key role in nature by using sunlight, water and air to produce food that animals then eat. Decomposition of plant and animal residues by microorganisms returns nutrients to the soil
This seminar presentation discusses the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It begins with an overview of how to manage Earth's temperature through solar energy and greenhouse gases. It then examines worldwide carbon emissions over time and explains the greenhouse effect. The values of biodiversity are outlined, and the presentation shows the impact of climate change on forests visible from space. A case study examines the effect of climate change on mountain pine beetles. The main impacts of climate change discussed are species extinction, effects on forests, water, polar regions and wildlife. The presentation concludes that temperatures will continue to rise and growing seasons will lengthen.
Ecosystems have changed significantly due to human activities. Freshwater ecosystems have been modified by dams and water withdrawals, altering river flows. More than half of grasslands and forests have been converted to farmland. Biodiversity has declined as species' populations and geographical ranges shrink. The main indirect drivers of ecosystem change are population growth, economic development, and technological advancement, while the most important direct drivers are land conversion, fishing, pollution, and climate change. Excessive nutrient loading and climate change in particular have been major causes of ecosystem degradation across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine biomes in recent decades.
The document summarizes different types of ecological succession that occur in ecosystems. It describes how succession leads to increases in ecosystem complexity over time through changes in species composition and interactions. Succession can be driven by external environmental changes (allogenic) or internal biological processes (autogenic). Primary succession occurs on new, undeveloped habitats while secondary succession follows disturbances to existing habitats. Intensive human activities like agriculture, pollution, and development can reduce ecosystem complexity by simplifying species interactions and food webs.
Direct And Indirect Drivers of BiodiversitySally Longford
A power point to practice working out whether the drivers that change biodiversity are direct or indirect, as described in the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
Definition, scope and Importance of environment scienceSnehal Patel
Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field that combines various sciences to protect the environment. It studies both the biotic environment of living things like plants and animals, as well as the abiotic physical and chemical surroundings. The scope of environmental science is wide, as it examines how human activities impact natural resources in forests, rivers, cities, and more. Protecting the environment is important because natural resources are limited and human population growth is increasing resource usage and pollution, threatening human health and life itself if left unchecked. Individual action is needed alongside government efforts to preserve environmental resources for the future.
Ecosystems can be classified in various ways based on their size and level of human interference. The biosphere is the largest ecosystem encompassing all others. Ecosystems also exist at the mega, marine, freshwater, semi-terrestrial, terrestrial, urban-industrial, macro, meso, and micro levels. Natural ecosystems are self-regulating without human interference, while artificial ecosystems are man-made like cities and croplands. Disturbances, whether abiotic like tsunamis or biotic like insects, disrupt ecosystems. Succession describes how communities change and recover after disturbances through primary succession in new areas and secondary succession in previously inhabited areas.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of living things found in different environments like mountains, water, and as microorganisms. Scientists have studied this variety over long periods. The environment consists of interconnected living and nonliving things like sunlight, air, water, soil, plants, and animals. There are many food chains in nature, with producers like plants using sunlight to make food, which is then eaten by herbivores, and subsequently carnivores, with each organism fulfilling a link. Multiple overlapping food chains make up a food web. Plants play a key role in nature by using sunlight, water and air to produce food that animals then eat. Decomposition of plant and animal residues by microorganisms returns nutrients to the soil
This seminar presentation discusses the impact of climate change on biodiversity. It begins with an overview of how to manage Earth's temperature through solar energy and greenhouse gases. It then examines worldwide carbon emissions over time and explains the greenhouse effect. The values of biodiversity are outlined, and the presentation shows the impact of climate change on forests visible from space. A case study examines the effect of climate change on mountain pine beetles. The main impacts of climate change discussed are species extinction, effects on forests, water, polar regions and wildlife. The presentation concludes that temperatures will continue to rise and growing seasons will lengthen.
The document discusses the connection between climate change and biodiversity, explaining that climate change is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. It also notes that climate change affects biodiversity through impacts like deforestation, infrastructure development and pollution. The document recommends ways to reduce climate change such as reducing waste, using public transportation, conserving energy and spreading awareness about the issue.
The document discusses the Ramsar Convention, which is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for wetland conservation and management. Some key details:
- The Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran and focuses specifically on wetland protection. There are currently 171 signatory countries.
- The Ramsar Secretariat coordinates the treaty's implementation from its headquarters in Gland, Switzerland.
- The Convention encourages designation of Ramsar sites, which are wetlands of international importance that receive protections. There are currently over 2,400 Ramsar sites globally covering over 250 million hectares.
Ecology - Foundation Course Semester 2- Prof. Karishma Shetty KarishmaShetty16
This document discusses the importance of environmental studies. It notes that environmental studies will help develop sustainably without destroying the environment, educate people on efficiently using resources, and highlight environmental issues to work on resolving. It also discusses key concepts related to environment and ecology, including defining ecology as the study of organism interactions and their environment. Components of the environment and types of ecosystems are also outlined.
Environmental science is the interdisciplinary study of the air, land, and water of an ecosystem and how humans impact the environment. A major goal is to understand and solve environmental problems by studying resource use and how human actions alter the environment. Population growth has increased pressure on the environment as more resources are needed to produce food for a growing population. Common environmental problems include resource depletion, pollution, and loss of biodiversity.
- Life on Earth depends on resources like soil, water, and air and energy from the sun. Uneven heating of air over land and water bodies causes winds, while evaporation and condensation lead to rainfall patterns.
- Various nutrients are used in cyclic fashions between biosphere components, maintaining balance. However, pollution affects air, water, and soil quality, harming biodiversity. Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources are needed.
This document discusses natural resources like soil, water, air, forests, and solar energy. It describes how these resources are essential for life but are being depleted through pollution, overextraction, deforestation, and waste. To protect the environment, the document advocates for conservation efforts like reducing pollution, harvesting rainwater, disposing of waste properly, planting trees, and creating awareness. The overall message is that natural resources sustain life and it is important for people to safeguard them responsibly.
This document discusses biodiversity and evolution. It explains that biodiversity includes genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity and is an important part of natural capital. Evolution occurs through genetic mutations and natural selection, which can be influenced by geographic changes and climate events. Each species fills an ecological niche and specialist species are more vulnerable to extinction than generalists.
Biodiversity in a changing climate: Ecosystem based adaptation and mitigation...UNDP Eurasia
This document discusses the connections between biodiversity and climate change. Climate change is a major driver of biodiversity loss through its impacts on ecosystems like changes in structure and function. Protected areas play an important role in both climate change mitigation and adaptation by storing carbon, capturing more through restoration, and maintaining ecosystem integrity and services. Opportunities exist for governments to increase protected areas' contributions to climate strategies through landscape approaches and expanding networks in high carbon/deforestation areas. Case studies from Belarus show peatland restoration providing mitigation, biodiversity, and economic benefits.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment through human or natural actions. It has detrimental effects on living organisms, making environments unable to sustain life. Different types of pollution include air, water, noise, and land pollution. Air pollution occurs when harmful gases, dust, fumes or odors are introduced into the air. Water pollution changes the quality of water in a way that harms living things. Noise pollution includes any loud, undesirable noise. Land pollution degrades the earth's surfaces through misuse of resources. Environmental issues today include global warming, pollution, loss of natural resources, and nuclear problems. Global warming increases temperatures due to greenhouse gases. Pollution is a daily problem. Loss of resources threatens ecosystems as
natural resources- water, air , food , organic and inorganicNaveen Prabhu
This document discusses natural resources including renewable resources like soil, water and air and non-renewable resources like minerals and fossil fuels. It then focuses on forest resources, highlighting that forests cover about 1/3 of the world's land area and provide commercial and environmental benefits. The document also discusses overexploitation of forests through activities like shifting cultivation, fuel collection and infrastructure development. It notes the effects of deforestation and describes forest conservation methods.
Humans depend on natural resources from the environment to meet basic needs like food, water, and shelter. Resources can be renewable, like wind and sunlight, or nonrenewable, like fossil fuels which are limited. How people use the land depends on both environmental factors and human culture, and land use has changed over time as human needs and activities have impacted the environment. Managing resource use involves balancing economic benefits with reducing pollution and environmental impacts.
Applied ecology studies how ecological concepts can solve environmental problems. It aims to relate ecological theories to managing natural resources and addressing issues like land use, pollution, and wildlife conservation. Phytoremediation uses plants to extract or stabilize pollutants like heavy metals from soils and water. It occurs through processes like phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and rhizodegradation. Soil science is the study of soil, which is the layer where geology and biology intersect. Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, water, and microorganisms. Sustainable development meets current needs without limiting future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
By reading this PDF one can understand the concepts and components of sustainability and sustainable development. It also discuss about the visions and ethics of sustainability. Further, it talks about the vision and mission of Bruntland commission and its role in sustainable development goals.
This document outlines a course on ecological architecture and urbanism. It includes details like contact hours, credits, grading breakdown, course overview and outcomes. The course aims to provide knowledge on natural and built environments and introduce concepts to understand environmental processes. It incorporates understanding local and global contexts and threats to environments. The course content covers fundamentals of environment and ecology, biogeographic regions, environmental degradation and applications of ecological techniques in architecture. Assignments, attendance, mid-term and end-term exams constitute the marking scheme.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in a given area, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It is important because each species plays a role in ecosystems, maintaining balance and supporting life. Loss of biodiversity can have severe effects on human health by increasing exposure to diseases, reducing availability of resources like food and medicine, and diminishing ecosystem services such as water purification. Changes that bring humans and wildlife into closer contact can promote disease transmission both from animals to humans and vice versa. Loss of biodiversity also reduces ecosystem resilience, making communities less able to withstand disasters.
The document discusses the relationship between humans and the environment. It describes how humans and the environment interact and influence each other in a complex system. It provides examples of how human activities like overpopulation, intensive farming, land use, and water use can negatively impact the environment through issues like water scarcity, pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. However, it also notes that the human-environment system perspective highlights the interdependence between humans and nature and how humans can work to protect the environment.
This document provides an overview of environmental science and ecosystems. It defines environmental science as the study of how humans interact with their environment, including both natural and human-made components. It then describes different types of ecosystems like forests, grasslands, deserts, freshwater, and marine environments. For each ecosystem, it outlines the key biotic components (producers, consumers, decomposers) and abiotic components. Overall, the document introduces some of the fundamental concepts of environmental science and ecology.
Environment literally means surrounding and everything that affect an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. In another words “Environment is sum total of water, air and land interrelationships among themselves and also with the human being, other living organisms and property”. It includes all the physical and biological surrounding and their interactions.
Environmental studies provide an approach towards understanding the environment of our planet and the impact of human life upon the environment.
Thus environment is actually global in nature, it is a multidisciplinary subject including physics, geology, geography, history, economics, physiology, biotechnology, remote sensing, geophysics, soil science and hydrology etc. Scope of Environmental Science Environmental science is a multidisciplinary science whose basic aspects have a direct relevance to every section of the society.
Its main aspects are:
• Conservation of nature and natural resources.
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Control of environmental pollution.
• Stabilization of human population and environment.
• Social issues in relation to development and environment.
• Development of non-polluting renewable energy system and providing new dimension to nation’s security. Importance of Environmental Science Environment belongs to all the living beings and thus is, important for all.
Each and every body of whatever occupation he or she may have, is affected by environmental issues like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, dwindling forest, energy resources, loss of global biodiversity etc.
Environment study deals with the analysis of the processes in water, air, land, soil and organisms which leads to pollute or degrade environment. It helps us for establishing standard,Environment and Ecology for safe, clean and healthy natural ecosystem.
It also deals with important issues like safe and clean drinking water, hygienic living conditions and clean and fresh air, fertility of land, healthy food and development. Sustainable environmental law, business administration, environmental protection, management and environmental engineering are immerging as new career opportunities for environment protection and managements.
Need for Public Awareness With the ever increasing development by modern man, large scale degradation of natural resources have been occurred, the public has to be educated about the fact that if we are degrading our environment we are actually harming ourselves.
To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. The United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, followed by Earth summit on sustainable Development have high-lighted the key issues of global environmental concern and have attracted the general public towards the...
This document defines the environment and its components. It begins by defining the environment as the circumstances and conditions that surround us and influence our lives. It then discusses the origin of the word "environment" and provides a classification of the environment into physical/natural and human. The key components of the environment discussed are the abiotic (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere) and biotic (producers, consumers, decomposers) factors. Producers are able to make their own food, while consumers depend on other organisms for nourishment. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and release nutrients. The document concludes by listing references and group members.
The document provides an introduction to environmental science, defining key terms and concepts. It discusses:
1) Environmental science is multi-disciplinary, drawing from various fields like chemistry, physics, life sciences, and more. It studies the sources, transport, effects, and fate of physical and biological substances in air, water, and soil.
2) The environment includes physical surroundings like climate that influence living things, as well as social, economic, and political factors. It has widened over time as human activities have expanded.
3) Understanding the environment is important because issues like pollution, resource depletion, and sustainability affect humanity. Public awareness of these challenges is needed to enact solutions that balance development and conservation.
Ecological succession is the gradual replacement of one community by another over time. Primary succession occurs when a community is wiped out, such as after a volcanic eruption, and pioneer species are the first to colonize an otherwise lifeless area. Secondary succession occurs when an existing community is replaced, such as after a forest fire, and the pioneer community establishes a new ecosystem that eventually matures into a climax community.
Ecosystems change in several ways, both naturally through events like volcanoes, fires, and floods, and through the actions of animals and humans. Animals such as locusts, beavers, and earthworms can alter ecosystems through behaviors like swarming, dam building, and soil digging. Humans make significant changes by building infrastructure, clearing land, transporting new species, producing pollution, and discarding garbage.
The document discusses the connection between climate change and biodiversity, explaining that climate change is caused by greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere. It also notes that climate change affects biodiversity through impacts like deforestation, infrastructure development and pollution. The document recommends ways to reduce climate change such as reducing waste, using public transportation, conserving energy and spreading awareness about the issue.
The document discusses the Ramsar Convention, which is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for wetland conservation and management. Some key details:
- The Ramsar Convention was signed in 1971 in Ramsar, Iran and focuses specifically on wetland protection. There are currently 171 signatory countries.
- The Ramsar Secretariat coordinates the treaty's implementation from its headquarters in Gland, Switzerland.
- The Convention encourages designation of Ramsar sites, which are wetlands of international importance that receive protections. There are currently over 2,400 Ramsar sites globally covering over 250 million hectares.
Ecology - Foundation Course Semester 2- Prof. Karishma Shetty KarishmaShetty16
This document discusses the importance of environmental studies. It notes that environmental studies will help develop sustainably without destroying the environment, educate people on efficiently using resources, and highlight environmental issues to work on resolving. It also discusses key concepts related to environment and ecology, including defining ecology as the study of organism interactions and their environment. Components of the environment and types of ecosystems are also outlined.
Environmental science is the interdisciplinary study of the air, land, and water of an ecosystem and how humans impact the environment. A major goal is to understand and solve environmental problems by studying resource use and how human actions alter the environment. Population growth has increased pressure on the environment as more resources are needed to produce food for a growing population. Common environmental problems include resource depletion, pollution, and loss of biodiversity.
- Life on Earth depends on resources like soil, water, and air and energy from the sun. Uneven heating of air over land and water bodies causes winds, while evaporation and condensation lead to rainfall patterns.
- Various nutrients are used in cyclic fashions between biosphere components, maintaining balance. However, pollution affects air, water, and soil quality, harming biodiversity. Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources are needed.
This document discusses natural resources like soil, water, air, forests, and solar energy. It describes how these resources are essential for life but are being depleted through pollution, overextraction, deforestation, and waste. To protect the environment, the document advocates for conservation efforts like reducing pollution, harvesting rainwater, disposing of waste properly, planting trees, and creating awareness. The overall message is that natural resources sustain life and it is important for people to safeguard them responsibly.
This document discusses biodiversity and evolution. It explains that biodiversity includes genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity and is an important part of natural capital. Evolution occurs through genetic mutations and natural selection, which can be influenced by geographic changes and climate events. Each species fills an ecological niche and specialist species are more vulnerable to extinction than generalists.
Biodiversity in a changing climate: Ecosystem based adaptation and mitigation...UNDP Eurasia
This document discusses the connections between biodiversity and climate change. Climate change is a major driver of biodiversity loss through its impacts on ecosystems like changes in structure and function. Protected areas play an important role in both climate change mitigation and adaptation by storing carbon, capturing more through restoration, and maintaining ecosystem integrity and services. Opportunities exist for governments to increase protected areas' contributions to climate strategies through landscape approaches and expanding networks in high carbon/deforestation areas. Case studies from Belarus show peatland restoration providing mitigation, biodiversity, and economic benefits.
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the environment through human or natural actions. It has detrimental effects on living organisms, making environments unable to sustain life. Different types of pollution include air, water, noise, and land pollution. Air pollution occurs when harmful gases, dust, fumes or odors are introduced into the air. Water pollution changes the quality of water in a way that harms living things. Noise pollution includes any loud, undesirable noise. Land pollution degrades the earth's surfaces through misuse of resources. Environmental issues today include global warming, pollution, loss of natural resources, and nuclear problems. Global warming increases temperatures due to greenhouse gases. Pollution is a daily problem. Loss of resources threatens ecosystems as
natural resources- water, air , food , organic and inorganicNaveen Prabhu
This document discusses natural resources including renewable resources like soil, water and air and non-renewable resources like minerals and fossil fuels. It then focuses on forest resources, highlighting that forests cover about 1/3 of the world's land area and provide commercial and environmental benefits. The document also discusses overexploitation of forests through activities like shifting cultivation, fuel collection and infrastructure development. It notes the effects of deforestation and describes forest conservation methods.
Humans depend on natural resources from the environment to meet basic needs like food, water, and shelter. Resources can be renewable, like wind and sunlight, or nonrenewable, like fossil fuels which are limited. How people use the land depends on both environmental factors and human culture, and land use has changed over time as human needs and activities have impacted the environment. Managing resource use involves balancing economic benefits with reducing pollution and environmental impacts.
Applied ecology studies how ecological concepts can solve environmental problems. It aims to relate ecological theories to managing natural resources and addressing issues like land use, pollution, and wildlife conservation. Phytoremediation uses plants to extract or stabilize pollutants like heavy metals from soils and water. It occurs through processes like phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and rhizodegradation. Soil science is the study of soil, which is the layer where geology and biology intersect. Soil is composed of minerals, organic matter, air, water, and microorganisms. Sustainable development meets current needs without limiting future generations' ability to meet their own needs.
By reading this PDF one can understand the concepts and components of sustainability and sustainable development. It also discuss about the visions and ethics of sustainability. Further, it talks about the vision and mission of Bruntland commission and its role in sustainable development goals.
This document outlines a course on ecological architecture and urbanism. It includes details like contact hours, credits, grading breakdown, course overview and outcomes. The course aims to provide knowledge on natural and built environments and introduce concepts to understand environmental processes. It incorporates understanding local and global contexts and threats to environments. The course content covers fundamentals of environment and ecology, biogeographic regions, environmental degradation and applications of ecological techniques in architecture. Assignments, attendance, mid-term and end-term exams constitute the marking scheme.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life found in a given area, including plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms. It is important because each species plays a role in ecosystems, maintaining balance and supporting life. Loss of biodiversity can have severe effects on human health by increasing exposure to diseases, reducing availability of resources like food and medicine, and diminishing ecosystem services such as water purification. Changes that bring humans and wildlife into closer contact can promote disease transmission both from animals to humans and vice versa. Loss of biodiversity also reduces ecosystem resilience, making communities less able to withstand disasters.
The document discusses the relationship between humans and the environment. It describes how humans and the environment interact and influence each other in a complex system. It provides examples of how human activities like overpopulation, intensive farming, land use, and water use can negatively impact the environment through issues like water scarcity, pollution, habitat loss, and climate change. However, it also notes that the human-environment system perspective highlights the interdependence between humans and nature and how humans can work to protect the environment.
This document provides an overview of environmental science and ecosystems. It defines environmental science as the study of how humans interact with their environment, including both natural and human-made components. It then describes different types of ecosystems like forests, grasslands, deserts, freshwater, and marine environments. For each ecosystem, it outlines the key biotic components (producers, consumers, decomposers) and abiotic components. Overall, the document introduces some of the fundamental concepts of environmental science and ecology.
Environment literally means surrounding and everything that affect an organism during its lifetime is collectively known as its environment. In another words “Environment is sum total of water, air and land interrelationships among themselves and also with the human being, other living organisms and property”. It includes all the physical and biological surrounding and their interactions.
Environmental studies provide an approach towards understanding the environment of our planet and the impact of human life upon the environment.
Thus environment is actually global in nature, it is a multidisciplinary subject including physics, geology, geography, history, economics, physiology, biotechnology, remote sensing, geophysics, soil science and hydrology etc. Scope of Environmental Science Environmental science is a multidisciplinary science whose basic aspects have a direct relevance to every section of the society.
Its main aspects are:
• Conservation of nature and natural resources.
• Conservation of biological diversity.
• Control of environmental pollution.
• Stabilization of human population and environment.
• Social issues in relation to development and environment.
• Development of non-polluting renewable energy system and providing new dimension to nation’s security. Importance of Environmental Science Environment belongs to all the living beings and thus is, important for all.
Each and every body of whatever occupation he or she may have, is affected by environmental issues like global warming, depletion of ozone layer, dwindling forest, energy resources, loss of global biodiversity etc.
Environment study deals with the analysis of the processes in water, air, land, soil and organisms which leads to pollute or degrade environment. It helps us for establishing standard,Environment and Ecology for safe, clean and healthy natural ecosystem.
It also deals with important issues like safe and clean drinking water, hygienic living conditions and clean and fresh air, fertility of land, healthy food and development. Sustainable environmental law, business administration, environmental protection, management and environmental engineering are immerging as new career opportunities for environment protection and managements.
Need for Public Awareness With the ever increasing development by modern man, large scale degradation of natural resources have been occurred, the public has to be educated about the fact that if we are degrading our environment we are actually harming ourselves.
To encourage meaningful public participation and environment, it is necessary to create awareness about environment pollution and related adverse effects. The United Nations conference on Environment and Development held in Rio-de-Janeiro, followed by Earth summit on sustainable Development have high-lighted the key issues of global environmental concern and have attracted the general public towards the...
This document defines the environment and its components. It begins by defining the environment as the circumstances and conditions that surround us and influence our lives. It then discusses the origin of the word "environment" and provides a classification of the environment into physical/natural and human. The key components of the environment discussed are the abiotic (lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere) and biotic (producers, consumers, decomposers) factors. Producers are able to make their own food, while consumers depend on other organisms for nourishment. Decomposers break down dead organic matter and release nutrients. The document concludes by listing references and group members.
The document provides an introduction to environmental science, defining key terms and concepts. It discusses:
1) Environmental science is multi-disciplinary, drawing from various fields like chemistry, physics, life sciences, and more. It studies the sources, transport, effects, and fate of physical and biological substances in air, water, and soil.
2) The environment includes physical surroundings like climate that influence living things, as well as social, economic, and political factors. It has widened over time as human activities have expanded.
3) Understanding the environment is important because issues like pollution, resource depletion, and sustainability affect humanity. Public awareness of these challenges is needed to enact solutions that balance development and conservation.
Ecological succession is the gradual replacement of one community by another over time. Primary succession occurs when a community is wiped out, such as after a volcanic eruption, and pioneer species are the first to colonize an otherwise lifeless area. Secondary succession occurs when an existing community is replaced, such as after a forest fire, and the pioneer community establishes a new ecosystem that eventually matures into a climax community.
Ecosystems change in several ways, both naturally through events like volcanoes, fires, and floods, and through the actions of animals and humans. Animals such as locusts, beavers, and earthworms can alter ecosystems through behaviors like swarming, dam building, and soil digging. Humans make significant changes by building infrastructure, clearing land, transporting new species, producing pollution, and discarding garbage.
Ecosystems 4 Dynamic Equilibrium And FeedbackEcumene
Dynamic equilibrium refers to a steady state of balance or harmony within a system. Negative feedback helps maintain this state of dynamic equilibrium by reducing inputs and leading to stability. Positive feedback is less common and can destabilize the equilibrium by increasing change, such as when pollution in a lake causes more fish deaths due to oxygen depletion from decay, resulting in further pollution.
This document discusses population ecology and how populations change over time. It uses the example of sea otters, kelp, and sea urchins to show how their populations interact. When sea otters were hunted, the sea urchin population increased and kelp decreased, but reintroducing sea otters caused the reverse. Population size is determined by births, deaths, and movement in or out of the area. Factors like resources, space, and interactions between species influence population growth patterns.
A 200-year-old tree that provided shade to the forest floor fell during a storm, causing changes to the ecosystem. More sunlight will now reach the forest floor, allowing seedlings that require sunlight to grow while shade-loving plants may not survive. The fallen tree also provides new habitat for animals like salamanders. The changes affect both plant and animal life in the forest ecosystem.
Plants and animals depend on each other to survive in an ecosystem. They are biotic factors that interact through providing food and shelter. Animals also affect plants through behaviors like eating some plants, fertilizing soil, and burrowing. Abiotic factors like sunlight, water, soil conditions and climate also impact ecosystems by influencing what plants can grow and whether animals have resources to live. Ecosystems vary based on location and climate, with different communities in places like rainforests, deserts, deciduous forests, savannas, taigas and tundras.
This document discusses ecosystem services and their importance for human well-being. It defines ecosystem services as the benefits people obtain from ecosystems, including provisioning services like food production, regulating services like climate stabilization and water purification, supporting services like soil formation, and cultural services like spiritual and recreational benefits. The document notes that while human activities have improved lives, they have also weakened nature's ability to provide key services and increased pressures on ecosystems. It emphasizes that regulating and supporting services are undervalued and disturbances can be difficult to reverse, so continued lack of awareness will dramatically alter Earth's ecosystems.
The document defines environment and environmental science. It states that environment includes all physical and biological factors surrounding organisms and their interactions. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary field concerning conservation of nature and resources, pollution control, population issues, and more. The document also discusses ecosystems, including their components, functions, types of food chains and webs, ecological succession, and ecological pyramids.
This document discusses how biodiversity loss can impact ecosystem functioning and processes. It begins by noting that human impacts have dramatically reduced biodiversity at all levels from genes to entire ecosystems. Many ecosystem processes are sensitive to biodiversity declines. Experimental studies show that reductions in biodiversity can decrease plant productivity and increase variability in processes like nutrient levels and plant growth. Maintaining biodiversity is important for preserving ecosystem services that support human welfare, and should be a priority in environmental policies.
Man has gradually modified the environment to meet his needs, first through hunting and gathering, then agriculture and deforestation. Ancient societies recognized the importance of preserving the environment through religious rituals and worship of nature. Modern human activities like burning fossil fuels and industrialization are emitting greenhouse gases and pollutants, threatening the global environment through issues like rising temperatures, extinction of species, and degradation of air and water quality. Environmental degradation poses serious risks if not addressed through more sustainable practices that respect the self-regulatory mechanisms of the natural world.
The SAFE Act aims to establish a national strategy to protect fish, wildlife, and plants from the impacts of climate change. It creates a working group of federal and state agencies to oversee the strategy. The working group will develop and periodically revise local adaptation plans in collaboration with stakeholders. The plans will aim to maintain species' resilience by improving habitats and biological processes disrupted by climate change. Measuring the success of conservation efforts will involve indicators to evaluate processes, outcomes, and the strategy's overall effectiveness over time. The SAFE Act's coordinated, science-based approach seeks to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services crucial for the environment and economy.
The SAFE Act aims to establish a national strategy to protect fish, wildlife, and plants from the impacts of climate change. It creates a working group of federal and state agencies to oversee the strategy. The working group will develop and periodically revise local adaptation plans in collaboration with stakeholders. The plans will aim to maintain species' resilience by improving habitat and adjusting conservation efforts in response to climate impacts. Measuring the success of conservation actions will allow plans to evolve based on the latest scientific understanding of climate change effects on biodiversity. The SAFE Act provides a framework for coordinated action across jurisdictions to safeguard natural resources and ecosystem services.
Biology - Chp 6 - Humans In The Biosphere - PowerPointMr. Walajtys
Human activities can affect the biosphere by altering habitats, overharvesting resources, and polluting the environment. Resources are either renewable like forests and fisheries, which can replenish if sustainably managed, or nonrenewable like fossil fuels. Two major threats to the global environment are ozone depletion, which is addressed by banning CFCs, and global climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Conservation aims to protect biodiversity and ecosystems for humanity's long term well-being.
This document summarizes the mutualistic relationship between termites and flagellated protozoans in their intestines. The protozoans secrete cellulase enzymes that help digest the cellulose in the wood the termites eat. This provides sugars that both organisms use. When the termite molts, the protozoans encyst and are passed out, ensuring new termites ingest them by eating the molted skin. The document also briefly mentions the mutualism between ants and aphids, where ants shelter aphids.
Soil Fertility Management and eco-efficiency of small holder agricultural sys...CIAT
This document summarizes a presentation by Deborah Bossio on soil fertility management and eco-efficiency in smallholder agricultural systems. It discusses the global context of soils and land research, including issues of food security, water scarcity, planetary boundaries, and ecosystem services. It outlines Bossio's background working on soil fertility projects in various countries. It also discusses IWMI's work on productive water use and creating impact through strategic research partnerships.
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Approaches To Conservation And Sustainable Use Of Biodiversity- A ReviewBrandi Gonzales
This document reviews different approaches for conserving biodiversity and maintaining its sustainable use. It discusses both in-situ conservation approaches, which focus on conserving species within their natural habitats through protected areas and reserves, as well as ex-situ approaches that involve conserving species outside their natural environments in facilities like zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks, and field gene banks. The document concludes that while in-situ conservation has advantages in coverage and viability, ex-situ approaches are important backups when in-situ conservation is not sufficient. Of all the approaches discussed, ecosystem-based conservation is highlighted as having the most potential due to its holistic nature in mainstreaming conservation.
The document discusses abiotic and biotic factors in ecosystems, including 7 abiotic factors like topography, climate, pollution, and solar energy input that can affect populations. It also introduces biotic components like introduced species. Students are tasked with planning a model ecosystem by listing biotic and abiotic factors and organizing what jenga block biotic components like producers, primary consumers, and secondary consumers would represent.
Presentation from Salman Hussain, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) describing TEEB Agriculture and Food, a study designed to provide an economic evaluation of the ‘eco-agri-food systems’ complex. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
This document discusses human impacts on freshwater aquatic ecosystems. It notes that agriculture contributes to pollution from fertilizer runoff, while a growing human population increases water consumption and pollution. This stresses freshwater resources and harms wildlife populations. Sustainable management practices are needed to conserve natural resources and energy in these fragile ecosystems.
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Build Biological System through the Use of Microalgae Leading to Sustainable ...ZX7
This document discusses using microalgae to address issues of sustainable development and environmental management. It summarizes current problems with water resource management, eutrophication, and algal blooms negatively impacting lakes and other bodies of water. It then proposes using microalgae cultivation and biomass in wastewater treatment, biofuel production, and other applications to help restore water quality, produce resources, and mitigate climate change in a sustainable manner. The document outlines how microalgae could serve as a key tool for new designs addressing these issues through biological systems.
Nature-based solutions for agricultural water management and food security (W...FAO
This document discusses nature-based solutions (NBS) for agricultural water management and food security. It provides an overview of a webinar series on scaling up adaptation in the agricultural sectors that included a webinar on NBS for agricultural water management. The webinar agenda covered an FAO discussion paper on the topic, presentations on NBS in the UN World Water Development Report and guidance from the Convention on Biological Diversity, and a case study on wasabi cultivation in Japan. The document discusses definitions of NBS, different types of NBS interventions, and concludes that while NBS are not a panacea, they can make an important contribution to addressing upcoming water challenges if certain requirements for success are met, such
It is the process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed or deteriorated (society for Ecological restoration definition).
..................the assignment of this was approved by mohamud abadir( specialist of ecological science and Biodiversity), who is lecturer in jigjiga university, east ethiopia.
La biologie de synthèse utilise des méthodes plus simples et plus rapides pour produire des organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM).
Quels sont les risques potentiels?
La biología sintética utiliza métodos más rápidos y sencillos para producir organismos modificados genéticamente (OMG).
¿Qué riesgos conlleva la biología sintética?
L’utilisation de cosmétiques contenant de la silice sous forme nano est-elle ...GreenFacts
L’utilisation commerciale des nanomatériaux est relativement nouvelle et si certaines applications pourraient être prometteuses et bénéfiques, elle soulève également des questions quant à sa sûreté.
La silice sous forme nano dans les cosmétiques est-elle dangereuse ?
¿Son seguros los cosméticos que contienen sílice en nanoforma?GreenFacts
El uso comercial de los nanomateriales es relativamente reciente y, si bien puede tener aplicaciones prometedoras y beneficiosas, también plantea problemas de seguridad.
¿Es peligrosa la presencia de nanosílice en los cosméticos?
El documento discute la seguridad de las obturaciones dentales de amalgama y los materiales alternativos. Aunque la amalgama contiene mercurio, no hay pruebas de que cause problemas de salud a menos que se tenga una alergia. Las obturaciones alternativas también parecen seguras, pero se necesita más investigación. El comité científico concluyó que ni la amalgama ni los materiales alternativos son dañinos para la salud general, y los pacientes deben decidir con sus dentistas cuál opción se ajusta mejor a sus necesidades
In light of recent scientific studies on dental amalgam, SCENIHR (Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks) revisited its 2008 opinion on the safety and performance of both dental amalgam and possible alternatives (i.e. resin-based composites, glass ionomer cements and ceramics).
Mercury, which is the metallic element used in dental amalgam fillings, has well-documented and well-known health effects. Do dental amalgam and alternative materials pose any risks?
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used to produce certain plastics and medical devices. While BPA is efficiently metabolized when ingested, its metabolism is less efficient when exposure comes from medical devices. There is debate about the health risks of BPA exposure from food and medical devices, with some studies finding specific effects from low doses but no clear conclusions. Certain medical procedures that result in prolonged exposure, like those for neonates and dialysis patients, may pose a risk since exposure could exceed the tolerable daily intake level. More information is needed on alternatives to BPA in medical devices to properly evaluate risks versus treatment benefits.
Este documento discute los riesgos potenciales para la salud de la exposición al bisfenol A (BPA) a través de dispositivos médicos. Existe un debate sobre si el nivel actual de exposición al BPA representa un riesgo, aunque algunos estudios muestran efectos potenciales a dosis bajas. La exposición al BPA a través de dispositivos médicos como catéteres es menor que a través de alimentos, pero puede superar los niveles considerados seguros en algunos casos como en unidades de cuidados intens
L’exposition aux champs électromagnétiques est-elle dangereuse pour la santé ?GreenFacts
Un nouvel avis du SCENIHR examine les dernières données concernant l’impact sur la santé des technologies les plus récentes. Cette fiche d’information est fondée sur l’avis scientifique du Comité scientifique des risques sanitaires
émergents et nouveaux indépendant (SCENIHR) : «Potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields
(EMF)».
Climate Change mitigation: practical measures to limit global warming IPCC re...GreenFacts
The IPCC uses a very specific language when it comes to expressing the degree of uncertainty or agreement for each statement in the fifth assessment report. For an overview of the specific meaning of each qualifier, you can read the relevant section in our summary of the Working Group I report.
Antibiotic resistance: causes, consequences and means to limit itGreenFacts
The document summarizes the causes, consequences, and means to limit antibiotic resistance. It discusses how overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to bacteria developing resistance. It also explains how resistance can spread between bacteria and the potential impacts, such as certain infections becoming untreatable. The document recommends improving surveillance of resistance, prudent antibiotic use, infection prevention, and developing new antibiotics to address the issue.
Protectores solares con dióxido de titanio en forma de nanopartículas. ¿Un ri...GreenFacts
El creciente uso de nanomateriales en una amplia gama de productos de consumo
ha llevado a revaluar la seguridad de varias sustancias, entre ellas el dióxido
de titanio (TiO2). El dióxido de titanio en forma de nanopartículas
se utiliza como decolorante en cremas y lociones, y actualmente está aprobado como
filtro UV para protectores solares. ¿Son seguros los protectores solares con nanopartículas de dióxido de titanio? ¿Se comportan estas nanopartículas de
manera diferente a otras partículas de dióxido de titanio? ¿Cómo se evalúan los riesgos de las nanopartículas? La presente hoja informativa contiene todas las respuestas.
Sunscreens with titanium dioxide as nanoparticles. Health risks?GreenFacts
The increasing use of nanomaterials in a wide range of
consumer products has prompted a re-evaluation of the safety of a number of subs tances, including titanium
dioxide (TiO2). Titanium dioxide, in the form of nanoparticles used to render creams and lotions transparent, is currently approved as a UV-filter in sunscreens. Are sunscreens with titanium dioxide nanoparticles safe? Do these nanoparticles behave
differently than other particles of titanium dioxide?
How are the risks of nanoparticles evaluated?
This fact sheet tells you all about it.
Sonnenschutzmittel mit Titandioxid in Nanopartikelform. Gesundheitsrisiken?GreenFacts
Die zunehmende Verwendung von Nanomaterialien
in einer großen Anzahl von Konsumgütern hat
eine erneute Abschätzung der Sicherheit einer
Reihe von Substanzen, einschließlich des
Titandioxids (TiO2), nötig gemacht.
Titandioxid, das in der Form von Nanopartikeln verwendet wird um Cremes und Lotionen transparent zu machen, wird derzeit als UV-Filter in Sonnenschutzmitteln zugelassen. Sind
Sonnenschutzmittel mit Titandioxid-Nanopartikeln
sicher? Verhalten sich diese Nanopartikel anders als
andere Partikel des Titandioxids? Wie werden die Gefahren
von Nanopartikeln abgeschätzt? In diesem Informationsblatt
erfahren Sie alles darüber.
Produits solaires avec des nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane. Des risques p...GreenFacts
L’utilisation croissante de nanomatériaux dans toute une série de produits de consommation a donné lieu à une
réévaluation de la sécurité de certaines substances,
notamment le dioxyde de titane (TiO2). Le dioxyde de
titane, sous la forme de nanoparticules
utilisées pour rendre les crèmes et les lotions
transparentes, est actuellement approuvé en tant que
filtre UV dans les écrans solaires. Les écrans solaires
contenant des nanoparticules de dioxyde de titane
sont-ils sûrs ? Ces nanoparticules se comportent-elles
différemment des autres particules de dioxyde de titane
? Comment les risques des nanoparticules sontils
évalués ? Cette fiche d’information vous dit tout.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.