This document provides an overview of Earth's ecosystems. It describes various biomes such as tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts, chaparral, temperate grasslands, temperate and northern coniferous forests, tundra, aquatic biomes like lakes and wetlands, streams and rivers, and coastal wetlands. For each biome, it discusses characteristic climate, vegetation, and animal life. The document also explains ecological concepts like weather, climate, and the rain shadow effect and how elevation influences different biomes.
Chromosomes structure and function, Dr.Kamelsh shah, PSSHDA, KADI Dr.Kamlesh shah
Chromosomes have a complex hierarchical structure that allows long DNA molecules to fit inside cells. At the most basic level, DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which resemble "beads on a string". Nucleosomes further compact to form higher-order chromatin structures. Chromatin contains both euchromatin, which is loosely packed, and heterochromatin, which is highly condensed. Non-histone proteins also aid in DNA compaction and genetic processes like transcription and replication. Chromatin packaging allows meters of DNA to fit within microscopic nuclei.
This document summarizes DNA repair deficiency diseases. It discusses how DNA can be damaged by endogenous and exogenous factors and the key DNA repair mechanisms, including nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, and double strand break repair. Deficiencies in these pathways can lead to diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, trichothiodystrophy, and ataxia-telangiectasia. Syndromes are classified based on the defective repair pathway. The document provides details on several DNA repair deficiency diseases, including their genetic causes, characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
1) Mitochondria are cellular structures that produce energy and were discovered in the late 1800s. They have a double membrane structure and contain their own DNA.
2) Mitochondrial DNA is much smaller than nuclear DNA and is only passed down from mothers. It can mutate at a higher rate and mutations can cause over 100 human diseases.
3) Common mitochondrial diseases include LHON (optic nerve disease), MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy), CPEO (eye muscle weakness), and MELAS (stroke-like episodes). These diseases demonstrate mitochondrial inheritance patterns and can be caused by DNA deletions or point mutations.
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis, including:
1. It describes the process of transcription, where information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
2. Translation, or protein synthesis, then occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA sequence is read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the genetic code.
3. Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation through the addition of amino acids guided by tRNAs, and termination when a stop codon is reached.
Extra nuclear genome.power point presentationharitha shankar
This document discusses extra nuclear genomes, specifically chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA. It provides details on:
1) Chloroplast DNA is circular DNA ranging from 120-155kb that encodes around 120 genes and is present in multiple copies within chloroplasts.
2) Mitochondrial DNA also exists as circular DNA that varies in size and encodes RNA and some proteins. In mammals it is 16.5kb while in plants it can be over 100kb.
3) Both organelle genomes are transcribed and translated within their respective organelles but rely on nuclear genes for some functions like replication machinery. They have their own genetic codes that differ slightly from nuclear codes.
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution. It defines key genetic terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and mutations. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of Mendelian genetics and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains molecular genetics concepts such as DNA structure, replication, transcription and translation. It describes the genetic code and how DNA is used as a blueprint for protein synthesis.
1. The document summarizes the structure and properties of DNA and RNA.
2. It describes the classic Watson and Crick model of DNA as a double helix with two anti-parallel and complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base pairs.
3. The document also discusses RNA and its roles in protein synthesis, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA.
Chromosomes structure and function, Dr.Kamelsh shah, PSSHDA, KADI Dr.Kamlesh shah
Chromosomes have a complex hierarchical structure that allows long DNA molecules to fit inside cells. At the most basic level, DNA wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes, which resemble "beads on a string". Nucleosomes further compact to form higher-order chromatin structures. Chromatin contains both euchromatin, which is loosely packed, and heterochromatin, which is highly condensed. Non-histone proteins also aid in DNA compaction and genetic processes like transcription and replication. Chromatin packaging allows meters of DNA to fit within microscopic nuclei.
This document summarizes DNA repair deficiency diseases. It discusses how DNA can be damaged by endogenous and exogenous factors and the key DNA repair mechanisms, including nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, mismatch repair, and double strand break repair. Deficiencies in these pathways can lead to diseases like xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, trichothiodystrophy, and ataxia-telangiectasia. Syndromes are classified based on the defective repair pathway. The document provides details on several DNA repair deficiency diseases, including their genetic causes, characteristic symptoms, diagnosis and treatment.
1) Mitochondria are cellular structures that produce energy and were discovered in the late 1800s. They have a double membrane structure and contain their own DNA.
2) Mitochondrial DNA is much smaller than nuclear DNA and is only passed down from mothers. It can mutate at a higher rate and mutations can cause over 100 human diseases.
3) Common mitochondrial diseases include LHON (optic nerve disease), MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy), CPEO (eye muscle weakness), and MELAS (stroke-like episodes). These diseases demonstrate mitochondrial inheritance patterns and can be caused by DNA deletions or point mutations.
This document provides an overview of protein synthesis, including:
1. It describes the process of transcription, where information from DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
2. Translation, or protein synthesis, then occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA sequence is read by ribosomes to produce a polypeptide chain based on the genetic code.
3. Protein synthesis involves initiation, elongation through the addition of amino acids guided by tRNAs, and termination when a stop codon is reached.
Extra nuclear genome.power point presentationharitha shankar
This document discusses extra nuclear genomes, specifically chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA. It provides details on:
1) Chloroplast DNA is circular DNA ranging from 120-155kb that encodes around 120 genes and is present in multiple copies within chloroplasts.
2) Mitochondrial DNA also exists as circular DNA that varies in size and encodes RNA and some proteins. In mammals it is 16.5kb while in plants it can be over 100kb.
3) Both organelle genomes are transcribed and translated within their respective organelles but rely on nuclear genes for some functions like replication machinery. They have their own genetic codes that differ slightly from nuclear codes.
This document provides an overview of genetics and evolution. It defines key genetic terms like DNA, genes, chromosomes, and mutations. It summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants which formed the basis of Mendelian genetics and his laws of inheritance. The document also explains molecular genetics concepts such as DNA structure, replication, transcription and translation. It describes the genetic code and how DNA is used as a blueprint for protein synthesis.
1. The document summarizes the structure and properties of DNA and RNA.
2. It describes the classic Watson and Crick model of DNA as a double helix with two anti-parallel and complementary strands held together by hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base pairs.
3. The document also discusses RNA and its roles in protein synthesis, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Human Genomics1: Karyotypes and MutationsRobin Seamon
Karyotypes show the number and structure of chromosomes in an individual. The human karyotype contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Abnormal karyotypes can result in genetic disorders due to an extra or missing chromosome. Mutations, such as substitutions, duplications or deletions in DNA, can also cause genetic disorders if they change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
High Phosphorus Foods | houstonkidneyclinic.com
You may need to limit or avoid these foods. Check with your
Dietitian regarding specific foods and portion sizes that are right for you.
This document discusses mutation, which is a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. There are several types of mutations, including substitution, insertion, inversion, and deletion. Mutations can occur spontaneously due to processes like tautomerism, depurination, and deamination, or can be induced by mutagenic agents like radiation, chemicals, and base analogs. Examples of genetic disorders caused by mutations in humans are Down syndrome, which results from an extra copy of chromosome 21, Edwards syndrome from an extra copy of chromosome 18, and Patau syndrome involving extra genetic material from chromosome 13.
This document summarizes several vitamin-like compounds: choline, lipoic acid, inositol, and PABA. It describes their chemistry, sources, roles in metabolism, and therapeutic uses. Choline prevents fatty liver and is required for phospholipid and acetylcholine synthesis. Lipoic acid acts as an antioxidant and cofactor. Inositol is required for membranes and second messenger signaling. PABA is a folic acid component and sulfanilamide target. Overall, the document outlines the biochemistry of these important micronutrients.
Chap4 lipid nutrition in health and diseaseguhrhaize
Lipids are a group of organic compounds that are soluble in organic solvents but not in water. They serve several important functions in the body including as an energy source, insulating and protecting organs, carrying fat-soluble vitamins, and as structural components of cell membranes. The basic units of lipids are fatty acids which can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Phospholipids are a class of lipids that make up cell membranes and play roles in processes like blood clotting. Cholesterol is a waxy lipid that helps form cells and produces hormones and vitamins, but too much can increase heart disease risk.
Mutation, Types and Causes, Chromosomal Variation in Number, Gene MutationJan Del Rosario
- Mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. There are several types of mutations including substitution, insertion, deletion, and frameshift.
- Mutations can be caused by natural DNA replication errors or external mutagens like radiation, chemicals, and viruses. These mutagens can directly damage DNA or produce reactive molecules that cause mutations.
- Several genetic disorders in humans are caused by chromosomal mutations, such as Down syndrome from trisomy 21, Edward's syndrome from trisomy 18, and Patau syndrome from trisomy 13. Other disorders involve the loss or gain of whole chromosomes or chromosome segments.
Learn about the Transfer RNA tRNA.
It can be helpful for the students of Biotechnology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and othe Biology related courses.
If you've got any queries, you can directly mail me to pratimasingdan@gmail.com.
I hope this will help you a lot.
This document provides an overview of mutations, which are heritable changes in genetic information that occur due to mistakes during DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which affect a single gene, and chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to whole chromosomes. Gene mutations include point mutations like substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in chromosome number or structure. Mutations can have a variety of effects on genes and organisms, with some being harmful by disrupting gene function and others being beneficial by allowing organisms to adapt to new environments. Factors like environmental stressors and mutagenic chemicals can increase mutation rates.
Drosophila melanogaster is a common model organism used to study biological processes like development, disease, and behavior. It has many characteristics that make it a good model, such as small size, short lifespan, and sequenced genome. Its life cycle takes 10-12 days and includes egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Males and females can be identified by size, abdomen shape, markings, and sex combs in males. Mutant phenotypes demonstrate gene function and include changes in wings, body color, eyes, and head structure. Autosomal and sex-linked genes follow patterns of inheritance.
Dr. Ifat Ara Begum's document provides an overview of DNA structure, organization, and function. Some key points include:
- DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds that carries the genetic instructions for life.
- The DNA double helix consists of two antiparallel strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
- DNA is organized into chromosomes through progressive coiling and folding. Chromosomes are highly condensed and visible during cell division.
- DNA contains both coding and non-coding regions. While genes only account for about 1.5% of DNA, non-coding DNA plays important roles in packaging, expression, and regulation of genes
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations. A population's gene pool contains all the alleles of all individuals. Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies remain constant between generations if there is no mutation, migration, genetic drift, or natural selection. Five agents cause evolution: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection, which is the only mechanism that leads to adaptation. Natural selection maintains genetic variation and can preserve polymorphisms through mechanisms like heterozygote advantage.
Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key terms include:
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, phenotype is observable traits.
- Genes hold information to build cells and pass traits to offspring. The human genome contains 25,000-35,000 genes located on 23 chromosome pairs in the nucleus.
- DNA is transcribed to RNA and translated to proteins, which determine an organism's traits. Variations in genes and chromosomes can result in genetic disorders. Common methods to study genetics include karyotyping, analyzing pedigrees, and identifying alleles and mutations. Understanding genetics provides insight into inheritance patterns and human health.
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology:
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. DNA contains the genetic code in nucleotides that make up genes. RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. mRNA is then translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm into proteins based on the RNA code using transfer RNA (tRNA) and amino acids. The process of protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA and then translation of mRNA to proteins.
There are three main types of twins: identical, fraternal, and conjoined. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg that splits, resulting in twins with identical genes. Fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time, resulting in twins that may be different sexes. Conjoined twins occur when an embryo fails to separate completely, resulting in twins joined in some part of the body.
The slide include contents:
Mutation-Definition
Levels of Mutation
Features of Mutation
Types of Mutation
Mutations based on functional effects of the change
Genetic disorders
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male Maryam Fida
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
structural chromosomal abberations and mutationdibya ranjan
Chromosomal mutations can arise spontaneously or be induced by chemicals or radiation. They are major contributors to genetic disorders and occur when there is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. Common types of chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, which can occur through errors during meiosis. Large chromosomal mutations are often visible under a microscope and can cause conditions like Cri-du-chat syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome in humans. Studying polytene chromosomes in insects has provided insights into chromosomal structural mutations.
The document discusses the major biomes of the world. It defines climate as long-term weather patterns in a large region, while a biome describes the community of living and non-living things in an area including the climate, plants, animals, soil and more. The five main biomes described are aquatic, desert, grassland, forest, and tundra. Each biome has a unique climate and supports distinct plant and animal life adapted to that environment.
This document defines and describes different terrestrial biomes, including taiga, tundra, desert, grasslands, chaparrals, and provides details about their climates, vegetation, and wildlife. It discusses the key characteristics of each biome such as the typical temperature and precipitation ranges, as well as the types of plants and animals found in each biome and how they have adapted to the environmental conditions.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Human Genomics1: Karyotypes and MutationsRobin Seamon
Karyotypes show the number and structure of chromosomes in an individual. The human karyotype contains 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, including 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. Abnormal karyotypes can result in genetic disorders due to an extra or missing chromosome. Mutations, such as substitutions, duplications or deletions in DNA, can also cause genetic disorders if they change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
High Phosphorus Foods | houstonkidneyclinic.com
You may need to limit or avoid these foods. Check with your
Dietitian regarding specific foods and portion sizes that are right for you.
This document discusses mutation, which is a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. There are several types of mutations, including substitution, insertion, inversion, and deletion. Mutations can occur spontaneously due to processes like tautomerism, depurination, and deamination, or can be induced by mutagenic agents like radiation, chemicals, and base analogs. Examples of genetic disorders caused by mutations in humans are Down syndrome, which results from an extra copy of chromosome 21, Edwards syndrome from an extra copy of chromosome 18, and Patau syndrome involving extra genetic material from chromosome 13.
This document summarizes several vitamin-like compounds: choline, lipoic acid, inositol, and PABA. It describes their chemistry, sources, roles in metabolism, and therapeutic uses. Choline prevents fatty liver and is required for phospholipid and acetylcholine synthesis. Lipoic acid acts as an antioxidant and cofactor. Inositol is required for membranes and second messenger signaling. PABA is a folic acid component and sulfanilamide target. Overall, the document outlines the biochemistry of these important micronutrients.
Chap4 lipid nutrition in health and diseaseguhrhaize
Lipids are a group of organic compounds that are soluble in organic solvents but not in water. They serve several important functions in the body including as an energy source, insulating and protecting organs, carrying fat-soluble vitamins, and as structural components of cell membranes. The basic units of lipids are fatty acids which can be saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated. Phospholipids are a class of lipids that make up cell membranes and play roles in processes like blood clotting. Cholesterol is a waxy lipid that helps form cells and produces hormones and vitamins, but too much can increase heart disease risk.
Mutation, Types and Causes, Chromosomal Variation in Number, Gene MutationJan Del Rosario
- Mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's genome. There are several types of mutations including substitution, insertion, deletion, and frameshift.
- Mutations can be caused by natural DNA replication errors or external mutagens like radiation, chemicals, and viruses. These mutagens can directly damage DNA or produce reactive molecules that cause mutations.
- Several genetic disorders in humans are caused by chromosomal mutations, such as Down syndrome from trisomy 21, Edward's syndrome from trisomy 18, and Patau syndrome from trisomy 13. Other disorders involve the loss or gain of whole chromosomes or chromosome segments.
Learn about the Transfer RNA tRNA.
It can be helpful for the students of Biotechnology, Genetics, Molecular Biology, Microbiology and othe Biology related courses.
If you've got any queries, you can directly mail me to pratimasingdan@gmail.com.
I hope this will help you a lot.
This document provides an overview of mutations, which are heritable changes in genetic information that occur due to mistakes during DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which affect a single gene, and chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to whole chromosomes. Gene mutations include point mutations like substitutions, insertions, and deletions. Chromosomal mutations involve changes in chromosome number or structure. Mutations can have a variety of effects on genes and organisms, with some being harmful by disrupting gene function and others being beneficial by allowing organisms to adapt to new environments. Factors like environmental stressors and mutagenic chemicals can increase mutation rates.
Drosophila melanogaster is a common model organism used to study biological processes like development, disease, and behavior. It has many characteristics that make it a good model, such as small size, short lifespan, and sequenced genome. Its life cycle takes 10-12 days and includes egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. Males and females can be identified by size, abdomen shape, markings, and sex combs in males. Mutant phenotypes demonstrate gene function and include changes in wings, body color, eyes, and head structure. Autosomal and sex-linked genes follow patterns of inheritance.
Dr. Ifat Ara Begum's document provides an overview of DNA structure, organization, and function. Some key points include:
- DNA is a polymer of deoxyribonucleotides connected by phosphodiester bonds that carries the genetic instructions for life.
- The DNA double helix consists of two antiparallel strands connected by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs.
- DNA is organized into chromosomes through progressive coiling and folding. Chromosomes are highly condensed and visible during cell division.
- DNA contains both coding and non-coding regions. While genes only account for about 1.5% of DNA, non-coding DNA plays important roles in packaging, expression, and regulation of genes
Population genetics is the study of genetic variation within populations. A population's gene pool contains all the alleles of all individuals. Under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, allele frequencies remain constant between generations if there is no mutation, migration, genetic drift, or natural selection. Five agents cause evolution: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, nonrandom mating, and natural selection, which is the only mechanism that leads to adaptation. Natural selection maintains genetic variation and can preserve polymorphisms through mechanisms like heterozygote advantage.
Genetics is the study of heredity and genetic variation. Key terms include:
- Genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism, phenotype is observable traits.
- Genes hold information to build cells and pass traits to offspring. The human genome contains 25,000-35,000 genes located on 23 chromosome pairs in the nucleus.
- DNA is transcribed to RNA and translated to proteins, which determine an organism's traits. Variations in genes and chromosomes can result in genetic disorders. Common methods to study genetics include karyotyping, analyzing pedigrees, and identifying alleles and mutations. Understanding genetics provides insight into inheritance patterns and human health.
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology:
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into proteins. DNA contains the genetic code in nucleotides that make up genes. RNA polymerase transcribes DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the nucleus. mRNA is then translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm into proteins based on the RNA code using transfer RNA (tRNA) and amino acids. The process of protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA to mRNA and then translation of mRNA to proteins.
There are three main types of twins: identical, fraternal, and conjoined. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg that splits, resulting in twins with identical genes. Fraternal twins develop from two separate eggs fertilized at the same time, resulting in twins that may be different sexes. Conjoined twins occur when an embryo fails to separate completely, resulting in twins joined in some part of the body.
The slide include contents:
Mutation-Definition
Levels of Mutation
Features of Mutation
Types of Mutation
Mutations based on functional effects of the change
Genetic disorders
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male Maryam Fida
Reproductive and hormonal functions of the male 1. Primary Sex Organs
Testes are the primary sex organs or gonads in males.
Accessory Sex Organs
Accessory sex organs in males are:
1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland
3.Urethra 4. Penis
Testis contain Seminiferous Tubules. Sperms are formed in seminiferous tubules. Testis has two important types of cells. 1.Sertoli cells are the supporting cells in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells provide support, protection and nourishment for the spermatogenic cells present in seminiferous tubules. Sertoli cells contain hormone “INHIBIN”. 2. Leydig cells. When stimulated by LH, they secrete:
Testosterone
Androstenedione
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
structural chromosomal abberations and mutationdibya ranjan
Chromosomal mutations can arise spontaneously or be induced by chemicals or radiation. They are major contributors to genetic disorders and occur when there is a missing, extra, or irregular portion of chromosomal DNA. Common types of chromosomal mutations include deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations, which can occur through errors during meiosis. Large chromosomal mutations are often visible under a microscope and can cause conditions like Cri-du-chat syndrome or Prader-Willi syndrome in humans. Studying polytene chromosomes in insects has provided insights into chromosomal structural mutations.
The document discusses the major biomes of the world. It defines climate as long-term weather patterns in a large region, while a biome describes the community of living and non-living things in an area including the climate, plants, animals, soil and more. The five main biomes described are aquatic, desert, grassland, forest, and tundra. Each biome has a unique climate and supports distinct plant and animal life adapted to that environment.
This document defines and describes different terrestrial biomes, including taiga, tundra, desert, grasslands, chaparrals, and provides details about their climates, vegetation, and wildlife. It discusses the key characteristics of each biome such as the typical temperature and precipitation ranges, as well as the types of plants and animals found in each biome and how they have adapted to the environmental conditions.
The document discusses factors that influence the distribution of life on Earth. Climate patterns are determined by variables like sunlight, atmosphere, oceans currents, elevation, and continent positions. These factors create different biomes across the planet based on temperature and rainfall levels. Biomes include tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts, grasslands, temperate forests, tundras, and aquatic ecosystems in rivers, lakes, oceans, and hydrothermal vents. The distribution of species is limited by the availability of water, nutrients, temperatures, and other conditions within each biome.
This document defines and describes different types of environments and their components. It discusses physical, biotic, cultural, and anthropogenic environments. The abiotic components include the lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. The biotic components include the plant and animal kingdoms. It also describes different biomes like deserts, grasslands, forests, tundras, and their defining characteristics. Natural hazards are classified into geological, water and climatic, environmental, biological, chemical, industrial, nuclear, and accident related hazards. Population explosion and geoprocesses are cited as causes of natural hazards.
This document describes the major terrestrial biomes found around the world, including tropical rainforests, temperate deciduous forests, taiga, grasslands, savannas, tundra, and deserts. For each biome, it discusses location, abiotic factors, characteristic plant and animal adaptations, threats, and examples of species found within that biome. The biomes are grouped according to dominant vegetation, precipitation levels, and temperature ranges that create distinct environmental conditions for the plants and animals living in each one.
This document describes the major terrestrial biomes found around the world, including tropical rainforests, temperate deciduous forests, taiga, grasslands, savannas, tundra, and deserts. For each biome, it discusses location, abiotic factors, characteristic plant and animal adaptations, threats, and examples of species found within that biome. The biomes are grouped according to dominant vegetation, precipitation levels, and temperature ranges that create distinct environmental conditions for the plants and animals living in each one.
This document provides an outline of biomes and ecosystems around the world, including terrestrial biomes like rainforests, deserts, grasslands, and forests, as well as marine ecosystems from the open ocean to coastal areas. It also discusses freshwater ecosystems like lakes and wetlands, and notes several human impacts such as habitat loss, pollution, and climate change that are threatening biodiversity.
Land ecosystems and ecological succession (revised)Yire Fabre
The document provides information on the history and environmental degradation of Hispaniola island. It describes how following European colonization in the 15th century, the indigenous population declined drastically due to disease and harsh working conditions, and the island became populated by African slaves and Spanish colonists. Cash crops like sugar cane and coffee were grown, resulting in most of the native forest being cleared for agriculture. The land was eventually overfarmed and degraded. Today, only 2% of the original forest remains, leaving the country vulnerable to flooding and erosion.
The document discusses the biosphere and its major biomes. The biosphere consists of all living organisms and organic matter on Earth and is divided into biomes defined by climate and organisms. There are four primary biomes - deserts, grasslands, forests, and tundra. Deserts cover one-fifth of Earth's surface and have specialized plants and animals adapted to low rainfall. Grasslands are dominated by grasses and occur in areas with enough rain for grasses but not trees. Forests cover one-third of the planet's land and include tropical, temperate, and boreal forests. The coldest biome is the tundra, which exists as Arctic or alpine tundra with extreme temperatures and
There are 7 major terrestrial biomes: tropical rainforests, savannas, taiga, tundra, deserts, temperate grasslands, and temperate forests. The two most important factors determining a biome are temperature and precipitation. Each biome has characteristic climate conditions and plant and animal communities adapted to that climate. For example, tropical rainforests have high rainfall year-round while deserts have less than 25 cm of annual precipitation.
The document defines and describes the major biomes of the world, including aquatic, desert, forest, grassland, tundra, and rainforest biomes. It provides details on the key physical features, animals, vegetation, climate, seasons and threats for each biome. The aquatic biome is further divided into saltwater and freshwater habitats. The forest biome includes temperate forests, taiga/boreal forests, and rainforests. Grasslands contain savannas and temperate grasslands.
This document describes the major biomes of the world. It discusses tropical rainforests, temperate rainforests, temperate deciduous forests, taiga, tropical savannas, grasslands and prairies, deserts, tundra. For each biome it outlines the climate, plant and animal adaptations that allow organisms to thrive in each distinctive environment.
The document discusses factors that influence Earth's climate and ecosystems. It explains that solar energy drives ocean currents, wind, and the water cycle, which produce different climates around the world. Mountains also impact weather patterns and temperature variation. Life requires nutrients, energy, water, and an appropriate temperature range. The distribution of terrestrial biomes is determined by rainfall and temperature, and some of the major biomes discussed include tropical rainforests, savannas, deserts, chaparral, grasslands, temperate deciduous forests, coniferous forests, and tundra. Each biome has characteristic environmental conditions and plant communities.
Forests cover approximately one-third of the Earth's surface and are the largest terrestrial biome. They vary in temperature and precipitation depending on their location. Temperate forests have temperatures between -30°C to 30°C and receive evenly distributed precipitation of 75-150 cm annually. Rainforests are hot with high rainfall of 2000-10000 mm per year and have significant biodiversity. Taiga or boreal forests are cold, subarctic forests located between the tundra and temperate zones.
Terrestrial biomes are areas sharing similar climate, topography, and soil conditions that support characteristic biological communities. The major terrestrial biomes include tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, deserts, grasslands, Mediterranean shrublands, deciduous forests, coniferous forests, tundra, and wetlands. Marine ecosystems include open ocean, coastal zones like coral reefs and estuaries, and tidal environments. Humans have significantly disturbed many ecosystems through habitat conversion, pollution, and overexploitation of resources.
Terrestrial biomes are areas sharing similar climate, topography, and soil conditions that support characteristic biological communities. The major terrestrial biomes include tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, deserts, grasslands, temperate forests, boreal forests, and tundra. Human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, agriculture, and urbanization have significantly disturbed many biomes and are the primary cause of biodiversity loss globally.
This document discusses climate zones and biomes. It defines weather as daily conditions and climate as average conditions over a long period of time. It then defines ecosystems and biomes, which are large ecosystems covering continents. It provides descriptions of different biomes like tundra, taiga, grasslands and deserts based on climate and vegetation. It also lists different climate zones like polar, tropical, temperate and their example locations.
This document discusses how climate affects biomes. It defines climate and biomes, and explains how temperature, precipitation, and other climate factors help determine the type of biome that exists in a given region. Specific climate conditions, like tropical vs. cold temperatures, and wet vs. dry conditions, influence the plants and other species able to survive in an area. The document then provides examples of different biomes in South Africa and how their climates shape the native vegetation and wildlife. It concludes by explaining how climate influences plant growth, soil quality, biodiversity, and which types of organisms can thrive in different climatic zones.
This document describes the major land biomes: deserts, forests, grasslands, tundra, and aquatic. It focuses on describing the different types of deserts, including hot and dry deserts, semiarid deserts, coastal deserts, and cold deserts. For each desert type, it discusses characteristics like temperature, precipitation, soils, plants, and animals found in that biome.
This document describes the seven major biomes of the world: tundra, taiga, temperate forest, tropical rainforest, desert, grassland, and ocean. It provides details on the location and key characteristics of each biome, including the plants and animals found in each one. The tundra biome is characterized by low temperatures and treeless plains. Taiga forests are the largest biome and have long, cold winters. Temperate forests have trees that lose their leaves in winter. Tropical rainforests have high biodiversity and rainfall. Deserts receive little precipitation, while grasslands cover large areas and support wildlife. The open ocean contains the most species diversity of any ecosystem.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Presented by The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action at GLF Peatlands 2024 - The Global Peatlands Assessment: Mapping, Policy, and Action
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
2. Ecology
Ecology:
Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
Rediscovery of the nearly extinct harlequin toad in Costa Rica raises many ecological questions
What environmental factors limit their geographic distribution?
What factors affect population size?
3. Weather vs. Climate
Weather:
Local area’s short term temperature, precipitation, humidity, wind, cloud cover and
other physical conditions of the atmosphere measured over hours or days
Climate:
Long-term prevailing weather conditions in an area
Major components of climate are temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind
Macroclimate:
Consists of patterns on the global, regional, and landscape (multiple ecosystems) level
Microclimate:
Consists of very fine patterns, such as those encountered by the community of organisms
underneath a fallen log
Determined by fine-scale differences in the environment that affect light and wind patterns
5. Biomes
Biomes:
Major life zones characterized by vegetation type (terrestrial biomes) or physical environment
(aquatic biomes)
Climate is very important in determining why terrestrial biomes are found in certain areas
Climate affects the latitudinal patterns of terrestrial biomes
Biomes are affected not just by average temperature and precipitation, but also by the pattern
of temperature and precipitation through the year
Leads to formation of tropical (hot), temperate (moderate) and polar (cold) regions – deserts,
grasslands and forests
Terrestrial Biomes:
Often named for major physical or climatic factors and for vegetation
Characterized by distribution, precipitation, temperature, plants, and animals
Usually grade into each other, without sharp boundaries which may be wide or narrow
6. Tropic of
Cancer
30°N
30°S
Tropic of Capricorn
Equator
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
Temperate grassland
Temperate broadleaf forest
Northern coniferous forest
Tundra
High mountains
Polar ice
Figure 52.9
8. Tropical Rain Forest
Tropical Rain Forests:
Hot temperature, moisture laden air rises resulting in constant rainfall (200 inches per year)
Temperature is high year-round (25–29C) with little seasonal variation
High Biodiversity: home to millions of animal species, including an estimated 5–30 million still
unknown species of insects, spiders, and other arthropods
2% of the land but ½ of world’s species; single tree can have several thousand insect species
Dominated by broadleaf evergreen plants; their dense tops block out most of the sun not
reaching the forest floor
Ground has little vegetation (those that do have large leaves); vines (lianas) grow on trees to
reach the sun
Little wind because of the dense vegetation; plants depend on bats, birds, bees and other
species for pollination
Rapid human population growth is now destroying many tropical forests
11. Temperate Rain Forest
Coastal Coniferous Forest or Temperate
Rain Forests:
Found in scattered coastal temperate
areas that have ample rainfall or
moisture from dense ocean fogs
Douglass firs and redwoods
12. Deserts
Desert:
Annual precipitation is low; often scattered unevenly throughout the year
Heat of day bakes the earth causing evaporation of water from leaves and soil
Soils have little vegetation and moisture to store the heat so you can roast during the day and
freeze at night
Tropical Deserts:
Hot and dry most of the year; few plants and a hard wind blown surface of rocks and some
sand
Temperate Deserts:
Daytime temperatures are high in the summer and low in winter; more precipitation than in the
topical deserts; drought resistance vegetation - cacti
Cold Deserts:
Vegetation is sparse; winters are cold; summers warm or hot and precipitation is low; plants
and animals have adapted to stay cool and get enough water
Fragile Ecosystem: slow plant growth; low species diversity; slow nutrient recycling and lack
of water
15. Savannah
Savannah
Equatorial and subequatorial regions
Warm temperatures year round with wet and dry seasons
Precipitation is seasonal
Temperature averages (24–29C) but is more seasonally variable than in the tropics
Contains widely scattered clumps of trees (aracia with thorns to prevent being eaten)
Grasses and make up most of the ground cover; fire-adapted and tolerant of seasonal drought
Plants have adapted to survive drought and extreme heat
Grazing animals (grass and herb eating; wildebeest) and browsing animals (twig and leaf
eating; giraffe) along with predators (lion)
17. Chaparral
Chaparral:
Occurs in mid-latitude coastal regions on several continents
Summer is hot (30C+); fall, winter, and spring are cool (10–12C)
Close to sea provides a slightly longer winter rainy season than nearby temperate deserts
Precipitation is highly seasonal with rainy winters and dry summers
Fogs in the spring and fall reducing evaporation
Consist of dense growth of low growing evergreen shrubs and occasional small trees with
leathery leaves to reduce evaporation
Dominated by shrubs, small trees, grasses, and herbs; adapted to fire and drought
Prone to fires in the dry season
Many plants produce seeds that only germinated after a wildfire
Animals include amphibians, birds, reptiles, insects, small mammals, and browsing mammals
People like to live here because of its moderate, sunny climate with mild wet winters and warm dry
summers; risk losing their homes to frequent fires and mud slides
20. Temperate Grasslands
Temperate Grassland
Found on many continents
Precipitation is highly seasonal
Winters are cold (often below –10C) and dry; summers are hot (often near 30C) and dry
Dominant plants are grasses and adapted to droughts and fire
Little tree growth
Large grazers such as bison and wild horses and small burrowers such as prairie dogs
Most grasslands have been converted to farmland (Midwest)
22. Mountains
Mountains:
Some of the world’s most spectacular environments are high on Mountains, steep or high
lands that cover ¼ of the Earth’s surface; dramatic changes in altitude, slope, climate, soil and
vegetation occur in a very short distance
1.2 bil people (18% of the world’s population) live on them or their edges; 4 bil (59%) depend
on mountain systems for all or some of their water
Majority of the world’s forests; habitats for biodiversity and contain endemic species found no
where on Earth
Help regulate the earth’s climate: mountains covered in ice and snow help to reflect solar
radiation back into space helping to cool the plant and offset global warming
Can affect sea levels: storing or releasing water in glaciers; as the earth warms, water can be
released in oceans causing them to rise
Major storehouses of water
Despite their significance, mountain ecosystems are not a high priority for governments
and/or environmental groups
25. Northern Coniferous Forest
Northern Coniferous Forest or Taiga:
Spans northern North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth
Cold forests are often found just south of Artic tundra and above certain altitudes in the High
Sierras or Rockies
Precipitation varies; some have periodic droughts and others, especially near coasts, are wet
Winters are cold; summers may be hot (Siberia ranges from –50C to 20C)
Subarctic climate: winters are long, dry and extremely cold; sunlight may only be available 6-8
hrs; summers are short, with cool to warm temperatures; sun shines 19 hrs
Plant diversity is low as few species can survive the winters when soil moisture is frozen
Conifers such as pine, spruce, fir, and hemlock dominate; conical shape of conifers prevents
too much snow from accumulating and breaking their branches
Migratory and resident birds; large mammals such as moose, brown bears, and Siberian tigers
27. Temperate Broadleaf Forest
Temperate Broadleaf Forest:
Found at midlatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere, with smaller areas in Chile, South Africa,
Australia, and New Zealand
Significant amounts of precipitation fall during all seasons as rain or snow
Winters average 0C; summers are hot and humid (near 35C)
Long warm summers, cold but not severe winters and abundant moisture, often fairly spread
throughout the year
Dominated by deciduous trees in the Northern Hemisphere; evergreen eucalyptus in Australia
Broad-leaf trees: oak, hickory, maple and beech; survive cold winters by dropping their leaves
in the fall and becoming dormant; each spring, new leaves form and turn colors in the fall
Mammals, birds, and insects make use of all vertical layers in the forest
Eastern US were home to bears, foxes and pumas (many have been killed) and the dominant
mammal often is deer
In the Northern Hemisphere, many mammals hibernate in the winter
Impact of human activities: disturbed more than any other for growing of crops, wood or cities;
within 100-200 years after it’s left undistributed, it can return to forest
29. Tundra
Tundra:
Covers expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes
Precipitation is low in arctic tundra and higher in alpine tundra
Winters are cold (below –30C); summers are relatively cool (less than 10C)
Treeless and bitterly cold
Swept by cold winds and covered by ice and snow
Winters are long and dark
Little precipitation
Permafrost, a permanently frozen layer of soil, prevents water infiltration
Vegetation is herbaceous (mosses, grasses, forbs, dwarf shrubs and trees, and lichen) and
supports birds, grazers, and their predators; alpine can be flowers
Most of the growth occurs in the 7-8 week summer when the sun shines almost 24 hrs
Mammals include musk oxen, reindeer, bears, wolves, and foxes; many migratory bird species
nest in the summer
31. Aquatic Biomes
Aquatic Biomes:
Account for the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area
Marine biomes have salt concentrations of about 3%
Largest marine biome is made of oceans, which cover about 75% of Earth’s surface and
have an enormous impact on the biosphere
Freshwater biomes have salt concentrations of less than 0.1%
Freshwater biomes are closely linked to soils and the biotic components of the surrounding
terrestrial biome
Stratified into Zones or layers defined by light penetration, temperature, and depth:
Pelagic Zone:
Photic Zone has sufficient light for photosynthesis; most animals live here
Aphotic Zone receives little light; extensive with little life
Deep in the Aphotic Zone lies the Abyssal Zone with a depth of 2,000 to 6,000 m
Benthic Zone:
Organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones
Communities of organisms are collectively called the Benthos
Detritus:
Dead organic matter, falls from the productive surface water; important source of food
33. Lakes
Lakes:
Natural bodies of freshwater formed from precipitation, runoff or groundwater that fill in
depressions in the surface caused by glaciers (Bear Mountain), volcanoes (Crater Lake) or
other ways such as supplied with water from rain (precipitation) or streams
Size varies from small ponds to very large lakes
Oligotrophic Lakes:
Nutrient-poor and generally oxygen-rich
Small supply of plant nutrients
Generally deep with steep banks; fed by glaciers and mountain streams with little sediment;
crystal clear
Eutrophic Lakes:
Nutrient-rich and often depleted of oxygen if ice covered in winter
Rooted and floating aquatic plants live in shallow and well-lighted area close to shore
Water is too deep to support rooted aquatic plants; small drifting animals called zooplankton
graze on the phytoplankton
Invertebrates live in the benthic zone; Fishes live in all zones with sufficient oxygen
35. Wetlands
Surface Water: precipitation that does not sink into the ground or evaporate
Runoff: precipitation that runs into a stream
Watershed, Drainage Basin: land that delivers runoff, sediment and dissolved substances into a
stream; small streams form rivers and rivers flow downhill to the ocean
Aquatic Life Zones:
Source Zone:
Headwaters or mountain highland streams; usually shallow, cold, clear and swift flowing;
waterfalls and rapids
Not productive because of lack of nutrients and producers; food is from decomposition;
algae; fishes
Transition Zone:
Middle; become wider, deeper and warmer; slower; more turbid (cloudier)
Producers; both cold and warm water fish (black bass)
Floodplain Zone:
Over time, they shape the land including leveling or cutting through mountains forming
canyons; streams can join others, forming wider and deeper rivers
Large amount of producers and fish; rivers end in a mouth or delta; absorb the floodwaters
and add nutrient rich land
36. Wetlands
Wetlands
Habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted
to water-saturated soil
High organic production and decomposition and have low dissolved oxygen content
Can develop in shallow basins, along flooded river banks, or on coasts of large lakes and seas
Wetlands are among the most productive biomes on Earth
Plants include lilies, cattails, sedges, tamarack, and black spruce
Wetlands are home to diverse invertebrates and birds, as well as otters, frogs, and alligators
Humans have destroyed up to 90% of wetlands; wetlands purify water and reduce flooding
39. Streams and Rivers
Streams and Rivers:
Most prominent physical characteristic of streams and rivers is current
Headwaters are generally cold, clear, turbulent, swift, and oxygenrich; they are often narrow
and rocky
Downstream waters form rivers and are generally warmer, more turbid, and more oxygenated;
they are often wide and meandering and have silty bottoms
May contain phytoplankton or rooted aquatic plants
Diversity of fishes and invertebrates inhabit unpolluted rivers and streams
Damming and flood control impair natural functioning of stream and river ecosystems
41. Coastal Wetlands
Estuaries:
Where rivers meet the sea; partially enclosed bodies of water where sea water mixes with
fresh water as well as nutrients from streams, rivers and runoff from the land
Coastal Wetlands:
Coastal land areas covered with water all or part of the year
Combined with Estuaries, they are some of the Earth’s most productive ecosystems because
of nutrients, rapid flow of water and ample sunlight:
Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands: include river mouths, inlets, bays, sounds, salt marshes and
mangrove forests
Seagrass Beds:
Species of plants that grow underwater in shallow marine and estuaries along the coastline
Highly productive and support a variety of marine species
Stabilize shorelines and reduce wave impact
Life is harsh; adapt to daily and seasonal changes in tidal and river flow; water temperatures and
salinity; and runoff from the land including soil sediment and pollutants; because of this, they may
have low plant diversity but high productivity
42. Coastal Wetlands
Mangrove Forests:
Found along 70% of gently sloping sandy and silt coastlines in the tropics and sub-tropics
Grow in salt water and have extensive root systems that can support during changes in water
levels
Coastal Aquatic Systems provide important ecological and economic services:
Maintain water quality by filtering toxic pollutants, excess plant nutrients, sediments and
absorb other pollutants
Provide food, habitats and nursery sites
Reduce storm damage and coast erosion by absorbing waves and storing excess water
produced by storms and tsunamis
Provide timber and wood for fuel
UN estimates that between 1980 and 2005 at least 1/5 of the mangrove forests were lost due
mainly to human coastal development
Loss of mangroves can lead to polluted drinking water caused by inland intrusion of saltwater into
fresh water aquifers used to supply drinking water
46. Coastal Shoreline
Intertidal Zone:
Area between high and low tides (gravitational pull of the moon and sun)
Organisms must adapt to movement of water; high tides to drying out at low tides
Oxygen and nutrient levels are high
Deal with daily salinity and moisture changes
Organisms need to “hold on”:
Rocky Shores:
Pounded daily by waves
Numerous pools and other habitats with a great variety of species; marine algae
Animals have adapted to attach themselves to the hard surface
Sandy Shores:
Barrier beaches
Many organisms are hidden from view by burrowing, digging or tunneling in the sand;
home to shore birds that feed on crustaceans – sea grass and algae
Barrier Islands:
Narrow islands that form offshore parallel to the coast
48. Oceanic Pelagic Zone
Oceanic Pelagic Zone:
Constantly mixed by wind-driven oceanic currents
Oxygen levels are high
Turnover in temperate oceans renews nutrients in the photic zones; year-round stratification
in tropical oceans leads to lower nutrient concentrations
Biome covers approximately 70% of Earth’s surface
Phytoplankton and zooplankton are the dominant organisms in this biome; also found are
free-swimming animals
Zooplankton includes protists, worms, copepods, krill, jellies, and invertebrate larvae
Other animals include squids, fishes, sea turtles, and marine mammals
50. Coral Reefs
Coral Reefs:
World’s oldest, most diverse and most productive ecosystem
Known as “Natural Wonders”
Biodiversity – marine equivalent of Tropical Rain Forests
Formed by tiny animals known as polyps – jellyfish; calcium carbonate
Occupy only 0.2% of the ocean’s floor
15% have been destroyed and another 20% damaged
They provide important ecological and economic services;
Moderate atmospheric temperatures
Act as natural barriers protecting coasts from erosion
Provide habitats
Support fishing and tourism businesses
Provide jobs and building materials
53. Marine Benthic Zone
Marine Benthic Zone:
Consists of the seafloor below the surface waters of the coastal zone
Organisms in the very deep benthic zone are adapted to continuous cold and extremely high
water pressure
Mainly soft sediments; some areas are rocky
Shallow areas contain seaweeds and filamentous algae
Deep-sea hydrothermal vents of volcanic origin on mid-oceanic ridges are surrounded by
unique chemoautotrophic prokaryotes, as well as echinoderms and arthropods
Benthic communities include invertebrates and fishes
55. Human Problem
Human activities are causing major threats to marine systems, especially coastal wetlands, shore
lands, mangrove forests and coral reefs; threatened by man is the biological diversity and
ecosystems provided by the oceans that cover 71% of Earth:
Coastal Development: by 2006, 46% of the world’s population (more than ½ of US) lived
along or near coasts; by 2040, up to 80% may
Overfishing: depletes population of commercial fish
Pollution: fertilizers or animal waste; sewage from ships; oil spillage
Habitat Destruction: development but also, trawler fishing
Introduction of Invasive Species (non-native)
Climate Change from Human Activities: rise in levels
Pollution of coastal wetlands and estuaries
56. Man-made Ecosystems
Agricultural Ecosystems
Essentially croplands which have been developed and maintained with human inputs like chemical
fertilizers, irrigation, heating systems, etc
.
Urban ecosystems
-“fuel-power” ecosystem. The presence of trees and plant life recycling carbon dioxide from
human, vehicular and industrial activities.