Environmental issues, pollution, green house effect, global warming, CASE STUDIES

1. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
BY- Dr R K UPADHYAY
PGT, Biology

2. POLLUTI0N- it is any undesirable change in phsical,
chemical or biological characteristic of air, land, water
and soil.
ENVIRONMENT
(PROTECTION) ACT, 1986
To protect and improve the
quality of our environment

3. Air pollution and its control
• EFFECT-
 REDUCE GROWTH AND YIELD OF CROP
 PREMATURE DEATH OF PLANTS
 RESPIRATORY DISEASE OF HUMANS/ ANIMALS
 According to CPCB (central pollution control board) particulate size
2.5 (PM 2-5) micrometer or less causes great harm
 CAUSES-
 THERMAL POWER PLANTS
 INDUSTRIES
 AUTOMOBILE
 BURNING OF FOSSIL FUEL/ WOOD ETC

4. ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR
• CLEAN AIR
•
• WATER /LIME SPRAY
• DIRTY AIR PARTICULATE MATTER
• SCRUBBER

5. Electrostatic precipitator
DISCHARGE CORONA
NEGATIVELY CHARGED WIRE
DIRTY AIR CLEAN AIR
DUST PARTICLES
collection plate ground

6. Electrostatic precipitator

7. CATALYTIC CONVERTERS
• PLATINUM- PALLADIUM CATALYST CONVERTER
• RHODIUM CATALYST COVERTER
 THESE ARE FITTED IN AUTOMOBILES TO REDUCE
EMISSION OF POISONOUS GASES
THESE CATALYTIC CONVERTERS CONVERT
UNBURNT HYDROCARBONS IN TO CO2AND H2O
o CO converted in to CO2
o NITRIC OXIDE is converted in to N2 gas

8. NOISE
AIR (PREVENTION AND
CONTROL OF POLLUTION)
ACT- 1981 (ammended in
1987) DB
(decibe
l unit)
Jet plane raise
sound of 150
db
20 db is
good
for ears

9. Effect of noise pollution
DAMAGE OF
HEARING
ABILTY
SLEEPLESSNESS
INCREASED
HEART BEAT
RATE
ALTERED
BREATHING
PATTERN
STRESS

10. C0NTROLLING VEHICULAR AIR POLLUTION: A CASE STUDY IN THE
DELHI
• Delhi ranked 41 amongst the most polluted
city of the world
• CNG- it is better than diesel ‘coz it burns most
efficiently and causes less pollution
• CNG is cheaper than petrol and diesel
• Use of unleaded petrol, low sulphur petrol,
use of catalytic converters

11. EURO AND BHARAT NORMS
• REDUCED LEVEL OF ‘S’ AND AROMATIC
CONTENT IN FUEL
• EURO II- ‘S’ CONTROLLED AT 350 ppm IN
DIESEL AND 150 ppm IN PETROL
• BHARAT STAGE II (equivalent to EURO II)-
FROM 1 APRIL 2005
• EURO III AND EURO IV

12. • Water (prevention and control of pollution)
act 1974
• Impurities- suspended solid (sand, slit and
clay), colloidal material (faecal matter,
bacteria, paper,clothes), dissolved material
(nitrate, ammonia, phosphate, sodium,
calcium)
water impurities 0.1%)
WATER POLLUTION AND IYS CONTROL

13. BOD
ALGAL BLOOM
WATER HYACINTH
BIOMAGNIFICATIN
EUTROPHICATION
CULTURAL OR ACCELERATED
EUTROPHICATION

14. BIOMAGNIFICATION-
INCREASE IN
CONCENTRATION OF
TOXIC SUBSTANCES AT
SUCCESSIVE TROPHIC
LEVE
* biomagnifications
occur due to
accumulation of toxic
substances
water (DDT 0.003ppm)
zooplnkton (o.o4 ppm)
small fish (0.5 ppm)
large fish (2 ppm)
eagle (25 ppm)

15. eutrophication
• It is natural ageing of the lake by nutrient
enrichment of its water
• As the lake fertility increases , plant and
animal life burgeons and organic remains
begin to be deposited on the lake bottom
• Human acivities accelerate the aging process
of lake. It is known as accelerating
eutrophication

16. A CASE STUDY OF INTEGRATED WASTE WATER TREATMENT
ARCATA (CALIFORNIA) AND HUMBOLDT STATE UNIVERSITY-the towns people clean the
water in two stages-
i) sedimentation, filtration, chlorine treatment
ii) make 6 connected marshes in which plants, algae, fungi & bacteria were seeded.
The organisms neutralize, absorb and assimilate the pollutants.
Hence the water flows thru marshes gets purified naturally
FOAM (friends of arcata marsh) regulate the above role
Eco san toilets in keral and srilanka

17. SOLID WASTES
Problem with sanitary land fill- seepage of chemicals (pollution of underground
water)
SANITARY LANDFILLS- wastes are dumped in a depression/ trench and covered
with dirt every day
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
WASTES- BIODEGRADABE, NON BIODEGRADABLE AND RECYCLABLE

18. CASE STUDY- remedy for plastic solid
waste
Ahmad
khan –
Bangalo
re
Polybe
nd –
fine
powde
r of
plastic
Bitumen-
used in
construction
of road
Mixture of
polybend
and bitumen
used in road.
Water
repellant
property
increase
d and
road life
increase
3 times

19. ELECTRONIC WASTES (e-waste)

20. ORGANIC FARMING
Integrated organic farming is cyclical, zero wate procedure
Waste product fron one process are cycled in as nutrient
for other process
No use of chemical fertilizer
Increas the efficiency of production

21. RADIO ACTIVE WASTES

22. GREEN HOUSE EEEFECT AND GLOBAL WARMING
Greenhouse effect- responsible for heating of earth’s
surface and atmosphere
Without greenhouse effect the average surface temp of
earth have been -18 oC rather than present day temp 15 o C
Green house gases- CO2 (60%), CH4(20%) CFC(14%) N2O(6%)
During past century the earth temp has increased by 0.6 oC
(most of it during 3 decades)
Effect- melting of polar / Himalayan ice caps, rise in sea
level

23. Contribution of gases in green hose
effect
CO2 60 %
CH4 20%
CFC 14%
N2O 6%