1. Air and water pollution can negatively impact human health in several ways. More than 3000 people may die in Kabul each year due to air pollution. Water pollution can cause diseases like diarrhea, which affects about 4 billion people worldwide annually.
2. Common sources of air pollution include transportation, industry, power plants, and biomass burning. Water pollution stems from point sources like waste discharge and non-point sources like agricultural and storm runoff. Pollutants can include heavy metals, acids, pathogens and other substances.
3. Effects of air pollution include respiratory and cardiovascular illness, cancer, and premature death. Water pollution increases risk of infectious diseases. Control measures center on reducing emissions, public education, and improving
This document provides information on aquaculture environment management and water quality management. It discusses analyzing water quality parameters, understanding ideal value ranges, and using chemical treatment and mechanical control. Specific parameters like nitrogen, pH, dissolved oxygen are analyzed. Common treatments include liming to adjust pH, using alum as a coagulant, and chlorination for disinfection. Filtration through gravel or activated carbon can be used for mechanical control. The objective is to manage water quality to provide optimal growing conditions for farmed fish.
Microbial Dynamics in Eutrophication .This presentation are prepared based on eutrophication. This topic is very important for soil science,Botany,Geology student.
The bulk of the world's fish meal and oil is today manufactured by the wet pressing method. The main steps of the process are cooking for coagulation of the protein thereby liberating bound water and oil, separation by pressing of the coagulate yielding a solid phase (press cake) containing 60-80% of the oil-free dry matter (protein, bones) and oil, and a liquid phase (press liquor) containing water and the rest of the solids (oil, dissolved and suspended protein, vitamins and minerals).
Mass extinctions have occurred throughout the Phanerozoic era over the past 542 million years where a significant proportion (30-95%) of species went extinct. There have been 5 major mass extinctions identified, including the end-Ordovician, Late Devonian, end-Permian, end-Triassic, and end-Cretaceous extinctions. Potential causes of mass extinctions include supercontinent formation, extra-terrestrial impacts, flood basalt eruptions, methane hydrate releases, and rapid glaciation events. Compelling evidence indicates that the end-Cretaceous extinction 65 million years ago, which wiped out the dinosaurs, was caused by the impact of a large 10km
The circulatory system transfers absorbed nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, and more throughout the body. It has two main parts - the blood vascular system including the heart, blood vessels and blood, and the lymphatic system including lymph vessels and lymph fluid. The evolution of the vertebrate heart is traced from single-chambered hearts in primitive chordates to modern four-chambered hearts with separate pulmonary and systemic circulation in birds and mammals.
The tar sands production is damaging the environment and animal habitats in several ways. It is destroying the boreal forest habitat, which nearly 50% of bird species in North America rely on. Production is also poisoning waterways and the air, causing declines in species near operations and increased rates of cancer in nearby communities. Approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per day is diverted from the Athabasca River for tar sands operations, with 92% ending up in tailing ponds and contaminating downstream areas. The tar sands are also the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases in Canada.
Eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems is caused by excessive nutrients which enhance algal growth. This can have negative effects like algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills. Nutrients enter waterbodies from both point sources like wastewater effluents and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Consequences of eutrophication include dominance of cyanobacteria, increased plankton-eating fish populations, and reduced diversity. Prevention methods include removing excess plants, adding competitors/predators of algae, oxygenating water, using herbicides/algaecides, banning phosphates in cleaners, and improving wastewater treatment to remove nutrients. Cultural eutrophication is accelerated by human activities like agriculture
The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors to regulate breathing rate and depth. It is made up of groups of neurons that control inspiration and expiration. The normal respiratory rate varies by age but is typically 12-20 breaths per minute for adults. Deviations from the normal respiratory rate can indicate respiratory dysfunction and impact illness severity assessments.
This document provides information on aquaculture environment management and water quality management. It discusses analyzing water quality parameters, understanding ideal value ranges, and using chemical treatment and mechanical control. Specific parameters like nitrogen, pH, dissolved oxygen are analyzed. Common treatments include liming to adjust pH, using alum as a coagulant, and chlorination for disinfection. Filtration through gravel or activated carbon can be used for mechanical control. The objective is to manage water quality to provide optimal growing conditions for farmed fish.
Microbial Dynamics in Eutrophication .This presentation are prepared based on eutrophication. This topic is very important for soil science,Botany,Geology student.
The bulk of the world's fish meal and oil is today manufactured by the wet pressing method. The main steps of the process are cooking for coagulation of the protein thereby liberating bound water and oil, separation by pressing of the coagulate yielding a solid phase (press cake) containing 60-80% of the oil-free dry matter (protein, bones) and oil, and a liquid phase (press liquor) containing water and the rest of the solids (oil, dissolved and suspended protein, vitamins and minerals).
Mass extinctions have occurred throughout the Phanerozoic era over the past 542 million years where a significant proportion (30-95%) of species went extinct. There have been 5 major mass extinctions identified, including the end-Ordovician, Late Devonian, end-Permian, end-Triassic, and end-Cretaceous extinctions. Potential causes of mass extinctions include supercontinent formation, extra-terrestrial impacts, flood basalt eruptions, methane hydrate releases, and rapid glaciation events. Compelling evidence indicates that the end-Cretaceous extinction 65 million years ago, which wiped out the dinosaurs, was caused by the impact of a large 10km
The circulatory system transfers absorbed nutrients, oxygen, waste products, hormones, and more throughout the body. It has two main parts - the blood vascular system including the heart, blood vessels and blood, and the lymphatic system including lymph vessels and lymph fluid. The evolution of the vertebrate heart is traced from single-chambered hearts in primitive chordates to modern four-chambered hearts with separate pulmonary and systemic circulation in birds and mammals.
The tar sands production is damaging the environment and animal habitats in several ways. It is destroying the boreal forest habitat, which nearly 50% of bird species in North America rely on. Production is also poisoning waterways and the air, causing declines in species near operations and increased rates of cancer in nearby communities. Approximately 1 million cubic meters of water per day is diverted from the Athabasca River for tar sands operations, with 92% ending up in tailing ponds and contaminating downstream areas. The tar sands are also the fastest growing source of greenhouse gases in Canada.
Eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems is caused by excessive nutrients which enhance algal growth. This can have negative effects like algal blooms, oxygen depletion, and fish kills. Nutrients enter waterbodies from both point sources like wastewater effluents and non-point sources like agricultural runoff. Consequences of eutrophication include dominance of cyanobacteria, increased plankton-eating fish populations, and reduced diversity. Prevention methods include removing excess plants, adding competitors/predators of algae, oxygenating water, using herbicides/algaecides, banning phosphates in cleaners, and improving wastewater treatment to remove nutrients. Cultural eutrophication is accelerated by human activities like agriculture
The respiratory rate is controlled by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors to regulate breathing rate and depth. It is made up of groups of neurons that control inspiration and expiration. The normal respiratory rate varies by age but is typically 12-20 breaths per minute for adults. Deviations from the normal respiratory rate can indicate respiratory dysfunction and impact illness severity assessments.
Water quality management in aquaculture production system aqc 601Yuvarajan Pandiyan
This document discusses water quality management for aquaculture production systems. It covers several key physio-chemical properties of water including temperature, turbidity, salinity, alkalinity, pH, hardness, and dissolved oxygen. For each property, the document discusses the optimal ranges for different fish species as well as how the properties can affect fish and shellfish health, growth, and survival. Treatment methods to adjust the properties when outside the optimal ranges are also provided.
green water production at fish hatcheries and its uses to enhance primary pro...Hafiz M Waseem
green water production at fish hatcheries and its uses to enhance primary productivity.ppt
Chlorella sp.
Scenedesmus sp.
Tetraselmis chuii
Skeletonemia sp
Spirulina sp.
Chaetoceros sp.
Nitzschia sp.
Ocean Acidification atau Pengasaman samudra adalah salah satu dampak peningkatan gas rumah kaca yang berupa CO2 dimana terjadi penurunan pH perairan akibat semakin banyaknya gas CO2 yang diserap laut/perairan
This document discusses soil and water quality standards for aquaculture. It outlines important physical, chemical, and biological parameters for soil and water quality. Key parameters discussed for soil include structure, texture, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon/nitrogen ratio, calcium, potassium, and micronutrients. For water, important parameters covered are depth, turbidity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, hardness, redox potential, organic matter, carbon, ammonia, and nitrates. Maintaining suitable standards for these various soil and water quality factors is essential for providing animals with a satisfactory environment for growth in aquaculture.
Women’s Empowerment in Fisheries and Aquaculture Index (WEFI): Guidance NotesWorldFish
Presentation by WorldFish's Affiliated Researcher and KIT Royal Tropical Institute's Agricultural Development Economist, Froukje Kruijssen, and Consultant, Katie Sproule, on 'Women’s Empowerment in Fisheries and Aquaculture Index (WEFI): Guidance Notes' in December 2021.
Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) takes a holistic approach by considering all impacts on the ecosystem from fisheries and related human activities. It differs from conventional fisheries management by focusing on the entire ecosystem rather than individual species. The goal of EBFM is to maintain ecosystem health, integrity, and sustainability for both current and future generations. Key tools for implementing EBFM include ecosystem models (Ecopath, Ecosim), marine protected areas, and socioeconomic analysis to evaluate management tradeoffs.
1. Statistical tests are used in fisheries science to test hypotheses and make quantitative decisions about fisheries processes. Common statistical tests include correlation tests, comparison of means tests, regression analyses, and hypothesis tests.
2. The appropriate statistical test to use depends on the research design, data distribution, and variable type. Parametric tests are used for normally distributed data, while non-parametric tests are used when assumptions are not met.
3. Accuracy of statistical tests relies on quality survey data. Both fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data are important, though confounding factors must be considered with dependent data. Proper study design and use of statistics allows prediction of fish production.
Sampling methods are used to determine the diversity, biomass, and distribution of benthic life as well as collect historical data. A variety of methods are employed such as grabs, dredges, trawls, sleds, cores, and underwater vehicles to collect representative samples while accounting for limitations of time, money, depth, and habitat damage. The most advanced methods include remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles as well as satellite imaging and sonar mapping of ocean floors.
Determinar el estado del Arte del cultivo de vides en Pica, su historia, desa...LagaresCoop
El documento describe la historia del cultivo de la vid en Pica, Chile desde el siglo XVI hasta principios del siglo XX. La vid fue introducida en 1589 y se convirtió en un cultivo importante que abastecía los mercados mineros. En el siglo XVIII, la producción anual de vino era de 15,000 botijas. Sin embargo, entre 1875 y principios del siglo XX, la producción disminuyó a solo 55.3 hectolitros debido a la expropiación de agua y altos impuestos. Para la década de 1930, el cultivo de
Salt marshes form in sheltered coastal areas where mud and silt accumulate. Unique salt-tolerant plants colonize these areas, trapping sediment and improving soil quality over time. Keyhaven Salt Marsh in particular supports a rich natural habitat and diversity of wildlife, and efforts are made to conserve and sustainably use the area while educating visitors on protecting this fragile ecosystem.
Sustainable development aims to balance economic, social, and environmental aspects of human activity. It seeks to meet current needs without compromising future generations by preserving natural resources and ecosystems. The three types of sustainable development are environmental, economic, and social. Sustainable development is important because the rising global population will increase demands for basic needs like food, water, and shelter, as well as city development. It can also help control climate change through lower fossil fuel use and create more financially stable economies.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and their effects. It describes concepts of waste management including reduce, reuse and recycle. Methods of solid waste storage, collection, transport, disposal and technologies are explained. Recommendations are made to improve waste management through increased public awareness, prohibiting littering, and moving from open dumping to sanitary landfilling.
IMPACTS OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION ON FOOD SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKSIAEME Publication
The food safety and environmental pollution is interlinked and considered to be important issues in today’s world. Historically, the soil and water pollution has impacted food safety and ultimately an important threat for health. The situation is very challenging in most of the countries where the pollution and risks of increasing food safety have affected large set of population. The scarcity of water, over application of pesticides, chemical application and other pollutants are most important factors which impacts food safety in a drastic manner. The study will cater to the waste and soil pollution and their impacts of human health. In present scenario, there is a shortage of water resources which led to the irrigation of waste for fulfillment of water requirements in the agricultural production. This kind of usage causes serous health impacts due to water and soil pollution.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Aboriginal Power: Clean energy and the future of Canada’s First Peoples - MaR...MaRS Discovery District
Clean energy is transforming First Nations, Métis and Inuit communities and shaping the future of Canada’s sustainable prosperity.
Chris Henderson, president of Lumos Energy, is launching his new book, Aboriginal Power. The book asserts that aboriginal co-ownership of renewable energy projects can contribute to “a new story” in terms of Canada’s relationship with indigenous communities.
Learn about the game-changing potential of ecologically-sensitive hydro, wind and biomass projects for Canada’s indigenous people. Chris will share his insights on the importance of clean and sustainable energy to the prosperity of aboriginal communities and Canada’s economic and environmental future.
This document outlines the 7 steps for assessing and predicting impacts on soil attributes from a project. The steps are: 1) delineating the study area, 2) identifying project activities, 3) preparing a description of existing soil resources, 4) procuring soil quality and quantity standards, 5) predicting impacts on soil environment, 6) assessing impact significance, and 7) identifying and incorporating mitigation measures. For each step, the document provides further explanation of processes like examining land use, identifying direct land and environmental impacts, and describing mitigation options for soil erosion and groundwater pollution.
Is a 100% Zero Waste Future Really Possible?Guy Dauncey
The document discusses the possibility of achieving 100% zero waste and provides examples of municipalities that have made significant progress toward this goal. Some key points:
- Santa Monica and San Francisco have recycling rates of 80% but need state legislation for producer responsibility to achieve 100%.
- Capannori, Italy reduced waste per person by 39% from 2004-2012 through citizen engagement and curbside composting and recycling.
- Kamikatsu, Japan has an 80% recycling rate and aims to be Japan's first zero waste town by 2020 through stringent self-sorting of waste.
This document discusses the concept of zero waste and its potential benefits for India. It defines zero waste as a goal that reduces waste volume and toxicity through redesigning products and recognizing waste as a resource. The key aspects of zero waste are reduce, redesign, repair, reuse, and recycle. Achieving zero waste could create new jobs in reuse and recycling industries. It would also reduce waste transportation and related emissions. India could benefit from zero waste through carbon credits, cost savings, decentralized treatment, new policies, and incentives to promote education, clean technologies, and green jobs. Full implementation of zero waste principles would help work towards a more sustainable future.
This is part of the educational series that http://schools.indiawaterportal.org has introduced. This presentation is aimed at allowing the teaching and parent community to explain the existing and potential problems of water mismanagement in our world. This is part of the creative common license
Water quality management in aquaculture production system aqc 601Yuvarajan Pandiyan
This document discusses water quality management for aquaculture production systems. It covers several key physio-chemical properties of water including temperature, turbidity, salinity, alkalinity, pH, hardness, and dissolved oxygen. For each property, the document discusses the optimal ranges for different fish species as well as how the properties can affect fish and shellfish health, growth, and survival. Treatment methods to adjust the properties when outside the optimal ranges are also provided.
green water production at fish hatcheries and its uses to enhance primary pro...Hafiz M Waseem
green water production at fish hatcheries and its uses to enhance primary productivity.ppt
Chlorella sp.
Scenedesmus sp.
Tetraselmis chuii
Skeletonemia sp
Spirulina sp.
Chaetoceros sp.
Nitzschia sp.
Ocean Acidification atau Pengasaman samudra adalah salah satu dampak peningkatan gas rumah kaca yang berupa CO2 dimana terjadi penurunan pH perairan akibat semakin banyaknya gas CO2 yang diserap laut/perairan
This document discusses soil and water quality standards for aquaculture. It outlines important physical, chemical, and biological parameters for soil and water quality. Key parameters discussed for soil include structure, texture, pH, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon/nitrogen ratio, calcium, potassium, and micronutrients. For water, important parameters covered are depth, turbidity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, alkalinity, hardness, redox potential, organic matter, carbon, ammonia, and nitrates. Maintaining suitable standards for these various soil and water quality factors is essential for providing animals with a satisfactory environment for growth in aquaculture.
Women’s Empowerment in Fisheries and Aquaculture Index (WEFI): Guidance NotesWorldFish
Presentation by WorldFish's Affiliated Researcher and KIT Royal Tropical Institute's Agricultural Development Economist, Froukje Kruijssen, and Consultant, Katie Sproule, on 'Women’s Empowerment in Fisheries and Aquaculture Index (WEFI): Guidance Notes' in December 2021.
Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) takes a holistic approach by considering all impacts on the ecosystem from fisheries and related human activities. It differs from conventional fisheries management by focusing on the entire ecosystem rather than individual species. The goal of EBFM is to maintain ecosystem health, integrity, and sustainability for both current and future generations. Key tools for implementing EBFM include ecosystem models (Ecopath, Ecosim), marine protected areas, and socioeconomic analysis to evaluate management tradeoffs.
1. Statistical tests are used in fisheries science to test hypotheses and make quantitative decisions about fisheries processes. Common statistical tests include correlation tests, comparison of means tests, regression analyses, and hypothesis tests.
2. The appropriate statistical test to use depends on the research design, data distribution, and variable type. Parametric tests are used for normally distributed data, while non-parametric tests are used when assumptions are not met.
3. Accuracy of statistical tests relies on quality survey data. Both fishery-dependent and fishery-independent data are important, though confounding factors must be considered with dependent data. Proper study design and use of statistics allows prediction of fish production.
Sampling methods are used to determine the diversity, biomass, and distribution of benthic life as well as collect historical data. A variety of methods are employed such as grabs, dredges, trawls, sleds, cores, and underwater vehicles to collect representative samples while accounting for limitations of time, money, depth, and habitat damage. The most advanced methods include remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles as well as satellite imaging and sonar mapping of ocean floors.
Determinar el estado del Arte del cultivo de vides en Pica, su historia, desa...LagaresCoop
El documento describe la historia del cultivo de la vid en Pica, Chile desde el siglo XVI hasta principios del siglo XX. La vid fue introducida en 1589 y se convirtió en un cultivo importante que abastecía los mercados mineros. En el siglo XVIII, la producción anual de vino era de 15,000 botijas. Sin embargo, entre 1875 y principios del siglo XX, la producción disminuyó a solo 55.3 hectolitros debido a la expropiación de agua y altos impuestos. Para la década de 1930, el cultivo de
Salt marshes form in sheltered coastal areas where mud and silt accumulate. Unique salt-tolerant plants colonize these areas, trapping sediment and improving soil quality over time. Keyhaven Salt Marsh in particular supports a rich natural habitat and diversity of wildlife, and efforts are made to conserve and sustainably use the area while educating visitors on protecting this fragile ecosystem.
Sustainable development aims to balance economic, social, and environmental aspects of human activity. It seeks to meet current needs without compromising future generations by preserving natural resources and ecosystems. The three types of sustainable development are environmental, economic, and social. Sustainable development is important because the rising global population will increase demands for basic needs like food, water, and shelter, as well as city development. It can also help control climate change through lower fossil fuel use and create more financially stable economies.
The document discusses solid waste management. It defines different types of solid waste and their effects. It describes concepts of waste management including reduce, reuse and recycle. Methods of solid waste storage, collection, transport, disposal and technologies are explained. Recommendations are made to improve waste management through increased public awareness, prohibiting littering, and moving from open dumping to sanitary landfilling.
IMPACTS OF SOIL AND WATER POLLUTION ON FOOD SAFETY AND HEALTH RISKSIAEME Publication
The food safety and environmental pollution is interlinked and considered to be important issues in today’s world. Historically, the soil and water pollution has impacted food safety and ultimately an important threat for health. The situation is very challenging in most of the countries where the pollution and risks of increasing food safety have affected large set of population. The scarcity of water, over application of pesticides, chemical application and other pollutants are most important factors which impacts food safety in a drastic manner. The study will cater to the waste and soil pollution and their impacts of human health. In present scenario, there is a shortage of water resources which led to the irrigation of waste for fulfillment of water requirements in the agricultural production. This kind of usage causes serous health impacts due to water and soil pollution.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help regulate emotions and stress levels.
Aboriginal Power: Clean energy and the future of Canada’s First Peoples - MaR...MaRS Discovery District
Clean energy is transforming First Nations, Métis and Inuit communities and shaping the future of Canada’s sustainable prosperity.
Chris Henderson, president of Lumos Energy, is launching his new book, Aboriginal Power. The book asserts that aboriginal co-ownership of renewable energy projects can contribute to “a new story” in terms of Canada’s relationship with indigenous communities.
Learn about the game-changing potential of ecologically-sensitive hydro, wind and biomass projects for Canada’s indigenous people. Chris will share his insights on the importance of clean and sustainable energy to the prosperity of aboriginal communities and Canada’s economic and environmental future.
This document outlines the 7 steps for assessing and predicting impacts on soil attributes from a project. The steps are: 1) delineating the study area, 2) identifying project activities, 3) preparing a description of existing soil resources, 4) procuring soil quality and quantity standards, 5) predicting impacts on soil environment, 6) assessing impact significance, and 7) identifying and incorporating mitigation measures. For each step, the document provides further explanation of processes like examining land use, identifying direct land and environmental impacts, and describing mitigation options for soil erosion and groundwater pollution.
Is a 100% Zero Waste Future Really Possible?Guy Dauncey
The document discusses the possibility of achieving 100% zero waste and provides examples of municipalities that have made significant progress toward this goal. Some key points:
- Santa Monica and San Francisco have recycling rates of 80% but need state legislation for producer responsibility to achieve 100%.
- Capannori, Italy reduced waste per person by 39% from 2004-2012 through citizen engagement and curbside composting and recycling.
- Kamikatsu, Japan has an 80% recycling rate and aims to be Japan's first zero waste town by 2020 through stringent self-sorting of waste.
This document discusses the concept of zero waste and its potential benefits for India. It defines zero waste as a goal that reduces waste volume and toxicity through redesigning products and recognizing waste as a resource. The key aspects of zero waste are reduce, redesign, repair, reuse, and recycle. Achieving zero waste could create new jobs in reuse and recycling industries. It would also reduce waste transportation and related emissions. India could benefit from zero waste through carbon credits, cost savings, decentralized treatment, new policies, and incentives to promote education, clean technologies, and green jobs. Full implementation of zero waste principles would help work towards a more sustainable future.
This is part of the educational series that http://schools.indiawaterportal.org has introduced. This presentation is aimed at allowing the teaching and parent community to explain the existing and potential problems of water mismanagement in our world. This is part of the creative common license
Water pollution effects,causes,and how it is dandages to human life.Navyasri Kallam
Water pollution occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into bodies of water like lakes and rivers. It affects plants and organisms living in these waters and damages biological communities. Water pollution has many causes including chemicals released from smokestacks that fall into water sources as rain. It endangers human health by contaminating drinking water with pathogens from human and animal waste that can cause illnesses like typhoid, cholera, dysentery, polio and hepatitis. Around half of ocean pollution is sewage and other industrial waste, much of which is improperly disposed of in waterways.
1) The document discusses the role of electric vehicles (EVs) in transitioning to a sustainable energy future with reduced greenhouse gas emissions.
2) It outlines three scenarios for the future - 2DS envisions a sustainable low-carbon system, 4DS reflects country pledges to cut emissions, and 6DS shows current trends leading to devastating climate change.
3) Transitioning to EVs is key to decarbonizing transport, with the document projecting over 90% of light-duty vehicles needing to be electric by 2050. However, government targets for EV deployment need to be backed by policy measures to succeed.
The document discusses several tools for environmental management, including environmental impact assessments (EIAs), pollution control boards, and eco-labeling. EIAs identify and predict impacts of projects to inform stakeholders. Pollution control boards establish standards and monitor air, water, and land pollution. Eco-labeling provides labels for environmentally friendly products to guide consumers and incentivize reduced environmental impacts.
This document summarizes key findings from the International Energy Agency's Energy Technology Perspectives report regarding pathways for low-carbon transport. It discusses how transport energy use could increase 75% by 2050 without action, and the need to avoid, shift, and improve transport to reduce emissions. Electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and fuel cell vehicles may account for nearly three-quarters of new light-duty vehicle sales by 2050 in a low-carbon scenario.
Water logging - An ill-effect of Irrigation Priyank Busa
An Irrigated area is said to be waterlogged -
When the shallow water table rises to such an extent that soil pores in the root zone of a crop become saturated, resulting in restriction of the normal circulation of the air or
When the surplus water stagnates due to poor drainage.
The Presentation contributes an overall study of the term Waterlogging, its Effects, Causes and steps that needs to be taken for its Prevention.
This presentation is about Clean Development Mechanism and focus is on power sector. key aspects covered are CDM world statistics, Indian scenario, CER prices, CDM project management, etc.
Zero waste is a philosophy that aims to redesign resource life cycles so that all products are reused and nothing is sent to landfills or incinerators. The document discusses various zero waste plans and initiatives adopted by different cities and countries around the world, including New Zealand becoming the first country to adopt a national zero waste policy. It also outlines steps involved in zero waste management like avoiding, reducing, reusing, and recycling waste.
This document discusses water pollution management in Cambodia. It outlines sources of water pollution such as point source pollution from pipes/sewers and non-point source pollution from agricultural/urban runoff. Causes of water pollution include industrial/sewage waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides from agriculture, and leakage from sewer lines. Effects are death of aquatic animals and disruption of food chains. Solutions proposed are reducing waste/chemicals, planting near water bodies, and managing pollution.
Bioremediation uses microorganisms to degrade contaminants in soil and water. It is more cost effective than other remediation methods like incineration. There are three main techniques - in situ treats contamination on site, ex situ treats excavated material on or off site, and ex situ slurry treats soil-water mixtures in bioreactors or ponds. Specific in situ methods include land farming, bioventing, biosparging, and bioaugmentation which introduce oxygen and nutrients to stimulate microbes. Ex situ methods are composting, biopiles, and bioreactors which accelerate degradation through aeration and temperature/nutrient control.
Air and water pollution negatively impact human health in several ways. More than 3000 people may die in Kabul each year due to air pollution. Polluted air and water can cause respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and neurological impairments. Poor water quality leads to 4 billion cases of diarrhea worldwide annually and intestinal worm infections in about 10% of the global population. Reducing pollution at its sources and increasing public awareness of health risks are important for controlling pollution and its health effects.
Who this is for: Mothers, families, the scientific community, and healthcare professionals.
Description: Carol Kwiatkowski talks about the public health implications of natural gas development, with an emphasis on air pollution and the risks they might hold for vulnerable populations, including children and pregnant women.
About The Speaker: Carol Kwiatkowski, Executive Director of TEDX, The Endocrine Disruption Exchange, and an Assistant Professor Adjunct at the University of Colorado Boulder. During her time at TEDX, she has created the Critical Windows of Development website, which presents a timeline of how the human body develops in the womb, with animal research showing when low-dose exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) during development results in altered health outcomes.
1) The document discusses environmental health and provides an overview of key topics in the field presented by Associate Professor Dr Rozita binti Hod including definitions of environmental health, how the environment impacts health, environmental hazards, and core concepts.
2) Some major environmental health issues in Malaysia are discussed such as children's environmental health, vector-borne diseases, water contamination, urban health issues, and air pollution.
3) Examples of environmental hazards that can impact health include biological, chemical, and physical hazards. Maintaining clean air, water, and proper sanitation are important for preventing disease.
El 5 de juny de 2015, amb motiu del dia mundial del medi ambient, va tenir lloc el Simposi europeu sobre qualitat de l'aire, soroll i els seus efectes sobre la salut a les aglomeracions urbanes, un esdeveniment organitzat pel Departament de Territori i Sostenibilitat de la Generalitat de Catalunya, l'Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal) i el Centre de Recerca en Epidemiologia Ambiental (CREAL), centre aliat ISGlobal.
This document discusses air pollution and its impacts on public health. It notes that air pollution from both indoor and outdoor sources contributes significantly to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, stroke, cancer and respiratory diseases. Small particulate matter (PM2.5) is highlighted as a major risk factor that penetrates deep into lungs and affects health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that air pollution contributes to around 7 million deaths globally per year. The document calls for stronger policies and interventions to reduce air pollution and protect public health.
Air Pollution, Asthma, Triggers & Health - Research and Remediation StrategiesSean McCormick
This content was created to help provide health care practitioners with more detailed information about air pollution, it's impact on health, and low-no-cost strategies for reducing exposure to asthma triggers.
Industrial and agricultural activities over the last 50 years have significantly increased the concentration of toxic pollutants in the environment such as PAHs, PCBs, chlorophenols, nitrophenols, and BTEX. Most of these substances are mutagenic and carcinogenic. Environmental pollution accounts for over 55% of all cancers according to the WHO. Carcinogens may be chemical, physical, or biological agents that can cause cancer. They may act as initiators that alter DNA or promoters that encourage uncontrolled cell growth. Cancer rates are expected to increase significantly in the coming decades due to rising environmental pollution.
A presentation made at the 2015 NC BREATHE Conference by Jason West, PhD of University of North Carolina - Chapel Hill. Sponsored by Clean Air Carolina and partners, the 2015 NC BREATHE Conference was held on March 27, 2015 in Raleigh, NC to bring together air quality researchers, medical and public health professionals, and policymakers to share the latest research on the health impacts of air pollution, the positive health outcomes related to clean air policy-making, and the resulting economic benefits.
Richard Fuller: Main Conclusions of the Lancet Commission on Pollution and He...THL
Richard Fuller, OAM, Pure Earth - Blacksmith Institute, at Europe That Protects - Safeguarding Our Planet, Safeguarding Our Health EU side event, 3-4 Dec 2019, THL, Helsinki
A brief information on Air Pollution.pptxRudraBasugade
This document is a report on air pollution in Karad, India. It introduces a group of three students - Rudraksha Shashikant Basugade, Shankar Bhwadane, and Om Kishor Bhosale - who studied air pollution under the guidance of Dr. K.M. Bagwan at Government Polytechnic Karad. The report defines air pollution, lists the major air pollutants, and describes the sources, effects, causes, and measurement of air pollution through the Air Quality Index. In conclusion, the report states that air pollution is a major environmental health problem affecting both developing and developed countries through ambient and indoor air pollution.
This document discusses sources and types of air pollution. It identifies four main sources of air pollution as mobile sources like vehicles, stationary sources like power plants, area sources like cities, and natural sources like wildfires. It describes two types of pollutants - primary pollutants emitted directly from sources and secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions. Six criteria pollutants regulated by the EPA are also outlined: carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and lead. Health and environmental risks of these pollutants are summarized.
Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a term which refers to the air quality within and around buildings and structures, especially as it relates to the health and comfort of building occupants.
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This document summarizes the key findings from numerous studies on the health effects of PM2.5 published between 2006-2019. It notes that thousands of new health studies and reviews have found that PM2.5 contributes significantly to the global burden of disease, with effects seen even below WHO guideline values. Specific topics covered include the impacts of primary combustion pollutants like diesel and biomass burning, the effects of prenatal exposures and impacts across the lifespan, and the use of alternative pollution metrics like black carbon to help disentangle health effects. The document questions whether a mass-based approach or targeted actions on specific components and sources may be most effective for improving health outcomes.
Ambient Concentration of air pollutants and trace gasesDebasis Ray
This document discusses air pollution and air quality. It defines air pollution and lists various types of air pollutants including criteria pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, lead, ozone and particulates. It discusses the importance of monitoring air pollutants for public health and policy making purposes. It outlines national standards for criteria pollutants set by the EPA and describes trends seen in ambient concentrations of criteria pollutants over time. It also discusses the air quality index and different air quality categories from good to hazardous.
Environment is one of the most important determinant of health. It includes the physical,biological and psychosocial environment. sustainable environment is needed to acquire good health. Environment is effected by many factors, so health is.
This document provides an overview of indicators used in the Environmental Justice Index to measure environmental burden and vulnerability. It describes indicators in three main modules: social vulnerability, environmental burden, and health vulnerability. In the environmental burden module, it discusses indicators related to air pollution (ozone, PM2.5, diesel particulate matter, air toxics cancer risk), potentially hazardous sites (National Priority List sites, Toxic Release Inventory sites, hazardous waste facilities, risk management plan sites, coal mines, lead mines), built environment (lack of parks, older housing), and transportation infrastructure (roads, railways, airports). Each indicator is described in terms of data sources and potential health impacts.
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UHC and Benefits Package Design - Afghanistan expereince.pptxNajibullah Safi
The document summarizes Afghanistan's experience transitioning from the Basic Package of Health Services (BPHS) and Essential Package of Hospital Services (EPHS) to a new Integrated Package of Essential Health Services (IPEHS). It describes the process of developing the IPEHS through expert committees and working groups. The IPEHS was officially launched in 2019 but implementation has faced challenges due to political instability, lack of government recognition, and dependency on donor funding. Key lessons highlight the need for inclusive stakeholder engagement, political commitment beyond just the Ministry of Public Health, and capacity building to support the transition to the new package.
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Public Health Lecture 4 Social Sciences and Public Health
Impacts of air_&_water_pollution_on_health
1. Effects of Air and Water Pollution on Health
Najibullah Safi, MD, MSc. Health Policy and Management
PHC Advisor, WHO Country Office - Afghanistan
2. What is pollution?
• It is the introduction of contaminants (pollutant) into
an environment that causes instability, disorder,
harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical
systems or living organisms
– A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or
soil
– Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant:
• Its chemical nature
• The concentration
• The persistence
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 2
3. Environmental health hazards
• Any external factor that negatively affects health can
be considered an environmental health “hazard“
– It is a generic term for any situation or state of events
which poses a threat to the surrounding environment
– Common environmental health hazards include indoor and
outdoor air pollution, contaminated food and water
– This term incorporates topics like pollution and natural
hazards such as storms and earthquakes
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 3
4. Types of environmental hazards
• It include:
– Chemical
– Physical/mechanical
– Biological
– Psychosocial
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 4
5. Effects of Air Pollution on Health
More than 3000 people may die in Kabul because of air pollution
every year (Press Release - MoPH, January 15, 2009 )
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 5
6. Comparison of health indicators
N Indicator Afghanistan Pakistan
O
1 Life expectancy (years) Male: 47, Female: 45 Male: 65.2, Female 65.6
2 Annual growth rate (%)* 2 1.7
3 Dependency ratio (%) 92 88.3
4 Under 5 Mortality Rate (Deaths/1,000 live 191 (165) 90
births)
5 Infant Mortality Rate (Deaths/1,000 live 129 (111) 70.2
births)
6 Total Fertility Rate (Births/Woman) 6.3 4.1
7 Maternal Mortality Ratio (Maternal 1600 (1400) 276
Deaths/100,000 live births)(2000 data)
Source: HMIS, MoPH, Afghanistan 2006 Health Survey
* Country Health Profile - WHO
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 6
7. Cont.
N Indicator Afghanistan Pakistan
O
8 Pregnant women who received 1+ ANC visits (%) 30
9 Deliveries attended by skilled health personnel 19 100 (2009)
(%)
10 Newborns immunized with BCG 2007 (%) 91 98
11 1-year-olds immunized with 3 doses of DPT 2007 83 98
(%)
12 Children under 2 years immunized with 1 dose of 70 100
measles 2007 (%)
13 Pregnant women immunized with two or more 65 NA
doses of tetanus toxoid 2007 (%)
14 Percent of rural population with access to local 66 NA
health services
Source: HMIS – MoPH
WHO, Country profile http://www.emro.who.int/emrinfo/index.asp?Ctry=afg
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 7
8. What is air pollution?
• It is the presence of one or more air pollutant in such
a quantity and duration sufficient to cause harm to
man, plants animals and property
• Air pollution is the emission into the air of hazardous
substance at a rate that exceed the capacity of
natural process in the atmosphere to
– Convert them,
– Precipitation (rain or snow ) to deposit them or
– Of winds and air movement to dilute them
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 8
9. In door air pollution
• Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial
indoor space where a person spends a period of an
hour or more in any day
• This can include the air space in the office,
classroom, motor vehicle, shopping centre, hospital
and home
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 9
10. Common indoor air pollutants
• Second-hand tobacco • Chemicals released by:
smoke • Dry cleaned clothes
• Lead-impregnated dust • Cleaning products
• Room deodorizers
from old paint, • Office supplies
cockroach shedding • Paints
• Dust mite particles • New furniture and
pressed wood
• Combustion gases • Personal care products;
released by stoves, and
heaters, candles and • Pesticides
fireplaces
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 10
11. Outdoor air pollutants
• Ozone (O3)
• Particulate matter
• Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Nitrogen oxide (Nox)
• Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
• Lead (Pb)
• Volatile organic compounds …
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 11
12. Sources of air pollution
• Transportation (mobile sources )
– Motor vehicles, rail, shipping, aviation
• Industry sources
– Power stations, petroleum refining, chemical
manufacturing
• Power plants
• Central heating
• Incineration of domestic wastes
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 12
14. Health effects of air pollution
• Irritation of nose, eye, and throat
• Respiratory diseases (Bronchitis, Asthma, cough, …etc.)
• Cardiovascular diseases
• Toxicity (CO)
• Decrease of pulmonary function and restricted activities
• Cancers (Benzene)
• Neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental
retardation, and behavioral disorders, learning disabilities,
apathy and behavior abnormalities (Pb)
• kidney/liver damage, CNS disorders (Arsenic, cadmium, lead,
mercury, nickel, and chromium)
• Increased hospital admissions and ER visits
• Anemia as a complication of chronic lead exposure
• Premature death
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 14
15. Air pollution in Kabul
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 15
18. Conti.
– High amount of dust and concentration of poly aromatic
hydrocarbons (originated from cars)*
– A pollutant: Benzo-a-pyrene which increase the risk of
lung cancer
– Presence of duct increase the potential risks of BP
– Combination of drought and loss of vegetation are
contributing factors to the increased dust level
*Afghanistan post conflict environmental assessment conducted by UNEP in
Kabul, Balkh, Herat and Kandahar in 2002
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 18
19. Control measures
• Scientific group studies on the damaging
effects on plant, animal, and human life
• Legislative bodies to set up the standards and
enforce laws to control emission
• Health professional and media to educate the
population about the health effects of the pollution
• Media – advocacy, public awareness
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 19
20. At the individual level
• As transportation is a major source of pollution so
– Limit driving
– Use public transportation, use carpools, bike
– Maintain your car regularly especially the emission control
system
• Reduction at the emission source is very important in
stationary plants
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 20
21. Community level
• They should continue to exert their pressure on the
government to carry on ongoing continuous
surveillance monitoring for air pollution/ pollutants
in order to place more astringent standards when
required
• To encourage the researches on the subject under
study
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 21
22. Effects of Water Pollution on Health
4 billion cases of diarrhea worldwide each year
23. Some facts
• Parasites Intestinal Worms infect about 10% of the
world population
• About 200 million people are affected by
schistosomiasis, with 200,000 dying each year
• Diarrheal diseases have killed more children in the
past ten years than all the people lost to armed
conflict since World War II
• WHO estimated that 88% of diarrheal disease is
caused by unsafe water supply, and inadequate
sanitation and hygiene
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 23
24. Cont.
• In Afghanistan during 2009 water borne diseases
contributed to almost 1/4 of diseases outbreaks
which included cholera, Hepatitis A & E and typhoid
fever
• Water borne diseases are huge burden on already
strained health system as almost 1/5 of patients at a
health facility are due to diarrheal diseases alone
throughout the year
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 24
25. What is water pollution?
• Introduction of harmful substances or products into
water
Causes of water pollution
• Factors that contribute to water pollution can be
categorized into two different groups
– Point sources
– Non-point sources
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 25
26. Point sources
• Some point sources of water pollution include
– Waste products from factories
– Waste from sewage system
– Waste from power plants
– Waste from underground coalmines
– Waste from oil wells …
• They are called point sources because they are direct
sources of water pollution and can be reduced and
monitored
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 26
27. Non-point sources
• The term non-point source encompasses a large
range of sources such as:
– When rain or snow moves through the ground and picks
up pollutants as it moves towards a major body of water
– The runoff of fertilizers from farm animals and crop land
– Air pollutants getting washed or deposited to earth
– Storm water drainage from lawns, parking lots, and streets
…
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 27
28. Water hazardous substances
• Heavy metals
• Other inorganic elements
• Acids/bases
• Oxidants
• Volatile organic compounds
• Hydrophobic organic compounds
• Petroleum additives
• Pesticides
• Micro-organisms
• Radioactive … 28
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 28
29. Harms of water pollution
• Virtually all types of water pollution are harmful to the health
of humans and animals
• Suspended particles in freshwater reduces the quality of
drinking water for humans and the aquatic environment for
marine life
• Heavy metals from industrial processes can accumulate in
nearby lakes and rivers. These are toxic to marine life such as
fish, and subsequently to the humans who eat them
• Industrial waste often contains many toxic compounds that
damage the health of aquatic animals and those who eat them
• Microbial pollutants from sewage often result in infectious
diseases
30. The main water-borne/fecal oral diseases
• Typhoid fever
• Giardia
• Dysentery
• Cholera
• Diarrhea (caused by a variety of pathogens)
• Hepatitis
• Polio
• Worms
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 30
31. Drinking water quality in Afghanistan
• Cross contaminated by sewage*
• High level of contamination with Coliform bacteria
(18-100 count in 100 ml)
• 70% of shallow wells infected by bacteria
*Afghanistan post conflict environmental assessment conducted by UNEP in Kabul,
Balkh, Herat and Kandahar in 2002
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 31
32. Water pollution control
• Pollution prevention
• Minimize pollution
– Recycling and re-use; treatment; encourage cleaner
production technologies; encourage good
housekeeping
• Disinfection (Chlorination)
• Disposal or discharge of waste water
32
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 32
33. WHO publication on air pollution and health
• WHO air quality Global update 2005:
http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2006/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_en
g.pdf
• WHO indoor air quality: dampness and mould:
http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-
topics/environmental-health/air- quality/publications/2009/who-
guidelines-for-indoor-air-quality-dampness-and-mould
• Methodology for assessing the burden of diseases of outdoor air
pollution:
http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/ebd5.pdf
• Air quality and health (questions and answers):
http://www.who.int/phe/air_quality_q&a.pdf
Thursday, July 26, 2012 Afghan Media and Environmental Protection 33