This document discusses the key elements that determine climate: solar radiation, temperature, air masses, air pressure, ocean currents, topography, humidity, and precipitation. Solar radiation is the most important element, as it heats the Earth's surface and drives evaporation. Temperature varies based on the Earth's rotation and revolution and influences other weather aspects. Air masses form over land and sea surfaces and can stretch for thousands of miles. Air pressure is caused by the weight of air in the atmosphere. Ocean currents transfer heat globally. Topography and soil type impact rainfall and temperature. Humidity levels affect physical comfort and weather patterns. Precipitation occurs through condensation and comes in forms like rain, snow, or hail.

1. ELEMENTS OF
CLIMATE
BY: KIRTI GARG
B.VOC[INTERIOR]
3RD SEM

2. WHAT IS CLIMATE??
•The average state of weather over a
lengthy period of time is referred to as
climate.
•Climate does not fluctuate frequently.
•Climate is dependent on larger areas
such as the state or national territory.
•Weather records collected over a long
period of time is used to forecast
climate.

3. ELEMENTS OF CLIMATE
•SOLAR RADIATION
•TEMPERATURE
•AIR MASSES
•AIR PRESSURE
•OCEAN CURRENTS
•TOPOGRAPHY
•HUMIDITY
•PRECIPITATION

4. SOLAR RADIATION
Solar radiation is probably the most important element of
climate.
Solar radiation first and foremost heats the Earth's surface
which in turn determines the temperature of the air above.
The receipt of solar radiation drives evaporation, so long as
there is water available.
Heating of the air determines its stability, which affects cloud
development and precipitation.
Unequal heating of the Earth's surface creates pressure
gradients that result in wind.

5. TEMPERATURE
•Temperature is the degree of hotness or coolness of the
atmosphere on a scale of one to ten.
•Temperature varies throughout the day due to the Earth's
rotation and during the annual seasons due to the Earth's
translational motion around the sun.
•It's usually expressed in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
•A thermometer is a device that is used to measure
temperature.
•As temperature influences other aspects of the weather, it is
a critical factor in determining the weather.

6. AIR MASSES
•Air mass can be defined as a large air volume with
uniform temperature and moisture.
• These masses can stretch thousands of miles
horizontally over the Earth’s surface, and vertically from
ground level to the stratosphere (10 miles) into the
atmosphere.
•An air mass is formed whenever an atmosphere gets in
touch with a large, relatively stable land or sea surface
for long enough periods to receive the temperature and
moisture of that surface.
•Air masses are commonly classified concerning the
latitudes, and their continent or maritime source
regions.

7. AIR PRESSURE
•The pressure formed by the weight of air in the Earth's
atmosphere is known as air pressure. It's also known
as barometric pressure, named after the device that measures
air pressure.
•Air has weight, even if it isn't apparent, because it isn't empty.
•It's filled with nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and a
few more gases in microscopic particles.
•Due to the gravitational force of the Earth, the weight of the
particles in the air causes pressure.
•Because there is more air above the air near the ground, air
pressure is higher.

8. OCEAN CURRENTS
•Ocean currents are the continuous, predictable, directional
movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis
Effect), and water density.
•Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and
vertically.
• Horizontal movements are referred to as currents, while
vertical changes are called upwellings or downwellings.
• This abiotic system is responsible for the transfer of heat,
variations in biodiversity, and Earth’s climate system.

9. TOPOGRAPHY
•The topography is a major factor in climate, especially
when it comes to rainfall.
• The higher the altitude, the more water vapour can be
stored and the less likely it will be for the rain to fall.
•Soil type also has an effect on how high temperatures
can reach during the day.
•Dry soil heats up faster than wet soil would, causing
temperatures to rise quickly and maintain that heat for
longer periods of time.

10. HUMIDITY
•Humidity is another weather element that cannot be seen
but can be felt.
•It not only plays a big part in weather formation but also
directly influence our physical comfort levels.
•Humidity is the amount of water vapor that is present in the
atmosphere at any specific time.
•Water vapor is nothing more than water in a state of gas
(after the liquid has evaporated).
•Although humidity and its effects can usually be felt, it is
normally invisible to the naked eye.
•Humidity can be challenging to understand and interpret
correctly.
•The hygrometer is the instrument used to measure wind
speed.

11. PRECIPITATION
•Precipitation is water in all its different states, which is
formed after condensation turned water vapor into its
solid form, which falls to the ground after it becomes too
heavy to stay suspended in the air.
•Precipitation can take the form of rain, snow, hail, or
graupel.
•Precipitation is primarily the result of evaporation and
condensation.
•Instrument for Measuring Rainfall :A rain gauge is the
instrument used to measure rainfall. It is essentially a
measured container that captures rain and measures the
amount that falls over a set period of time.

12. THANK
YOU