This Slides will help you to know the- what is the economics of power generation and how it is generated. The basic terminology used in power generation like demand factor, peak load, load curve, load factor, diversity factor, and at last you will also find out the methods used for calculating the Depreciation of materials.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
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WIND POWER GENERATION SCHEMES are Constant speed - Constant frequency systems (CSCF)
Variable speed - Constant frequency systems (VSCF)
Variable speed - Variable frequency systems (VSVF)
Economic selection of type of genration and types of equipment used in power...Madhusudan Sharma
This presentation gives the economic aspect of choosing the type of generation of electrical energy and the equipments which are used in plant. Smart selection of generation type and equipments leads a economic and most efficient generation of electrical power and I also focus on this particular topic in this presentation
@ MR. UNIQUE PRESENTATIONS.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting the power output of multiple generators at different power plants, in response to changes in the load. Since a power grid requires that generation and load closely balance moment by moment, frequent adjustments to the output of generators are necessary. The balance can be judged by measuring the system frequency; if it is increasing, more power is being generated than used, which causes all the machines in the system to accelerate. If the system frequency is decreasing, more load is on the system than the instantaneous generation can provide, which causes all generators to slow down.
What is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load managementWhat is load management
WIND POWER GENERATION SCHEMES are Constant speed - Constant frequency systems (CSCF)
Variable speed - Constant frequency systems (VSCF)
Variable speed - Variable frequency systems (VSVF)
Economic selection of type of genration and types of equipment used in power...Madhusudan Sharma
This presentation gives the economic aspect of choosing the type of generation of electrical energy and the equipments which are used in plant. Smart selection of generation type and equipments leads a economic and most efficient generation of electrical power and I also focus on this particular topic in this presentation
@ MR. UNIQUE PRESENTATIONS.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
the ratio of the actual electrical power dissipated by an AC circuit to the product of the r.m.s. values of current and voltage. The difference between the two is caused by reactance in the circuit and represents power that does no useful work.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Economics of Power Generation
A power station is required to deliver
power to a large number of consumers
to meet their requirements. While de-
signing and building a power station, efforts
should be made to achieve overall economy so
that the per unit cost of production is as low as
possible. This will enable the electric supply
company to sell electrical energy at a profit and
ensure reliable service. The problem of deter-
mining the cost of production of electrical en-
ergy is highly complex and poses a challenge to
power engineers. There are several factors which
influence the production cost such as cost of land
and equipment, depreciation of equipment, inter-
est on capital investment etc. Therefore, a care-
ful study has to be made to calculate the cost of
production. In this chapter, we shall focus our
attention on the various aspects of economics of
power generation.
The art of determining the cost of producing electrical energy per unit (i.e., one kWh), known as the economics of power generation. The economics of power generation has assumed a great importance in this fast developing Economics of Power Generation
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
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"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1.
ECONOMICS OF POWER GENERATION
School of Energy & Environmental Studies
Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya
Indore
Submitted By: MAHARISHI TIWARI
M. Tech
(2017-19)
2.
3. What is Economics Of Power Generation?
Definition of Economics of Power Generation: The
art of determining the per unit (i.e. one kWh) cost of
production of Electrical Energy is known as
Economics of Power Generation.
While designing and building a power station, efforts
should be made to achieve overall economy so that
the per unit cost of production is as low as possible.
This will enable the electric supply company to sell
electrical energy at a profit and ensure reliable
service.
4. Terms commonly used in system
operation:
1. Connected Load: The Sum of Continuous rating of
all the equipments (bulbs, tubes, CFLs, Fans,
Electrical Motors, Socket Outlets, and Power Plugs
etc) connected to Electrical Supply System is known
as Connected Load.
2. Firm Power: It is defined as, the theoretical
(imaginary) value of power which a power plant
(Hydro, Thermal etc) is supposed to produce
throughout a year or at all time is known as firm
power.
6. 3. Cold Reserve: It is defined as the reserve
generating capacity which is available for service but
is not in operation.
4. Hot Reserve: It is defined as the reserve
generating capacity which is available in operation but
is not in service.
5. Spinning Reserve: It is defines as the generating
capacity which is connected to bus and is ready to
take load.
7. Demand:
The demand of an installation or system is the load that
drawn from the source of supply at the receiving terminals
averaged over a suitable and specified interval of time.
Demand is expressed in killowatts (kW) or other suitable
units.
10. Load Curve:
Definition: The Load Curve is a Graph, which
represents load on the generation station (the load is
in kW/MW) recorded at the interval of half hour or hour
(time) against the time in chronological order.
(Or)
The Load Curve is defined as the curve which is
drawn between loads versus time in sequential order.
We have to draw the load curve on daily basis data,
weekly, monthly basis data. (Or)
The curves showing the variation of load on the
power station with respect to time is known as load
Curves.
12. The Load Curve gives following Information:
The daily load curve shows the variation of load
on the power station during different hours of
the day.
The area under the daily load curve gives the
number of unit generated in the day. Unit
generated/day= Area (in kWh) under daily load
curve.
The highest point on the daily load curve
represents the maximum demand on the station
on that day.
13. Plant Capacity Factor:
It is the ration of actual energy produced to the
maximum possible energy that could have been
produced during a given period.
The plant capacity factor is an indication of the reserve
capacity of the plant.
Reserve Capacity = Plant Capacity Factor –
Maximum Demand
14. Plant Use Factor:
Definition: It is the ratio of kWh generated to the
product of plant capacity and the number of hours for
which the plant was in operation.
Plant use factor indicated how much is the plant
capacity utilized, but it does not indicate the time for
which the plant remained idle.
Average load:
15. Load Factor:
Definition: The ratio of number of units actually
generated in a given period to number of units
which could have been generated with the same
maximum demands is called as load factor for the
station. (OR)
The Ratio of Average Load to the Maximum
Demand during a given period is known as load
factor.
It is always less than Unity Consider
16. Diversity factor:
Definition: The diversity factor is the ratio of the sum
of the maximum demands of the individual consumers
and maximum demand of the System.
Diversity Factor = Sum of Individual Maximum
Demands / Maximum Demand of the System.
Diversity factor is always greater than unity.
17.
18.
19. Cost Of Power Plant:
The cost analysis of power plant includes fixed cost
and running cost.
1: Fixed Cost =
(i) Land, building and equipment cost:
Cost of land and building will depend upon the
location of the plant. If the plant is situated near the
cities, the land will be costlier than the case if it is
located away from the cities.
The cost of equipment or the plant investment cost is
usually expressed on the basis of kW capacity
installed.
20. (ii) Interest:
All the enterprises need investment of money and this
money may be obtained as loan, through bonds and
shares, or from owners of personal funds.
The interest on the capital investment must be
considered because otherwise if the same amount
was not invested in power plant, it would have earned
an annual interest.
A suitable rate of interest must be considered on the
capital invested.
21. Depreciation:
Depreciation accounts for the deterioration of the
equipment and decrease in its value due to corrosion,
weathering, and wear and tear with use.
Therefore, a certain amount is kept aside every year
from the income of the plant to enable the
replacement of plant at the end of its useful life. This
amount is called depreciation amount.
The following methods are used to calculate the
depreciation amount:
Straight line method
Sinking fund method
Diminishing value method
22. Straight line method:
In this method, a constant depreciation charge is
made every year on the basis of total depreciation and
the useful life of the property.
For Example= Annual depreciation charge = Total
depreciation Useful life = 1,00,000-10,000 /20 = Rs
4,500
23. Diminishing value method:
In this method, depreciation charge is made every year at
a fixed rate on the diminished value of the equipment.
In other words, depreciation charge is first applied to the
initial cost of equipment and then to its diminished value.
It is clear from the curve that depreciation charges are
heavy in the early years but decrease to a low value in the
later years.
Note:=The value of Demand factor is usually less than 1. It is excepted because maximum demand on the power station generally less than the connected load.