This document presented information on the role of pollinators and pollinizers in fruit crops. It defined pollinators as organisms that aid in the transfer of pollen between flowers, and pollinizers as specific plants that provide compatible pollen for the fertilization of other plants. Several case studies were described that showed the positive impacts of adequate pollinator populations and proper pollinizer selection, including increased fruit set, yield, and quality in various crops such as apple, peach, almond, and kiwi. Challenges to pollinators like habitat loss, pesticides, and disease were also discussed.
Weeds can propagate and disperse through various means. They propagate sexually through seed production or asexually through vegetative structures like rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Seeds and vegetative structures are then dispersed by different agents like wind, water, animals, man, and manure. This allows weeds to spread over long distances and colonize new habitats. Common dispersal mechanisms include seeds or fruits with feathers, pappus, wings, etc. that aid wind dispersal, barbs and hooks that catch on animal fur for transport, and mimicry of crop plants that results in accidental human dispersal during farming activities.
Alternate bearing refers to the tendency of some plants to produce heavy yields of fruit in one year followed by a light yield the next year in a cyclical pattern. This causes significant economic problems for growers by creating inconsistent supply and lower quality crops in heavy yield years. Several theories exist for the cause of alternate bearing, including hormonal imbalance and competition between vegetative and reproductive growth, and it can be influenced by both endogenous genetic and environmental factors. Common measures used by growers to overcome biennial bearing include proper orchard management, regulating flowering, thinning crops, pruning, and growing cultivars less prone to the issue.
Seed refers to a fertilized ovule containing an embryo that can develop into a new plant. Scientifically, seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule covered by a seed coat. There are several types of propagating materials that are also considered seeds, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, and grafts. Seeds are classified into different categories based on their origin and intended use, including nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seeds, with each subsequent category representing a larger scale of multiplication while maintaining genetic and physical purity standards.
1) The document discusses the floral biology and crossing techniques used in groundnut or peanut. It describes the flower structure and development, self-pollination, hybridization process including emasculation and pollination.
2) Two common hybridization techniques are discussed - the conventional technique which involves emasculation by removing anthers followed by pollination, and the ring cut technique which uses incisions and forceps to expose and remove anthers.
3) After pollination, developing hybrid pegs are monitored and grown along with parental lines to confirm hybridity based on morphological traits and seed characteristics. The goal is to develop new varieties with traits like high yield, early maturity, and resistance to diseases
This document provides information about lentils (Lens culinaris), including:
1. Lentils are an important pulse crop grown mainly in Canada, India, Turkey, US, and Australia, with India producing about 0.6 million tons annually.
2. Lentils have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=2x=14. Their center of origin is the Near East and they were first domesticated there.
3. Breeding objectives for lentils include increasing yield, improving seed size/color/quality for different market classes, and improving resistance to diseases, insects, drought, and lodging.
The document discusses different types of forages used for feeding domestic animals. Fodders include plants that are cultivated and cut to feed animals indoors, such as guinea grass and fodder maize. Pastures include grasses and legumes grown in pasture lands for animals to graze, like Cenchrus, marvel grass, and spear grass. Forages can also be classified as grasses like maize, sorghum, and guinea grass or legumes like cowpea, cluster bean, and lucerne. The document then provides details on specific forage crops, including guinea grass, Napier grass, Cumbu Napier hybrid, and lucerne.
Physical purity analysis tells us the proportion of pure seed component in the seed lot as well as the proportion of other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage for which Seed Standards have been prescribed.
Thus, it helps in:
๏Improving the plant stand (by increasing the pure seed component).
๏๏ Raising a pure crop (by eliminating other crop seed and weed seeds).
๏Raising a disease free-crop (by eliminating inert matter).
๏In the use of seed drill (by selecting uniform particles).
Weeds can propagate and disperse through various means. They propagate sexually through seed production or asexually through vegetative structures like rhizomes, stolons, tubers, etc. Seeds and vegetative structures are then dispersed by different agents like wind, water, animals, man, and manure. This allows weeds to spread over long distances and colonize new habitats. Common dispersal mechanisms include seeds or fruits with feathers, pappus, wings, etc. that aid wind dispersal, barbs and hooks that catch on animal fur for transport, and mimicry of crop plants that results in accidental human dispersal during farming activities.
Alternate bearing refers to the tendency of some plants to produce heavy yields of fruit in one year followed by a light yield the next year in a cyclical pattern. This causes significant economic problems for growers by creating inconsistent supply and lower quality crops in heavy yield years. Several theories exist for the cause of alternate bearing, including hormonal imbalance and competition between vegetative and reproductive growth, and it can be influenced by both endogenous genetic and environmental factors. Common measures used by growers to overcome biennial bearing include proper orchard management, regulating flowering, thinning crops, pruning, and growing cultivars less prone to the issue.
Seed refers to a fertilized ovule containing an embryo that can develop into a new plant. Scientifically, seed is defined as a fertilized mature ovule covered by a seed coat. There are several types of propagating materials that are also considered seeds, including tubers, bulbs, rhizomes, roots, cuttings, and grafts. Seeds are classified into different categories based on their origin and intended use, including nucleus, breeder, foundation, and certified seeds, with each subsequent category representing a larger scale of multiplication while maintaining genetic and physical purity standards.
1) The document discusses the floral biology and crossing techniques used in groundnut or peanut. It describes the flower structure and development, self-pollination, hybridization process including emasculation and pollination.
2) Two common hybridization techniques are discussed - the conventional technique which involves emasculation by removing anthers followed by pollination, and the ring cut technique which uses incisions and forceps to expose and remove anthers.
3) After pollination, developing hybrid pegs are monitored and grown along with parental lines to confirm hybridity based on morphological traits and seed characteristics. The goal is to develop new varieties with traits like high yield, early maturity, and resistance to diseases
This document provides information about lentils (Lens culinaris), including:
1. Lentils are an important pulse crop grown mainly in Canada, India, Turkey, US, and Australia, with India producing about 0.6 million tons annually.
2. Lentils have a diploid chromosome number of 2n=2x=14. Their center of origin is the Near East and they were first domesticated there.
3. Breeding objectives for lentils include increasing yield, improving seed size/color/quality for different market classes, and improving resistance to diseases, insects, drought, and lodging.
The document discusses different types of forages used for feeding domestic animals. Fodders include plants that are cultivated and cut to feed animals indoors, such as guinea grass and fodder maize. Pastures include grasses and legumes grown in pasture lands for animals to graze, like Cenchrus, marvel grass, and spear grass. Forages can also be classified as grasses like maize, sorghum, and guinea grass or legumes like cowpea, cluster bean, and lucerne. The document then provides details on specific forage crops, including guinea grass, Napier grass, Cumbu Napier hybrid, and lucerne.
Physical purity analysis tells us the proportion of pure seed component in the seed lot as well as the proportion of other crop seed, weed seed and inert matter by weight in percentage for which Seed Standards have been prescribed.
Thus, it helps in:
๏Improving the plant stand (by increasing the pure seed component).
๏๏ Raising a pure crop (by eliminating other crop seed and weed seeds).
๏Raising a disease free-crop (by eliminating inert matter).
๏In the use of seed drill (by selecting uniform particles).
Growth and Phenological stages of Temperate Fruit CropsDeepaliKaushik5
ย
This document discusses growth and phenological stages of temperate fruits. It describes growth as an irreversible increase in cells, tissues, or organs through metabolic processes like photosynthesis. Vegetative growth occurs until flowering begins, influenced by environmental factors. Reproductive growth starts at flowering. Fruit development occurs in phases like single or double sigmoid curves. Key growth stages are identified for several fruits like apple, pear, peach, using terms like dormant, swollen bud, bloom, and petal fall. Finally, the phenological stages of different temperate fruits are outlined.
This document summarizes the floral biology of several important cucurbit crops. It describes features such as the type of inflorescence, timing of anthesis and anther dehiscence, pollen fertility periods, and stigma receptivity windows. Key points covered include cucumber flowers being bracteate and unisexual, bitter gourd stigmas being most receptive at anthesis, and watermelon pollen losing viability after 30 hours at room temperature. The document provides useful information on the reproductive characteristics and pollination requirements of various cucurbit species.
The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center.
2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important.
3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is a self-pollinating legume crop grown underground. It is an important oilseed crop cultivated in over 100 countries. There are four main types of groundnuts grown - Spanish, Virginia, Runner, and Valencia. Breeding objectives for groundnut include developing high yielding varieties with good drought tolerance, quality traits like high shelling percentage and oil content, and resistance to diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus. Breeding methods used include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, and use of wild relatives to transfer beneficial traits.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
Muskmelon is a round fruit 8-16 cm in diameter that is valued throughout tropical and subtropical regions. It provides various health benefits and is used in traditional medicines. Muskmelon grows well in warm, sandy loam soils between 25-30ยฐC and is cultivated from November to February by sowing seeds in pits at spacings of 1.5x0.5 or 1.5x1 meters. Common varieties include Durgapur Madhu and Punjab Sunheri. Nutrients are applied during cultivation and fruits are harvested when the netting is visible. Yields of 20 tons per hectare can be obtained in 120 days.
Origin โ distribution of species โ wild relatives and forms โ breeding objectives โ major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.
Seed classes include nucleus, breeder, foundation, registered, and certified seeds. Nucleus seed is obtained from healthy plants in isolation and has the highest genetic purity of around 100%. Breeder seed is produced under supervision from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed, which is genetically 99.9% pure. Foundation seed is the source of registered and certified seeds, and is produced on government farms under research supervision with a white tag. Certified seed is the progeny of foundation, registered, or certified seed itself and is approved and distributed to farmers with an azora blue tag.
Taining and pruning in horticultural cropslovelynagra
ย
This document discusses training and pruning techniques for horticultural crops. It describes three common training systems: central leader, open center, and modified leader. Central leader features a main trunk with side branches, but trees can grow too tall. Open center removes the main trunk to allow more sunlight, but trees are weaker. Modified leader combines aspects of the first two systems. The document also covers pruning types like heading back and thinning cuts, goals of training and pruning like productivity and quality, and principles and objectives like controlling growth. Tools and impacts on growth, hormones, fruiting and more are also summarized.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
This document provides information about tapioca (cassava), including its origin in North-Eastern Brazil, major growing countries, and cultivation in India. It describes cassava's economic roots/tubers, which are high in starch. Varieties developed in India like Sree Sahya, Sree Prakash and Sree Harsha are summarized. The document also covers cassava's climate needs, soil preferences, planting methods, fertilizer use, pests/diseases and their management strategies.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders KitRajendragouda Patil
ย
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
ย
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
This document provides an overview of sorghum cultivation practices. It discusses the taxonomy, botany, economic importance, distribution, varieties, growth stages, nutrient management, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting of sorghum. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and is used for food, fodder, and production of alcoholic beverages. It is tolerant of drought and heat and is well suited to dry, hot climates. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are required to maximize sorghum yields.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
This document discusses trap cropping, which involves planting a secondary crop that attracts pests away from the primary crop. There are several types of trap cropping based on plant characteristics or deployment methods. Trap cropping works by exploiting insects' attraction to plant volatiles and host preferences. While effective against some pests, trap cropping also has limitations such as additional land and production costs. The document provides many examples of specific trap crops used against various insect pests.
24. What we can learn from bees A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Ag...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
ย
Bees play a vital role in pollination and our food system. Approximately one third of the food we eat depends on bee pollination. Bees pollinate about one-sixth of the world's flowering plants and some 400 agricultural crops. Around 30% of food crops worldwide rely on pollinators like bees, providing over 15-30% of global food supplies and nutritional needs. The survival of bees and other pollinators is important for genetic diversity in plants and stability in ecosystems.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
ย
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
Growth and Phenological stages of Temperate Fruit CropsDeepaliKaushik5
ย
This document discusses growth and phenological stages of temperate fruits. It describes growth as an irreversible increase in cells, tissues, or organs through metabolic processes like photosynthesis. Vegetative growth occurs until flowering begins, influenced by environmental factors. Reproductive growth starts at flowering. Fruit development occurs in phases like single or double sigmoid curves. Key growth stages are identified for several fruits like apple, pear, peach, using terms like dormant, swollen bud, bloom, and petal fall. Finally, the phenological stages of different temperate fruits are outlined.
This document summarizes the floral biology of several important cucurbit crops. It describes features such as the type of inflorescence, timing of anthesis and anther dehiscence, pollen fertility periods, and stigma receptivity windows. Key points covered include cucumber flowers being bracteate and unisexual, bitter gourd stigmas being most receptive at anthesis, and watermelon pollen losing viability after 30 hours at room temperature. The document provides useful information on the reproductive characteristics and pollination requirements of various cucurbit species.
The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center.
2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important.
3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.
Groundnut, also known as peanut, is a self-pollinating legume crop grown underground. It is an important oilseed crop cultivated in over 100 countries. There are four main types of groundnuts grown - Spanish, Virginia, Runner, and Valencia. Breeding objectives for groundnut include developing high yielding varieties with good drought tolerance, quality traits like high shelling percentage and oil content, and resistance to diseases like tomato spotted wilt virus. Breeding methods used include introduction, selection, hybridization, mutation breeding, and use of wild relatives to transfer beneficial traits.
Organic agriculture is a practice that does not use chemical fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators or GMOs. It promotes biodiversity and the health of soil, plants, animals and people. Nutrient management in organic farming relies on practices like crop rotation, cover cropping, adding compost or manure, green manures, crop residues, and approved amendments to optimize soil health and nutrient supply. Maintaining soil organic matter and biological activity through these practices is the foundation of organic agriculture.
The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
Muskmelon is a round fruit 8-16 cm in diameter that is valued throughout tropical and subtropical regions. It provides various health benefits and is used in traditional medicines. Muskmelon grows well in warm, sandy loam soils between 25-30ยฐC and is cultivated from November to February by sowing seeds in pits at spacings of 1.5x0.5 or 1.5x1 meters. Common varieties include Durgapur Madhu and Punjab Sunheri. Nutrients are applied during cultivation and fruits are harvested when the netting is visible. Yields of 20 tons per hectare can be obtained in 120 days.
Origin โ distribution of species โ wild relatives and forms โ breeding objectives โ major breeding procedures for development of hybrids / varieties.
Seed classes include nucleus, breeder, foundation, registered, and certified seeds. Nucleus seed is obtained from healthy plants in isolation and has the highest genetic purity of around 100%. Breeder seed is produced under supervision from nucleus seed and is used to produce foundation seed, which is genetically 99.9% pure. Foundation seed is the source of registered and certified seeds, and is produced on government farms under research supervision with a white tag. Certified seed is the progeny of foundation, registered, or certified seed itself and is approved and distributed to farmers with an azora blue tag.
Taining and pruning in horticultural cropslovelynagra
ย
This document discusses training and pruning techniques for horticultural crops. It describes three common training systems: central leader, open center, and modified leader. Central leader features a main trunk with side branches, but trees can grow too tall. Open center removes the main trunk to allow more sunlight, but trees are weaker. Modified leader combines aspects of the first two systems. The document also covers pruning types like heading back and thinning cuts, goals of training and pruning like productivity and quality, and principles and objectives like controlling growth. Tools and impacts on growth, hormones, fruiting and more are also summarized.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
This document provides information about tapioca (cassava), including its origin in North-Eastern Brazil, major growing countries, and cultivation in India. It describes cassava's economic roots/tubers, which are high in starch. Varieties developed in India like Sree Sahya, Sree Prakash and Sree Harsha are summarized. The document also covers cassava's climate needs, soil preferences, planting methods, fertilizer use, pests/diseases and their management strategies.
Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders KitRajendragouda Patil
ย
Studying about, Selfing and crossing techniques in crop plants and Breeders Kit,helps to students and researchers to select appropriate techniques for selfing and crossing in different crops.
This document summarizes a doctoral seminar presentation on research related to grafting of vegetable crops. The presentation covered the definition and purpose of grafting, the history of vegetable grafting, common grafting methods, and research examining the effects of grafting on various vegetable crops such as watermelon, cucumber, tomato, brinjal, chilli, and okra. Specific rootstocks were highlighted for their ability to improve yield, quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses for different vegetable crops.
Practical on Weed Identification of Kharif Crops by Dr.G.S.TomarDrgajendrasinghtomar
ย
Procedure for identification of Common Weeds occurs in kharif season. Common name, growth habit and habitat of weed occurrence is given for the benefit of students and faculties of Agriculture. Presented by Dr.G.S.Tomar, Professor (Agronomy), IGAU, Raipur.
This document provides an overview of sorghum cultivation practices. It discusses the taxonomy, botany, economic importance, distribution, varieties, growth stages, nutrient management, irrigation, weed management, and harvesting of sorghum. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal crop worldwide and is used for food, fodder, and production of alcoholic beverages. It is tolerant of drought and heat and is well suited to dry, hot climates. Proper soil preparation, fertilizer application, irrigation, and weed control are required to maximize sorghum yields.
In this presentation discuses about what is seed testing and what are the objective and important , what are the different types of quality assessment test .
This document discusses trap cropping, which involves planting a secondary crop that attracts pests away from the primary crop. There are several types of trap cropping based on plant characteristics or deployment methods. Trap cropping works by exploiting insects' attraction to plant volatiles and host preferences. While effective against some pests, trap cropping also has limitations such as additional land and production costs. The document provides many examples of specific trap crops used against various insect pests.
24. What we can learn from bees A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Ag...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
ย
Bees play a vital role in pollination and our food system. Approximately one third of the food we eat depends on bee pollination. Bees pollinate about one-sixth of the world's flowering plants and some 400 agricultural crops. Around 30% of food crops worldwide rely on pollinators like bees, providing over 15-30% of global food supplies and nutritional needs. The survival of bees and other pollinators is important for genetic diversity in plants and stability in ecosystems.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
ย
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
The document discusses pollinators and their role in plant reproduction and biodiversity. It notes that most flowering plants rely on animals for cross-pollination, with the main pollinators being insects, birds, bats, and some reptiles and amphibians. Bees are identified as the most important group of pollinators, pollinating over 73% of leading food crops worldwide. The document provides information on different types of pollinator insects including bees, flies, butterflies, moths, wasps, and beetles. It emphasizes the crucial role pollinators play in sustainable agriculture and food security.
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed ProducersSeeds
ย
This document provides information about managing pollinators for organic seed producers. It discusses the importance of pollinators for most seed crops and strategies for reducing undesirable cross-pollination between crops. Common pollinators of seed crops in North America, like honey bees, bumble bees, and various solitary bee species, are described. The document also covers pollinator foraging distances and provides guidance on maintaining isolation distances between different crop varieties to limit unwanted genetic mixing.
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
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For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop productionRAU, Pusa
ย
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
This document discusses various aspects of weed management, including definitions, classifications, and effects of weeds. It defines weeds as plants that grow where they are not wanted. Weeds can reduce crop yields by competing for water, light, nutrients, and space. They are classified based on morphology, life cycle, habitat, origin, association, and other characteristics. Weeds propagate through sexual reproduction via seeds, asexual reproduction, and vegetative reproduction using structures like rhizomes and stolons. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of weeds and their propagation methods. It also mentions some economic uses of certain weed species.
This document provides an overview of weeds and weed management. It defines weeds as plants that grow where they are not wanted. Weeds can reduce crop yields through competition for water, nutrients, light and space. They propagate through seeds, vegetative reproduction and asexual means. Management involves prevention, eradication and control using cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods. The document also classifies weeds based on morphology, life cycle, habitat and other characteristics, and discusses their ecology and impact on agriculture.
This document discusses strategies for conserving native pollinators in organic farming systems. It finds that while organic agriculture reduces pesticide use which benefits pollinators, some common organic practices like tillage can be detrimental to ground-nesting bees. The document provides recommendations for organic farmers to support pollinators, such as reducing tillage, providing flowering crops and habitat, and using integrated pest management over pesticide applications when crops are in bloom. Overall, the document aims to help organic farmers balance production practices with conservation of native pollinators.
This document discusses strategies for conserving native pollinators in organic farming systems. It finds that while organic agriculture reduces pesticide use which benefits pollinators, some common organic practices like tillage can be detrimental to native bees that nest in the ground. The document provides recommendations for organic farmers to support pollinators, such as reducing tillage, using mulches that allow bee access, growing diverse flowering crops and habitat to support native bee populations on which farms rely.
This document provides an overview of weeds, including their characteristics, impacts, classification, propagation, and management. It discusses how weeds efficiently reproduce and spread, compete strongly for resources, and occupy disturbed sites. While weeds reduce agriculture and livestock productivity, they can provide some ecological benefits. The document outlines various weed classification systems and common propagation methods. It then describes several mechanical, cultural, biological, and chemical weed control techniques and integrated weed management.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen between the male and female parts of flowers, or between flowers, allowing plants to reproduce. Almost 90% of flowering plants rely on animal pollinators like bees, butterflies, bats and hummingbirds rather than wind. These animals visit flowers for nectar and inadvertently transport pollen, fertilizing the flowers. Approximately 1,000 food crops worldwide depend on pollinators to produce fruits and vegetables. However, pollinator populations are declining due to habitat loss, pesticides, and other threats. The Pollinator Partnership works to conserve pollinators through education and habitat restoration.
Cross pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower. There are several mechanisms that promote cross pollination over self-pollination, including dichogamy, heterostyly, and hercogamy. The main agents of cross pollination are wind, water, insects, birds and bats. Cross pollination provides advantages like more viable and numerous seeds, but also disadvantages like increased pollen wastage. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, results from cross pollination and can be explained by either the dominance or overdominance hypotheses. Cross pollination and heterosis have been exploited in the breeding of many ornamental plants.
This document discusses several major insect pests that damage fruits in Pakistan. It begins by providing background on insects and then discusses six key pests in detail: 1) fruit flies, which lay eggs inside fruits and whose larvae feed on the flesh, causing economic losses; 2) the lemon butterfly, whose caterpillar larvae feed on citrus leaves; 3) aphids, which suck sap from plants and reduce yields; 4) red scales, an armored scale insect that sucks sap and can cause tree death; 5) mango hoppers, which feed on mango flowers, leaves, and fruits, stunting growth; and 6) the banana weevil, whose grub larvae bore into banana plants and rhizomes,
Honey bees are crucial pollinators for many fruits and vegetables. They pollinate about 30% of the food consumed in the US. However, honey bee populations have declined by 30-50% over the last 20 years due to various factors like pesticides, malnutrition, mites, and viruses. If honey bee populations continue to decline, it could significantly impact food prices and availability. There are steps people can take to help honey bees, such as planting bee-friendly gardens and donating to research on solving colony collapse disorder.
1) Pollinators play an essential role in seed production of many crops as they transfer pollen between flowers, enabling cross-pollination and sexual reproduction.
2) Effective pollinators for seed production must efficiently remove and deposit pollen, exhibit flower constancy by primarily visiting flowers of the same species, and have foraging behaviors suited to the flower traits and needs of the crop.
3) Understanding the floral biology, pollinator species present, and foraging behaviors can help identify the most efficient pollinators to utilize for seed production of different vegetable, spice, pulse and oilseed crops.
1) Pollinators play an essential role in seed production of many crops as they transfer pollen between flowers, enabling cross-pollination and sexual reproduction.
2) Effective pollinators for seed production must efficiently remove and deposit pollen, have foraging behaviors that result in visits to multiple individual plants of the same species, and show flower constancy to minimize cross-pollination between varieties.
3) Bees are often effective pollinators for seed production due to their flower constancy, patch fidelity, and ability to carry out many flower visits in a day, resulting in reliable pollen transfer within a crop variety.
Economic zoology deals with applying zoological knowledge to benefit humanity, such as cultivating animals for food and controlling pests. It covers topics like beneficial and harmful insects, crop pests, apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, aquaculture, venomous animals, and livestock/vector-borne diseases. Insects provide an estimated $57 billion in ecological services annually to justify greater conservation investments. Beneficial insects include pollinators that transfer crop pollen, valued at $3 billion in the US alone, and predators that control pests. Parasitic wasps, flies, and other insects also help limit pest populations. Productive insects include silkworms, honey bees, and lac
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3. In fruit crops, pollination is a vital reproductive process that involves the transfer of
pollen from the male reproductive organs (anthers) of a flowering plant to the female
reproductive organs (stigma) of the same or compatible plant species.
This transfer leads to the fertilization of ovules and the formation of viable seeds
within the fruit.
Pollination can occur through various mechanisms, such as wind, water, or the
activities of pollinators like insects, birds, bats, or other animals, which assist in
transferring pollen between flowers.
Successful pollination in fruit crops is essential for healthy fruit development, as it
ensures the initiation and proper growth of fruits, resulting in desirable yield, genetic
diversity, and improved crop quality.
POLLINATION
6. Cross pollination is favoured by certain conditions
Dicliny: plant bears unisexual flowers that possess only one type of sex organ
(male or female) example: mulberry and papaya.
Dichogamy: It refers to maturation of sex organs at different periods of time.
It is further of two types. Protandrous (anther matures before stigma) and
protogynous ( stigma matures before anther). Example: pecanut, avocado.
Heterogamy: In these conditions, the plant bears flowers morphologically different
that is long style and short stamen or short style and long stamen. Example: sapota
litchi.
Herkogamy: In certain flowers, a morphological barrier develops which makes
self-pollination impossible. Example: some grasses like alfa alfa.( not common in
fruit crops)
7. DEFINITION OF POLLINATORS
POLLINATORS :
๏ Pollinators are essential organisms that aid
in the transfer of pollen from the anthers
to the stigma of flowers, resulting in
fertilization and seed production. This
phenomenon is a fundamental process in
the reproduction of flowering plants.
๏ Various organisms act as pollinators,
including insects, birds, bats, and even
some mammals and reptiles.
8. DEFINITION OF POLLiNIZERs
๏ Pollinizers refer to the specific plants that
provide the pollen necessary for the
fertilization of other plants. They are the
sources of pollen that are transferred by
pollinators to the female reproductive organs
of different plant species.
๏ Pollinizers are often chosen strategically in
agricultural practices to ensure cross
pollination, which leads to improved fruit set
and seed production in crops.
๏ In orchards, for example, certain fruit tree
varieties are selected as pollinizers to provide
compatible pollen for the fertilization of the
desired fruit-bearing varieties.
9. Insects, particularly bees, are the primary
pollinators of most agricultural crops and wild
plants.
Pollinators represent a key ecosystem service
vital to maintaining both wild plant communities
and agricultural productivity.
Pollination increases food security and
IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS
10. 2/3 of the worldโs 3000 species of agricultural crops
require insects for pollination.
About 70% of the worldโs plants require a pollinator to
produce fruits and seeds of which 35% are crop species.
100 crop species provide 90% of food supplies and
71% are bee pollinated.
And thus, insect pollinators form a critical
part of sustainable agriculture.
11. IMPORTANCE OF POLLINIZERS
Pollinizers are crucial for facilitating cross pollination in plants that
require pollen from a different individual for successful fertilization
They help in the genetic exchange between different individuals
or varieties, promoting plant adaptation and variation.
They enhance fruit yield, set and quality in the crops that rely on
cross pollination.
Pollinizers contribute to genetic diversity and promote a healthy population
of plants โฆโฆ
12. By attracting and supporting pollinators. pollinizers
contribute to the conservation of these important
organisms.
Proper management and selection of pollinizers can
optimize pollination services and increase crop
productivity.
They play a significant role in the pollination of
economically important crops, ensuring food security
and agricultural productivity.
13. Pollinator Diversity of INDIA
Besides honeybees, others including, Stingless bees, bumble bees, alkali bees, scolids,
andrenids, megachilids, etc. contribute significantly to the pollination of crops.
India is a center of rich diversity for honeybees. Out of 8 Apis spp, 6 are indigenous to India, while A. mellifera is
introduced from the USA.
Sweat bee Bumble bee Digger bee Polyester bee Carpenter bee Mason bee
A. andreniformis A. mellifera A. florea A. cerana A. dorsata A. boroisa
14. POLLINATOR DECLINE : A CAUSE TO WORRY
Pollinators are a key component of global biodiversity, providing vital ecosystem services to crops
and wild plants.
There is clear evidence of recent declines in both wild and domesticated pollinators, and
parallel declines in the plants that rely upon them.
Potential drivers of pollinator loss, include habitat loss and fragmentation,
agrochemicals, pathogens, alien species, and climate change.
Pollinator declines can result in loss of pollination services which have important negative
ecological and economic impacts that could significantly affect the maintenance of wild
plant diversity, wider ecosystem stability, crop production, food security and human welfare.
16. Planting plan for pollinisers :
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O X O X O X
O O O O O O
O X O X O X
O O O O O O
O X O X O X
11% Pollinizer plan
(O- Main variety, X- pollinizer variety).
Every third tree in the third row is a pollinizer
25% Pollinizer plan
(O- Main variety, X- pollinizer variety).
Every alternate tree in the alternate row is a
pollinizer
Fundamentals of Horticulture by Parshant Bakshi,
Kiran Kour, Amit Jasrotia
17. O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
15% Pollinizer plan
(O- Main variety, X- pollinizer variety).
Every alternate tree in the third row is a pollinizer.
33% Pollinizer plan
(O- Main variety, X- pollinizer variety).
Every alternate tree in the alternate row is a pollinizer
Fundamentals of Horticulture by Parshant Bakshi,
Kiran Kour Amit Jasrotia
18. Pollinisers varieties
1.Apple (Malus domestica):
Granny Smith: Pollinises
varieties such as Golden
Delicious, Spartan, and Gala.
Golden Delicious: Pollinises
varieties such as Red Delicious,
Granny Smith, and Royal Gala.
Fuji: Pollinises varieties such as
Granny Smith Gala and Red fuji.
19. 2.Pear (Pyrus communis):
Bartlett: Pollinises varieties such
as Kieffer, Moonglow and
Comice.
Anjou: Pollinises varieties such as
Bartlett, Seckel, and Comice.
Bosc: Pollinises varieties such as
Bartlett, Flemish beauty and
Comice.
20. 3.Avocado (Persea americana):
Hass: Pollinises varieties such as
Fuerte, Bacon, and Zutano
Fuerte: Pollinises varieties such as
Hass, Bacon, and Zutano
Bacon: Pollinises varieties such as
Hass, Fuerte, and Zutano
21. 4. Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum):
Bluecrop: Pollinises varieties such as Jersey, Elliott, and Chandler.
Jersey: Pollinises varieties such as Bluecrop, Elliott, and Chandler.
Elliott: Pollinises varieties such as Bluecrop, Jersey, and Chandler.
5. Peach (Prunus persica):
Red haven: Pollinises varieties such as Elberta, Loring, and Cresthaven.
Elberta: Pollinises varieties such as Red haven, Loring, and Cresthaven.
Cresthaven: Pollinises varieties such as Red haven, Elberta, and Loring.
6. Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa):
Hayward: Pollinises varieties such as Tomuri and Matua.
Tomuri: Pollinises varieties such as Hayward and Matua.
Matua: Pollinises varieties such as Hayward and Tomuri.
7. Cherry (Prunus avium):
Bing: Pollinises varieties such as Rainier, Lapins, and Stella
Rainier: Pollinises varieties such as Bing, Lapins, and Stella.
Stella: Self fertile cherry variety but can also be used as a polliniser for other sweet cherry cultivars
22. Challenges facing pollinators and pollinisers
Habitat Loss: Pollinators rely on specific habitats for nesting, foraging, and reproduction. However, widespread habitat
destruction, fragmentation, and urbanization have resulted in the loss of critical habitats, limiting the availability of suitable
resources for pollinators.
Pesticide Use: The widespread use of pesticides, including insecticides and herbicides, in agricultural and urban environments
has had detrimental effects on pollinators. Exposure to these chemicals can disrupt their nervous systems, impair their navigation
and foraging abilities, and even cause mortality.
Climate Change: Rapid changes in climate patterns, such as shifts in temperature, rainfall, and seasonal cycles, can disrupt the
synchrony between flowering plants and their pollinators. This can lead to a mismatch in timing, where pollinators may not be
present when flowers are ready for pollination, resulting in reduced reproductive success for both plants and pollinators
Disease and Parasites: Pollinators are susceptible to various diseases and parasites, including viruses, fungi, mites, and
parasites like Varroa mites affecting honeybees. These pathogens can weaken and decimate pollinator populations, making them
more vulnerable to other stressors.
Invasive Species: The introduction and spread of non-native invasive plant species can outcompete native plants, reducing the
availability of suitable food sources for pollinators. This can lead to nutritional deficiencies and habitat degradation for
pollinators, contributing to population declines.
25. Location Pollinizer
proportion
2000 2001
With bee
colony
Without bee
colonies
With bee
colony
Without bee
colonies
Seobagh
Insufficient
Sufficient
25.09
42.11
11.53
25.09
15.83
31.92
8.07
17.93
Larankelo
Insufficient
Sufficient
30.31
33.50
13.53
21.53
25.09
42.11
11.53
25.09
Table 1. Percent fruit set (%) in apple orchards with and without bee colonies having sufficient (>15%) and insufficient
(<15%) pollinizer proportion.
Sharma et. al (2003)
26. Table 3. Increase in apple yield (tonnes/hectare) due to the placement of honeybee colonies in orchards having
sufficient and insufficient pollinizers at Larankelo.
Year with sufficient pollinisers with insufficient pollinisers
With bee
colonies
Without bee
colonies
Per cent
increase
With bee
colonies
Without bee
colonies
Per cent
increase
2000 50.00 24.00 108.30 23.00 14.95 53.80
2001 26.78 19.20 39.50 11.94 9.60 24.40
Sharma et. al (2003)
30. Table 5 . Fruit set and almond production in the two farms: bb1 and bb2, where B. terrestris was introduced,
and c1 and c2 for the three study years (2015โ2017)
Year Plot Fruit set (%) Proportional
increase
Production
(kg/ha)
2015
bb1 25.0 27.6 2,291
c1 19.6 1,337
2016
bb1 24.8 57.0 2,073
c1 15.8 1,064
2017
bb1 27.9 40.2 594
c1 19.9 478
bb2 40.0 33.3 1958
c2 30.1 1430
Marques et. al (2019)
32. Table 6. Effect of bumble bee on percent fruit set, fruit weight
and fruit size of kiwi.
Treatment Percent fruit set Fruit weight (g) Fruit length
(mm)
Fruit breadth
(mm)
T1 cage with bumble
bee colony
72.31 65.30 57.90 39.66
T2 cage with A.
mellifera colony
74.81 52.15 47.13 33.72
T3 cage with two
bumble bee colony
79.45 68.14 59.56 40.58
T4 control 47.05 24.35 42.08 29.62
T5 Hand pollination 83.20 72.05 63.17 43.37
T6 Open pollination 81.72 42.78 48.73 37.68
CD 7.74 7.30 4.08 3.04
Nayak et. al (2019)
38. Effect of pollen source on fruit set and fruit retention in Carmen and Abate Fetel pears
Maternal parents
pollen source
Fruit set (%) Fruit retention(%)
Carmen Abate fatel Mean Carmen Abate fatel Mean
William Bartlett 81.33 64.33 72.83 50.79 41.64 46.21
Fertility 78.67 69.33 74.00 47.54 45.31 46.42
Clappโs Favourite 66.67 60.00 63.33 35.90 33.43 34.66
Chinese Sandy Pear 65.33 56.33 60.83 34.72 30.31 32.51
Max Red Bartlett 80.00 65.33 72.67 48.24 43.99 46.11
Kings Pear 57.33 54.67 56.00 30.31 29.30 29.80
BeurredโAmanalis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Self-pollination 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Open Pollination 74.66 62.67 68.66 41.02 36.11 38.56
Mean 56.00 48.03 32.06 28.9
Mumtaz et. al 2022
39. Effect of pollen source on fruit drop and days to fruit maturity in Carmen and Abate Fetel pears
Maternal parents
pollen source
Fruit drop (%) Days to fruit maturity (%)
Carmen Abate fatel Mean Carmen Abate fatel Mean
William Bartlett 49.20 58.36 53.78 110.66 143.55 127.10
Fertility 52.45 54.69 53.57 107.21 141.00 124.10
Clappโs Favourite 64.09 66.57 65.33 106.66 140.33 123.49
Chinese Sandy Pear 65.28 69.68 67.48 107.66 141.33 124.49
Max Red Bartlett 51.75 56.01 53.88 110.66 143.10 126.88
Kings Pear 69.68 70.70 70.19 108.44 142.66 125.55
BeurredโAmanalis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Self-pollination 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Open Pollination 58.97 63.89 61.43 105.21 145.00 125.10
Mean 45.71 48.87 108.07 142.42
Mumtaz et. al 2022
41. Table 12. Effect of adding bumblebee (BB) hives to honeybee (HB) colonies [+BB treatment]
on the number of seeds per fruit and fruit size. The experiment was conducted in 2014, with
two cultivars in each of three orchards
Orchard site Cultivar Seed no.
+BB -BB
Fruit size(mm)
+BB -BB
Baram Gala
Golden delicious
6.3
9.1
6.2
8.4
68
70
68
69
Elroim Gala
Pink lady
7.2
8.2
4.0
7.6
72
74
69
71
Ortal Gala
Red delicious
7.9
8.1
6.1
6.3
73
74
69
72
Sapir et. al (2017)
42. Table 13. Effect of adding bumblebee (BB) hives to honeybee (HB) colonies [+BB treatment]
on the number of seeds per fruit in โGalaโ according to the pollinizer. The experiment was
conducted in 2014 at Ortal Orchard.
Bee treatment Pollinizer Compatibility Seeds no. / fruit
+BB Red delicious
Golden delicious
Full
Semi
7.5
7.0
-BB Red delicious
Granny smith
Full
semi
6.1
5.9
Sapir et. al (2017)
46. Table 15. Fruit set and fruit weight in the pollination experiments. For fruit
weight, data followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
Treatment Fruit set Fruit weight (g)
N % N Mean
Open
Natural pollination 42 93 34 78.6
Bagged
wind pollination
hand pollination
Apis pollination
Bombus pollination
34
21
43
35
44
90
91
100
15
19
37
34
35.8
72.3
59.4
79.7
Minarro et. al (2014)
48. Table 16. Impact of diverse pollinizers on flowering, physical and
yield parameters of Ambri apple
Pollinizers Bloom
Duration
Flower
intensity
Fruit
Set ( %)
Fruit
Drop
(%)
Fruit size(cm) Fruit
weight
Yield /
tree
No. of
seeds/ fruit
Fruit
shape
Length Breadth
Golden
Spur
16.00 150.25 25.3 4.5 69.4 64.2 128.5 30.72 5.8 Long
Conical
Red gold 14.50 123.12 22.25 3.7 65.23 62.5 125.3 26.34 6.4 Long
Conical
G.Del
Reinders
15.20 110.2 19.2 4.3 66.7 61.23 128..43 25.98 6.8 Long
Conical
Manchurian 17.50 145.56 24.20 3.25 62.24 64.78 112.78 20.34 6.5 Round
Golden
Hornet
16.50 157.20 17.6 4.65 60.20 61.57 110.56 24.54 7.0 Round
Floribunda 20.50 172.32 21.25 3.78 58.45 60.27 115.21 21.42 6.9 Round
Snowdrift 16.00 134.56 17.23 4.00 60.54 61.42 109.32 19.25 6.0 Round
Maharaji 17.5 96.76 23.52 3.02 68.67 66.83 123.56 27.76 6.3 Oblong
CD>0.05 1.03 3.21 1.98 0.96 1.43 1.5 3.78 2.78 0.75
Bhat et. al 2020
49. CONCLUSION
Similarly, the pollinizers help in providing adequate amount of pollen grains required for the main crop. So, it is
necessary in some fruit to plant the pollenizer variety in order to get good yield.
It concludes that the pollinators and pollinisers play a very crucial role in our ecosystem, without
them ecological imbalance would occur which would impact all kind of living beings on earth.
Honeybees and Bumblebees play a vital role as pollinators for numerous fruit crops, exhibiting
their exceptional ability to pollinate flowers even in windy and low temperature conditions.
The remarkable impact of these bees on crop yields is attributed to their efficient and ample transfer of pollen grains.
Unfortunately, over the past few decades, there has been a significant decline in the population of bumblebees and
other pollinators worldwide. This decline can be attributed to the use of harmful agrochemicals, the destruction of
natural habitats, and the effects of climate change.