Management of insect by using bird

1. Submitted by :- Dadhaniya Niv (12005379)
Submitted to :- Dr. Satish Krushna Gharde
Lovely Professional University
Phagwara, Punjab
Management of insects
by using Birds

2. Introduction

 Birds can help you or your farm neighbor keep
pest insects,rodents and pest birds at bay.
 Beneficial birds assist with production in the
same way as beneficial insects.
 When you provide habitat for beneficial birds
and bring them closer to your crops, you are
increasing your pest control services.
 Today farmers who are masters at IPM—
Integrated Pest Management—are using
ecological pest-control strategies that include
birds.
 We think of certain birds as beneficials or as
pests, but some species switch roles,
depending on the season, their life cycles and
the food sources available.
 Farmers can support these ‘turn-coats’ in the
beneficial phases, and deter or co-exist with
them at other times.
 Bird's specialization in consuming insects has
since long attracted man's attention, testified

3. by names as fly-eater, fly-catcher, bee-eater, or
Culicicapo (mosquito catcher), apivorous (bee-
eating, but used for the honey-buzzard), etc.
 Estimates of 5000 kg (ld individuals) of
insects, consumed daily by 4.5 million
swiftlets.
 Rappard (1948) reported the suppression of a
local grasshopper pest in Javan teak forest by
purple herons (Ardea purpurea), consuming
huge numbers of these insects.

4.  Systematic research in economic ornithology
began in the 1880s with the studies of Forbes
(1883, 1880), rose to prominence at the turn of
the century, and then declined in the 1930s and
1940s.
 The field was dominated from about 1885 to
1940 by the activities of the Bureau of
Biological Survey and its institutional
precursors within the u.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA).
 Although this work was useful in determining
baseline data on the diet of different species, it
did little to advance our understanding of the
role of birds as natural predators.
 biological control by birds was perceived by
agronomists as ineffective in suppressing
insect pest populations.
History

5.  Birds are potentially excellent agents of
natural pest control.
 Most species are highly mobile and disperse
over large areas, and some congregate in great
numbers at food patches in open landscapes.
 Some colonial species (e.g., Tricolored
Blackbird, Agelaius tricolor; Skorupa et al.,
1980) are specially adapted (both
physiologically and ecologically) to exploit
abundant food, such as insect pests with cyclic
population fluctuations.
 Because many avian species have high
metabolic rates (Walsberg, 1983), their
potential to eat large quantities of insects is
great, especially during the breeding season,
when most small land birds feed on protein-
rich animal diets.
Birds as predators of pests

6.  We might also be justified here to include
pathogens and viruses, whose populations are
reduced by carrion feeders such as the Turkey
Vulture (Cathartes aura).
 Despite some early interest in "weed" control
by birds, we have found little quantitative
evidence that birds reduce the abundance of
weeds in agricultural crops; as far as we know,
the only recent experimental study of note is
that by Wurtz (1995) on domestic geese.
 Numerous birds have been identified as
predators of insect pests.
 At a very rough estimate, 220 species,
including representatives of most North
American families, have been recorded as
eating invertebrate agricultural pests in North
America.

7.  Insect-eating birds, or insectivores, consume
mostly insects, occasionally eating seeds,
fruits or leaves.
 Carnivores eat small mammals, reptiles,
amphibians, an other birds.
 Nectivores consume nectar.
 Omnivores consume both plants (including
fruits and nuts) and animals (including
insects).
 Granivores are seed eaters.
 Frugivores eat mainly fruits, but very few live
in North America.
 It is the Omnivores and Granivores that can
switch from being beneficial (eating pest
insects and/ or weed seeds) to pests (eating the
produce or grain).
Birds food and their Foraging
Strategies
Diets

8.  Most birds do not tend to specialize on one
species of insect or rodent.
 Rather they are apt to eat a range of prey,
depending on their feeding strategies and the
defense behaviors of their prey.
 Whether birds catch insects in the air, glean
them from foliage or bark in the upper or
middle canopy, or capture them on the ground
will result in different types of pest control
benefits.
 Having an assortment of birds with different
foraging techniques and diets will better
reduce the suite of pests on the farm.
Foraging strategies

9.  Consuming large insect prey that quickly
satiates birds and their nestlings is a priority,
because it leaves them with more energy for
additional foraging and successfully raising
their brood.
 In some cases, birds have also taken the larger
natural-enemy insects and spiders that farmers
treasure, instead of small aphid prey.
 Three percent of the studies in Appendix A
showed that birds killed natural enemy insects
enough to constrain pest control.
Bigger Food Is Better

10.  Bird are mobile and can quickly respond to a
pest outbreak.
 Sometimes birds can locate their prey by using
their sense of smell.
 For example, when plants are being attacked
by insects, they can emit a chemical that birds
recognize, helping the birds quickly and
efficiently forage for the pests.
 The higher the density of the prey—whether
insects or rodents—the more attractive an area
is to birds.
Birds Smell Pest Insects Feeding

11. Birds Insect
Jack snipe Mountain Locust
Upland Sandpiper
Plovers
Prairie-chicken
Yellow-headed
blackbird
Sparrows
California Gull Mormon Cricket
Hairy Woodpecker Corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera)
Loggerhead shirke fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)
California Gull Two-striped grasshopper (Melanoplus
bivittatus)
Downy Woodpecker,
Hairy wood peeker
Codling moth (Cydia pomonelIa)
Red-bellied
Woodpecker,
Northern Flicker
Southwestern corn borer (Melanerpes
carolinus)
Common Grackle Tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta)
Carolina Chickadee,
Tufted Titmouse,
Orchard Oriole
Pecan nut casebearer (Acrobasis
Pecanolinensis)
European Starling Corn earworm
Eastern Meadowlark Corn wireworm (Melanotus communis)
American Crow,
Eastern Bluebird,
Red-winged Blackbird,
Common Grackle,
House Sparrow
Tobacco hornworm,
tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa
virescens)
Red-winged Blackbird European corn borer,
Corn rootworm (Diabrotica longicornis)
Horned Lark,
McCown's Longspur
Pale western cutworms
Western Meadowlark Coulee Cricket
White-crowned
Sparrow
Rose Aphid
Birds - Insects

12. Myrtle Warbler,
Blackpoll Warbler,
Oregon Chickadee
Plant Lice (Aphids)
Chippy (Chipping
Sparrow)
Pea Louse
Rose-breasted
Grosbeak
Cliff Swallow
Potato Beetle
English Sparrow
(House Sparrow)
Asparagus Beetle
Yellow-billed Cuckoo,
Kingbird ,
Great-crested
Flycatcher, Phoebe,
Wood Pewee,
Orchard Oriole,
Baltimore Oriole,
English Sparrow,
Chippy,
Field Sparrow,
Song Sparrow,
Chewink (E. Towhee),
Cardinal,
Scarlet Tanager,
Cedar-bird,
Red-eyed Vireo,
Locust Leaf-miner
Crow (Am. Crow),
Robin (American
Robin)
White Grub
Cedar-bird (Cedar
Waxwing)
Elm Leaf-beetle
Brewer’s Blackbird Rose Weevil
Yellow-billed Cuckoo Walnut Caterpillar
Roadrunner Passion-vine Caterpillar
Chippy (Chipping
Sparrow)
Cabbage Worm
Boat-tailed Blackbird Cabbage Looper
Blackbirds Diamond-back Moth
Starling,
Western Meadowlark
Cutworms
Crow (Am. Crow) Tomato Worm

13. (1) Habitat Destruction:-
 When habitat is reduced, there are fewer places for birds to feed, rest,
escapepredation, and reproduce.
 Conserve the native plants and natural water sources you have.
(2) Climate Change :-
 Climate change is impacting nesting, migrations, and the synchrony
between birds, habitat and food sources.
 Because farm landscapes occupya large footprint, when farmers
provide food, water, cover, and nesting sites for birds, it makes it more
likely that birds will find habitat suiting their needs in the future.
(3) Pesticides :-
 A single seed coated with a neonicotinoid can kill a songbird.
 Other pesticides affect birds’ ability to stay warm, raise young and find
food. Use IPM practices, including non-pesticidal ones, as often as
possible
What Harms Beneficial Birds on
Farms and What You Can Do

14. (4) Cats :-
 Cats kill birds. While farm cats may be valued for rodent control
around buildings, their presence will lessen the number of birds on
your farm
(5) Wires and Water Troughs:-
 Fence wires kill birds when they fly into them at high speeds.
 Birds drown in livestock water troughs when they come for a drink
fall in and can’t climb out.
 Farmers can obtain assistance from NRCS to install fence markers
than make the wires more visible.