This document discusses infrastructure for electronic commerce. It begins by describing protocols like HTTP, TCP/IP, and URLs that underlie internet applications. It then discusses web browsers, servers, security requirements like encryption, and protocols like SSL and SET. It concludes by covering online selling functions, outsourcing vs insourcing electronic storefronts, and electronic catalogs and merchant servers.
The document discusses an introduction chapter from a computer networking textbook, covering topics such as what the Internet is, network structure including the edge, core, and access networks, protocols, and a brief history of the Internet. It provides an overview of key concepts and terms in computer networking and outlines the structure and content of the introduction chapter.
Slide ini adalah copyright dari buku Computer Networking : A Top-Down Approach (5th Edition) by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Rose.
Tutorial versi video berbahasa indonesia dapat diakses di http://www.pecollege.net/ViewVideoList.aspx?list=9
Ini gratis
Materi Perkuliahan Jaringan Komputer Teknik Informatika Chapter 1Raga Yustia
Here are some human analogies for circuit switching versus packet switching:
Circuit switching is like reserving a conference room for a specific date and time. No one else can use the room during that reserved period.
Packet switching is like checking out equipment from a shared supply room. Multiple people can check out items as needed, returning them when finished so others can use them. There is sharing of the shared resources.
This document discusses the introduction chapter of a computer networking textbook. It provides an overview of what the Internet is, including its basic components and how data is transmitted. It also explains what protocols are and how they are used to govern communication between devices on the Internet.
Materi Perkuliahan Jaringan Komputer Teknik Informatika Chapter 2Raga Yustia
The document discusses the application layer and network applications. It provides an overview of common network applications like email, web, FTP, and DNS. It describes the client-server and peer-to-peer architectures that applications can use. It also discusses how processes communicate with sockets and addresses and how application layer protocols define message formats and rules. The document examines what transport services different applications require in terms of data integrity, throughput, and timing.
The document discusses the structure of the Internet as a network of networks. It describes how access ISPs connect end systems to the Internet. To scale efficiently, access ISPs connect to regional ISPs, which in turn connect to global transit ISPs. This hierarchy of interconnections forms the complex network of networks that is the Internet. Economic agreements between customer and provider ISPs drive this evolved structure.
The document provides an overview of the key topics that will be covered in Chapter 1 of the textbook "Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach". It outlines the major sections that will be discussed including what the Internet is, the structure of networks including the network edge, core, and hierarchy. It also summarizes that delay, loss, throughput, protocol layers, security, and history will be covered. The goal is to provide an introduction and "feel" for computer networking concepts and terminology that will be explored in more depth throughout the course.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet and its infrastructure. It describes how the Internet evolved from its early innovation phase in the 1960s through its institutionalization by government agencies and subsequent commercialization. Key concepts covered include packet switching, TCP/IP protocols, IP addressing, domain names, client-server computing, and the role of backbone providers and bandwidth.
The document discusses an introduction chapter from a computer networking textbook, covering topics such as what the Internet is, network structure including the edge, core, and access networks, protocols, and a brief history of the Internet. It provides an overview of key concepts and terms in computer networking and outlines the structure and content of the introduction chapter.
Slide ini adalah copyright dari buku Computer Networking : A Top-Down Approach (5th Edition) by James F. Kurose and Keith W. Rose.
Tutorial versi video berbahasa indonesia dapat diakses di http://www.pecollege.net/ViewVideoList.aspx?list=9
Ini gratis
Materi Perkuliahan Jaringan Komputer Teknik Informatika Chapter 1Raga Yustia
Here are some human analogies for circuit switching versus packet switching:
Circuit switching is like reserving a conference room for a specific date and time. No one else can use the room during that reserved period.
Packet switching is like checking out equipment from a shared supply room. Multiple people can check out items as needed, returning them when finished so others can use them. There is sharing of the shared resources.
This document discusses the introduction chapter of a computer networking textbook. It provides an overview of what the Internet is, including its basic components and how data is transmitted. It also explains what protocols are and how they are used to govern communication between devices on the Internet.
Materi Perkuliahan Jaringan Komputer Teknik Informatika Chapter 2Raga Yustia
The document discusses the application layer and network applications. It provides an overview of common network applications like email, web, FTP, and DNS. It describes the client-server and peer-to-peer architectures that applications can use. It also discusses how processes communicate with sockets and addresses and how application layer protocols define message formats and rules. The document examines what transport services different applications require in terms of data integrity, throughput, and timing.
The document discusses the structure of the Internet as a network of networks. It describes how access ISPs connect end systems to the Internet. To scale efficiently, access ISPs connect to regional ISPs, which in turn connect to global transit ISPs. This hierarchy of interconnections forms the complex network of networks that is the Internet. Economic agreements between customer and provider ISPs drive this evolved structure.
The document provides an overview of the key topics that will be covered in Chapter 1 of the textbook "Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach". It outlines the major sections that will be discussed including what the Internet is, the structure of networks including the network edge, core, and hierarchy. It also summarizes that delay, loss, throughput, protocol layers, security, and history will be covered. The goal is to provide an introduction and "feel" for computer networking concepts and terminology that will be explored in more depth throughout the course.
The document discusses the history and development of the Internet and its infrastructure. It describes how the Internet evolved from its early innovation phase in the 1960s through its institutionalization by government agencies and subsequent commercialization. Key concepts covered include packet switching, TCP/IP protocols, IP addressing, domain names, client-server computing, and the role of backbone providers and bandwidth.
Module 1
Data communication components : Physical media, Packet switching, Circuit switching, Delay, loss and throughput,
Network topology, Protocols and standards, OSI model, Connecting LAN and virtual LAN
This document provides an overview of basic internet and mobile technologies. It defines key terms like internet, webpage, web server, blog, email, file transfer protocols, search engines, video conferencing and e-learning. Requirements for internet connection include a computer, network interface card, modem and internet service provider. Common webpage elements are hyperlinks, images and text. Static and dynamic webpages are described. [END SUMMARY]
E business webinternet slides world wide web / protocolsAsjadAli34
The document discusses different types of Internet connections. It describes dial-up, DSL, wireless, cable, satellite, and cellular/broadband connections. For each type, it provides details on the technology used, typical speeds, and how the connection is established between the user and Internet service provider. The document also defines several Internet protocols used for tasks like email, file transfer, and accessing web pages.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the key concepts of computer networks and the Internet. It discusses what the Internet is, including its nuts and bolts view consisting of interconnected hosts, communication links, and routers. It also covers the network edge consisting of end systems and various access networks, the network core consisting of interconnected routers, and different types of physical media used for communication links. Key concepts explained include circuit switching versus packet switching, protocols, and the layered architecture of the Internet.
Real time audio translation module between iax and rswIJCNCJournal
At the last few years, multimedia communication has
been developed and improved rapidly in order to
enable users to communicate between each other over
the internet. Generally, multimedia communication
consists of audio and video communication. However,
this research concentrates on audio conferencing
only. The audio translation between protocols is a
very critical issue, because it solves the communic
ation
problems between any two protocols. So, it enables
people around the world to talk with each other eve
n
they use different protocols. In this research, a r
eal time audio translation module between two proto
cols
has been done. These two protocols are: InterAsteri
sk eXchange Protocol (IAX) and Real-Time Switching
Control Protocol (RSW), which they are widely used
to provide two ways audio transfer feature. The
solution here is to provide interworking between th
e two protocols which they have different media
transports, audio codec’s, header formats and diffe
rent transport protocols for the audio transmission
. This
translation will help bridging the gap between the
two protocols by providing interworking capability
between the two audio streams of IAX and RSW. Some
related works have been done to provide translation
between IAX and RSW control signalling messages. Bu
t, this research paper concentrates on the
translation that depends on the media transfer. The
proposed translation module was tested and evaluat
ed
in different scenarios in order to examine its perf
ormance. The obtained results showed that the Real-
Time
Audio Translation Module produces lower rates of pa
cket delay and jitter than the acceptance values fo
r
each of the mentioned performance metrics.
The document discusses the application layer in computer networks, including common network application architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer, as well as protocols like HTTP that are used to enable applications to communicate over the network. It also covers how processes communicate with each other using sockets, and how applications map processes to addresses using the Domain Name System (DNS).
The document describes a set of PowerPoint slides for a networking textbook. It provides instructions for using and modifying the slides, with the only requests being to mention the source and copyright if used for teaching or posted online.
Comparison of DOD and OSI Model in the Internet Communicationijtsrd
The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP IP, because it's most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol TCP and the Internet Protocol IP , were the first networking protocols defined in this standard. Often also called the Internet model, it was originally also known as the DoD model, because the development of the networking model was funded by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense. TCP IP provides end to end connectivity specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. This functionality is organized into four abstraction layers which are used to sort all related protocols according to the scope of networking involved. From lowest to highest, the layers are the link layer, containing communication technologies for a single network segment link the internet layer, connecting hosts across independent networks, thus establishing internetworking the transport layer handling host to host communication and the application layer, which provides process to process application data exchange. Our aim is describe operation and models of TCP IP suite in data communication networking. Ei Ei Khaing "Comparison of DOD and OSI Model in the Internet Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27834.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/27834/comparison-of-dod-and-osi-model-in-the-internet-communication/ei-ei-khaing
The document discusses different types of residential access networks that connect homes to the internet, including dial-up, DSL, cable modems, and fiber to the home. It provides details on the infrastructure and bandwidth capabilities of each type of access network.
The document discusses topics related to communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, other information processes in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. It provides menus to navigate between pages on each of these topics.
The document provides an introduction to TCP/IP networking and the Internet. It explains that the Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that allows users to access documents, images, videos, and more from anywhere in the world. It describes how the Internet works using TCP/IP, which breaks files into packets that are routed through networks and reassembled at their destination. The document contrasts TCP, which provides reliable connections, and UDP, which sends independent data packets without guarantees of delivery.
The document provides an overview of the history and basic principles of how the Internet works. It discusses that the Internet interconnects billions of users globally through a common communication system. Key milestones in the development of the Internet are described, including the creation of ARPANET and adoption of TCP/IP. The document explains the applications of the Internet including the World Wide Web. It describes the underlying principle of packet switching and how addressing schemes like IP addresses and domain names allow devices to connect and communicate over the network.
The document discusses topics related to communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. It provides menus and links to pages with more information on each individual topic, such as characteristics of communication systems, protocols, handshaking, transmission speed, error checking, serial vs parallel transmission, and networking concepts.
The document discusses networking concepts such as the difference between the internet and a network, internetworking, internet protocols, internet architecture, TCP/IP models, address mapping protocols, dynamic host configuration protocol, and domain name system servers. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics, describing for example that the internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that uses common protocols like TCP/IP to connect devices, while a network is a set of devices connected locally.
The lecture covers the history and development of the Internet including ARPANET, TCP/IP, and the growth of the World Wide Web. Key topics discussed include HTTP, HTML, web servers, cookies, client-server architecture, IP addresses, domain names, and standard bodies like W3C that develop web technologies.
This document provides information about an assignment for the course "Network Programming and Administration". It includes details like the course code, title, assignment number, maximum marks, weightage, and due dates. The assignment has 4 questions worth 80 marks total. An additional 20 marks are for a viva voce. Question 1 asks about IPv6 and includes a sample solution. Question 2 includes subquestions about sliding window protocols, TCP/IP protocols in the OSI model, and LAN network types. Question 3 asks about HTTP and includes sample request methods and statuses.
The document provides an overview of information systems and networking concepts. It discusses client/server architecture and how processing is shared between clients and servers. It also describes the network layer model and how data is packaged and routed. Additionally, it covers local area networks, wireless networks, and the Internet as a network of networks that connects computers globally.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet by introducing key concepts and terminology. It describes the Internet as a network of networks that interconnects millions of computing devices and communication links. Protocols control the sending and receiving of messages and define how network entities communicate. The network is organized into layers with different protocols at each layer, known as the Internet protocol stack.
The document provides an overview of network fundamentals including:
- The structure of a network including devices, media, and protocols.
- Layered models like TCP/IP and OSI describe the functions of network communication.
- Protocols define rules for message formatting, sharing path information between devices, and error handling.
- A layered model assists in protocol design and prevents changes in one layer from affecting others.
This presentation is all about the internet basics we need to know before making a website or some other internet related works . This will help you to have a clear idea on What Is Internet.
Thank you
feel free to ask any queries in comment box
The document discusses the history and architecture of the Internet and World Wide Web. It describes how the Internet allows communication through standardized protocols and IP addressing. The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 using hypertext and HTML. Information is transmitted from browsers to servers through protocols like HTTP and routers direct traffic based on IP addresses. Organizations like ISOC, IETF, and W3C work to manage standards and evolution of the Internet infrastructure.
Module 1
Data communication components : Physical media, Packet switching, Circuit switching, Delay, loss and throughput,
Network topology, Protocols and standards, OSI model, Connecting LAN and virtual LAN
This document provides an overview of basic internet and mobile technologies. It defines key terms like internet, webpage, web server, blog, email, file transfer protocols, search engines, video conferencing and e-learning. Requirements for internet connection include a computer, network interface card, modem and internet service provider. Common webpage elements are hyperlinks, images and text. Static and dynamic webpages are described. [END SUMMARY]
E business webinternet slides world wide web / protocolsAsjadAli34
The document discusses different types of Internet connections. It describes dial-up, DSL, wireless, cable, satellite, and cellular/broadband connections. For each type, it provides details on the technology used, typical speeds, and how the connection is established between the user and Internet service provider. The document also defines several Internet protocols used for tasks like email, file transfer, and accessing web pages.
This document provides an overview and introduction to the key concepts of computer networks and the Internet. It discusses what the Internet is, including its nuts and bolts view consisting of interconnected hosts, communication links, and routers. It also covers the network edge consisting of end systems and various access networks, the network core consisting of interconnected routers, and different types of physical media used for communication links. Key concepts explained include circuit switching versus packet switching, protocols, and the layered architecture of the Internet.
Real time audio translation module between iax and rswIJCNCJournal
At the last few years, multimedia communication has
been developed and improved rapidly in order to
enable users to communicate between each other over
the internet. Generally, multimedia communication
consists of audio and video communication. However,
this research concentrates on audio conferencing
only. The audio translation between protocols is a
very critical issue, because it solves the communic
ation
problems between any two protocols. So, it enables
people around the world to talk with each other eve
n
they use different protocols. In this research, a r
eal time audio translation module between two proto
cols
has been done. These two protocols are: InterAsteri
sk eXchange Protocol (IAX) and Real-Time Switching
Control Protocol (RSW), which they are widely used
to provide two ways audio transfer feature. The
solution here is to provide interworking between th
e two protocols which they have different media
transports, audio codec’s, header formats and diffe
rent transport protocols for the audio transmission
. This
translation will help bridging the gap between the
two protocols by providing interworking capability
between the two audio streams of IAX and RSW. Some
related works have been done to provide translation
between IAX and RSW control signalling messages. Bu
t, this research paper concentrates on the
translation that depends on the media transfer. The
proposed translation module was tested and evaluat
ed
in different scenarios in order to examine its perf
ormance. The obtained results showed that the Real-
Time
Audio Translation Module produces lower rates of pa
cket delay and jitter than the acceptance values fo
r
each of the mentioned performance metrics.
The document discusses the application layer in computer networks, including common network application architectures like client-server and peer-to-peer, as well as protocols like HTTP that are used to enable applications to communicate over the network. It also covers how processes communicate with each other using sockets, and how applications map processes to addresses using the Domain Name System (DNS).
The document describes a set of PowerPoint slides for a networking textbook. It provides instructions for using and modifying the slides, with the only requests being to mention the source and copyright if used for teaching or posted online.
Comparison of DOD and OSI Model in the Internet Communicationijtsrd
The Internet protocol suite is the computer networking model and set of communications protocols used on the Internet and similar computer networks. It is commonly known as TCP IP, because it's most important protocols, the Transmission Control Protocol TCP and the Internet Protocol IP , were the first networking protocols defined in this standard. Often also called the Internet model, it was originally also known as the DoD model, because the development of the networking model was funded by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense. TCP IP provides end to end connectivity specifying how data should be packetized, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. This functionality is organized into four abstraction layers which are used to sort all related protocols according to the scope of networking involved. From lowest to highest, the layers are the link layer, containing communication technologies for a single network segment link the internet layer, connecting hosts across independent networks, thus establishing internetworking the transport layer handling host to host communication and the application layer, which provides process to process application data exchange. Our aim is describe operation and models of TCP IP suite in data communication networking. Ei Ei Khaing "Comparison of DOD and OSI Model in the Internet Communication" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27834.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-network/27834/comparison-of-dod-and-osi-model-in-the-internet-communication/ei-ei-khaing
The document discusses different types of residential access networks that connect homes to the internet, including dial-up, DSL, cable modems, and fiber to the home. It provides details on the infrastructure and bandwidth capabilities of each type of access network.
The document discusses topics related to communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, other information processes in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. It provides menus to navigate between pages on each of these topics.
The document provides an introduction to TCP/IP networking and the Internet. It explains that the Internet is a global network of interconnected computers that allows users to access documents, images, videos, and more from anywhere in the world. It describes how the Internet works using TCP/IP, which breaks files into packets that are routed through networks and reassembled at their destination. The document contrasts TCP, which provides reliable connections, and UDP, which sends independent data packets without guarantees of delivery.
The document provides an overview of the history and basic principles of how the Internet works. It discusses that the Internet interconnects billions of users globally through a common communication system. Key milestones in the development of the Internet are described, including the creation of ARPANET and adoption of TCP/IP. The document explains the applications of the Internet including the World Wide Web. It describes the underlying principle of packet switching and how addressing schemes like IP addresses and domain names allow devices to connect and communicate over the network.
The document discusses topics related to communication systems, including characteristics of communication systems, examples of communication systems, transmitting and receiving in communication systems, and issues related to communication systems. It provides menus and links to pages with more information on each individual topic, such as characteristics of communication systems, protocols, handshaking, transmission speed, error checking, serial vs parallel transmission, and networking concepts.
The document discusses networking concepts such as the difference between the internet and a network, internetworking, internet protocols, internet architecture, TCP/IP models, address mapping protocols, dynamic host configuration protocol, and domain name system servers. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics, describing for example that the internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that uses common protocols like TCP/IP to connect devices, while a network is a set of devices connected locally.
The lecture covers the history and development of the Internet including ARPANET, TCP/IP, and the growth of the World Wide Web. Key topics discussed include HTTP, HTML, web servers, cookies, client-server architecture, IP addresses, domain names, and standard bodies like W3C that develop web technologies.
This document provides information about an assignment for the course "Network Programming and Administration". It includes details like the course code, title, assignment number, maximum marks, weightage, and due dates. The assignment has 4 questions worth 80 marks total. An additional 20 marks are for a viva voce. Question 1 asks about IPv6 and includes a sample solution. Question 2 includes subquestions about sliding window protocols, TCP/IP protocols in the OSI model, and LAN network types. Question 3 asks about HTTP and includes sample request methods and statuses.
The document provides an overview of information systems and networking concepts. It discusses client/server architecture and how processing is shared between clients and servers. It also describes the network layer model and how data is packaged and routed. Additionally, it covers local area networks, wireless networks, and the Internet as a network of networks that connects computers globally.
The document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet by introducing key concepts and terminology. It describes the Internet as a network of networks that interconnects millions of computing devices and communication links. Protocols control the sending and receiving of messages and define how network entities communicate. The network is organized into layers with different protocols at each layer, known as the Internet protocol stack.
The document provides an overview of network fundamentals including:
- The structure of a network including devices, media, and protocols.
- Layered models like TCP/IP and OSI describe the functions of network communication.
- Protocols define rules for message formatting, sharing path information between devices, and error handling.
- A layered model assists in protocol design and prevents changes in one layer from affecting others.
This presentation is all about the internet basics we need to know before making a website or some other internet related works . This will help you to have a clear idea on What Is Internet.
Thank you
feel free to ask any queries in comment box
The document discusses the history and architecture of the Internet and World Wide Web. It describes how the Internet allows communication through standardized protocols and IP addressing. The World Wide Web was created by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 using hypertext and HTML. Information is transmitted from browsers to servers through protocols like HTTP and routers direct traffic based on IP addresses. Organizations like ISOC, IETF, and W3C work to manage standards and evolution of the Internet infrastructure.
The document discusses the key components and functionality of the Internet. It describes how the Internet is a worldwide collection of connected computers that allows for sharing of information. While no single entity owns or controls the Internet, organizations collaborate on technical standards. The Internet allows computers to communicate using protocols like TCP/IP and features like email, websites, file transfers and more that enable people globally to access and share information online.
This presentation is about:
Uses of Networking.
Various types of networking.
Applications used for networking.
Methods of network security.
Methods of communication -2G,3G,4G,Fiber Optics
Transmission Media.
Various types of protocols.
Cloud Computing
Protection against Viruses.
My IT Management course in UBC MBA
Prof: Ron Cenfetelli
Web 2.0 – Moving beyond HTML
Confidentiality
Authentication
Ability to verify the identity of people/organizations
Data/Message Integrity
Ensuring communications were not modified in transit/storage
Nonrepudiation
Parties cannot deny a communication
Proof that the sender sent and proof that the receiver received
The document discusses the evolution and key concepts of the internet and web infrastructure that supports e-commerce. It describes how the internet originated and was developed in three phases from 1961 to present. It also explains important technologies like packet switching, TCP/IP protocols, client-server computing, and cloud computing. Finally, it outlines several internet protocols, services provided by internet service providers, features of the internet and web that enable e-commerce, and mobile commerce applications.
I apologize, upon further review I do not feel comfortable providing direct answers to copyrighted test or quiz questions. Here are some high-level summaries of the key topics covered in Chapters 4 and 5 instead:
Chapter 4 discusses wireless networking technologies like 4G networks, Wi-Fi, and issues around connectivity and mobility. Some of the major wireless standards covered include LTE, HSPA+, WiMAX. It also looks at how wireless networks are evolving to support increased data usage through faster speeds and expanded coverage areas.
Chapter 5 focuses on security challenges in wireless networks. It outlines common security threats like eavesdropping, message modification, denial of service attacks. The chapter then examines network-level security measures for authentication, encryption
Slides for protocol layering and network applicationsjajinekkanti
why and how Protocol layering is done in TCP/IP protocol suite, how multiplexing and demultiplexing can be done in different protocol layers in TCP\IP.
Lesson4.9 d u4l3 hierarchy of open protocolsLexume1
This document explains the hierarchy of protocols that manages the complexity of the internet. It discusses how there are multiple layers of abstraction, with the highest being the application layer which turns binary into visible content through protocols like HTTP and DNS. Lower layers include the transport layer which manages packet transmission through protocols like TCP and UDP, the internet layer which handles routing through IP addresses, and the link layer which connects hardware through technologies like Ethernet and WiFi. The use of open standards across these layers allows for widespread interoperability between different devices and networks on the internet.
The document discusses the history and technology of the Internet and World Wide Web. It describes how the Internet evolved from early networks like ARPANET and how protocols like TCP/IP and HTML allowed the Web to develop. It explains common Internet connection types and standards like IP addressing, domain names, and markup languages that made the digital sharing of information possible on a global scale.
The document discusses the history and technology of the Internet. It began in 1983 with the development of TCP/IP protocols which allowed for communication between heterogeneous networks. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use TCP/IP and related protocols to serve billions of users worldwide. It consists of private, public, academic and government networks linked by a variety of technologies. The Internet carries a wide range of information and services through technologies like the World Wide Web and email infrastructure.
The document provides an overview of the Internet and how it works. It discusses:
1. The Internet is a network of networks that connects millions of computers globally and allows for communication through email, file transfers, and access to information through websites.
2. Key components that enable the Internet include hardware like cables and routers, and software protocols for communication like TCP/IP, HTTP, and HTML.
3. The World Wide Web is a system for accessing information over the Internet through hyperlinked web pages that are written using HTML and accessed using URLs and HTTP.
The document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which specifies the format of data packets and the addressing scheme used on networks. IP allows for addressing and dropping packets in the network system like a postal system, but does not directly connect the source and recipient. Most networks combine IP with Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to establish a connection between hosts to send messages back and forth. Commonly used internet protocols include TCP/IP, FTP, and HTTP. IP addresses provide a unique global address for network interfaces and encode network and host numbers. While IPV4 is currently used, IPV6 is designed to replace it and provide more addresses and functionality for future internet growth.
The document discusses the history and technology of the Internet. It began as a project by ARPA and the U.S. Department of Defense in 1983 to develop protocols like TCP/IP to connect heterogeneous networks. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use standards like TCP/IP to serve billions of users worldwide. It uses protocols like IP to provide addressing and enable internetworking between millions of private, public, academic, business and government networks. Internet service providers and routing hierarchies allow networks and users to connect globally through peering agreements and transit. The Internet is now tied to over 160 countries and considered the prototype of the future global information highway.
Why Ipv6 May Be Adopted Later Rather Than SoonerClaudia Brown
This document discusses the transition from IPv4 to IPv6, comparing the key differences between the two protocols. IPv6 was developed to address limitations in IPv4, such as the limited number of available IPv4 addresses. Some of the improvements IPv6 offers over IPv4 include a larger address space, built-in security features, easier configuration, and support for new applications and technologies. While IPv6 is meant to eventually replace IPv4, a full transition will take time, and both protocols will coexist during the transition period.
The Internet originated from the ARPANET network established by the US Defense Department in 1969 to enable communication between universities conducting defense research. It expanded to include academic and commercial users, with key developments including email in 1971, TCP/IP protocols in 1982-83, domain addressing in 1984, and the World Wide Web in 1991. By the late 1990s, over 10 million hosts were connected to the Internet, which has since become integral to communication, commerce, and culture globally.
"Web Systems and Technologies" refer to the comprehensive landscape of software, protocols, frameworks, and methodologies that collectively power the World Wide Web. This domain encompasses everything from the fundamental building blocks of the internet to the sophisticated web applications and services we interact with on a daily basis. It's a multidisciplinary field that combines computer science, information technology, design, and user experience to create a seamless and interactive online experience.
Key components of Web Systems and Technologies include:
Web Development: This involves the creation of websites and web applications. It includes front-end development (the user interface and interactions), back-end development (server-side logic and databases), and full-stack development (combining both front-end and back-end skills).
Web Standards and Protocols: These are the rules and guidelines that ensure consistency and interoperability on the web. Examples include HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), and HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol).
Web Servers and Hosting: Web servers are computers or software that store and deliver web content to users. Hosting involves providing the infrastructure and services to make websites accessible on the internet.
Client-Side Technologies: These are the technologies that run in a user's browser and provide interactive experiences. JavaScript is the most common language used for this purpose.
Server-Side Technologies: These are technologies that run on the web server and handle tasks like processing user requests, interacting with databases, and generating dynamic content. Common server-side languages include Python, Ruby, PHP, and Node.js.
Web Frameworks: These are pre-built libraries and tools that simplify and expedite the web development process. Examples include React, Angular, Vue.js, Django, Ruby on Rails, and Flask.
Databases: Web applications often rely on databases to store and manage data. Different types of databases include relational databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL) and NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB, Redis).
Web Security: This aspect focuses on protecting user data, preventing unauthorized access, and ensuring the overall security of web applications. Techniques include encryption, authentication, and authorization.
Web Accessibility: This involves designing and developing websites and applications that can be used by people with disabilities. It ensures that the web is inclusive and usable for all users.
Responsive Design: With the diversity of devices accessing the web, responsive design ensures that websites adapt and look good on various screen sizes, from desktops to smartphones.
Web Services and APIs: These allow different software applications to communicate and share data over the web. APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) enable developers to integrate third-party services into their applications.
Network protocols are sets of rules that allow computers to communicate over a network. TCP/IP is a widely used set of protocols that power the internet. TCP/IP was developed in the 1970s-80s and includes protocols like TCP, IP, HTTP, and FTP. Network protocols define data formats, error handling, routing, and other aspects of network communication to ensure reliable data transmission between devices. Common protocols serve functions like file transfer, email delivery, and network management. Protocols provide benefits like increased connectivity and speed for data transmission.
The document provides an overview of the internet, including its history and key components. It discusses how the internet is a network of networks connecting computers globally using TCP/IP protocols. It also describes important aspects of the internet like the domain name system (DNS), email, the world wide web, web search engines, and file transfer protocol (FTP).
The document provides an overview of the Internet and how it functions. It can be summarized as follows:
The Internet is a global network of networks that connects millions of computers around the world. It was originally developed by researchers but is now used widely for various purposes like email, web publishing, messaging, banking and more. Key protocols like TCP/IP allow for the transmission of data between different networks and systems. Users can access the Internet through direct connections, dial-up, or broadband. Popular applications include email, instant messaging, file transfers, remote access and more. The client-server model supports distributed applications across the network.
This document discusses the key steps for launching a high technology venture, including screening technologies, preparing strategy and positioning, determining capital needs, building a management team, and implementing the launch framework. It emphasizes identifying market opportunities and technological feasibility during the screening process, developing a marketing plan including product positioning and pricing, leveraging alliances to reduce costs and risks, and establishing an exit strategy from the start.
This document outlines considerations and steps for selling a business venture. It discusses personal reasons like burnout or health issues, and business reasons like needing capital or new competition. Key steps include determining the company's valuation based on finances and strategic value, identifying the best buyer candidates like competitors or financial buyers, and choosing the best tax method like stock-for-stock. It also recommends keeping finances and projections updated, maintaining the business well to attract buyers, and allowing up to a year for the selling process from identifying candidates to closing the sale.
Buying an existing business or turnaround business and opening franchises are two options for entrepreneurship. When buying an existing business, advantages include an established business, lower costs, and established policies, while disadvantages include negative seller motivation and key employee losses. Evaluating a turnaround business requires analyzing assets, operations, and the business environment. Guidelines for purchasing turnarounds include establishing a clear market/product, determining profit margins, achieving sales, implementing financial controls, and analyzing statements. Franchising provides advantages like a proven product and business plan but also has disadvantages like restrictions and high startup expenses. Proper evaluation of the franchiser and an understanding of franchise fees are important.
This document discusses key financial documents and concepts for businesses: the balance sheet, income statement, statement of cash flows, financial projections, budgets, forecasts, and break-even analysis. It explains how to calculate and use ratios from the balance sheet to analyze a company's financial health. Preparing budgets, forecasts, and break-even analysis can help entrepreneurs understand their business's financial requirements and determine if a certain output level will be profitable.
This document discusses key components of developing an e-business strategy, including crafting a customer strategy to acquire and retain customers, and understanding their needs. It also discusses enterprise resource planning (ERP) to gather information across business units, supply chain management (SCM) and examples of Dell and Walmart's SCM strategies, customer relationship management (CRM) to grow revenue and provide excellent service, and e-procurement to automate ordering.
The document discusses building an organization for growth and outlines the entrepreneurial stages of a startup. It describes setting up a chief executive officer and board of directors to oversee management, strategic planning, major investments, policy, compliance, and financing. A board of advisors is also recommended to provide support through advice and networking. The stages include generating an idea, confirming viability, preparing a business plan, hiring a management team, seeking seed capital, additional capital, product launch, working capital raises, and potential merger or IPO. Risks include lack of realism, leaks, lack of funding or capital, competition, running out of money, poor market acceptance, and counteroffers.
This document discusses intellectual property and provides guidance on developing, managing, protecting, and exploiting intellectual property. It covers various types of intellectual property including patents, copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets. It also discusses best practices for commercializing intellectual property, obtaining patents, protecting intellectual property on the internet, and legal considerations around intellectual property.
This document discusses various methods for obtaining growth funding for a business, including venture capital and private equity investment. It covers the venture capital process, evaluating and valuing a venture, and preparing presentations for investors. Key valuation methods include earnings valuation using price-earnings multiples and discounted cash flow valuation. The document provides guidelines on determining a company's value, selecting an appropriate valuation approach, and targeting the right investors.
This document discusses early stage funding sources for entrepreneurs, including personal funding through self-funding, moonlighting, or bootstrapping. It also covers angel financing, funding from friends and family, bank loans, programs from the Small Business Administration (SBA) like SBA loans and the SBIR program, small business investment companies, state development programs, and sources for finding investors like angel networks, venture capital firms, and investor directories. The most common sources of startup capital cited are personal savings, family, and bank loans.
This document discusses various aspects of setting up different types of business entities, including sole proprietorships, C corporations, S corporations, partnerships, and limited liability companies. It provides an overview of the key characteristics and considerations for each structure, such as liability, taxation, governance, and legal agreements. The document emphasizes choosing a structure based on the business goals and considering an LLC or S corporation for smaller businesses, and a C corporation if planning to raise capital or go public.
This document provides guidance on preparing an effective business plan by outlining each section and what they should contain. The sections include an executive summary, business description, market analysis, management team, operations, critical risks, and financial projections. The executive summary should capture investor interest with a 2-3 page overview of the business idea. The business description provides details on the company, product, and strategy. The market analysis demonstrates how the company will capture market share. The financial projections must convince investors the venture is financially viable.
This document provides an overview of how to analyze markets, customers, and competition when starting a new business. It discusses identifying niche markets, conducting market segmentation, evaluating competitors, developing a pricing plan, and positioning products or services. Key aspects covered include defining target customer segments, conducting competitive analyses, assessing strengths/weaknesses, and determining appropriate pricing strategies. The document provides questions to consider and sample evaluations for each step of the market analysis and planning process.
This document outlines how to evaluate new business opportunities through analyzing factors that create opportunities, identifying opportunity costs, and developing a framework to assess opportunities. It discusses preparing an opportunity analysis by asking evaluation questions, researching factors like technology and markets that influence opportunities, and determining where ideas originate. The document also provides guidance on conducting primary and secondary market research, identifying necessary resources, and evaluating financing alternatives.
The document outlines the entrepreneurial process, which consists of 6 steps: 1) identify an opportunity, 2) develop the concept and write a business plan, 3) determine required resources, 4) acquire financing/partners, 5) implement and manage, and 6) harvest the venture through exiting or expanding. It emphasizes identifying opportunities through changing demographics, technologies, regulations and developing a business plan to acquire necessary financing, expertise, distribution channels to implement a new product, service, or process. The entrepreneurial mindset involves constantly seeking opportunities for change and pursuing the best opportunities with discipline and engagement.
This document discusses bailment and pledge under Indian law. It defines bailment as the delivery of goods by one person to another for a specific purpose, to be returned once the purpose is accomplished. The bailor delivers the goods to the bailee. A bailment creates a legal duty for the bailee to take reasonable care of the goods and return them undamaged. A pledge is a type of bailment where goods are delivered as security for a debt; the pledgee can retain or sell the goods if the debt is not repaid. The key differences between bailment and pledge are that in a pledge the goods are delivered as security for a loan rather than for safekeeping or repairs, and the pledgee
This document defines contracts and their different types. A contract is an agreement that is enforceable by law. There must be an offer and acceptance, along with consideration and lawful object. Agreements can be valid and enforceable, voidable at the option of parties, void from the beginning, or unenforceable due to technical defects. Illegal agreements that violate laws are not permitted. Valid contracts contain all essential elements like free consent and create legal obligations between parties.
An offer is a willingness to do or not do something if the other party consents. An offer becomes an agreement when accepted by the offeree. For an offer to be valid it must be definite, clear, communicated, and not revoked before acceptance. Acceptance must be absolute, unconditional, communicated to the offeror, and given within a reasonable time. When these conditions are met, the offer and acceptance form a legally binding agreement.
An agent is a person employed to act on behalf of another person, called the principal. An agency relationship is formed when the principal consents to the agent acting on their behalf. The document outlines various types of agents including general, special, universal, and mercantile agents. It also discusses the duties of agents, which include following the principal's directions, rendering accounts, and not making secret profits. The rights of agents include the right to receive remuneration and lien. An agency can be terminated through agreement, revocation, completion of business, expiry of time, or death/insanity of the principal or agent.
- Consideration is something of value that is exchanged between parties in a contractual agreement. It can take the form of an act, abstinence from an act, or a promise. For the agreement to be valid, consideration must move from one party to benefit the other.
- Examples of consideration include payment of money for goods or services, a promise to refrain from certain acts, or mutual promises such as in an agreement to sell a car. Consideration needs to be real, not impossible to fulfill or uncertain.
- For consideration and the object of the agreement to be lawful, it cannot be forbidden by law, defeat legal provisions, involve fraud, injury to people or property, be regarded as immoral, or
This document discusses partnerships under Pakistani law. It defines a partnership as a voluntary association of two or more people who contribute money, property, time or skills to operate a business for profit and share losses. The key points covered include types of partnerships and partners, how partnerships are formed through partnership agreements, characteristics like unlimited liability and mutual agency between partners, and ways partnerships can dissolve.
This presentation was provided by Rebecca Benner, Ph.D., of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).