The document discusses networking concepts such as the difference between the internet and a network, internetworking, internet protocols, internet architecture, TCP/IP models, address mapping protocols, dynamic host configuration protocol, and domain name system servers. It provides definitions and explanations of these topics, describing for example that the internet is a global network of interconnected computer networks that uses common protocols like TCP/IP to connect devices, while a network is a set of devices connected locally.

1. Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Differentiate between internet and network?
The Internet is a massive network of networks,
a networking infrastructure. It connects millions
of computers together globally, forming a
network in which any computer can
communicate with any other computer as long
as they are both connected to the Internet.

2. • What do you mean by internetworking?
• Internetworking is the practice of connecting
a computer network with other networks
through the use of gateways that provide a
common method of routing information
packets between the networks. The resulting
system of interconnected networks are called
an internetwork, or simply an internet.

3. • What is functioning of Internet?
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal
communications protocol in the Internet
protocol suite for relaying datagrams across
network boundaries. Its routing function
enables internetworking, and essentially
establishes the Internet.

4. • What is functioning of Internet?
• The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal
communications protocol in the Internet
protocol suite for relaying datagrams across
network boundaries. Its routing function
enables internetworking, and essentially
establishes the Internet.

5. • What is internet architecture?
• The Internet's architecture is described in its
name, a short from of the compound word
"inter-networking". This architecture is based
in the very specification of the standard TCP/IP
protocol, designed to connect any two
networks which may be very different in
internal hardware, software, and technical
design.

8. What is TCP/IP model?

9. • What is the TCP IP suite of protocols?
• The Internet protocol suite is the conceptual
model and set of communications protocols
used on the Internet and similar computer
networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP
because the original protocols in the suite are
the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and
the Internet Protocol (IP).

10. • What is ICMP?
• The Internet Control Message Protocol
(ICMP) is a supporting protocol in the Internet
protocol suite. It is used by network devices,
including routers, to send error messages and
operational information indicating, for
example, that a requested service is not
available or that a host or router could not be
reached.

11. • How broadcast and point-to-point networks are different?
•
• Broadcast: A method of sending a signal where multiple parties
may hear a single sender.
• Radio stations are a good example of everyday life "Broadcast
Network".
• Point-to-point: A method of communication where one "point"
(person or entity) speaks to another entity.
• An example is a telephone call, in which one telephone is
connected with one other, and what is said by one caller can only
be heard by the other.
• Another example of a simplex point-to-point communication could
be a laser used to signal a message from one point to another

12. • What is a point to point protocol?
• In computer networking, Point-to-Point Protocol
(PPP) is a data link (layer 2) protocol used to
establish a direct connection between two nodes.
• What is the point to point topology?
• The simplest topology is a permanent link
between two endpoints. Switched point-to-point
topologies are the basic model of conventional
telephony. The value of a permanent point-to-
point network is unimpeded communications
between the two endpoints

13. • What is peer-to-peer model in network, give
example?
•
• Peer-to-peer architecture (P2P architecture) is a
commonly used computer networking
architecture in which each workstation, or node,
has the same capabilities and responsibilities. It is
often compared and contrasted to the classic
client/server architecture, in which some
computers are dedicated to serving others

15. • 12.Why internet architecture is based on
tiers?(Important)
• Multitier architecture (often referred to as n-tier
architecture) or multilayered architecture is a
client–server architecture in which presentation,
application processing, and data management
functions are physically separated. The most
widespread use of multitier architecture is the
three-tier architecture.

17. • What is internetworking ?give example
• Internetworking is the practice of connecting
a computer network with other networks
through the use of gateways that provide a
common method of routing information
packets between the networks. The resulting
system of interconnected networks are called
an internetwork, or simply an internet

18. • Although there are many types of routing
protocols, three major classes are in widespread
use on IP networks:
• Interior gateway protocols type
• 1, link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF and
IS-IS.
•
• Interior gateway protocols type
• 2, distance-vector routing protocols, such as
Routing Information Protocol, RIPv2, IGRP

19. •
• Address Mapping (Address Resolution)
•
• Q no.1 what is address mapping? Which
protocols are used for this purpose?
• Address mapping is a process to correlate or
translate one address to another.

20. • These operations are performed by variety of i.e. ARP,
RARP, Proxy ARP, BOOTP and DHCP.
• The most common operations performed with address
resolution protocols are: the (a) correlation of a MAC
address to an IP, and (b) the correlation of an IP
address to a MAC.
• Q no.2 ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
• This protocol is used for address mapping Logical (IP) to
Physical (MAC).
• IP packets use logical (host-to-host) addresses. These
packets however need to be encapsulated in a frame,
which needs physical address (node-to-node).

21. • Working:
• This means that the sender needs the physical address of
the receiver. The host or the router sends an ARP query
packet. The Packet includes the Physical and IP address of
the sender and IP address of the receiver, because the
sender does not know the physical address of the receiver,
the query is broadcast over the network.
• Every host or router receive the ARP query packet but only
the intended recipient recognizes its IP address and sends
back an ARP response packet.
• ARP query packet will be broadcast and ARP response
packet will be unicast

22. • Q no.3 RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)
• We sometimes need reverse mapping i.e. mapping a
physical address to a logical address.
• Working:
• A RARP request is created and broadcast on the local
network. Another machine on the local network that
knows all the IP addresses will respond with a RARP
reply.
• The requesting machine must be running a ARP client
program and the responding machine must be running
a RARP server program.

23. • Q no. 4 what is Proxy ARP?
• Proxy ARP is the technique in which one host,
usually a router, answers ARP requests
intended for another machine. By "faking" its
identity, the router accepts responsibility for
routing packets to the "real" destination

24. • Q no. 5 what is the use of proxy ARP?
•
• Proxy ARP is used to create subnetting effect.
• It is a technique by which a device (router) on
a given network answers the ARP queries for
announcing its own physical MAC address.
After router receive the actual packet, it sends
it to the appropriate router or host

25. • Q no.6 what is the purpose of the Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol?
•
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
is a network protocol that enables a server to
automatically assign an IP address to a
computer from a defined range of numbers
(i.e., a scope) configured for a given network.

26. • Q no.7 what is BOOTP?
• The Bootstrap Protocol (BOOTP) is a client
/server protocol designed to provide physical
to logical address mapping. It is a static
configuration protocol.

27. • Working:
• As BOOTP is an application layer protocol, BOOTP
messages first encapsulate in UDP packet and
UDP packet already in format of IP address.
• Why protocols are required for exchange of
data?
• Network protocols made the modernization of
the Internet possible. Such protocols allow
computers to communicate with other computers
without users having to know what is happening
in the background

28. • 16.What is the role of DS bits in IP datagram?
•
• The third and fourth fields of the IPv4 header (second
and third fields of the IPv6 header) are the
Differentiated Services (called DS Field) and ECN fields,
formerly called the ToS Byte or IPv6 Traffic Class.
• Type of Service (TOS): A field designed to carry
information to provide quality of service features, such
as prioritized delivery, for IP datagrams. It was never
widely used as originally defined, and its meaning has
been subsequently redefined for use by a technique
called Differentiated Services (DS).

29. •
• An address space has a total of 1024 addresses, how
many bits are needed te represent an address?
• Log21,024 =10
• What is the DNS server?
• A DNS server is any computer registered to join the
Domain Name System. A DNS server runs special-
purpose networking software, features a public IP
address, and contains a database of network names
and addresses for other Internet hosts

30. • What are DNS settings Windows 10?
• Changing your DNS in Windows 10
• Firstly, open the Network and Sharing Centre
by right-clicking on your network connections
symbol in the bottom-right corner of the
screen, then click on Open Network and
Sharing Center.
• Click on the connection type

31. •
• What is the purpose of DNS?
• Solution:
• The Domain Name System (aka DNS) is used to resolve
human-readable hostnames like www.Dyn.com into
machine-readable IP addresses like 204.13.248.115. DNS
also provides other information about domain names, such
as mail services
• What is CIDR?
• CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing, sometimes called
supernetting) is a way to allow more flexible allocation of
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses than was possible with the
original system of IP address classes.

32. • What is the difference between Supernetting
and subnetting?
• When a large network is subnetted, the
network is divided into at least two smaller
subnetworks, with each subnetwork (subnet)
having its own subnetwork address (subnetid).
When supernetting is performed, several
small Class C networks are combined to create
one large network, or supernetwork.