This PPT is based on the Presentation of Semester 3 Submitted to DoE, MKBU.
Paper no. 204 Contemporary Western Theory and Film Studies & The topic of this presentation is 'Ecofeminism'.
The document discusses the concept of ecofeminism. It defines ecofeminism as a branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. The document outlines two main schools of ecofeminist thought - radical ecofeminism and cultural ecofeminism. It also discusses key thinkers in ecofeminism such as Françoise d'Eaubonne, Vandana Shiva, and Bina Agarwal and their perspectives on the relationship between women and the environment. The document concludes that an analysis of women's interaction with nature must consider gender as well as other social factors like class, caste, and race.
Ecofeminism is a social and political movement that advocates for the intersectional connection between women's rights and environmentalism. It emerged in the 1970s as a response to the recognition that both women and the environment were often marginalized and exploited by patriarchal systems.
At its core, ecofeminism argues that there are important parallels between the oppression of women and the degradation of the natural environment. It argues that both women and nature have been historically devalued, objectified, and exploited by male-dominated societies that prioritize domination, exploitation, and extraction for profit. Ecofeminists argue that this mindset of exploitation and domination perpetuates violence against both women and the environment.
Ecofeminism also emphasizes the important role of women in environmental conservation and sustainability. It recognizes that women have often been at the forefront of grassroots movements for environmental protection, conservation, and sustainable practices. Ecofeminists believe that empowering women and recognizing their knowledge and skills in environmental management can contribute to more sustainable and equitable solutions for environmental challenges.
Furthermore, ecofeminism critiques the dominant Western worldview of dualism, which separates humanity from nature and perpetuates a hierarchical relationship between the two. Ecofeminists advocate for a more holistic and interconnected understanding of humanity's relationship with nature, where humans are seen as part of, rather than separate from, the natural world.In conclusion, ecofeminism highlights the intersectionality between gender, social justice, and environmental issues. It emphasizes the need for gender equality, social justice, and environmental sustainability to be addressed together as part of a more holistic approach to creating a just and sustainable world. It has inspired activists, scholars, and policymakers to work towards a more inclusive and equitable understanding of our relationship with the environment and each other. Overall, ecofeminism seeks to challenge and transform the patriarchal systems and ideologies that perpetuate the exploitation and degradation of both women and the environment.
The document provides an overview of the history of feminism through three waves. The first wave in the 19th/early 20th century focused on gaining women's suffrage and legal rights. The second wave from the 1960s-80s addressed unofficial inequalities related to sexuality, family, workplace, and reproductive rights. The third wave from the 1990s onward responded to failures of the second wave and embraced diversity, allowing women to define feminism through their identities.
This document discusses feminism and post-feminism in media. It begins by providing context about pre-feminist era attitudes and the emergence of 1960s feminism in challenging patriarchal power structures. It then discusses Laura Mulvey's theory of the "male gaze" and how women are presented as passive objects. Post-feminism developed after 1960s feminism and believes women have gained equality but still face pressures to be feminine, attractive, have careers and families. Modern media is analyzed through a post-feminist lens by examining how gender roles and attributes are portrayed.
This document summarizes the development of feminism from the 1960s through the 1980s. It discusses key works that helped launch second-wave feminism like The Feminine Mystique in 1963. Throughout the 1970s, feminist theorists examined the traditional literary canon and discovered examples of male dominance and prejudice against women. They worked to establish a new feminist literary canon that included works by female authors. The document also discusses the work of Elaine Showalter, a pioneering feminist literary critic who developed the concept of gynocritics and analyzed the history of women writers in her book A Literature of Their Own from 1977.
Before talking about feminism, we must talk about the word patriarchy which refers to any form of social power given disproportionately to men. The word patriarchy literally means the rule of the Male or Father.
The document discusses the concept of ecofeminism. It defines ecofeminism as a branch of feminism that examines the connections between women and nature. The document outlines two main schools of ecofeminist thought - radical ecofeminism and cultural ecofeminism. It also discusses key thinkers in ecofeminism such as Françoise d'Eaubonne, Vandana Shiva, and Bina Agarwal and their perspectives on the relationship between women and the environment. The document concludes that an analysis of women's interaction with nature must consider gender as well as other social factors like class, caste, and race.
Ecofeminism is a social and political movement that advocates for the intersectional connection between women's rights and environmentalism. It emerged in the 1970s as a response to the recognition that both women and the environment were often marginalized and exploited by patriarchal systems.
At its core, ecofeminism argues that there are important parallels between the oppression of women and the degradation of the natural environment. It argues that both women and nature have been historically devalued, objectified, and exploited by male-dominated societies that prioritize domination, exploitation, and extraction for profit. Ecofeminists argue that this mindset of exploitation and domination perpetuates violence against both women and the environment.
Ecofeminism also emphasizes the important role of women in environmental conservation and sustainability. It recognizes that women have often been at the forefront of grassroots movements for environmental protection, conservation, and sustainable practices. Ecofeminists believe that empowering women and recognizing their knowledge and skills in environmental management can contribute to more sustainable and equitable solutions for environmental challenges.
Furthermore, ecofeminism critiques the dominant Western worldview of dualism, which separates humanity from nature and perpetuates a hierarchical relationship between the two. Ecofeminists advocate for a more holistic and interconnected understanding of humanity's relationship with nature, where humans are seen as part of, rather than separate from, the natural world.In conclusion, ecofeminism highlights the intersectionality between gender, social justice, and environmental issues. It emphasizes the need for gender equality, social justice, and environmental sustainability to be addressed together as part of a more holistic approach to creating a just and sustainable world. It has inspired activists, scholars, and policymakers to work towards a more inclusive and equitable understanding of our relationship with the environment and each other. Overall, ecofeminism seeks to challenge and transform the patriarchal systems and ideologies that perpetuate the exploitation and degradation of both women and the environment.
The document provides an overview of the history of feminism through three waves. The first wave in the 19th/early 20th century focused on gaining women's suffrage and legal rights. The second wave from the 1960s-80s addressed unofficial inequalities related to sexuality, family, workplace, and reproductive rights. The third wave from the 1990s onward responded to failures of the second wave and embraced diversity, allowing women to define feminism through their identities.
This document discusses feminism and post-feminism in media. It begins by providing context about pre-feminist era attitudes and the emergence of 1960s feminism in challenging patriarchal power structures. It then discusses Laura Mulvey's theory of the "male gaze" and how women are presented as passive objects. Post-feminism developed after 1960s feminism and believes women have gained equality but still face pressures to be feminine, attractive, have careers and families. Modern media is analyzed through a post-feminist lens by examining how gender roles and attributes are portrayed.
This document summarizes the development of feminism from the 1960s through the 1980s. It discusses key works that helped launch second-wave feminism like The Feminine Mystique in 1963. Throughout the 1970s, feminist theorists examined the traditional literary canon and discovered examples of male dominance and prejudice against women. They worked to establish a new feminist literary canon that included works by female authors. The document also discusses the work of Elaine Showalter, a pioneering feminist literary critic who developed the concept of gynocritics and analyzed the history of women writers in her book A Literature of Their Own from 1977.
Before talking about feminism, we must talk about the word patriarchy which refers to any form of social power given disproportionately to men. The word patriarchy literally means the rule of the Male or Father.
The document provides an overview of several key feminist theorists and concepts in feminist theory. It discusses the work and ideas of theorists including Dorothy Smith, Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, Carol Gilligan, Joan Brumberg, and Barbara Risman. Some of the main concepts covered include liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, postmodern feminism, and doing gender. It also discusses Gilligan's work on gender differences in moral development and Risman's concept of "gender vertigo."
Ecofeminism links feminism and ecology by arguing that the exploitation and domination of women is connected to the exploitation and domination of the environment. Ecofeminists believe this connection is illustrated through values like reciprocity, nurturing and cooperation that are present in both women and nature. Additionally, ecofeminists draw connections between natural phenomena like menstruation and moon cycles or childbirth and creation. Women and nature are also united through their shared history of oppression by patriarchal Western society.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminism from the 19th century to present day. It covers the three waves of feminism, fighting for women's political, social, and economic rights. It also examines ongoing debates around representations of women in media and their impact, including the objectification of women's bodies and the pressure to conform to narrow beauty ideals. Critics argue this influences women's self-image and reinforces gender inequality, while others believe audiences are more active and resistant to media effects.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in diaspora literature. It begins by defining diaspora as the displacement of a community into a new geographical and cultural region. It then discusses two main moves in diasporic writing: the spatial move involving de-territorialization and re-territorialization, and the temporal move of looking back to the past and forward to the future. Several diasporic authors and their works are listed. The features of diasporic culture include themes of memory, alienation in the new society, and connection to the homeland. Three overarching themes are identified: nostalgia and imaginary homelands, hybrid identities, and globalization. Examples from authors Margaret Atwood
This document discusses gender and migration. It begins with defining gender and sex, and explaining how gender studies have evolved from initially only examining male migrants to also considering female migrants' experiences. It then explores concepts like intersectionality, geographical scales, social locations, and power geometries as frameworks for examining gender in migration. Specific topics covered include the feminization of migration in Asia, common female-dominated and male-dominated labor markets, issues like "de-skilling" and transnational parenting, and how gender relations shape immigration patterns and settlement experiences for both women and men. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of rights and examining policies in both sending and receiving countries to address gender inequality in migration.
1. The document discusses patriarchy as a hierarchical social system that promotes male privilege through male domination and control. It is organized around the oppression of women through gender norms.
2. Gender norms are core principles that are socially enforced from childhood through adulthood to police masculine and feminine social roles and status. They are used to maintain patriarchal control.
3. Second-wave feminism in the 1960s-1970s aimed to analyze and challenge patriarchy through consciousness raising and activism. It was later fragmented by neoliberalism's emphasis on individualism over collective action and identity politics over structural issues.
This document provides an overview of structuralism and post-structuralism in cultural theory. It discusses key thinkers including Ferdinand de Saussure, Roland Barthes, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Will Wright. It examines how structuralism views language and meaning as defined by relationships and differences. Post-structuralism rejects the idea of an underlying structure determining meaning, arguing that meaning is constantly evolving. Theorists like Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault are discussed in relation to how they viewed binaries, discourse, and power.
This document discusses different types of feminist literary criticism and feminist theories. It begins by defining feminist literary criticism as being concerned with women's roles as portrayed in texts and how women are constructed through literature. It then outlines three main feminist theories: liberal/moderate feminism focuses on cultural and psychological factors leading to women's oppression; radical feminism argues that male supremacy and the patriarchal family are the root causes; and socialist/Marxist feminism sees women's subordination as stemming from economic factors within capitalism. Examples of key thinkers from each theory are provided.
Ralf Dahrendorf was a German-British sociologist known for his theories on class conflict and social inequality. He believed society could be divided into two classes - the command class that ruled over the obey class. This rejected Marx's view of only two classes defined by wealth. Dahrendorf's most influential work, 1959's Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, presented his account of inequality in modern societies and argued that neither Marxism nor structural functionalism alone provide an adequate perspective.
The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir from 1949 argues that one is not born, but rather becomes a woman. De Beauvoir establishes a distinction between biological sex and the social/historical construction of gender. She rejects the traditional view that women have a fixed feminine essence, arguing instead that femininity is a historical and social situation. De Beauvoir analyzes how women have traditionally been viewed as the "Other" in a patriarchal society, where men are defined as the positive subjects and women are the negative objects. She explores how this affects women's access to power and autonomy in their lives.
Second-wave feminism in the 1960s-70s focused on recovering works by forgotten women writers and exploring how literature by male authors portrayed women. Influential works included Kate Millett's critique of Freud/Lawrence, and Gilbert and Gubar's "The Madwoman in the Attic" which analyzed how 19th century women writers had to negotiate oppression and psychological distress to achieve literary authority. New French Feminism celebrated feminine discourse to challenge patriarchal constructs of gender difference. Later critiques argued the movement overemphasized female victimization and ignored factors like class, ideology and non-white women's experiences.
This document summarizes Judith Butler's essay "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution." It discusses how gender is constituted through repetitive performative acts over time, rather than being a stable essence. Gender norms produce the illusion that gender is natural and fixed. However, gender is socially constructed and enforced through coercive power structures. The binary gender system and compulsory heterosexuality are cultural constructs that maintain the social order through reproductive interests and kinship systems. Butler argues for understanding gender as a changeable cultural performance rather than a natural fact, opening possibilities for subverting restrictive gender norms.
1. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx which views class struggle and economic determinism as driving historical change.
2. Marx argued that capitalism exploits and alienates the working class, and will inevitably be overthrown and replaced by a socialist system and eventually a communist society with common ownership.
3. Neo-Marxism built upon Marx's ideas of how economic forces influence society and class relations but placed more emphasis on other forms of social oppression and modes of analysis beyond economic determinism alone.
This document discusses the history and evolution of feminism from the 1940s onwards. It begins by covering early feminist figures and works from the 1940s-1960s that challenged ideas of male chauvinism and the feminine mystique. The 1960s saw the rise of second-wave feminism in response to works like The Feminine Mystique and the establishment of groups like NOW. However, second-wave feminism has been criticized for primarily applying to white, middle-class women and ignoring issues of race and sexuality. More recent third-wave feminism seeks to be more inclusive of these intersecting identities and views gender as socially constructed.
This document discusses feminist theory and gender basics, including:
- Gender is a social construct that places human behavior into masculine and feminine categories.
- Biological sex influences gendered behavior indirectly through hormones, but does not determine it. Behavior can also influence hormone levels.
- More power is generally accorded to masculine behaviors and less to feminine behaviors, though people of all genders exhibit a variety of behaviors.
- Gender is a social construction that differs across societies and time periods, though it feels real and can be re-constructed.
Ecofeminism examines the connections between the domination and oppression of women and nature. It argues that patriarchal societies treat women and nature in similar ways by exerting unjust dominance. Ecofeminism advocates for equality between genders and respect for all life. It emerged from the environmental and feminist movements of the 1970s-1980s and combines concerns about gender issues and the environment. Ecofeminists believe the liberation of women is connected to preserving nature and life on Earth.
Eco-criticism examines the relationship between literature and the physical environment. It analyzes how nature is portrayed in different works and how literature has shaped human interaction with the natural world. Eco-critics ask questions about representations of nature, the role of setting, and whether metaphors influence environmental treatment. The approach considers nature writing and how concepts like wilderness have changed over time. It also draws connections between human culture, literature and the physical world they both affect and are affected by.
This document discusses the history and development of feminism and feminist literary criticism. It outlines how traditional gender roles portrayed women as emotional, weak, nurturing and submissive while men were seen as rational, strong, protective and decisive. Early feminist thinkers like Mary Wollstonecraft argued women should have equal rights. Later authors like Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir examined how patriarchal societies define women in relation to men. The document also discusses the work of feminist critics like Elaine Showalter who argued for a feminist literary criticism focused on examining women's writing through a female framework. It provides examples of genres and historical periods feminist criticism has been applied to.
Postcolonialism emerged as a result of over 4,000 years of European colonization of Africa and Asia. In the 19th century, Britain became the dominant imperial power and justified its brutal treatment of colonies. Decolonization began in the early 20th century as Britain started losing economic and social control. The 1950s marked the beginning of postcolonialism with India gaining independence from Britain, followed by Pakistan. Postcolonial theorists such as Fanon, Said, and Spivak examined the cultural, social, and psychological impacts of colonialism and addressed issues like identity, otherness, and hybridity that arose from the colonial experience.
Ecofeminism examines the connections between the domination of women and the domination of nature. It originated in the 1970s as feminists began exploring these connections. The document then discusses the historical links between women and nature in Indian philosophy and the evolution of the modern ecofeminist movement. It provides examples of women throughout history and around the world who are working to protect the environment and promote gender equality, such as Wangari Maathai, Greta Thunberg, and Medha Patkar.
CTSA Proceedings 72 2017 32 POPE FRANCIS’ LAUDAT.docxdorishigh
CTSA Proceedings 72 / 2017
32
POPE FRANCIS’ LAUDATO SI,’ ON CARE FOR OUR COM0MON HOME:
AN ECOFEMINIST RESPONSE
ANNE M. CLIFFORD, C.S.J.
Thank you, Mary Hines, for giving me the privilege (or should I say challenge) of
examining Pope Francis’ ground-breaking encyclical, Laudato Si,’ “On Care of our
Common Home,” through the lens of ecofeminism. My gratitude also goes to Daniel
Castillo, who graciously agreed to respond to this presentation and to each of you for
choosing to attend this session.
Ecofeminism is a concept first proposed by Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974 to
identify patriarchy as the root cause of the pervasive oppression and domination of
women and of the exploitation and degradation of earth’s ecosystems. 1 Over forty
years have passed since the term “ecofeminism” first appeared in print. Is ecofeminism
relevant today? I am posing this question in part because there have been few
ecofeminist theology publications in the past ten years. However, if one takes into
account the United Nations’ statistical report titled “The World’s Women (in) 2015,”
one finds that in every nation of the world it is women who are the majority of the poor.
These women and their children live primarily in the southern hemisphere,2 in locales
with ecological fragility attributable to causes addressed in the 2015 United Nations
Development Goals.3 Consider, for example, the tenth and fifteenth goals, which call
1 Françoise d’ Eaubonne, Le Féminisme ou la Mort (Paris: P. Horay, 1974). (The book
has not been published in English.) Although the term “ecofeminism” was introduced by
D'Eaubonne, ecofeminism developed into a movement in the 1980s in the context of self-
identified feminists protesting against environmental destruction, for more on this development
see chapter one of Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva, Ecofeminism (London: Zed Books, 1993),
1–22.
2 The World's Women 2015, Trends and Statistics, Chapter 8: “Poverty,” at https://
unstats.un.org/ unsd/gender/chapter8/chapter8.html (on 5/8/2017). Heather Eaton associates
this fact, first noted in a 1989 United Nations study, as contributing to the importance of the
ecofeminist movement in the global south in “Women, Nature, Earth,” in Sigurd Bergman and
Yong-Bok Kim, eds., Religion, Ecology, Gender, East—West Perspectives (Berlin: Lit Verlag,
2009), 7.
3 One of the seventeen United Nations’ Development goals gives attention to women and
girls: Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Thirteen of the goals are related to ecology:
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all.
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. .
The document provides an overview of several key feminist theorists and concepts in feminist theory. It discusses the work and ideas of theorists including Dorothy Smith, Sandra Harding, Patricia Hill Collins, Carol Gilligan, Joan Brumberg, and Barbara Risman. Some of the main concepts covered include liberal feminism, Marxist feminism, radical feminism, socialist feminism, postmodern feminism, and doing gender. It also discusses Gilligan's work on gender differences in moral development and Risman's concept of "gender vertigo."
Ecofeminism links feminism and ecology by arguing that the exploitation and domination of women is connected to the exploitation and domination of the environment. Ecofeminists believe this connection is illustrated through values like reciprocity, nurturing and cooperation that are present in both women and nature. Additionally, ecofeminists draw connections between natural phenomena like menstruation and moon cycles or childbirth and creation. Women and nature are also united through their shared history of oppression by patriarchal Western society.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminism from the 19th century to present day. It covers the three waves of feminism, fighting for women's political, social, and economic rights. It also examines ongoing debates around representations of women in media and their impact, including the objectification of women's bodies and the pressure to conform to narrow beauty ideals. Critics argue this influences women's self-image and reinforces gender inequality, while others believe audiences are more active and resistant to media effects.
This document provides an overview of the key concepts in diaspora literature. It begins by defining diaspora as the displacement of a community into a new geographical and cultural region. It then discusses two main moves in diasporic writing: the spatial move involving de-territorialization and re-territorialization, and the temporal move of looking back to the past and forward to the future. Several diasporic authors and their works are listed. The features of diasporic culture include themes of memory, alienation in the new society, and connection to the homeland. Three overarching themes are identified: nostalgia and imaginary homelands, hybrid identities, and globalization. Examples from authors Margaret Atwood
This document discusses gender and migration. It begins with defining gender and sex, and explaining how gender studies have evolved from initially only examining male migrants to also considering female migrants' experiences. It then explores concepts like intersectionality, geographical scales, social locations, and power geometries as frameworks for examining gender in migration. Specific topics covered include the feminization of migration in Asia, common female-dominated and male-dominated labor markets, issues like "de-skilling" and transnational parenting, and how gender relations shape immigration patterns and settlement experiences for both women and men. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of rights and examining policies in both sending and receiving countries to address gender inequality in migration.
1. The document discusses patriarchy as a hierarchical social system that promotes male privilege through male domination and control. It is organized around the oppression of women through gender norms.
2. Gender norms are core principles that are socially enforced from childhood through adulthood to police masculine and feminine social roles and status. They are used to maintain patriarchal control.
3. Second-wave feminism in the 1960s-1970s aimed to analyze and challenge patriarchy through consciousness raising and activism. It was later fragmented by neoliberalism's emphasis on individualism over collective action and identity politics over structural issues.
This document provides an overview of structuralism and post-structuralism in cultural theory. It discusses key thinkers including Ferdinand de Saussure, Roland Barthes, Claude Levi-Strauss, and Will Wright. It examines how structuralism views language and meaning as defined by relationships and differences. Post-structuralism rejects the idea of an underlying structure determining meaning, arguing that meaning is constantly evolving. Theorists like Jacques Derrida and Michel Foucault are discussed in relation to how they viewed binaries, discourse, and power.
This document discusses different types of feminist literary criticism and feminist theories. It begins by defining feminist literary criticism as being concerned with women's roles as portrayed in texts and how women are constructed through literature. It then outlines three main feminist theories: liberal/moderate feminism focuses on cultural and psychological factors leading to women's oppression; radical feminism argues that male supremacy and the patriarchal family are the root causes; and socialist/Marxist feminism sees women's subordination as stemming from economic factors within capitalism. Examples of key thinkers from each theory are provided.
Ralf Dahrendorf was a German-British sociologist known for his theories on class conflict and social inequality. He believed society could be divided into two classes - the command class that ruled over the obey class. This rejected Marx's view of only two classes defined by wealth. Dahrendorf's most influential work, 1959's Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society, presented his account of inequality in modern societies and argued that neither Marxism nor structural functionalism alone provide an adequate perspective.
The Second Sex by Simone de Beauvoir from 1949 argues that one is not born, but rather becomes a woman. De Beauvoir establishes a distinction between biological sex and the social/historical construction of gender. She rejects the traditional view that women have a fixed feminine essence, arguing instead that femininity is a historical and social situation. De Beauvoir analyzes how women have traditionally been viewed as the "Other" in a patriarchal society, where men are defined as the positive subjects and women are the negative objects. She explores how this affects women's access to power and autonomy in their lives.
Second-wave feminism in the 1960s-70s focused on recovering works by forgotten women writers and exploring how literature by male authors portrayed women. Influential works included Kate Millett's critique of Freud/Lawrence, and Gilbert and Gubar's "The Madwoman in the Attic" which analyzed how 19th century women writers had to negotiate oppression and psychological distress to achieve literary authority. New French Feminism celebrated feminine discourse to challenge patriarchal constructs of gender difference. Later critiques argued the movement overemphasized female victimization and ignored factors like class, ideology and non-white women's experiences.
This document summarizes Judith Butler's essay "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution." It discusses how gender is constituted through repetitive performative acts over time, rather than being a stable essence. Gender norms produce the illusion that gender is natural and fixed. However, gender is socially constructed and enforced through coercive power structures. The binary gender system and compulsory heterosexuality are cultural constructs that maintain the social order through reproductive interests and kinship systems. Butler argues for understanding gender as a changeable cultural performance rather than a natural fact, opening possibilities for subverting restrictive gender norms.
1. Marxism is a social, political, and economic theory originated by Karl Marx which views class struggle and economic determinism as driving historical change.
2. Marx argued that capitalism exploits and alienates the working class, and will inevitably be overthrown and replaced by a socialist system and eventually a communist society with common ownership.
3. Neo-Marxism built upon Marx's ideas of how economic forces influence society and class relations but placed more emphasis on other forms of social oppression and modes of analysis beyond economic determinism alone.
This document discusses the history and evolution of feminism from the 1940s onwards. It begins by covering early feminist figures and works from the 1940s-1960s that challenged ideas of male chauvinism and the feminine mystique. The 1960s saw the rise of second-wave feminism in response to works like The Feminine Mystique and the establishment of groups like NOW. However, second-wave feminism has been criticized for primarily applying to white, middle-class women and ignoring issues of race and sexuality. More recent third-wave feminism seeks to be more inclusive of these intersecting identities and views gender as socially constructed.
This document discusses feminist theory and gender basics, including:
- Gender is a social construct that places human behavior into masculine and feminine categories.
- Biological sex influences gendered behavior indirectly through hormones, but does not determine it. Behavior can also influence hormone levels.
- More power is generally accorded to masculine behaviors and less to feminine behaviors, though people of all genders exhibit a variety of behaviors.
- Gender is a social construction that differs across societies and time periods, though it feels real and can be re-constructed.
Ecofeminism examines the connections between the domination and oppression of women and nature. It argues that patriarchal societies treat women and nature in similar ways by exerting unjust dominance. Ecofeminism advocates for equality between genders and respect for all life. It emerged from the environmental and feminist movements of the 1970s-1980s and combines concerns about gender issues and the environment. Ecofeminists believe the liberation of women is connected to preserving nature and life on Earth.
Eco-criticism examines the relationship between literature and the physical environment. It analyzes how nature is portrayed in different works and how literature has shaped human interaction with the natural world. Eco-critics ask questions about representations of nature, the role of setting, and whether metaphors influence environmental treatment. The approach considers nature writing and how concepts like wilderness have changed over time. It also draws connections between human culture, literature and the physical world they both affect and are affected by.
This document discusses the history and development of feminism and feminist literary criticism. It outlines how traditional gender roles portrayed women as emotional, weak, nurturing and submissive while men were seen as rational, strong, protective and decisive. Early feminist thinkers like Mary Wollstonecraft argued women should have equal rights. Later authors like Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir examined how patriarchal societies define women in relation to men. The document also discusses the work of feminist critics like Elaine Showalter who argued for a feminist literary criticism focused on examining women's writing through a female framework. It provides examples of genres and historical periods feminist criticism has been applied to.
Postcolonialism emerged as a result of over 4,000 years of European colonization of Africa and Asia. In the 19th century, Britain became the dominant imperial power and justified its brutal treatment of colonies. Decolonization began in the early 20th century as Britain started losing economic and social control. The 1950s marked the beginning of postcolonialism with India gaining independence from Britain, followed by Pakistan. Postcolonial theorists such as Fanon, Said, and Spivak examined the cultural, social, and psychological impacts of colonialism and addressed issues like identity, otherness, and hybridity that arose from the colonial experience.
Ecofeminism examines the connections between the domination of women and the domination of nature. It originated in the 1970s as feminists began exploring these connections. The document then discusses the historical links between women and nature in Indian philosophy and the evolution of the modern ecofeminist movement. It provides examples of women throughout history and around the world who are working to protect the environment and promote gender equality, such as Wangari Maathai, Greta Thunberg, and Medha Patkar.
CTSA Proceedings 72 2017 32 POPE FRANCIS’ LAUDAT.docxdorishigh
CTSA Proceedings 72 / 2017
32
POPE FRANCIS’ LAUDATO SI,’ ON CARE FOR OUR COM0MON HOME:
AN ECOFEMINIST RESPONSE
ANNE M. CLIFFORD, C.S.J.
Thank you, Mary Hines, for giving me the privilege (or should I say challenge) of
examining Pope Francis’ ground-breaking encyclical, Laudato Si,’ “On Care of our
Common Home,” through the lens of ecofeminism. My gratitude also goes to Daniel
Castillo, who graciously agreed to respond to this presentation and to each of you for
choosing to attend this session.
Ecofeminism is a concept first proposed by Françoise d’Eaubonne in 1974 to
identify patriarchy as the root cause of the pervasive oppression and domination of
women and of the exploitation and degradation of earth’s ecosystems. 1 Over forty
years have passed since the term “ecofeminism” first appeared in print. Is ecofeminism
relevant today? I am posing this question in part because there have been few
ecofeminist theology publications in the past ten years. However, if one takes into
account the United Nations’ statistical report titled “The World’s Women (in) 2015,”
one finds that in every nation of the world it is women who are the majority of the poor.
These women and their children live primarily in the southern hemisphere,2 in locales
with ecological fragility attributable to causes addressed in the 2015 United Nations
Development Goals.3 Consider, for example, the tenth and fifteenth goals, which call
1 Françoise d’ Eaubonne, Le Féminisme ou la Mort (Paris: P. Horay, 1974). (The book
has not been published in English.) Although the term “ecofeminism” was introduced by
D'Eaubonne, ecofeminism developed into a movement in the 1980s in the context of self-
identified feminists protesting against environmental destruction, for more on this development
see chapter one of Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva, Ecofeminism (London: Zed Books, 1993),
1–22.
2 The World's Women 2015, Trends and Statistics, Chapter 8: “Poverty,” at https://
unstats.un.org/ unsd/gender/chapter8/chapter8.html (on 5/8/2017). Heather Eaton associates
this fact, first noted in a 1989 United Nations study, as contributing to the importance of the
ecofeminist movement in the global south in “Women, Nature, Earth,” in Sigurd Bergman and
Yong-Bok Kim, eds., Religion, Ecology, Gender, East—West Perspectives (Berlin: Lit Verlag,
2009), 7.
3 One of the seventeen United Nations’ Development goals gives attention to women and
girls: Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
Thirteen of the goals are related to ecology:
Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture.
Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all.
Goal 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. .
WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENT: THE MISSING LINK IN INDIA’S ENVIRONMENT POLICY LANDSCAPEJohn1Lorcan
A large and growing body of policymakers, development professionals and academicians in India have been resonating the need for gender inclusive framework supported by indigenous and traditional forms of knowledge to spearhead India’s environment policies. In this paper, I will look at the philosophical underpinnings, their critiques and relevance in present environment landscape of India. I will further try to contextualise the learnings from women led environment movements to understand key enablers and obstacles in the way of achieving gender parity. The findings suggest that country’s environment policies and action remain gender blind except for Joint Forest Management Programme and National Forest Policy of 1988. While these policies do entail gender component in their design, the policies fail to engage women during implementation and evaluation stage. There is no gender disaggregated data available to ascertain women’s participation in these Joint Forest Management Committees and Biodiversity Management Committees that can guide real-time measures and policy reforms. The paper also highlights key insights that may guide the policymakers in designing, implementing, and evaluating gender inclusive environment policies in India.
This document discusses ecocriticism and its connection to postcolonial studies. Ecocriticism examines the relationship between literature and the physical environment, similarly to how feminist criticism examines language through a gender lens. Postcolonial ecocriticism recognizes the non-human victims of colonialism and emphasizes environmental justice and cultural sustainability. Studying ecocriticism is important as it allows us to analyze how authors represent nature and environmental issues in their works. Religions have contributed to forest protection through traditions of sacred groves and environmental organizations with religious motivations.
Ecopsychology Fosters Sustainable Behavior-Final PaperJason E Evitt
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The document discusses the history of women's empowerment and gender equality movements in India, from early struggles during British colonial rule to more recent grassroots campaigns focused on land rights, environmental protection, and challenging systems of oppression. It analyzes how women's participation in movements like the Bodhgaya land rights campaign and Ganga River protection efforts led to a greater sense of agency, empowerment, and the development of ecofeminist ideas and actions in India. The document concludes that empowering women and addressing ecological issues require challenging deeply entrenched social attitudes through sustained grassroots organizing and political will.
RIVERA RLK_Women, Gender and the Environment.pdfrkrivera1
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Continuous Analystical Reflection Assignment for Unit 101 985 Politics, Power and Resistance (Autumn 2014) from University of Western Sydney
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Action for Change I: Social Movement
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Humans and the environmentLECTURE 1Environment and P.docxsheronlewthwaite
Humans and the
environment
LECTURE 1
Environment and Policy
Dr Aideen Foley [email protected]
Objective
Explore environmental policy with
an emphasis on the actors and
values that shape it.
Key content
Environmental and social principles
relating to policy-making
Regulatory, market-based and non-
legislative policy tools.
Environmental policy challenges,
successes and failures
Module
overview
1. Humans and the environment
2. Environmental principles
3. Social principles in
environmental policy-making
4. Environmental governance and
participation
5. Fundamentals of sustainability
6. Environmental regulation
7. Environmental issues as market
problems
8. Environment and business
responsibility
9. Climate change policy
10. Climate change ethics
Module
overview
Assessment
2 x 3500 word learning journals.
1 question to consider each week.
Critical thinking is key.
1-5 due by 6pm, November 12th
6-10 due by 6pm, January 14th
Assignment clinics:
Lectures 5 and 10.
Humans and the Environment
How do people ‘value’ the environment?
How do people perceive environmental risk?
Key concepts
▪ Environmental worldviews
▪ Cultural Theory of risk
▪ Political economy of risk
Why does this matter?
If we consider misplaced values and
perceptions as one cause of
environmental problems, we need to
understand theoretical frameworks that
attempt to explain peoples’
relationships with the environment in
order to respond to that.
1. Environmental worldviews
Environmental values, like all psychological and social constructs,
are found ‘within’ human individuals, institutions and societies,
and find expression and representation across all human
activities, relationships, and cultural products.
Reser, J.P. and Bentrupperbäumer, J.M., 2005. What and where are environmental values? Assessing the
impacts of current diversity of use of ‘environmental’and ‘World Heritage’values. Journal of Environmental
Psychology, 25(2), pp.125-146.
Ecocentric
The person is not above or
outside of nature. E.g. Deep
ecology, eco-feminism.
Biocentric
Does not distinguish
between humans and other
life on Earth.
Environmental worldviews
Commonly shared beliefs that give groups of people a sense
of how humans should interact with the environment.
Anthropocentric
Humans should manage
Earth's resources for our
own benefit. E.g. Planetary
management, stewardship,
‘no-problem’.
“…sowing and planting of trees had to
be regarded as a national duty of
every landowner, in order to stop the
destructive over-exploitation of
natural resources…”
John Evelyn (1662), English writer, gardener and diarist
Planetary management
“It is a well-provisioned ship, this on which we
sail through space. If the bread and beef above
decks seem to grow scarce, we but open a
hatch and there is a new supply, of which
before we never dreamed. And very great
command over the services of other ...
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notice aesthetics ways.pptx senior high schoolbryandomingo8
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This document summarizes key aspects of ecofeminist approaches to food ethics through discussing the works of three prominent ecofeminist thinkers. It outlines Vandana Shiva's critique of industrial agriculture and biotechnology as perpetuating colonialism and oppression of women and nature. It then discusses vegetarian ecofeminism's perspectives on animal liberation and Val Plumwood's synthesis. Finally, it presents Eva-Maria Simms' phenomenological analysis of the edibility of the maternal body and its implications for environmental orientations to food. The document provides an overview of the diversity of ecofeminist food ethics while highlighting some of its central themes of critiquing domination and oppression in food systems.
Environmental ethics ,types, approaches and issues pptxkiranmohan42
Environmental ethics emerged as a new subfield of philosophy in the 1970s to challenge anthropocentrism and provide justification for environmental protection. It considers humanity's ethical obligations toward the natural world and addresses issues like pollution, resource depletion, and species extinction. There are several approaches within environmental ethics like utilitarianism, which focuses on outcomes, and biocentrism, which attributes intrinsic value to all life. Major issues debated include sustainability, environmental justice, animal rights, and balancing human needs with nature conservation.
Similar to 'Ecofeminism' as a Contemporary Literary Theory (19)
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This document discusses citation, which is providing credit to original authors to avoid plagiarism and strengthen arguments. There are different citation styles like MLA, APA, and Chicago. Citations are needed for direct quotes, paraphrases, summaries, facts, and borrowed information. In-text citations are included in the writing to validate sources, and a reference list is included at the end with full details of sources. Citation tools can help automatically generate references, and mobile apps exist for citing on the go. While Google and Wikipedia can help find information, they should not be directly cited as the original sources should be referenced instead.
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𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
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2. ● Name: Rajeshvariba H. Rana
● Roll No. : 16
● Enrollment No. : 4069206420220023
● Semester: 3rd
● Paper No.: 204
● Paper Code: 22409
● Paper Name: Contemporary Western Theories and Film
Studies
● Topic: Ecofeminism
● Submitted to: Smt. S.B.Gardi, Department of English, MKBU
● E-mail: rhrana148@gmail.com
● Date: 21 October 2023
Academic Information
3. What is Ecofeminism ?
Ecofeminism, like the social movements it has emerged from, is both
political activism and intellectual critique. Bringing together
feminism and environmentalism, ecofeminism argues that the
domination of women and the degradation of the environment are
consequences of patriarchy and capitalism.
Ecofeminism describes movements and philosophies that link
feminism with ecology.
Women and nature are also united through their shared history of
oppression by a patriarchal society.
4. Term Coined By ?
The term was coined by the French writer
Françoise d'Eaubonne in her book
Le Féminisme ou la Mort (1974).
Ecofeminist theory asserts a feminist
perspective of Green politics that calls for
an egalitarian, collaborative society in
which there is no one dominant group.
5. 2 Types of Ecofeminist Positions
● Radical Ecofeminism
● Cultural Ecofeminism
Radical Ecofeminism Focus the deep connection between patriarchy and the
domination of nature. It Sees women's oppression and environmental
exploitation as interconnected symptoms of a patriarchal culture.
Cultural ecofeminism is a response to the perception that women and nature
have been mutually associated and devalued in western culture. (Merchant)
Explores the roles of women in traditional and indigenous cultures and their
harmonious relationships with the environment.
6. Binary Opposition
Sherry Ortner's 1974 article, "Is Female to Male as Nature is to Culture?"
posed the problem that motivates many ecofeminists. Ortner argued
that, cross-culturally and historically women, as opposed to men, have
been seen as closer to nature because of their physiology, social roles,
and psychology.
Male
Culture
Reason
Mind
Female
Nature
Emotion
Body
7. Physiologically, women bring forth life from their bodies,
under- going the pleasures, pain, and stigmas attached to
menstruation, pregnancy, childbirth, and nursing, while
men's physiology leaves them freer to travel, hunt, conduct
warfare, and engage in public affairs. Socially, childrearing
and domestic caretaking have kept married women close to
the hearth and out of the workplace. Psychologically, women
have been have assigned greater emotional capacities with
greater ties to the particular, personal, and present than men
who are viewed as more rational and objective with a greater
capacity for abstract thinking. (Jaggar)
9. Vandana Shiva plays a major role in the global ecofeminist
movement.
Feminist activists fighting for environmental justice,
including figures like Vandana Shiva, emphasize that
women and children are especially susceptible to the
harmful effects of environmental hazards. This
advertisement specifically features both a mother and a
child to underscore this point.
The Indian Ecofeminist Discourse
10. What do I mean when I say that everywhere, in every known culture, women are
considered in some degree inferior to men? First of all, I must stress that I am
talking about cultural evaluations; I am saying that each culture, in its own way
and on its own terms, makes this evaluation. But what would constitute
evidence that a particular culture considers women inferior?(Ortner)
Three types of data would suffice:
(1) elements of cultural ideology and informants’ statements that explicitly
devalue women, according them, their roles, their tasks, their products, and their
social milieux less prestige than are accorded men and the male correlates;
(2) symbolic devices, such as the attribution of defilement, which may be
interpreted as implicitly making a statement of inferior valuation; and
(3) social-structural arrangements that exclude women from participation in or
contact with some realm in which the highest powers of the society are felt to
reside. These three types of data may all of course be interrelated. (Ortner)
The Universality of Female Subordination
11. The Chipko Movement, a prominent environmental movement
within the context of ecofeminism, took place in India in the
1970s. The major person associated with this movement is
Sunderlal Bahuguna.
In brief, the Chipko Movement involved local communities,
primarily women, hugging or "embracing" trees to prevent
deforestation. This action was a form of protest against the
government and commercial entities that were cutting down
trees for timber and development. The movement drew
attention to the interconnectedness of environmental and
women's issues, highlighting how women were often the most
directly affected by deforestation and its consequences, such
as the loss of clean water and livelihoods.
Chipko Movement (Hugging Movement)
12. This historical context emphasizes that the
principles and actions of the Chipko Movement are
not merely a modern phenomenon but have deep
historical roots in India, making it even more
relevant in the broader context of environmental
conservation and ecofeminism.
However, not many people know that the original
Chipko Movement dates back to the 18th century
and was started by Rajasthan’s Bishnoi
community. The incident has been etched in the
annals of history for the sacrifice of a group of
villagers, who led by a lady named Amrita Devi, laid
down their lives while protecting trees from being
felled on the orders of the King of Jodhpur. After this
incident, the king, in a royal decree, banned cutting
of trees in all Bishnoi villages. (“What is the Chipko
movement? | What Is News”)
13. Participants of the first all-woman Chipko action
at Reni village in 1974, reassembled thirty years
later.
(Kohli and Singh)
14. Commonly, mass media tends to
use female imagery when portraying
nature.
On a conscious level of memory,
people readily embrace images that
are easily accessible at the forefront
of their minds. This is why nature is
effortlessly and commonly linked
with femininity.
That is the reason that this political
newspaper print advertisement gets
accepted without any question.
Advertisement
15. Movies:
● Mother! (2017), Darren Aronofsky. ...
● Princess Mononoke (1997), Hayao
Miyazaki. ...
● Teeth (2007), Mitchell Lichtenstein.
...
● The VVitch (2015), Robert Eggers. ...
● Soylent Green (1973), Richard
Fleischer. ...
● Mad Max: Fury Road (2015), George
Miller
(List from Google)
Book:
Rape of the Wild: Man's Violence against
Animals and the Earth
● Authors: Andree Collard, Joyce Contrucci
● Publisher : Indiana University Press (22
June 1989)
● Language : English
16. Women frequently have limited access to resources such as education,
healthcare, and financial services. These disparities can make it more
challenging for women to adapt to the impacts of climate change or to
participate in decision-making processes related to environmental policies.
Climate Change
17. Conclusion
Ecofeminism recognizes the intertwined
oppression of women and nature, highlighting
the need for a more equitable and sustainable
world. It calls for a profound shift in societal
values, challenging patriarchy, and advocating
for a harmonious coexistence with the
environment. Ecofeminism offers a holistic
vision for a just and balanced future.
18. Kohli, Svabhu, and Viplov Singh. “45th Anniversary of the Chipko Movement2018.” Google, Google, 26 Mar.
2018, https://www.google.com/doodles/45th-anniversary-of-the-chipko-movement.
Jaggar, Alison M. Feminist Politics and Human Nature. Rowman & Allanheld, 1983.
Merchant, Carolyn. Radical ecology : the search for a livable world. Routledge, 2005.
Ortner, Sherry B. “Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture? Sherry B. Ortner.” UiO,
https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/sv/sai/SOSANT1600/v12/Ortner_Is_female_to_male.pdf. Accessed 21
October 2023.
“What is the Chipko movement? | What Is News.” The Indian Express, 26 March 2018,
https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-the-chipko-movement-google-doodle-5111644/.
Accessed 21 October 2023.
References