This PPT is based on Presentation of Semester 2 Submitted to DoE, MKBU.
Paper no. 108 The American Literature topic is 'Matriarchy' in context of For Whom The Bell Tolls.
The Monster in Patriarchy: A review in Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon, The H...AJHSSR Journal
Women are not supposed to speak in typical traditional and patriarchal societies. While their
husbands address them, they must remain silent to the end of the talk and execute what they are told with no
complain and restraint. Women are therefore assigned roles which make them citizens of second zone and living
at the margin of society. Cultural and traditional norms of their different community allow their desires being
ignored and put aside. Women face subordination, oppression and abuses of all kind all over the time and have
to cope with them. This is the true reality of women in patriarchal societies depicted in novels. One of these
female writings is found in Amma Darko’s novels. Amma Darko’s narrated involvement in the women’s cause
throws up further debates on the role of the female writer in the reshaping of society in terms of gender
inequalities. The present paper reviews the novelist’s radical perspective in Beyond the Horizon (1995), The
Housemaid (1998) and Faceless (2010). Men presented as being monsters in these tree novels are women’s
most feared enemies to combat and slain. The paper also critically explores male dominance as a cultural feature
that maintains women under yoke and submission.
India, the ancient land known as the torchbearer of peace, spirituality and humanism became
testimony to one of the ghastliest and flabbergasting acts ever committed in the history of
mankind. Her own offspring who had lived as a single unit were suddenly bifurcated on
communal lines due to political vendetta. Many authors have incorporated the trauma and
sufferings during the partition. Khushwant Singh and Bapsi Sidhwa are distinguished
signatures in the arena of English literature who have published novels based on the theme of
partition. They have portrayed the traumatic picture of that time making us to feel the pain of
humanity. Thus the present paper focuses upon the literature of partition with special
reference to the trauma in the writings of Khushwant Singh and Bapsi Sidhwa.
India drank the sweet nectar of freedom from the foreign yoke of British Raj but with a heavy
price. The ancient land whose civilisation had stood against the test of time was bifurcated
into two parts- India and Pakistan. The biggest exodus of people ever in the history of
humankind took place from one part to another. A state of religious frenzy and bigotry spread
in the entire Indian subcontinent. People became worse than beasts ever ready to slaughter
fellow beings in the name of religion. The single most affected victim was humanity which
was torn into pieces by its own children. All hell broke loose when people in both nations
were killed just due to their religious affiliations. A plethora of literature is produced on this
subject particularly from the authors of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The trauma and
agony experienced by people has found its voice in the literature of partition by many notable
and distinguished authors. Poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz lamented, „This stain covered daybreak,
this night bitten dawn. This dawn is not that dawn we craved for‘. Muslims migrated to
Pakistan and Hindus to India leaving back their ancestral homes, tradition and culture to
become refugees in a distant land just in the name of fanaticism. Bigotry spew its venom
particularly on women who were assaulted, sexually abused and tortured if they were found
to be of different religion.
The tragedy of partition has given way to literature in almost all languages of the Indian sub-
continent particularly Hindi, English, Urdu, Bengali and other vernacular languages. A
common element in all these pieces of literature is pathos. It is different from historical
account as it embodies the human suffering and pain due to partition. Authors such as
Krishna Chander, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Amrita Pritam, Saddat Hasan Manto, K.S. Duggal,
Nanak Singh and others have revolved their prose on the subject of partition. Khushwant
Singh‟s ‗ Train to Pakistan „, Bapsi Sidhwa‟s ‗Ice Candy Man‘ and ‗Bride‘, Salman
Rushdie‟s ‗Midnight‘s Children‘, K.A. Abbas‟ ‗Inquilab‘ in English, Bhishma Sahani‟s
„Tamas‘ and Yashpal‟s „Jhoota Sach‘ in Hindi.
Almost everyone is doing well..
Title Bharati Mukherjee By Delaney, Bill, Identities & Issues i.docxherthalearmont
Title: Bharati Mukherjee By: Delaney, Bill, Identities & Issues in Literature,
Database: Literary Reference Center Plus
Bharati Mukherjee
Born: July 27, 1940; Calcutta (now Kolkata), West Bengal, India
Principal Works - Bharati Mukherjee
long fictionThe Tiger’s Daughter, 1972
Wife, 1975
Jasmine, 1989
The Holder of the World, 1993
Leave It to Me, 1997
Desirable Daughters, 2002
The Tree Bride, 2004
nonfictionKautilya’s Concept of Diplomacy, 1976
Days and Nights in Calcutta, 1977 (with Clark Blaise)
The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy, 1987 (with Blaise)
Political Culture and Leadership in India: A Study of West Bengal, 1991
Regionalism in Indian Perspective, 1992
Conversations with Bharati Mukherjee, 2009 (Bradley C. Edwards, editor)
short fictionDarkness, 1985
“The Management of Grief”, 1988
The Middleman, and Other Stories, 1988
Author Profile
Bharati Mukherjee was born to an upper-caste Bengali family and received an English education. The most important event of her life occurred in her early twenties, when she received a scholarship to attend the University of Iowa’s Writer’s Workshop. Her fiction reflects the experimental techniques fostered at such influential creative writing schools.
At the University of Iowa, Mukherjee met Clark Blaise, a Canadian citizen and fellow student. When they moved to Canada she became painfully aware of her status as a nonwhite immigrant in a nation less tolerant of newcomers than the United States. The repeated humiliations she endured made her hypersensitive to the plight of immigrants from the Third World. She realized that immigrants may lose their old identities but not be able to find new identities as often unwelcome strangers.
Mukherjee, relying on her experience growing up, sought her salvation in education. She obtained a Ph.D. in English and Comparative Literature and moved up the career ladder at various colleges and universities in the East and Midwest until she became a professor at Berkeley in 1989. Her first novel, The Tiger’s Daughter, was published in 1972. In common with all her fiction, it deals with the feelings of exile and identity confusion that are experienced by immigrants. Being female as well as an immigrant, Mukherjee noted that opportunities for women were so different in America that she was exhilarated and bewildered. Many of her best stories, dealing with women experiencing gender crises, have a strong autobiographical element.
Darkness, her first collection of stories, was well reviewed, but not until the publication of The Middleman and Other Stories did she become internationally prominent. Critics have recognized that she is dealing with perhaps the most important contemporary phenomenon, the population explosion and flood of immigrants from have-not nations. Mukherjee makes these newcomers understandable to themselves and to native citizens, while shedding light on the identity problems of all the anonymous, inarticulate immigran ...
The Monster in Patriarchy: A review in Amma Darko’s Beyond the Horizon, The H...AJHSSR Journal
Women are not supposed to speak in typical traditional and patriarchal societies. While their
husbands address them, they must remain silent to the end of the talk and execute what they are told with no
complain and restraint. Women are therefore assigned roles which make them citizens of second zone and living
at the margin of society. Cultural and traditional norms of their different community allow their desires being
ignored and put aside. Women face subordination, oppression and abuses of all kind all over the time and have
to cope with them. This is the true reality of women in patriarchal societies depicted in novels. One of these
female writings is found in Amma Darko’s novels. Amma Darko’s narrated involvement in the women’s cause
throws up further debates on the role of the female writer in the reshaping of society in terms of gender
inequalities. The present paper reviews the novelist’s radical perspective in Beyond the Horizon (1995), The
Housemaid (1998) and Faceless (2010). Men presented as being monsters in these tree novels are women’s
most feared enemies to combat and slain. The paper also critically explores male dominance as a cultural feature
that maintains women under yoke and submission.
India, the ancient land known as the torchbearer of peace, spirituality and humanism became
testimony to one of the ghastliest and flabbergasting acts ever committed in the history of
mankind. Her own offspring who had lived as a single unit were suddenly bifurcated on
communal lines due to political vendetta. Many authors have incorporated the trauma and
sufferings during the partition. Khushwant Singh and Bapsi Sidhwa are distinguished
signatures in the arena of English literature who have published novels based on the theme of
partition. They have portrayed the traumatic picture of that time making us to feel the pain of
humanity. Thus the present paper focuses upon the literature of partition with special
reference to the trauma in the writings of Khushwant Singh and Bapsi Sidhwa.
India drank the sweet nectar of freedom from the foreign yoke of British Raj but with a heavy
price. The ancient land whose civilisation had stood against the test of time was bifurcated
into two parts- India and Pakistan. The biggest exodus of people ever in the history of
humankind took place from one part to another. A state of religious frenzy and bigotry spread
in the entire Indian subcontinent. People became worse than beasts ever ready to slaughter
fellow beings in the name of religion. The single most affected victim was humanity which
was torn into pieces by its own children. All hell broke loose when people in both nations
were killed just due to their religious affiliations. A plethora of literature is produced on this
subject particularly from the authors of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. The trauma and
agony experienced by people has found its voice in the literature of partition by many notable
and distinguished authors. Poet Faiz Ahmad Faiz lamented, „This stain covered daybreak,
this night bitten dawn. This dawn is not that dawn we craved for‘. Muslims migrated to
Pakistan and Hindus to India leaving back their ancestral homes, tradition and culture to
become refugees in a distant land just in the name of fanaticism. Bigotry spew its venom
particularly on women who were assaulted, sexually abused and tortured if they were found
to be of different religion.
The tragedy of partition has given way to literature in almost all languages of the Indian sub-
continent particularly Hindi, English, Urdu, Bengali and other vernacular languages. A
common element in all these pieces of literature is pathos. It is different from historical
account as it embodies the human suffering and pain due to partition. Authors such as
Krishna Chander, Rajinder Singh Bedi, Amrita Pritam, Saddat Hasan Manto, K.S. Duggal,
Nanak Singh and others have revolved their prose on the subject of partition. Khushwant
Singh‟s ‗ Train to Pakistan „, Bapsi Sidhwa‟s ‗Ice Candy Man‘ and ‗Bride‘, Salman
Rushdie‟s ‗Midnight‘s Children‘, K.A. Abbas‟ ‗Inquilab‘ in English, Bhishma Sahani‟s
„Tamas‘ and Yashpal‟s „Jhoota Sach‘ in Hindi.
Almost everyone is doing well..
Title Bharati Mukherjee By Delaney, Bill, Identities & Issues i.docxherthalearmont
Title: Bharati Mukherjee By: Delaney, Bill, Identities & Issues in Literature,
Database: Literary Reference Center Plus
Bharati Mukherjee
Born: July 27, 1940; Calcutta (now Kolkata), West Bengal, India
Principal Works - Bharati Mukherjee
long fictionThe Tiger’s Daughter, 1972
Wife, 1975
Jasmine, 1989
The Holder of the World, 1993
Leave It to Me, 1997
Desirable Daughters, 2002
The Tree Bride, 2004
nonfictionKautilya’s Concept of Diplomacy, 1976
Days and Nights in Calcutta, 1977 (with Clark Blaise)
The Sorrow and the Terror: The Haunting Legacy of the Air India Tragedy, 1987 (with Blaise)
Political Culture and Leadership in India: A Study of West Bengal, 1991
Regionalism in Indian Perspective, 1992
Conversations with Bharati Mukherjee, 2009 (Bradley C. Edwards, editor)
short fictionDarkness, 1985
“The Management of Grief”, 1988
The Middleman, and Other Stories, 1988
Author Profile
Bharati Mukherjee was born to an upper-caste Bengali family and received an English education. The most important event of her life occurred in her early twenties, when she received a scholarship to attend the University of Iowa’s Writer’s Workshop. Her fiction reflects the experimental techniques fostered at such influential creative writing schools.
At the University of Iowa, Mukherjee met Clark Blaise, a Canadian citizen and fellow student. When they moved to Canada she became painfully aware of her status as a nonwhite immigrant in a nation less tolerant of newcomers than the United States. The repeated humiliations she endured made her hypersensitive to the plight of immigrants from the Third World. She realized that immigrants may lose their old identities but not be able to find new identities as often unwelcome strangers.
Mukherjee, relying on her experience growing up, sought her salvation in education. She obtained a Ph.D. in English and Comparative Literature and moved up the career ladder at various colleges and universities in the East and Midwest until she became a professor at Berkeley in 1989. Her first novel, The Tiger’s Daughter, was published in 1972. In common with all her fiction, it deals with the feelings of exile and identity confusion that are experienced by immigrants. Being female as well as an immigrant, Mukherjee noted that opportunities for women were so different in America that she was exhilarated and bewildered. Many of her best stories, dealing with women experiencing gender crises, have a strong autobiographical element.
Darkness, her first collection of stories, was well reviewed, but not until the publication of The Middleman and Other Stories did she become internationally prominent. Critics have recognized that she is dealing with perhaps the most important contemporary phenomenon, the population explosion and flood of immigrants from have-not nations. Mukherjee makes these newcomers understandable to themselves and to native citizens, while shedding light on the identity problems of all the anonymous, inarticulate immigran ...
Feminism drama of Pakistan. Its all about a all topic about the drama serial that are on the ary digital. Name of drama serial is kasi teri khudgarizi. In wich a boy and girl love but the father of hero is not satisfied. After this the hero samsher marriage with the heron.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
The Artistry and Impact of Women in Literature and Film.pdfCIOWomenMagazine
Women have played a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of literature and film for centuries. Their artistic contributions have not only enriched these mediums but have also catalyzed significant social change.
Prof. Vibhuti Patel's Book Review of "Towards Politics of IMpossible-The Body...VIBHUTI PATEL
TOWARDS POLITICS OF THE (IM) POSSIBLE- The Body in Third World Feminism by Anirban Das, U.K.: Anthem Press, 2012, pp. xxii +211, $ 99/ Rs. 495/60 pounds (Paperback).
Book Review by Vibhuti Patel
This philosophically nuanced work examines discourse on ‘women’s question’ with profound theoretical rigour. The book highlights contemporary debate among feminists in the context of post-coloniality. It deconstructs body, gender and identity projected by the feminist standpoint theory. It provides critical reflection on inter-sectionality of social construction of ‘body’ and ‘others’ in the context of power relations and scientific rationality. The book enriches our understanding on ‘third world feminism’ by questioning ‘embodied knowledges’. The author makes an honest effort to delineate ethical priorities in foundational structuring of heterogeneous feminist efforts to question universal forms of knowing and enhances reader’s understanding on power dynamics.
The power of connections with othersand one’s self through BecomingAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The main aim of this article is to emphasize the importance of the genre of the biography in
order to express an own voice. In this sense, women voices are specially taken into account through history until
the 21st century where female models like Michelle Robinson Obama uses her own voice to legitimise her story
and provide girls all over the world with powerful weapons to fight against injustice, racism and the difficulties
of being oneself. Besides, in her recent biography Becoming (2018), she analyses in-depth the power of
connections with others and one`s self through her life. In this line of argument, she pays attention to how others
contribute to her path and the significance of feeling unique and loved.
KEYWORDS: Biography, Becoming, connections, racism, women voice
The fairy tale is usually regarded as children’s literature. It shapes the characters through rich fantasy and exaggeration. The story reflects every aspect of our life and has an educational effect on readers, especially on children. Originated from the folk lore, fairy tale is one of the most important materials for the research on local conditions and customs at that time as well as its function of moral education. However, feminists analyze it from a brand new perspective. As most of the fairy tales are written or edited during the period when men hold the leading role in society, it is unavoidable that they contain the ideology of patriarchy to some extent. The paper will focus on one classic fairy tale in The Grimm Fairy Tale -- Sleeping Beauty (Briar Rose in Grimm’s book) and try to analyze the contexts from the angle of feminism. The purpose is to reveal the patriarchy hidden behind the seemingly romantic story. What’s more, it is also helpful to put forward the depth and scope of the research of feminism to improve and develop the women’s liberation, and enrich the diversification of the methodology and perspective of research. From the angle of feminism, it can be concluded from the fairy tales that in patriarchal society, women are in the position of “the other” and totally dependent on men, mentally and financially. They have to obey the social rules set by men and meet men’s pleasure for the seemingly happy ending. There are so much left for us to accomplish in the purpose of changing this situation.
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
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'Matriarchy' in context of For Whom The Bell Tolls. 108-The American Literature.pptx
1. ● Name: Rajeshvariba H. Rana
● Roll No. : 16
● Enrollment No. : 4069206420220023
● Semester: 2nd
● Paper No.: 108
● Paper Code: 22401
● Paper Name: The American Literature
● Topic: ‘Matriarchy’
● Submitted to: Smt. S.B.Gardi, Department of English, MKBU
● E-mail: rhrana148@gmail.com
2. Points to Ponder:
● About Author
● ‘For Whom The Bell Tolls’
● Matriarchy
● Character: Pilar
● Matriarchy and Feminism: Difference
● ‘Khasi’-Meghalaya
● Example
● Conclusion
3. About Author:
Ernest Hemingway (1899 - 1961) was an iconic American
journalist and author, known for his brief and
straightforward style of writing and for the gusto with
which he lived his life.
He served as a war correspondent during the Spanish
Civil War.
He is best known for his novels; most readers are familiar with The Sun Also Rises
(1926), A Farewell to Arms (1929), For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940), and The Old
Man and the Sea (1952).
he received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea and the Nobel
Prize in Literature in 1954.
4. ‘For Whom The Bell Tolls’
‘For Whom the Bell Tolls’ is a novel by Ernest Hemingway
published in 1940. It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a
young American volunteer attached to a Republican
guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As a dynamiter,
he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the
city of Segovia.
It was published just after the end of the Spanish Civil War
(1936–1939).
The title of the novel "For Whom the Bell Tolls" is taken from a poem by John
Donne, which Hemingway also quotes in the novel: "No man is an island, entire of
itself; every man is a piece of the continent, a part of the main.
5. Matriarchy:
The term ' matriarchy " has been interpreted
by various in various ways . The historic
origins of the word ' matriarchy ' can be traced
to the terms ' matriarch ' and ' patriarch '
which were used to denote the female or male
head of the family or tribe. (Banerjee)
Gradually , in the 19 century , the word "
matriarchy ' came to mean governance by
women over family and the state in the early
human society . ' Matriarchy ' was discussed in
detail by the cultural evolutionists such as
Johann Jakob Bachofen , McLennan and
Morgan . According to the cultural
evolutionists , society evolved from the stage
of ' matriarchy ' to the stage of ' patriarchy '
due to certain factors. (Banerjee)
6. Women started yearning for a better , safer and secure life . ' Matriarchy ' arrived
as a superior stage of cultural evolution where women were accorded a very high
status . In this stage of human life , children took on the names of their mother
and property was also transmitted along female lines . Women were powerful in
all walks of life .
McLennan observes,
“We shall endeavour to show that the most ancient system , in which the idea of
blood relationship was embodied , was a system of kinship through females
only”(Banerjee)
Since the blood ties between the mother and the child was the most natural and
undisputable , it was given great importance by McLennan.
7. Pilar:
In the context of "For Whom the Bell Tolls," Pilar's
leadership role as a matriarch in the guerrilla group
is portrayed positively and is seen as essential for
the group's survival and success.
In the character of Pilar, there is an element of
matriarchy.
8. Matriarchy and Feminism: Difference
According to Cuddon (1999) “Feminist literary criticism questions the long-standing,
dominant, male, phallocentric ideologies (a kind of male conspiracy), patriarchal
attitudes and male interpretations in literature.
(Rana and Rashid)
While matriarchy and feminism share the goal of empowering women, they differ in
their approach.
Matriarchy and feminism are related concepts, but they are not interchangeable.
Matriarchy refers to a social system in which women hold primary positions of
power and authority, while feminism is a social, political, and cultural movement
that seeks to achieve gender equality and dismantle patriarchal power structures
that oppress women and other marginalized groups.
9. While matriarchy has mostly fallen out of use for the anthropological description
of existing societies, it remains current as a concept in feminism. (Weisberg)
Gynarchy generally mean 'government by women over women and men'.
(Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary)
10. The Khasis are a group of people inhabiting the state of
Meghalaya in North - East India.
The Khasis believe that the clan grew out of the family. At the very
beginning of this clan or family was, a woman. The present day
clans of the Khasi society are more or less overgrown families .
(Banerjee)
Khasi :
The Khasi society is almost always considered to be a matrilineal
and not a matriarchal one . A matrilineal society is one which
traces lineage and descent through the mother . A matriarchal
society on the other hand is much wider in context and
encompasses much more aspects than mere descent and lineage.
11. According to H. W. Mawrie,
“One of the foundations of traditional Khasi society is
the recognition of the special and unique role of
women in the fabric of society." (Banerjee)
The relation between the
husband and the wife is not of
superiority or inferiority but
that of mutual understanding
and cooperation which is
essential for the fabric of a
family.
12. Into the Hearts of the Amazons:In Search of a Modern Matriarchy
"Overwhelmed by women's seeming dominance of economic and
ceremonial life , some outside observers came to the conclusion that
Juchitán is a kind of pre - patriarchal , feminist paradise."(DeMott)
TV show: Balika Vadhu
Directed by: Sidharth Sengupta Pradeep Yadav
Character: Dadisa, played by Surekha Sikri
Movie: Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram-Leela
Directed by: Sanjay Leela Bhansali
Character: Dhankor Baa, played by Supriya Pathak
14. Works Cited
Banerjee, Roopleena. “‘MATRIARCHY’ AND CONTEMPORARY KHASI SOCIETY.” Proceedings of
the Indian History Congress, vol. 76, 2015, pp. 918–30. JSTOR,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/44156662. Accessed 13 Mar. 2023.
DeMott, Tom. Into the Hearts of the Amazons: In Search of a Modern Matriarchy. University of
Wisconsin Press, 2006. Accessed 13 March 2023.
Rana, Md. Masud, and Amina Rashid. “Feminist Literary Criticism: A Paradigm of Matriarchy in
Literature.” Journal of Literature and Art Studies, vol. 10, no. February,2020, 2020,
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/68529153/Journal_of_Literature_and_Art_Studies_Issue_2
_Vol.10_2020_February.pdf?1627964038=&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DJournal_of_Literature_and_Art_Studies_Is.pdf&Expires=167
8676541&Signature=Hx.
Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, 2001. Accessed 13 March 2023.
Weisberg, D. Kelly, editor. Applications of Feminist Legal Theory to Women's Lives: Sex, Violence,
Work, and Reproduction. Temple University Press, 1996.