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Ecosystems can range in size from small to large. They contain biotic factors such as living things like tigers, plants, bacteria, and abiotic non-living things like weather, soil, rocks, sunlight and wind. Temperature affects the density of substances in freshwater environments and impacts how easily animals can travel. An organism is a living thing that can act independently, while a population is a group of the same species in an area. A community contains interacting populations and the abiotic environment they reside in. An ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic components. The biosphere encompasses all life on Earth and can be divided into regional ecosystems. Evolution is the genetic change in populations over generations, influenced by natural selection
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This document discusses biodiversity at three levels - species diversity, genetic diversity, and ecosystem diversity. It notes that species diversity is highest near the equator and in coastal areas with warm sea surface temperatures. Throughout history there have been several mass extinction events that dramatically reduced biodiversity. Currently, the Holocene extinction caused by human activity is reducing biodiversity. The document outlines that each level of biodiversity influences the others, and loss at one level can impact the other levels. Maintaining biodiversity is important for sustaining ecosystem productivity and resilience against disasters.
Ecology
Ecology is the study of interactions between organisms and their environment. The biosphere includes all parts of Earth that support life, including the crust, waters, and atmosphere. An ecosystem consists of all organisms in an area and their nonliving environment. A population is all organisms of the same species in an ecosystem. Communities include all populations. Habitats provide organisms with food, shelter, and conditions for survival. Competition for resources like food and space affects population sizes. Limiting factors restrict population numbers. Succession involves natural changes in species over time from pioneers to a climax community. Biomes are large areas with similar climates and ecosystems like tundra, taiga, desert, and forests.
Biomes
Biomes are large groups of ecosystems that share similar climax communities. There are terrestrial and aquatic biomes. Terrestrial biomes include grasslands, tundra, forests, and deserts. Aquatic biomes include marine ecosystems in oceans and freshwater ecosystems in lakes and rivers. Biomes are defined by their abiotic factors like climate and biotic factors like the types of organisms present.
Hydrosere (Hydrarch Succession)
A hydrosere is a plant succession which occurs in an area of fresh water such as in oxbow lakes and kettle lakes.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
Govt. Degree College
TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
Phone: 9010705687
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Succession is the process of ecological change in a community over time. It begins with pioneer species that colonize new or disturbed areas, followed by later successional communities that become more complex until a climax community is reached. There are two main types: primary succession, which establishes ecosystems in newly available areas like bare rock; and secondary succession, which occurs on previously developed land following disturbance. Examples include forest succession in Acadia National Park and coral reef succession underwater. Hydrosere and xerosere are aquatic and dry land successions respectively, that progress through distinct seral stages from bare substrates to climax plant communities.
Ecological succession
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Succsion in plants
Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. It occurs as the newly unoccupied habitat is colonized by pioneering species which are later replaced by other species. There are two main types of succession - primary on newly created habitats and secondary on previously inhabited lands disturbed by events like fire or flooding. Succession progresses through predictable stages until a climax community develops that remains stable unless further disturbed.
Ecological succession (1)
Ecological succession is the natural process of change in species composition of an ecosystem over time. Primary succession begins in areas without soil, like newly exposed rock, and involves pioneer species like lichens forming soil. As the soil develops, other plants like mosses and ferns grow, adding more organic material. Eventually trees and other species dominate once soil is established. Secondary succession occurs in areas with existing soil that have been disturbed, like after a forest fire, and progresses more quickly through different pioneer species until a stable climax community develops.
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A hydrosere is a plant succession which occurs in an area of fresh water such as in oxbow lakes and kettle lakes.
Dr. K. Rama Rao
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TEKKALI; Srikakulam Dt. A. P
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Ecological succession
Ecological succession describes the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. It typically follows some form of disturbance that sets back succession. There are two main types of succession - primary succession, which occurs on new sites like emerging islands or land exposed after glaciers, and secondary succession, which occurs after smaller disturbances like fires or floods. Succession proceeds through stages as colonizing species arrive and habitat changes, typically culminating in a stable climax community. This process can inform land management by suggesting what types of vegetation should be left undisturbed or guided at different successional stages.
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Ecological succession is the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. It occurs as the newly unoccupied habitat is colonized by pioneering species which are later replaced by other species. There are two main types of succession - primary on newly created habitats and secondary on previously inhabited lands disturbed by events like fire or flooding. Succession progresses through predictable stages until a climax community develops that remains stable unless further disturbed.
Ecological succession (1)
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Summary of topic 2.6
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2) After a few years, competition and environmental changes increase as the number of species grows. Soil develops, temperatures moderate, and nutrients rise with more complex food webs and larger herbivores present.
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Succession ppt
This document summarizes key concepts about ecology that were covered in Ms. Walker's biology class. It defines populations and communities, and describes the interdependencies between populations and the factors that influence population growth. Relationships between populations like predator-prey, parasitism, mutualism and commensalism are discussed. Ecological succession is introduced, including primary succession in a previously unoccupied area and secondary succession following a disruption. The document concludes by assigning homework to create a story applying these ecological concepts.
Plant succession
The gradual replacement of one community by another in the development of vegetation towards a climax is the culmination stage in plant succession for a given environment.
Succession Definitions
Ecological succession is the orderly progression of a vegetation community through developmental stages over time, eventually reaching a climax community. The key stages are:
1) Pioneer species first colonize the bare ground, exploiting the lack of competition. Moss and other low-growing plants are common pioneers.
2) After a few years, competition and environmental changes increase as the number of species grows. Soil develops, temperatures moderate, and nutrients rise with more complex food webs and larger herbivores present.
3) Further successional stages occur until a stable climax community is reached that is in equilibrium with the local climate and environment. In the UK, deciduous oak woodland is a common climax community
best ever ppt on ecological succession by nagesh
This document discusses ecological succession. It begins by defining succession as the process of change in species structure over time within a community. Succession can be initiated by disturbances like lava flows or landslides. There are two main types - primary succession, which occurs on new sites without soil like volcanic areas, and secondary succession, which occurs on sites that were previously inhabited but have been disturbed, like areas after forest fires. The document outlines the key stages and processes in both primary and secondary succession, from colonization by pioneer species to the development of a climax community. Examples of primary succession include the formation of soils and ecosystems on Surtsey island after volcanic eruptions.
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Aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems share some key similarities, but also have important differences. Both include communities of interdependent species organized into trophic levels that generally reach equilibrium. However, aquatic ecosystems support more life due to nutrient richness and greater stability, with less fluctuation in variables like temperature. Oxygen and light can also be limiting factors in some aquatic environments that are rarely issues terrestrially. Additionally, gravity influences terrestrial animals more while buoyancy impacts organisms in aquatic settings.
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Succession
This document discusses ecological succession, which is the process of change in species composition of a community over time. It defines primary and secondary succession, and describes different types of succession including autogenic, allogenic, autotrophic, heterotrophic, progressive, and retrogressive succession. It also discusses Clements' model of succession involving nudation, invasion, ecesis, aggregation, competition, reaction, and stabilization. Finally, it outlines three major theories of climax communities - monoclimax, polyclimax, and climax pattern theory - and three models of succession - facilitation, tolerance, and inhibition.
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1. Ecology is the study of the relationships between living organisms and their physical environment. This includes factors like light, heat, moisture, nutrients and interactions between different species.
2. An ecosystem is a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. Major parts include producers, consumers, decomposers and abiotic (non-living) elements. Inputs include energy, water, nutrients and outputs include food webs and material cycles.
3. A food web shows the transfer of energy between organisms as one species eats another. It involves producers, primary, secondary and tertiary consumers, and decomposers which break down waste. Species also interact through predation, competition, parasitism and coevolution
Plant ecology (Important terms) [Part -1]
About environment, ecology and its levels, ecology conservation, bioenergetics,circadian rhythms, cyclomorphosis, ecological restoration,life zone concept, biological spectrum, ecotone, ecological equivalents.population regulation.
human-impact-to-environment (2).pdf
The document discusses biodiversity and the threats posed by human activity. It defines biodiversity as the variety of life on Earth, including diversity at the genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Biodiversity is essential to support life but is increasingly at risk of mass extinction due to human causes like habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, and overharvesting. The current extinction rate is estimated to be 50 times higher than the natural background rate due to human population growth and associated environmental impacts. Renewable resources can replace themselves naturally while non-renewable resources like fossil fuels cannot be replenished.
An Introduction to Ecology
This document provides an overview of key concepts in ecology. It defines ecology as the study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. It describes several core ecological concepts including biomes, ecosystems, niches, succession, energy flow through ecosystems, and population dynamics. Factors that influence population growth such as biotic potential, carrying capacity, and limiting factors are also discussed.
16159550.ppt
This document discusses concepts related to microbial ecology. It defines key terms like ecosystem, population, niche, and autochthonous. It also describes how microbial communities develop through succession and colonization. Succession involves the gradual replacement of one community by another as the environment changes. This can occur through autogenic succession, where microbes modify the habitat themselves, or allogenic succession, driven by external environmental factors. The document also discusses how microbial diversity is influenced by factors like available niches and environmental stress.
Ecosystem Structures
The document discusses ecosystem structure, including physical structure like vertical and horizontal stratification in forests and oceans, as well as biological structure such as species dominance, diversity, and keystone species. It also covers population characteristics, growth, and factors like natality, mortality, migration, and population pyramids that influence population change over time. Ecosystems are complex systems with constant matter and energy exchange between components.
Biodiversity
threats to biodiversity, conservation of aquatic biodiversity, conservation of terrestrial biodiversity, what is biodiversity, biodiversity of India, conservation of biodiversity
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Eco Pp
- 1. Ecosystems large Small to
- 2. Biotic: living things Ex- tiger, venus fly trap, bacteria, fungi, ants Abiotic: nonliving things Ex- weather, soil, rock, sunlight, wind Temperature affects the density of substances, and changes in the density of water means more or less resistance for animals who are travelling in the freshwater environment. Biotic vs. Abiotic
- 3. Organism- Species - a class of plants or animals whose members have the same main characteristics and are able to breed with each other The organism panda, are an endangered species. Organism a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently
- 4. Population- group of individuals in the same area, species and time Diversity within a population- Pacific Ocean A population can become more diverse by immigration or emigration. A population can become less diverse by selective breeding or fragmentation . Diversity within a population is good because a change in environment cannot kill everyone or a disease won’t kill species at once. Population
- 5. Community Community- a group of interacting organisms sharing an environment Biodiversity- variety of all forms of life, from genes to species, through to the broad scale of ecosystems Communities with more biodiversity can signify that the area is simply easier to live in. One thing that can cause a high biodiversity is low pollution levels. A community consists of the abiotic environment and the populations of living organisms that reside in that environment.
- 6. Ecosystem- groups of population including nonliving A community doesn’t include nonliving like an ecosystem does. A ecosystem can fragment by less random mating which causes more inbreeding, highways or weather change. Biodiversity boosts ecosystem productivity where each species, no matter how small, all have an important role to play. Ecosystem
- 7. Biosphere-part of planet where life can live. Relatively thin life-supporting stratum of the earth's surface, extending from a few miles into the atmosphere to the deep-sea vents of the oceans. The biosphere is a global ecosystem that can be broken down into regional or local ecosystems, or biomes. 3% of water is fresh 97% of water is salt 30% land Biosphere
- 8. Evolution Evolution-change in the genetic material of a population of organisms through successive generations Natural selection- process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organism to survive and successfully reproduce Selective breeding- process of breeding plants and animals for particular genetic traits How an organism envolved