An ECG is a record of the heart's electrical activity over time captured by skin electrodes. It is a diagnostic tool used to detect cardiac arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, electrolyte disturbances, and screen for heart disease. An ECG involves placing electrodes on the skin of the limbs and chest to record the heart's electrical activity through 12 leads that detect the heart from different angles based on Einthoven's triangle. The ECG trace shows the P, QRS, and T waves that correspond to atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization and repolarization.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses the history of ECGs, what an ECG is, how ECGs work, the components of a normal ECG tracing including waves, segments, and intervals, abnormalities that can be detected on ECGs, and the different leads used in ECGs. Specifically, it explains that an ECG is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. It also discusses the clinical uses of ECGs to assess cardiac conditions.
The document discusses the basics of electrocardiography (ECG). It describes what an ECG is, how it is recorded, the ECG grid, and the normal waves, complexes, intervals and segments seen on an ECG. Specifically, it explains the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and other components and their significance in assessing electrical conduction through the heart. The conductive system of the heart is also summarized, describing how impulses originate in the sinoatrial node and are conducted to initiate coordinated contractions.
This document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including the aims, objectives, ECG grid, leads, Einthoven's triangle, normal waveforms, intervals, axis, and interpretation. The key points are:
1. The ECG grid represents time (horizontal axis) and voltage (vertical axis) with small and large boxes corresponding to time and voltage increments.
2. There are 12 leads that detect electrical activity from different perspectives including limb leads (I, II, III), augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF), and precordial leads (V1-V6).
3. Normal waves include the P wave (atrial depolarization), Q
The topic is about heart related diseases and how it can be cured.what are the diseases and what are the treatments and methods. You should view it.it may be helpful to you people.
An ECG is a graph of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured through skin electrodes. It involves placing electrodes on the limbs and chest to detect the weak electrical currents produced by the heart. The ECG tracing shows waves representing the depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. It is used to diagnose cardiac arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, ischemia, and other heart conditions. The standard 12-lead ECG provides a comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity in multiple planes. Proper placement of electrodes and interpretation of intervals, complexes, and other ECG features can reveal important cardiac information.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) including:
1. ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes and provides information on heart rate, rhythm, tissue activation, and damage.
2. Key aspects of the ECG waveform include the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave which represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively.
3. The standard 12-lead ECG consists of 3 bipolar limb leads, 3 augmented unipolar limb leads, and 6 precordial leads which provide different views of the heart's electrical activity.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. Small metal electrodes are attached to the skin on the arms, legs, and chest to detect electrical impulses from the heart. The ECG machine amplifies and records these impulses, showing normal and abnormal heart rhythms and any signs of heart damage or disease. A normal ECG tracing shows the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave representing atrial and ventricular contractions and repolarizations. The ECG test takes about five minutes and is painless.
The document discusses the normal electrocardiogram (ECG). It explains that the ECG records and graphs the electrical activity of the heart over time. The conducting system of the heart initiates and coordinates the contractions of the cardiac chambers. The ECG is recorded using electrodes placed on the skin that detect voltage changes between electrode pairs, known as leads. There are 12 standard leads that provide different views of the heart's electrical activity. The ECG can be used to determine the heart rate and rhythm, detect abnormalities, diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction, and evaluate the cardiac axis.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses the history of ECGs, what an ECG is, how ECGs work, the components of a normal ECG tracing including waves, segments, and intervals, abnormalities that can be detected on ECGs, and the different leads used in ECGs. Specifically, it explains that an ECG is a graphic representation of the electrical activity of the heart, the P wave represents atrial depolarization, the QRS complex represents ventricular depolarization, and the T wave represents ventricular repolarization. It also discusses the clinical uses of ECGs to assess cardiac conditions.
The document discusses the basics of electrocardiography (ECG). It describes what an ECG is, how it is recorded, the ECG grid, and the normal waves, complexes, intervals and segments seen on an ECG. Specifically, it explains the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and other components and their significance in assessing electrical conduction through the heart. The conductive system of the heart is also summarized, describing how impulses originate in the sinoatrial node and are conducted to initiate coordinated contractions.
This document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including the aims, objectives, ECG grid, leads, Einthoven's triangle, normal waveforms, intervals, axis, and interpretation. The key points are:
1. The ECG grid represents time (horizontal axis) and voltage (vertical axis) with small and large boxes corresponding to time and voltage increments.
2. There are 12 leads that detect electrical activity from different perspectives including limb leads (I, II, III), augmented limb leads (aVR, aVL, aVF), and precordial leads (V1-V6).
3. Normal waves include the P wave (atrial depolarization), Q
The topic is about heart related diseases and how it can be cured.what are the diseases and what are the treatments and methods. You should view it.it may be helpful to you people.
An ECG is a graph of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured through skin electrodes. It involves placing electrodes on the limbs and chest to detect the weak electrical currents produced by the heart. The ECG tracing shows waves representing the depolarization and repolarization of the atria and ventricles. It is used to diagnose cardiac arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, ischemia, and other heart conditions. The standard 12-lead ECG provides a comprehensive view of the heart's electrical activity in multiple planes. Proper placement of electrodes and interpretation of intervals, complexes, and other ECG features can reveal important cardiac information.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) including:
1. ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes and provides information on heart rate, rhythm, tissue activation, and damage.
2. Key aspects of the ECG waveform include the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave which represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively.
3. The standard 12-lead ECG consists of 3 bipolar limb leads, 3 augmented unipolar limb leads, and 6 precordial leads which provide different views of the heart's electrical activity.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. Small metal electrodes are attached to the skin on the arms, legs, and chest to detect electrical impulses from the heart. The ECG machine amplifies and records these impulses, showing normal and abnormal heart rhythms and any signs of heart damage or disease. A normal ECG tracing shows the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave representing atrial and ventricular contractions and repolarizations. The ECG test takes about five minutes and is painless.
The document discusses the normal electrocardiogram (ECG). It explains that the ECG records and graphs the electrical activity of the heart over time. The conducting system of the heart initiates and coordinates the contractions of the cardiac chambers. The ECG is recorded using electrodes placed on the skin that detect voltage changes between electrode pairs, known as leads. There are 12 standard leads that provide different views of the heart's electrical activity. The ECG can be used to determine the heart rate and rhythm, detect abnormalities, diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction, and evaluate the cardiac axis.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs), including:
1) How ECGs work by measuring the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the body.
2) Details on Willem Einthoven who pioneered ECG research in the late 19th/early 20th century.
3) Explanation of normal ECG wave patterns and what different parts of the readout represent.
This document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including its history, components, interpretation, and procedure. It discusses that ECG was invented in 1901 by Enthovan to record electrical impulses of the heart. It describes the normal conduction system, waves (P, Q, R, S, T), segments, intervals of ECG and placement of 12 leads. The document outlines the procedure for performing an ECG including preparing the patient, connecting the leads, and interpreting the results. It emphasizes the importance of properly performing and interpreting ECG to assess cardiac function and diagnose cardiac conditions.
The electrocardiogram(ECG) provides a graphic depiction of the electric forces generated by the heart . The ECG graph appear as a series of deflections and waves produced by each cardiac cycle.
During activation of the myocardium, electrical forces or action potentials are propagated in various directions. These electrical forces can be picked up from the surface of the body by means of electrodes and recorded in the form of an electrocardiogram.
The property of automaticity of the sinus node is responsible foe the impulse initiation and travels along the cardiac tissue as depolarizations which result in its contraction. So, when activated, the heart is a concentrated locus of time varying potentials in the body. These voltage fluctuations can be measured by the placement of electrodes on the surface of the body. This forms the basis of electrocardiography. In this presentation we will see the basics, the lead systems and the principles behind recording of ECG.
An ECG provides a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart. It displays deflections and waves that correspond to different stages of the cardiac cycle. Key aspects of an ECG include P, QRS, and T waves that represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. Normal ECG values include a PR interval of 120-200ms and a QT interval of 350-430ms. ECGs are useful for identifying arrhythmias, chamber size abnormalities, and monitoring conditions like myocardial infarction.
Electrocardiography: is the recording of the electrical impulses that are generated in the heart. These impulses initiate the contraction of cardiac muscles.
The document describes how an electrocardiogram (ECG) works by placing electrodes on the skin to record the electrical activity of the heart over time. 10 electrodes are placed on the chest, arms, and legs to measure voltage fluctuations between different electrode pairs. The ECG machine records these voltages on paper or a screen to produce a tracing showing the P, QRS, and T waves that make up the cardiac cycle and provide information about heart rate and rhythm and signs of conditions like heart attacks. Key intervals measured include the P-R, Q-T, T-P, and P-P intervals which help evaluate conduction delays and other cardiac issues.
ECG interpretation: Echocardiography and Cardiac Catherization.pptxprincessezepeace
The document provides an overview of three cardiac diagnostic tests:
1) Electrocardiography (ECG) which records heart electrical activity and can detect issues like ischemia. Key components of the ECG like the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave are explained.
2) Echocardiography which uses ultrasound to image heart structures and function. Doppler echocardiography evaluates blood flow. Stress echocardiography combines the test with exercise or drugs.
3) Cardiac catheterization involves threading a catheter into the heart to measure pressures and perform angiograms by injecting contrast dye to image arteries. It is used to assess coronary artery disease.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and myocardial infarctions (MIs). It discusses the basics of ECG formation, electrode placement, lead types, normal ECG components and intervals. It describes how to interpret rate, rhythm, axis, waves and intervals. Abnormal findings indicating MIs such as ST elevation and pathological Q waves are also outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of STEMI and NSTEMI treatment including thrombolytics, angioplasty and medical management.
An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes placed on the skin. It detects depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium during each heartbeat. The ECG waveform includes the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and QT interval. ECGs use 12 leads in a standard configuration to view the heart from multiple angles. Holter monitoring involves continuous ECG recording over 24 hours or more to evaluate heart conditions that may not appear during a brief office ECG.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) including:
1. ECG records the electrical activity of the heart through surface electrodes placed on the limbs and chest. This allows visualization of the cardiac cycle.
2. A standard 12-lead ECG provides views of the heart from different angles by using 10 electrodes in specific positions.
3. The ECG tracing displays P waves, QRS complex, T waves, and intervals between these waves which correspond to different phases of cardiac depolarization and repolarization.
4. Proper placement of electrodes and understanding of the waves and intervals on the ECG tracing are essential for cardiac rhythm and condition analysis.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured by electrodes placed on the skin. The ECG depicts the heart's electrical conduction system and can be used to diagnose cardiac conditions like arrhythmias, ischemia, infarction, and others. An ECG records the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the ST-T wave from ventricular repolarization. The standard 12-lead ECG uses limb leads and precordial leads positioned on the torso to measure the heart's electrical activity from different angles.
Electrocardiography involves recording the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. An ECG machine produces a graph called an electrocardiogram. ECGs can be used to identify arrhythmias, ischemia, chamber hypertrophy, and other cardiac conditions. The document discusses the history of ECG machines, basic heart anatomy, ECG calibration, waveforms, and how to interpret rate and rhythm.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs), including a brief history of ECG development, basic cardiac anatomy and the heart's conducting system, components of the ECG waveform, electrode placements, how to read ECG paper, and cardiac axis. It explains that the ECG is a tool that records electrical activity of the heart to assess cardiac function and identify abnormalities, traces its development back to Willem Einthoven in the 1890s, and provides details on heart structures involved in the cardiac cycle and what different parts of the ECG represent.
1) The ECG records electrical activity of the heart through electrodes placed on the skin. It represents the summation of action potentials from myocardial fibers.
2) Einthoven's triangle uses the right arm, left arm, and left leg as electrode placements approximating the heart's position in the center. These produce the standard limb leads I, II, and III in bipolar recordings.
3) Unipolar precordial leads V1-V6 are obtained by placing a exploring electrode on the chest and connecting it to limb electrodes as indifferent electrodes, producing signals between the chest and each limb.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the basics of ECG recording and waves, types of ECG leads, vector analysis, and interpretation of normal and abnormal tracings. The objectives are to explain how ECG is recorded, discuss normal waves and intervals, describe the relationship to heart electrical axis, and differentiate normal and abnormal ECGs. Key points covered include the normal P, QRS, and T waves; types of bipolar and unipolar leads; cardiac electrical axis; and manifestations of conditions like hypertrophy, conduction blocks, and arrhythmias on ECG.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. It detects depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium through electrodes attached to the skin. The normal conduction pathway in the heart involves electrical signals traveling from the sinoatrial node through the atria and atrioventricular node before reaching the ventricles. An ECG provides 12 leads that give different views of the heart. It is used to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction, dysrhythmias, and electrolyte imbalances.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiograms (ECGs), including:
1) How ECGs work by measuring the electrical activity of the heart using electrodes placed on the body.
2) Details on Willem Einthoven who pioneered ECG research in the late 19th/early 20th century.
3) Explanation of normal ECG wave patterns and what different parts of the readout represent.
This document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including its history, components, interpretation, and procedure. It discusses that ECG was invented in 1901 by Enthovan to record electrical impulses of the heart. It describes the normal conduction system, waves (P, Q, R, S, T), segments, intervals of ECG and placement of 12 leads. The document outlines the procedure for performing an ECG including preparing the patient, connecting the leads, and interpreting the results. It emphasizes the importance of properly performing and interpreting ECG to assess cardiac function and diagnose cardiac conditions.
The electrocardiogram(ECG) provides a graphic depiction of the electric forces generated by the heart . The ECG graph appear as a series of deflections and waves produced by each cardiac cycle.
During activation of the myocardium, electrical forces or action potentials are propagated in various directions. These electrical forces can be picked up from the surface of the body by means of electrodes and recorded in the form of an electrocardiogram.
The property of automaticity of the sinus node is responsible foe the impulse initiation and travels along the cardiac tissue as depolarizations which result in its contraction. So, when activated, the heart is a concentrated locus of time varying potentials in the body. These voltage fluctuations can be measured by the placement of electrodes on the surface of the body. This forms the basis of electrocardiography. In this presentation we will see the basics, the lead systems and the principles behind recording of ECG.
An ECG provides a graphical representation of the electrical activity of the heart. It displays deflections and waves that correspond to different stages of the cardiac cycle. Key aspects of an ECG include P, QRS, and T waves that represent atrial depolarization, ventricular depolarization, and ventricular repolarization, respectively. Normal ECG values include a PR interval of 120-200ms and a QT interval of 350-430ms. ECGs are useful for identifying arrhythmias, chamber size abnormalities, and monitoring conditions like myocardial infarction.
Electrocardiography: is the recording of the electrical impulses that are generated in the heart. These impulses initiate the contraction of cardiac muscles.
The document describes how an electrocardiogram (ECG) works by placing electrodes on the skin to record the electrical activity of the heart over time. 10 electrodes are placed on the chest, arms, and legs to measure voltage fluctuations between different electrode pairs. The ECG machine records these voltages on paper or a screen to produce a tracing showing the P, QRS, and T waves that make up the cardiac cycle and provide information about heart rate and rhythm and signs of conditions like heart attacks. Key intervals measured include the P-R, Q-T, T-P, and P-P intervals which help evaluate conduction delays and other cardiac issues.
ECG interpretation: Echocardiography and Cardiac Catherization.pptxprincessezepeace
The document provides an overview of three cardiac diagnostic tests:
1) Electrocardiography (ECG) which records heart electrical activity and can detect issues like ischemia. Key components of the ECG like the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave are explained.
2) Echocardiography which uses ultrasound to image heart structures and function. Doppler echocardiography evaluates blood flow. Stress echocardiography combines the test with exercise or drugs.
3) Cardiac catheterization involves threading a catheter into the heart to measure pressures and perform angiograms by injecting contrast dye to image arteries. It is used to assess coronary artery disease.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) and myocardial infarctions (MIs). It discusses the basics of ECG formation, electrode placement, lead types, normal ECG components and intervals. It describes how to interpret rate, rhythm, axis, waves and intervals. Abnormal findings indicating MIs such as ST elevation and pathological Q waves are also outlined. The document concludes with descriptions of STEMI and NSTEMI treatment including thrombolytics, angioplasty and medical management.
An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart through electrodes placed on the skin. It detects depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium during each heartbeat. The ECG waveform includes the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and QT interval. ECGs use 12 leads in a standard configuration to view the heart from multiple angles. Holter monitoring involves continuous ECG recording over 24 hours or more to evaluate heart conditions that may not appear during a brief office ECG.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) including:
1. ECG records the electrical activity of the heart through surface electrodes placed on the limbs and chest. This allows visualization of the cardiac cycle.
2. A standard 12-lead ECG provides views of the heart from different angles by using 10 electrodes in specific positions.
3. The ECG tracing displays P waves, QRS complex, T waves, and intervals between these waves which correspond to different phases of cardiac depolarization and repolarization.
4. Proper placement of electrodes and understanding of the waves and intervals on the ECG tracing are essential for cardiac rhythm and condition analysis.
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a graphic recording of the electrical activity of the heart over time captured by electrodes placed on the skin. The ECG depicts the heart's electrical conduction system and can be used to diagnose cardiac conditions like arrhythmias, ischemia, infarction, and others. An ECG records the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the ST-T wave from ventricular repolarization. The standard 12-lead ECG uses limb leads and precordial leads positioned on the torso to measure the heart's electrical activity from different angles.
Electrocardiography involves recording the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. An ECG machine produces a graph called an electrocardiogram. ECGs can be used to identify arrhythmias, ischemia, chamber hypertrophy, and other cardiac conditions. The document discusses the history of ECG machines, basic heart anatomy, ECG calibration, waveforms, and how to interpret rate and rhythm.
The document provides information about electrocardiograms (ECGs), including a brief history of ECG development, basic cardiac anatomy and the heart's conducting system, components of the ECG waveform, electrode placements, how to read ECG paper, and cardiac axis. It explains that the ECG is a tool that records electrical activity of the heart to assess cardiac function and identify abnormalities, traces its development back to Willem Einthoven in the 1890s, and provides details on heart structures involved in the cardiac cycle and what different parts of the ECG represent.
1) The ECG records electrical activity of the heart through electrodes placed on the skin. It represents the summation of action potentials from myocardial fibers.
2) Einthoven's triangle uses the right arm, left arm, and left leg as electrode placements approximating the heart's position in the center. These produce the standard limb leads I, II, and III in bipolar recordings.
3) Unipolar precordial leads V1-V6 are obtained by placing a exploring electrode on the chest and connecting it to limb electrodes as indifferent electrodes, producing signals between the chest and each limb.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the basics of ECG recording and waves, types of ECG leads, vector analysis, and interpretation of normal and abnormal tracings. The objectives are to explain how ECG is recorded, discuss normal waves and intervals, describe the relationship to heart electrical axis, and differentiate normal and abnormal ECGs. Key points covered include the normal P, QRS, and T waves; types of bipolar and unipolar leads; cardiac electrical axis; and manifestations of conditions like hypertrophy, conduction blocks, and arrhythmias on ECG.
An electrocardiogram (ECG) records the electrical activity of the heart. It detects depolarization and repolarization of the myocardium through electrodes attached to the skin. The normal conduction pathway in the heart involves electrical signals traveling from the sinoatrial node through the atria and atrioventricular node before reaching the ventricles. An ECG provides 12 leads that give different views of the heart. It is used to diagnose conditions like myocardial infarction, dysrhythmias, and electrolyte imbalances.
Similar to ECG(Electrocardiogram) presentation (20)
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
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to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
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centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
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Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
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and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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2. 2
INTRODUCTION
ECG is a three letter acronym for ElectroCardioGraphy.
The word is derived from electro(greek for
electricity),cardio(greek for heart) and graph(Greek root
meaning "to write“)
It is a transthoracic interpretation of the electrical activity
of the heart over time captured and externally recorded
by skin electrodes.
The device used to produce this non invasive record is
called the electrocardiograph.
ECG is the gold standard for the noninvasive diagnosis of
cardiac diseases and may occasionally be the only marker
for the presence of heart disease.
3. INDICATIONS OF ECG
Gold standard for diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias
Helps detect electrolyte disturbances (hyper- &
hypokalemia)
Allows for detection of conduction abnormalities
Screening tool for ischemic heart disease during stress
tests
Helpful with non-cardiac diseases (e.g. pulmonary
embolism or hypothermia
An ECG is a diagnostic tool, NOT a treatment
No one is ever cured by an ECG!!
3
4. 4
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY TIMELINE
1872:Alexander Muirhead attached wires to a feverish
patient's wrist to obtain a record of the patient's heartbeat
St Bartholomew's Hospital.
1887:British physiologist Augustus D. Waller of St Mary's
Medical School, London publishes the first human
electrocardiogram. The trace from the heartbeat was
projected onto a photographic plate which was itself fixed
to a toy train
1893:Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven introduces the
term 'electrocardiogram' at a meeting of the Dutch Medical
Association.
1895: Willem Einthoven distinguishes five deflections
which he names P
, Q, R, S and T
5. 5
1902: Einthoven publishes the first electro -
cardiogram recorded on a string galvanometer.
1912: Einthoven addresses the Chelsea Clinical
Society in London and describes an equilateral
triangle formed by his standard leads I, II and III
later called 'Einthoven's triangle'.
1924: Willem Einthoven wins the Nobel prize for
inventing the electrocardiograph.
6. • Figure depicting Einthoven recording his first ECG
in 1902 by placing limbs in buckets of conducting
solution!
6
7. 7
BASIC ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MYOCARDIAL CELL
Automaticity: ability to initiate an impulse
Excitability: ability to respond to a stimulus
Conductivity: ability to transmit an impulse
Contractility: ability to respond with pumping
action
Depolarization and repolarization of a cardiac cell
generates action potential
ECG is the composite representation of action
potential of all cardiac cell.
8. 8
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION SYSTEM OF THE HEART
The electrical discharge for each cardiac cycle normally
starts in a special area of the right atrium called the
‘sinoatrial (SA) node’.
Depolarization then spreads through the atrial muscle
fibres.
There is a delay while the depolarization spreads through
another special area in the atrium, the ‘atrioventricular
(AV) node’.
Thereafter, the electrical discharge travels very rapidly,
down specialized conduction tissue: first a single
pathway, the ‘bundle of His’, which then divides in the
septum between the ventricles into right and left bundle
branches.
9. Within the ventricular mass, conduction spreads somewhat
moreslowly, through specialized tissue called ‘Purkinje
fibres’.
9
10. 10
Conduction speed of cardiac tissue
TISSUE CONDUCTION
RATE (m/s)
SA node 0.05
Atrial pathway 1
AV node 0.05
Bundle of His 0.05
Purkinje system 4
Ventricular muscle 1
11. 11
CONDUCTION OF THE IMPULSE:
Normal resting membrane potential=-90mv
If the potential rises from -90 to 0, then this excites a
further rise of potential, called the action potential.
The action potential is transmitted throughout the
cell and forms the impulse.
During the rise of potential, the membrane becomes
permeable to Sodium ions and the potential rises to a
positive direction. This phenomena is called
depolarization.
The Sodium channels close and there is rapid
diffusion of K+ ions into the exterior, reestablishing
the resting membrane potential. This is called
Depolarization is followed by muscle contraction and
repolarisation is followed by muscle relaxation.
12. • Fig depicting the mechanism of depolarisation and
repolarisation
Depol Repol
12
Restoration of ionic
balance
13. NORMAL SINUS RYTHEM
The adjacent figure shows the normal sinus rythem
A normal sinus rythem comprises of the following
waves:-
•P waves- denotes atrial depolarization(electrical
vector is directed from the SA node towards the AV
node)
• QRS complex- denotes depolarization of ventricles as
well as repolization of atrium
•T waves- denotes the repolarization (or recovery) of
the ventricles. The interval from the beginning of the
QRS complex to the apex of the T wave is referred to as
the absolute refractory period. The last half of the T
wave is referred to as the relative refractory period.
As depicted in the fig:-
•PR interval- beginning of the P wave to the beginning
of the QRS complex
•ST segment- connects the QRS complex and the T
wave.
•QT interval- the beginning of the QRS complex to the
end of the T wave.
13
14. What differentiates a segment from an interval?
A segment is a straight line connecting two waves.
An interval encompasses at least one wave plus the
connecting straight line.
14
15. 15
J point- J-point is the point at which the QRS complex meets the ST wave.
Its an isoelectric point and its importance lies in the fact that ST segment
elevation is measured with respect to it
J WAVE AND U WAVE:These are two abnormal waves that may be seen
sumtime in the ecg recordings.
o J wave
• also known as camel-hump sign, late delta wave, hathook junction, hypothermic
wave, prominent J wave ,[1] K wave, H wave or current of injury
• positive deflections occurring at the junction between the QRS complex and ST
segment(j point)
• observed in people suffering from hypothermia with a temperature of less than
32
o U wave
• typically small, and, by definition, follows the T wave
• Prominent U waves are most often seen in hypokalemia, but may be present
in hypercalcemia, thyrotoxicosis
16. Fig representing the J point
Fig representing the J wave in an
hypothermic individual
The arrow in the figure represents
the U wave in a hypokalemic
patient
16
17. 17
RECORDING THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
THE E.C.G PAPER
ECG machines record changes in electrical activity by
drawing a trace on a moving paper strip.
The electrocardiograph uses thermal paper, which is a
graph paper & runs normally at a speed of 25mm/sec
Time is plotted on the X axis & voltage is plotted on the Y
axis.
In X axis, 1 second is divided into 5 large squares each of
which represents 0.2 sec. Each large square is further
divided into 5 small squares which represents 0.04 sec.
The ECG machine is calibrated in such a way that an
increase of voltage by 1 mVolt should move the stylus
vertically by 1cms.
18. ECG PAPER
• Fig adjacent shows a callibration
graph.By callibration we mean that an
increase of voltage by 1mVolt should
move the stylus vertically by 1cms. . The
calibration signal should be included
with every record
18
19. 19
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LEADS - CONVENTIONAL
12 conventional leads, physiologically divided into two groups
viz:
Bipolar leads- 3 Standard limb leads
Unipolar leads-3 Augmented limb leads and 6 precordial
chest leads
Bipolar leads : These record the actual difference in potential
across the two electrodes. There are three standard limb
lead:-
• Lead I Left arm Right arm
• Lead II Left foot Right arm
• Lead III Left foot Left arm
o The lead axes form the sides of an equilateral triangle with
the heart at the center ( Einthoven's triangle)
20. 20
o The sum total of the potential in the three leads equals zero
and mathematically it co uld be demonstrated that the
potential in L II equals sum of the potentials in L I and L III i.e,
Einthoven's law.
Unipolar limb leads:
• Constituted by the indifferent electrode which forms the
negative electrode and the exploring electrode which forms
the positive electrode.
• The indifferent electrode is constituted by connecting all limb
lead electrodes together through an electrical resistance
there by maintaining the zero potential. The positive
electrode records the true potential at a given point. Here the
record is of low voltage.
• Goldberger augmented these leads for proper
recording,came to be known as augmented unipolar limb
leads, represented by aVR, aVF, aVL leads
21. According to Kirchhoff's law these lead voltages have the following relationship:
VI + VIII = VII
21
22. Unipolar chest leads
Constituted by an indifferent electrode resulting from a
connection between all three standard limb leads and an
exploring electrode placed on 6 different points on the
chest wall.
The indifferent electrode forms the negative terminal
&the exploring electrode forms the positive terminal.
Placement of precordial leads.
V 1 - 4th intercostal space , right of sternum.
V 2 - 4th ICS left of sternum
V 4 - 5th ICS midclavicular line
V 3 - Midway between V2 and V4
V 5 - 5th ICS anterior axillary line.
V 6 - 5th ICS mid axillary line. 22
23. Diagram depicting the einthoven’s
Triangle along with the position of
various electrodes used in the ECG
Legend:
RA-right arm
LA-left arm
L leg-left leg
V1 to V6-precordial chest lead
aVR-augmented vector right arm
aVL-augmented vector left arm
aVF-augmented vector left foot
23
24. Leads I, II and aVL look at the left lateral surface of the heart
leads III and aVF at the inferior surface, and lead aVR looks at the
right atrium
The V leads are attached to the chest wall by means of a
suction electrode
• leads V1 and V2 look at the right ventricle
• V3 and V4 look at the septum between the ventricles and the
anterior wall of the left ventricle
• V5 and V6 look at the anterior and lateral walls of the left ventricle
24
26. 26
MAKING A RECORDING
Good contact between body surface and electrode is necessary. It
might be essential to shave the chest and apply electro cardio
graphic jelly
The patient must lie down and relax to prevent muscle tremor
Connect up the limb electrodes to the correct limb.limb electrodes
have marking on them and also they are colour coded(red –right
arm,yellow-left arm,gren left leg and black-right leg)
Calibrate the record with 1mv signal.There shouldn’t be
overdamping or underdamping.
Any metallic object like watch or jwelleary should be removef from
the patients body
4-5 recording of each lead is recorded
27. 27
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES BEHIND THE RECORDING
An electromagnetic force, current or vector has both
magnitude and direction. When this force is directed to
the positive electrode of a lead, the ECG will record an
upward or positive deflection
When the vector is directed away from the positive
electrode the ECG will record a downward or negative
deflection, if at 90degree to the electrode the wave
touches the baseline
physiologically, left ventricle and inter ventricular septum
constitutes the dominant part,and hence maximally
influences variations in ECG.
28. WAVES FORMATION
A wave of depolarisation moving away from the elec trode causes negative deflewctio2n8
A wave of depolarisation moving toward a positive electrode records a positive deflection
29. • EKG recording if the positive electrode is placed
in the middle of the cell
29
30. We can easily apply these concepts to the entire heart.
Electrodes placed on the surface of the body will record
waves of depolarization and repolarization as they sweep
through the heart.
30
31. 31
HOW TO REPRT AN ECG
Ecg strip should be correctly labelled(the patients particular and
all the lead markings)
The ecg recording should be described under the following heads:
• Heart rate
• Rythem
• Various conduction intervals (pr interval ,qt interval)
• Description of QRS complex ,ST segment and T waves
• Cardiac axis
• Any abnormal wave like J and U waves
Heart rate:calculated by dividing 1500 by number of small box
between two consecutive R waves
• Sinus tachycardia-heart rate more than 100 beats per minute.
• Sinus bradycardia-heart rate less than 60 beats per minute
32. 32
Rhythm- rhythm controlled by sinus node at a rate of 60-100
beats/min; each P wave followed by QRS and each QRS preceded
by a P wave.
Specific Arrhythmias
• Sinus bradycardia
• Sinus tachycardia
• Sick sinus syndrome- disturbance of SA nodal function that results
in a markedly variable rhythm (cycles of bradycardia and
tachycardia).
• Atrial flutter - sinus rate of 250-350 beats/min
• AV nodal blocks - a conduction block within the AV node (or
occasionally in the bundle of His) that impairs impulse conduction
from the atria to the ventricles.
• Ventricular flutter - very rapid ventricular depolarizations >250/min
• Ventricular fibrillation - uncoordinated ventricular depolarizations;
leads to death if not quickly corrected
33. NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM Impulses originate at S-A node at normal rate
33
SINUS TACHYCARDIA Impulses originate at S-A node at rapid rate
ATRIAL FLUTTER Impulses travel in circular course in atria – No interval between T and P
34. ATRIAL FIBRILLATION Impluses have chaotic, random pathways in atria
34
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
Impulse originate at ventricular pacemaker – odd/wide QRS complex
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
Chaotic ventricular depolarization – ineffective at pumping blood – death within minutes
35. A-V BLOCK, FIRST DEGREE Atrio-ventricular conduction lengthened
P-wave precedes each QRS-complex but PR-interval is > 0.2 s
35
A-V BLOCK, SECOND DEGREE Sudden dropped QRS-complex
Intermittently skipped ventricular beat
36. 36
PR interval and QT interval
• The PR interval extends from the start of the P wave to the
very start of the QRS complex.
• A normal value is 0.12 to 0.20 seconds
• Its significance lies in assessing the nodal blocks
• QT interval is a measure of the time between the start of the Q
wave and the end of the T wave
• Normal values for the QT interval are between 0.30 and 0.44 secs
• If abnormally prolonged or shortened, there is a risk of developing
ventricular arrythmias
QRS complex and ST segment
• The QRS complex is 0.08 to 0.12 sec
• Not every QRS complex contains a Q wave, an R wave, and an S wave
• The duration, amplitude, and morphology of the QRS complex is useful in
diagnosing, arrythmias, conduction abnormality, myocardialinfarction,
and other disease states.
37. 37
• ST segment connects theQRS complex and theT wave and has a duration of
0.08 to 0.12 sec
• ST segment elevation or depression is associated with various cardiac
abnormality
Conditions causing ST segment elevation
Acute myocardial infarction
Pericarditis
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
Left Bundle Branch Block
hyperkalemia
Conditions causing ST segment depression
Ischemic heart disease
Hypokalemia
Secondary ST segment changes with conduction abnormalities (e.g., RBBB,
LBBB, WPW, etc
hypokalemia
38. Morphology of ST segment elevation
AMI usually demonstrate straight/convex STE
Concave shaped STE-non AMI causes
38
39. 39
Cardiac axis
• The electrical axis of the heart is the mean direction of the action
potentials traveling through the ventricles during ventricular
activation (depolarization)
• The QRS complex, which represents ventricular depolarization, is
used for the determination of the electrical heart axis.
• The normal electrical axis of the heart is situated between -30
degrees and +90 degrees (positive 90 degrees) with respect to the
horizontal line
• Left axis deviation: the electrical heart axis is between -30 degrees
and -90 degrees with respect to the horizontal line.
• Right axis deviation: the electrical heart axis is between +90
degrees and 180 degrees with respect to the horizontal line.
• Extreme axis deviation (also known as northwest axis or no man’s
land): the electrical heart axis is between +180 degrees and -90
degrees with respect to the horizontal line.
40. Fig showing the cardiac axis in hexaxial referrance system
causes of right axis deviation
•normal finding in children and tall thin adults
•right ventricular hypertrophy
•chronic lung
•anterolateral myocardial infarction
•left posterior hemiblock
•Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - left sided accessory pathway
•atrial septal defect
•ventricular septal defect 40
41. 41
causes of left axis deviation
• left anterior hemiblock
• Q waves of inferior myocardial infarction
• emphysema
• hyperkalaemia
• Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome - right sided accessory pathway
• tricuspid atresia
• ostium primum ASD
• injection of contrast into left coronary artery
causes of a Northwest axis (no man's land)
• emphysema
• hyperkalaemia
• lead transposition
• artificial cardiac pacing
• ventricular tachycardia
42. REFERENCES
• Only EKG Book You'll Ever Need, Thaler, Malcom S, 2007 Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins 5th Edition
• Schamroth L. Electrical axis. In : Schamroth C. (ed)An introduction
to Electrocardiography, Blackwell Science Ltd. Massachusetts 1990;
34–48.
• John.R.Hampton the ECG made easy 6th edition ,Churchill
Livingstone publication
theend… .. thank you
42