This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) in animals. It begins with definitions and descriptions of the normal electrical conduction system of the heart. It then discusses indications for performing an ECG and the steps to do so, including proper patient positioning, lead placement, and settings. Key aspects that are evaluated on the ECG tracing are identified, such as heart rate, rhythm, P wave, PR interval, QRS duration, and T wave. Common arrhythmias and conduction disturbances like sinus rhythm, sinus arrhythmia, and sinus tachycardia are defined. The document serves as an introductory guide for veterinarians on the basics of ECGs in animals.
Electrocardiography for the Veterinary Technicianupstatevet
This document provides an overview of canine and feline electrocardiography for veterinary technicians. It discusses normal cardiac anatomy and conduction, how to perform an ECG, how to calculate heart rate, normal ECG waves and intervals, common arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and conduction abnormalities. Specific arrhythmias covered include sinus bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, atrioventricular block, ventricular escape complexes, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular premature complexes.
The document discusses principles of electrocardiography (ECG). It explains that an ECG complex consists of a PQRST waveform. The P wave indicates atrial depolarization while the QRS wave is produced by ventricular depolarization. It provides a brief history of ECG, noting that Willem Einthoven developed the bipolar triaxial lead system still used today. The document also lists common indications for ECG, such as arrhythmias, shock, or murmurs. It discusses the normal cardiac conduction system and rules for interpreting the polarity of deflections in ECG complexes.
Title: Cardiac Emergencies of the Dog and Cat
Presented by: Agnieszka Kent, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology)
Description: This course will discuss common cardiac emergencies and how to identify and determine the primary problem through effective history-taking, physical examination, and diagnostics. We will discuss how to approach each emergent condition with treatment strategies and monitoring to help you be as successful as possible in helping your patients through these life-threatening conditions.
This document discusses blood transfusion in animals. It covers the basics of blood transfusion including indications, components transfused, blood typing and donor selection. It then discusses specific details regarding canine, feline, equine and bovine blood groups. It also covers cross-matching, collection sites, dose calculation, transfusion procedures and potential complications. The key aspects are blood typing and donor selection to avoid transfusion reactions, and monitoring for side effects during and after transfusion.
For vets especially importance of physical examination in any animal diagnosis can be well understand. No short cuts! to any treatment as we always say.
A 5 year old male Labrador dog presented with anorexia and greenish black vomition for 6 days. Hematological tests showed elevated white blood cells with neutrophilia. Radiographs revealed a hyperechoic foreign body in the stomach and bile regurgitation. Endoscopy confirmed a stone in the stomach causing severe gastritis. The dog underwent jejunotomy to remove the foreign body.
Pattern Recognition and the ECG – Clinical Interpretation for the LVT upstatevet
Aaron Wey, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology)
This lecture will be useful for both new and experienced LVTs and will review the clinical ECG as used in small animal practice. Lecture topics will begin with suggestions for obtaining a good quality ECG and will finish with recognition of common rhythm abnormalities encountered in companion animal practice. Audience participation will enhance the lecture and allow attendees to test their knowledge acquired during the presentation.
This document describes left displaced abomasum (LDA) in cattle. LDA typically occurs in dairy cows within a month of calving, often due to nutritional management issues. The abomasum is displaced to the left side of the abdominal cavity due to atony from volatile fatty acids in the diet. Clinical signs include reduced appetite and milk production. Treatment involves surgical correction, usually using right flank omentopexy to fix the abomasum, along with supportive care like fluids and anti-inflammatories. Proper nutritional management can help prevent LDA.
Electrocardiography for the Veterinary Technicianupstatevet
This document provides an overview of canine and feline electrocardiography for veterinary technicians. It discusses normal cardiac anatomy and conduction, how to perform an ECG, how to calculate heart rate, normal ECG waves and intervals, common arrhythmias including bradyarrhythmias, tachyarrhythmias, and conduction abnormalities. Specific arrhythmias covered include sinus bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, atrioventricular block, ventricular escape complexes, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular premature complexes.
The document discusses principles of electrocardiography (ECG). It explains that an ECG complex consists of a PQRST waveform. The P wave indicates atrial depolarization while the QRS wave is produced by ventricular depolarization. It provides a brief history of ECG, noting that Willem Einthoven developed the bipolar triaxial lead system still used today. The document also lists common indications for ECG, such as arrhythmias, shock, or murmurs. It discusses the normal cardiac conduction system and rules for interpreting the polarity of deflections in ECG complexes.
Title: Cardiac Emergencies of the Dog and Cat
Presented by: Agnieszka Kent, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology)
Description: This course will discuss common cardiac emergencies and how to identify and determine the primary problem through effective history-taking, physical examination, and diagnostics. We will discuss how to approach each emergent condition with treatment strategies and monitoring to help you be as successful as possible in helping your patients through these life-threatening conditions.
This document discusses blood transfusion in animals. It covers the basics of blood transfusion including indications, components transfused, blood typing and donor selection. It then discusses specific details regarding canine, feline, equine and bovine blood groups. It also covers cross-matching, collection sites, dose calculation, transfusion procedures and potential complications. The key aspects are blood typing and donor selection to avoid transfusion reactions, and monitoring for side effects during and after transfusion.
For vets especially importance of physical examination in any animal diagnosis can be well understand. No short cuts! to any treatment as we always say.
A 5 year old male Labrador dog presented with anorexia and greenish black vomition for 6 days. Hematological tests showed elevated white blood cells with neutrophilia. Radiographs revealed a hyperechoic foreign body in the stomach and bile regurgitation. Endoscopy confirmed a stone in the stomach causing severe gastritis. The dog underwent jejunotomy to remove the foreign body.
Pattern Recognition and the ECG – Clinical Interpretation for the LVT upstatevet
Aaron Wey, DVM, DACVIM (Cardiology)
This lecture will be useful for both new and experienced LVTs and will review the clinical ECG as used in small animal practice. Lecture topics will begin with suggestions for obtaining a good quality ECG and will finish with recognition of common rhythm abnormalities encountered in companion animal practice. Audience participation will enhance the lecture and allow attendees to test their knowledge acquired during the presentation.
This document describes left displaced abomasum (LDA) in cattle. LDA typically occurs in dairy cows within a month of calving, often due to nutritional management issues. The abomasum is displaced to the left side of the abdominal cavity due to atony from volatile fatty acids in the diet. Clinical signs include reduced appetite and milk production. Treatment involves surgical correction, usually using right flank omentopexy to fix the abomasum, along with supportive care like fluids and anti-inflammatories. Proper nutritional management can help prevent LDA.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
This document lists various instruments and equipment used in farm animal nursing and veterinary care, including emasculators, ear punches, dehorning forceps, OB hooks, stomach tubes, drenching syringes, sheep shears, hog snares, farrowing pens, tail nippers, and equipment for poultry such as leg bands and wing inoculators.
The document discusses canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), including its definition, classification, clinical progression, diagnosis and treatment. DCM is characterized by ventricular dilation and reduced contractility. It most commonly affects large breed dogs and has an asymptomatic occult phase followed by an overt clinical phase with signs of congestive heart failure. Diagnosis involves ECG, Holter monitoring, echocardiography and bloodwork. Treatment depends on the stage of disease and aims to manage congestive heart failure and arrhythmias using diuretics, inotropes, ACE inhibitors and antiarrhythmics. Nutritional deficiencies like taurine can also contribute to DCM in some breeds.
Portosystemic shunts and its management in dogsMAGESHWARSINGH
This document summarizes portosystemic shunts and their management in dogs. Portosystemic shunts are abnormal blood vessel connections that allow blood to bypass the liver. They can be congenital or acquired. Clinical signs include neurological, gastrointestinal and urinary issues. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound, scintigraphy and portography. Treatment options are medical management to improve health for surgery or surgical attenuation of the shunt vessel. The goal of surgery is to redirect blood flow to the liver without causing excessive portal hypertension. Post-operative care focuses on a low-protein diet and medications to prevent hepatic encephalopathy.
Veterinary emergency and critical care involves treating life-threatening conditions through emergency response and management. It combines the specialties of emergency care and critical care medicine to provide immediate treatment for severely ill or injured animals. The document discusses communicating with clients during emergencies, preparing staff and facilities, triaging patients, performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and providing post-resuscitation care.
This document discusses abomasal displacements and volvulus in cattle. It begins with the normal anatomy of the abomasum and surrounding structures. It then discusses left displacement of the abomasum (LDA), including risk factors, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment options such as medical techniques and surgical procedures like right paralumbar fossa omentopexy. Right displacement of the abomasum (RDA) and abomasal volvulus (AV) are also covered, explaining their clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment approaches. The document provides detailed descriptions of surgical techniques like proximal and distal paravertebral nerve blocks, omentopexy procedures, and abomasopexy. It concludes with advantages
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
This document discusses displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. It begins by defining displaced abomasum as the distention and displacement of the abomasum into the left or right side of the abdomen. It then discusses risk factors like diet, breed, late pregnancy and concurrent diseases. Clinical signs include inappetence, milk drop, and ketosis. Diagnosis involves percussion, succussion, ultrasound and rectal palpation. Treatments discussed are medical techniques using drugs, non-surgical rolling and toggling, and various surgical techniques like right paramedian abomasopexy. Postoperative care and potential complications are also outlined.
This document discusses fluid therapy in animals. It begins by describing the distribution of water in the body and the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids. It then discusses three types of fluid disturbances: changes in volume, content, and distribution. The document outlines different types of fluid therapy including replacement, adjunctive, and supportive therapies. It provides details on routes of fluid administration and indications for intravenous fluids. Throughout, it discusses evaluating and monitoring fluid therapy, diagnosing and treating dehydration, and complications of intravenous fluids.
The document summarizes traumatic reticular perforation (TRP) in cattle. TRP occurs when a sharp foreign body penetrates the wall of the reticulum, causing acute local peritonitis. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, and fever. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound or laparoscopy to detect foreign bodies. Treatment involves surgical removal of foreign bodies via rumenotomy. Complications can include peritonitis, abscesses, and traumatic pericarditis if the foreign body penetrates the diaphragm. Prognosis is poor if complications like pericarditis develop.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) as it relates to companion animal practice. It discusses the heart as an electrical pump, the cardiac conduction system, normal sinus rhythm complexes, and attributes of the ECG paper and measurements. It then examines various normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms and conduction abnormalities seen on ECGs of dogs and cats, including sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, premature ventricular complexes, ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, heart block, and more. Artifacts that can appear on ECG tracings from cats and dogs are also reviewed.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a naturally occurring, sexually transmitted cancer that affects the external genitalia of dogs. It has a round cell origin and is transmitted between dogs through contact during mating or licking of affected areas. Common symptoms include genital bleeding or masses. Diagnosis involves identifying the characteristic round cells on smears or biopsies. Effective treatment includes chemotherapy, typically with vincristine, though surgery or radiation are also sometimes used. Recurrence is common without full removal of the tumor.
This document discusses cystitis, or inflammation of the urinary bladder. It notes that cystitis can be caused by trauma, ascending or descending infections, iatrogenic factors, nutritional issues, urinary stasis, hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, and rare neoplasms. Common symptoms in dogs and cats include frequent and painful urination, cloudy urine, abdominal pain, and dullness. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, culture and sensitivity testing, ultrasound or cystoscopy. Treatment focuses on removing the cause, managing pain and inflammation, flushing out organisms, correcting urine pH, and controlling infections with antibiotics based on sensitivity testing.
The document discusses radiographic projections and terminology used in veterinary radiology. It defines standard projections like dorsopalmar and dorsoplantar, and describes how projections are named based on the direction of the x-ray beam. Standard projections are usually taken at right angles to show a three-dimensional view. Oblique projections provide additional angled views and are named with reference to the beam angle and entry/exit points. Common terminology includes left/right, dorsal/ventral, cranial/caudal to orient relative structures. Kilovoltage peak (KVP) and milliampere-second (MAS) exposure settings are provided for different species and body regions.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
This document provides an overview of principles of electrocardiography (ECG). It defines an ECG as a recording of the electrical activity of the heart from surface electrodes. It describes the normal ECG waveform including the P, QRS, and T waves. It lists common indications for an ECG and discusses how to interpret various abnormalities seen on the ECG such as enlarged heart chambers, arrhythmias, and electrolyte imbalances.
1. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records and measures the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes.
2. The ECG detects tiny electrical changes on the skin caused by the heart muscle depolarizing with each heartbeat. The recording produced is called an electrocardiogram.
3. An ECG is interpreted by examining features such as the rate, rhythm, amplitudes of the P, QRS, and T waves, intervals between waves, and any abnormalities present. This provides information about the heart's structure and function.
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
This document lists various instruments and equipment used in farm animal nursing and veterinary care, including emasculators, ear punches, dehorning forceps, OB hooks, stomach tubes, drenching syringes, sheep shears, hog snares, farrowing pens, tail nippers, and equipment for poultry such as leg bands and wing inoculators.
The document discusses canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), including its definition, classification, clinical progression, diagnosis and treatment. DCM is characterized by ventricular dilation and reduced contractility. It most commonly affects large breed dogs and has an asymptomatic occult phase followed by an overt clinical phase with signs of congestive heart failure. Diagnosis involves ECG, Holter monitoring, echocardiography and bloodwork. Treatment depends on the stage of disease and aims to manage congestive heart failure and arrhythmias using diuretics, inotropes, ACE inhibitors and antiarrhythmics. Nutritional deficiencies like taurine can also contribute to DCM in some breeds.
Portosystemic shunts and its management in dogsMAGESHWARSINGH
This document summarizes portosystemic shunts and their management in dogs. Portosystemic shunts are abnormal blood vessel connections that allow blood to bypass the liver. They can be congenital or acquired. Clinical signs include neurological, gastrointestinal and urinary issues. Diagnosis involves imaging like ultrasound, scintigraphy and portography. Treatment options are medical management to improve health for surgery or surgical attenuation of the shunt vessel. The goal of surgery is to redirect blood flow to the liver without causing excessive portal hypertension. Post-operative care focuses on a low-protein diet and medications to prevent hepatic encephalopathy.
Veterinary emergency and critical care involves treating life-threatening conditions through emergency response and management. It combines the specialties of emergency care and critical care medicine to provide immediate treatment for severely ill or injured animals. The document discusses communicating with clients during emergencies, preparing staff and facilities, triaging patients, performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and providing post-resuscitation care.
This document discusses abomasal displacements and volvulus in cattle. It begins with the normal anatomy of the abomasum and surrounding structures. It then discusses left displacement of the abomasum (LDA), including risk factors, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment options such as medical techniques and surgical procedures like right paralumbar fossa omentopexy. Right displacement of the abomasum (RDA) and abomasal volvulus (AV) are also covered, explaining their clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment approaches. The document provides detailed descriptions of surgical techniques like proximal and distal paravertebral nerve blocks, omentopexy procedures, and abomasopexy. It concludes with advantages
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
This document discusses displaced abomasum in dairy cattle. It begins by defining displaced abomasum as the distention and displacement of the abomasum into the left or right side of the abdomen. It then discusses risk factors like diet, breed, late pregnancy and concurrent diseases. Clinical signs include inappetence, milk drop, and ketosis. Diagnosis involves percussion, succussion, ultrasound and rectal palpation. Treatments discussed are medical techniques using drugs, non-surgical rolling and toggling, and various surgical techniques like right paramedian abomasopexy. Postoperative care and potential complications are also outlined.
This document discusses fluid therapy in animals. It begins by describing the distribution of water in the body and the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluids. It then discusses three types of fluid disturbances: changes in volume, content, and distribution. The document outlines different types of fluid therapy including replacement, adjunctive, and supportive therapies. It provides details on routes of fluid administration and indications for intravenous fluids. Throughout, it discusses evaluating and monitoring fluid therapy, diagnosing and treating dehydration, and complications of intravenous fluids.
The document summarizes traumatic reticular perforation (TRP) in cattle. TRP occurs when a sharp foreign body penetrates the wall of the reticulum, causing acute local peritonitis. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, and fever. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound or laparoscopy to detect foreign bodies. Treatment involves surgical removal of foreign bodies via rumenotomy. Complications can include peritonitis, abscesses, and traumatic pericarditis if the foreign body penetrates the diaphragm. Prognosis is poor if complications like pericarditis develop.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in electrocardiography (ECG or EKG) as it relates to companion animal practice. It discusses the heart as an electrical pump, the cardiac conduction system, normal sinus rhythm complexes, and attributes of the ECG paper and measurements. It then examines various normal and abnormal cardiac rhythms and conduction abnormalities seen on ECGs of dogs and cats, including sinus tachycardia, bradycardia, premature ventricular complexes, ventricular tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, heart block, and more. Artifacts that can appear on ECG tracings from cats and dogs are also reviewed.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a naturally occurring, sexually transmitted cancer that affects the external genitalia of dogs. It has a round cell origin and is transmitted between dogs through contact during mating or licking of affected areas. Common symptoms include genital bleeding or masses. Diagnosis involves identifying the characteristic round cells on smears or biopsies. Effective treatment includes chemotherapy, typically with vincristine, though surgery or radiation are also sometimes used. Recurrence is common without full removal of the tumor.
This document discusses cystitis, or inflammation of the urinary bladder. It notes that cystitis can be caused by trauma, ascending or descending infections, iatrogenic factors, nutritional issues, urinary stasis, hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, and rare neoplasms. Common symptoms in dogs and cats include frequent and painful urination, cloudy urine, abdominal pain, and dullness. Diagnosis involves urinalysis, culture and sensitivity testing, ultrasound or cystoscopy. Treatment focuses on removing the cause, managing pain and inflammation, flushing out organisms, correcting urine pH, and controlling infections with antibiotics based on sensitivity testing.
The document discusses radiographic projections and terminology used in veterinary radiology. It defines standard projections like dorsopalmar and dorsoplantar, and describes how projections are named based on the direction of the x-ray beam. Standard projections are usually taken at right angles to show a three-dimensional view. Oblique projections provide additional angled views and are named with reference to the beam angle and entry/exit points. Common terminology includes left/right, dorsal/ventral, cranial/caudal to orient relative structures. Kilovoltage peak (KVP) and milliampere-second (MAS) exposure settings are provided for different species and body regions.
Babesiosis is the diseased state caused by the protozoal (single celled) parasites of the genus Babesia. Infection in a dog may occur by tick transmission, direct transmission via blood transfer from dog bites, blood transfusions, or transplacental transmission.
This document provides an overview of principles of electrocardiography (ECG). It defines an ECG as a recording of the electrical activity of the heart from surface electrodes. It describes the normal ECG waveform including the P, QRS, and T waves. It lists common indications for an ECG and discusses how to interpret various abnormalities seen on the ECG such as enlarged heart chambers, arrhythmias, and electrolyte imbalances.
1. An electrocardiogram (ECG) records and measures the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes.
2. The ECG detects tiny electrical changes on the skin caused by the heart muscle depolarizing with each heartbeat. The recording produced is called an electrocardiogram.
3. An ECG is interpreted by examining features such as the rate, rhythm, amplitudes of the P, QRS, and T waves, intervals between waves, and any abnormalities present. This provides information about the heart's structure and function.
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including its history, how an ECG machine works, how to perform an ECG, ECG waveform interpretation, and common cardiac rhythms and abnormalities. It discusses key aspects of an ECG such as rate, rhythm, cardiac axis, P waves, PR interval, and common rhythms including normal sinus rhythm, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and more.
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG), including its history, how an ECG machine works, how to perform an ECG, electrode placement, the different leads, and how to interpret an ECG. It discusses normal ECG waves and intervals as well as various arrhythmias and abnormalities that can be seen on an ECG. Modern ECG machines produce computerized readings but interpretation should still be done carefully by a medical professional. A proper ECG involves correctly placing the electrodes on the patient's limbs and chest to measure the heart's electrical activity from multiple angles.
An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time using skin electrodes. It detects tiny electrical changes on the skin caused by heart muscle depolarization during each heartbeat. The standard ECG graph paper records the electrocardiogram and has calibrations for speed, amplitude, and time intervals. Proper patient positioning and electrode placement are important to obtain an accurate recording and avoid artifacts. Key aspects of ECG interpretation include heart rate, rhythm, electrical axis, and analyzing the P, QRS, and T waves. Common arrhythmias and abnormalities produce distinctive ECG patterns.
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG), including its history, how an ECG machine works, how to perform an ECG, and how to interpret various parts of the ECG such as rate, rhythm, cardiac axis, P wave, QRS complex, and ST segment. It discusses normal ECG patterns as well as various arrhythmias and abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG. Standardized procedures and terminology are explained to accurately analyze and understand ECG readings.
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG), including its history, how an ECG machine works, how to perform an ECG, and how to interpret various parts of the ECG such as rate, rhythm, cardiac axis, P wave, QRS complex, and ST segment. It discusses normal ECG patterns as well as various arrhythmias and abnormalities that can be detected on an ECG. Standard procedures for performing and interpreting an ECG are outlined step-by-step.
The document discusses electrocardiography (ECG), providing details on the standard 12-lead ECG procedure, what each lead measures, and ECG paper formatting. Common cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities that can be detected from the ECG are summarized, including sinus bradycardia, atrial flutter, atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Characteristics of right and left bundle branch block are also outlined.
The document provides an overview of performing and interpreting electrocardiograms (ECGs). It discusses what an ECG is, the procedure for performing one, how ECGs work by measuring electrical impulses in the heart, and lead placement. It also covers interpreting ECG tracings by examining elements like the P wave, QRS complex, T wave, and QT interval, as well as assessing the heart rate, rhythm, and axis. The document uses examples to illustrate abnormal P waves, QRS widths, ST segments, T waves, and other elements that may indicate underlying cardiac conditions.
Basics of Electrocardiography, Arrhythmia & PacemakerPallab Nath
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG), including basics of the cardiac conduction system, ECG leads and recording methodology, normal ECG waveforms and intervals, cardiac arrhythmias, and pacemakers. Key topics covered include the standard 12-lead ECG, techniques for interpreting rate, rhythm, intervals, and axis, common normal variants and abnormalities, types of arrhythmias including sinus, atrial, and ventricular rhythms, and basics of cardiac pacemaker function. The document serves as an educational guide for understanding ECGs and their clinical applications.
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG), including:
1. It describes the history of the ECG machine and how it was invented in 1903 by Willem Einthoven, who received a Nobel Prize for his work.
2. Modern ECG machines have evolved to be compact electronic systems that often include computerized interpretation of readings.
3. Performing an ECG involves placing 10 electrodes on the patient's limbs and chest to record the electrical activity of the heart over time.
4. The leads from the electrodes are used to analyze different views and angles of the heart's electrical activity and determine the rate, rhythm, and other diagnostic information about cardiac function.
The document provides information about electrocardiography (ECG) including:
- An ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time through electrodes placed on the skin. Willem Einthoven invented the first practical ECG machine in 1903.
- A standard ECG uses 10 electrodes placed in specific locations to produce 12 leads that view the heart from different angles. The leads help determine the heart's electrical axis.
- An ECG trace is analyzed by examining characteristics like rate, rhythm, P wave, QRS complex, and ST segment to identify normal sinus rhythm or potential abnormalities.
- Common rhythms include sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrial
The ECG records the electrical activity of the heart over time and is the gold standard for diagnosing cardiac arrhythmias and conduction abnormalities. It detects three main waves - the P wave from atrial depolarization, the QRS complex from ventricular depolarization, and the T wave from ventricular repolarization. Abnormalities in conduction through the AV node can cause first-, second-, or third-degree heart block visible on the ECG. Higher degrees of block impair conduction more severely and require treatment such as pacemaker implantation.
The document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG). It discusses the history of ECG development. It then covers how to perform an ECG, how an ECG works by detecting electrical changes during heartbeats, ECG paper calibration, the 12 leads, and how to interpret various ECG components like rate, rhythm, axes, waves, intervals, and segments. Key points about normal ECG readings are also presented along with 10 interpretation rules.
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) measures and records the electrical activity of the heart. It was developed in 1893 by Willem Einthoven, who received the Nobel Prize for his work. An ECG works by detecting the tiny electrical changes on the skin that occur with each heartbeat. It shows the heart's rate and rhythm, as well as any damage to heart muscle. A standard 12-lead ECG provides multiple views of the heart and can help diagnose conditions like heart attacks.
This document provides an overview of electrocardiography (ECG) basics for technicians. It discusses the heart's conduction system and how ECGs work to record electrical activity. The 12 standard ECG leads and their placements are described. Key aspects of normal ECG waveforms and intervals like P waves, QRS complex, T waves, and QT interval are explained. Common abnormalities that can cause changes in axis or abnormal complexes are also summarized. The document concludes with tips on interpreting ECGs and the important aspects to include in an ECG report.
This document provides a summary of basics of electrocardiography (ECG/EKG). It discusses the history and development of ECG technology. It describes the components of a normal ECG waveform including the P, QRS, and T waves. It explains how to determine heart rate from an ECG and identify different arrhythmias based on the waveform. Key anatomical structures involved in heart's electrical conduction system are also outlined.
The 11-step method provides a systematic approach to reading EKGs:
1. Gather data such as heart rate, intervals, and axis.
2. Diagnose rhythm, conduction blocks, enlargement, and infarction by applying specific criteria.
3. Potential diagnoses are identified through disturbances of rhythm, conduction, hypertrophy, and ischemia. The relationship between P waves and QRS complexes helps determine block types.
The 11-step method provides a systematic approach to reading EKGs:
1. Gather data such as heart rate, intervals, and axis.
2. Diagnose rhythm, conduction blocks, enlargement, and infarction by applying specific criteria.
3. Potential diagnoses are identified through disturbances of rhythm, conduction, hypertrophy, and ischemia. The four questions framework is used to characterize rhythms.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central19various
Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central Clinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa CentralClinic ^%[+27633867063*Abortion Pills For Sale In Tembisa Central
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
4. Electrical Conduction System
Of The Heart
There is a skeleton of fibrous tissue that
surrounds the conduction system which can
be seen on an ECG.
Cardiac Myocytes are electrically
excitable.
Stimulation of a single muscle fibre causes
electrical activity to spread across
myocardium.
Dysfunction of the conduction system can
cause irregular, fast, or slow heart [cardiac]
rhythms.
5. SA Node :
Generating impulse
from the Right Atrium
and it is the Natural
Pace Maker
generating 60-100bpm
AV node :
Generating impulse from Right
Atria and Right Ventricle.
Gatekeeper Of Heart
generating 40-60bpm
Bundle of hiss :
Backup pacemaker with
intrinsic rate of 40-
60bpm
Left and right bundle
branches :
Backup pacemaker with
intrinsic rate of 20-40bpm
Purkinje fibres :
Backup pacemaker with
intrinsic rate of 20-40bpm
6. Indications of ECG:
Sinus arrhythmia
Brachycardiaor tachycardiaor irregularityin the rhythm
History of syncope or episodic weakness
Heart diseases
Cardiac monitoring during anesthesia and criticallyill
patients
To monitor efficacy of antiarrhythmic therapy
Systemicdiseases with electrolyte abnormalities
(Hyperkalemia,Hyponatremia, Hypercalcemia,
Hypocalcaemia, Neoplasia , GDV)
Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism
7. Performing An Electrocardiogram
On A Dog
Step 1: Auscultation
Identification of normal or abnormal heart sounds using
stethoscope or phonendoscope.
Strongest impulse - systole is felt over the area of the
left apex – 5th Intercostal space
Heart sounds
Transient – Short Sounds – LUBB/DUBB
Murmurs – Occur during silent part of cardiac cycle
NOTE:
Quiet room
Hold mouth shut in Panting dogs
8. Step 2: Proper Patient Positioning
and Restraint
Right lateral recumbancy on insulatedsurface.
Don’t let the patient or the clips touch metal.
Soak the area to be clipped with alcohol.
Part the fur for good skin contact and attach clips 1"–
2" below elbows and knees.
Head flat in line with body.
Legs perpendicular to body (elbows and stiflesare
directly opposite each other).
Patientmust be still no panting or purring, no
moving.
Note: Sedation as chemical restraint may alter
the ECG findings.
10. Step 3: Positioning of the leads
A full set of 8 colouredleads is used
4 limb leads and 4 chest leads
Limb lead positioning
Red - right fore leg
Yellow - left fore leg
Green - left hind leg
Black - right hind leg
Chest lead positioning
Lead VI - right side of thorax at fifth intercostal space
Lead VII - left side of thorax below sixth intercostal space
Lead VIII - left side of thorax above sixth intercostal
space
11. Einthoven’s Triangle:
Einthoven’s Limb Leads :
Lead I - compares right fore leg with left fore leg
Lead II - compares right fore leg with left hind leg
Lead III - compares left fore leg with left hind leg
Earth - right hind leg
12. Note: A chest lead may be helpful if the P wave is not
clear or if the complexesare small.
Note: A useful site of attachment forthe ECG clips
on the forelimbs is the skin at the flexor angle of the
elbow and for the hind limbs is the skin at the flexor
angle of hock.
13. Holter monitor (24 hrs monitoring device)
• 5 or 7 wire leads, and sticky ECG conductor pads.
Uses :
• Record heart rate variability during normal activity, exercise, and rest or sleep.
• Diagnose the type of arrhythmia in order to determine the correct treatment.
• Determine how well prescribed medications are correcting your pet’s
arrhythmia
14. Step 4: ECG Settings and Recording of Heart
Beat Monitor
Paper speed :
The rate of paper (i.e. of recording of the
EKG) is 25 mm/s which resultsin:
1 mm = 0.04 sec (40 ms) (individual block)
Calibration:
voltage can be standardised on paper as
1 mm = 0.1 mV (individual block)
15. Step 5: Recording the
Electrocardiogram
1. Calculate Rate.
2. Determine Regularity.
3. Assess the P waves.
4. Determine PR interval.
5. Determine QRS
duration.
6. Determine T duration
16. 1. Six strip minute :
Count the number of RR intervalsbetween 6 seconds in the rhythm strip and multiply by 10 to get
the bpm.
This method is more effective whenthe rhythm is irregular
1mm box : .04 sec; 5 small boxes × .o4 = .2o sec
.20 sec × 5 big boxes = 1 sec
DetermineHEART RATE
3sec 3sec
Interpretation : 9×10 = 90 bpm
1 sec
17. 2. Big box method :
we divide 300 by the no of big boxes between two R’s and is best for regular
rhythm so go by RR or PP interval OR
Memorize the sequence:
300 - 150 - 100 - 75 - 60 - 50
Interpretation: Approx. 1 box less than 100 = 95 bpm
3
0
0
1
5
0
1
0
0
7
5
6
0
5
0
18. Determine Rhythm And Regularity
It can be quite variable.It could be:
Regular : RR intervalconstant
Regularly irregular :
RR interval variable but with a pattern.
Irregularly irregular :
RR interval variable with no pattern,totally irregular.
Note: In dogs irregularly regular pattern is normal.
Interpretation: Regular
19.
20.
21. ECG Recording Of Electrical
Activity Of The Heart
1. P wave
Atrial depolarisation (systole; contraction)
• Normally present and upright
• If not then indicate arrhythmia
2. QRS wave
Ventricular depolarisation (systole; contraction)
Q wave : It travels in a away from the +ve electrode. Thus
creates a small downward or negative deflection.
R wave : It travels towards the +ve electrode. As it is a large
mass of muscle tissue, it usually creates a large
deflection.
S wave : It travels away from the +ve electrode and is a
small mass of tissue. Thus creates a small negative
deflection .
3. T wave
Ventricular repolarisation (diastole; relaxation)
22. 4. PR interval: Beginning of P wave an beginning of QRS complex
• Abnormality : arrhythmia such as heart blocks
5. QRS interval :
Abnormality : Arrhythmia
Atria Repolarisation?
It is found in QRS because ventricles tend to contraction isstronger than the atria so they mask the
atria repolarisation.
23. Determine P Wave
Atrial Depolarisation
Manifested by change in:
Width :
Should not exceed .04 sec
Increase in width: enlargement of left atrium
referred as P mitrale
Height:
Should not exceed .4 mV
Increase in height: enlargement of right atrium
referred to as P pulmonale , resulting from chronic
pulmonary disease.
24. Absence of p wave:
Atrial fibrillationor supra ventriculartachycardia
Note:There is no minimum height or width of p wave. Variation of P wave height
is normal finding in dog.
Determine P Wave
25. DeterminePR Interval
It reflects conduction through AV node
Normal PR interval is .06 - .13 sec (dogs)
Short PR interval represents :
accessory pathwayof conductionwhich allows conductionto by pass AV node
Prolonged PR interval represents :
1st degree AV block
Interpretation: 0.12 seconds
26. Determine QRS Interval
Ventricularenlargement may result in changesin the QRS complex.
Left ventricularenlargementpattern
Increased amplitude of the R wave
Amplitude of R wave greater than 3.0 mV (6 big blocks) (2.5 mV in small-breed dogs)
QRS duration greater than 0.06 second (large dogs), 0.05 second (small dogs)
Right ventricularenlargement pattern
Increasedamplitude of S waves
Interpretation: 0.04 seconds
27. Determine ST Interval
Elevation of the ST segment
Greater than 0.15 mV is abnormal in the dog.
It may be caused by myocardialhypoxia, trans mural myocardial infarction,pericardial
effusion, pericarditis.
ST segment depression
Depression of the ST segment greater than 0.2 mV is abnormal in dog.
It may be caused by myocardial hypoxia, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, myocardial
infarction, or digoxin toxicity.
28. Determine T wave
The T wave in dogs and cats is very variable
It can be negative or positive or even biphasic (i.e. a combination ofboth). This is because
repolarisation of myocardium is very random in animals as comparedto humans.
So diagnostic value obtainable from the abnormalitiesin the T wave of small animalsis very limited.
T waves (≤ ¼ of R wave height)
Tall peaked t waves : Hyperkalemia
Flattening of t waves : Hypokalemia
Peaked t wave :Hyperkalaemia
29. Electrolyte Abnormalities
Hypokalemia:
Moderate: Flattened T wave
Severe: ST depression
Hyperkalemia:
Moderate: Peaked T wave
Severe: Wide QRS and loss of P wave
30. Variants of T Wave
Inverted T Wave
Hyperacute T Wave
31. Case : Pre and post operative findings
Height of t wave(pre operative) : .8 mV (upright)
(post operative) : .5 mV (inverted)
Height of R wave (pre operative) : 1.5 mV
(post operative) : 1 mV
interpretation : Hyperacute T Wave
Indicative of hyperkalemia/ hypoxia/ myocardial infarction
Pre operative
Post operative
32. Determine QT interval
Normal QT interval : 0.15 to 0.25 second
QT interval : less than half of preceding R-R interval
Interpretation :
• Electrolyteimbalance
• QT interval prolong: Hypokalemia/ hypocalcemia
• Conductiondisturbances
CASE: A 11 year dog operated for pyometra . Findings : R-R interval : 0.28 sec , QT interval : 0.24 sec
34. Sinus rhythm
The stimulus originatesfrom the SA node (dominant pacemaker) regularly at a constant
rate, depolarisingthe atria and ventriclesand normally producing a co-ordinated atrio-
ventricularcontraction.This is a normal rhythm.
Case 1: Ca /371 ( Tumorous mass present on the abdominal aspect from
last 3 months no history of heart related problem)
P
QRS
T
35. Sinus Arrhythmia
The stimulus originatesfrom the SA node but the rate varies (increasesand decreases)
regularly.
The normal increasein heart rate that occurs
during inspiration.
In generalsinusarrhythmiascould be:
Sinus tachycardia
Sinus bradycardia
Case 2 : animal examined while performing surgery
36. Sinus Tachycardia
The SA node generatesan impulse and depolarisation at a rate that is faster than normal.
ECG characteristics
There is a sinus rhythm but at a faster rate than normal
Case : An adult dog Sinus tachycardia at 210/min ; NORMAL RANGE: Puppy 70-220bpm;
Adult 70-180bpm
Clinicalfindings
The heart rate is faster than normal for age and breed,
with a pulse for every heartbeat (althoughwith faster
rates, the pulse may become weaker).
37. Sinus Bradycardia
ECG characteristics
There is a sinus rhythm but at a slower rate than
normal
Clinical findings
The heart rate is slower than normal for age and
breed, with a pulse for every heart beat
Case: An adult dog with Sinus bradycardia at 50/min ; NORMAL RANGE: Puppy 70-220bpm;
Adult 70-180bpm
The SA node generatesan impulse and depolarisation at a rate slower than normal . This can
be a normal feature in some giant-breed dogs and in athleticallyfit dogs.
38. Variations In Waves After
AnesthesiaCa/137: animal presented for surgery (aural hematoma with no history of heart related
problems)
1. ECG taken before giving anesthesia HR : 80 bpm
2. ECG taken after 30 minutes during surgery ; after the administration of Atropine
Buturum and Propofol . HR : 150 bpm
39. AV Block
Conduction abnormalities in the heart where signals are not properly propagated from the
SA node to the AV node into the bundle of hiss and then purkinje system manifested by
Bradycardia, sink in beat and dizziness
Types of AV BLOCK :
1st degree AV block: PR interval >200ms with no dropped beats (>5 boxes)
CASE : ECG with prolonged P–R interval of 0.18 to 0.2 s, this is first-degree AV block
40. 2nd degree AV block :
PR Interval >200ms,(usually there are 3-4 beats and then a beat is dropped because signal is
delayed)
Second-degree AV Block can be classified :
1. Mobitz type I / Wenckebach’s phenomenon : When P–R interval increases prior
to the block.
2. Mobitz type II : When P–R interval remains constant prior to the block.
41. Rate 50 bpm
Regularity Regularly irregular
P waves Normal, but 4th has no QRS
PR interval lengthens
QRS duration o.o8 sec
Interpretation : 2nd degree AV Block type 1
42. 3rd degree AV block
When atria and the ventricles contract independently of one another
Characteristic Findings:
Constant P-P Intervals and constant Q-Q intervals
Sometimes P waves could be buried in the QRS complexes
All conductions through the AV node are blocked and there is no association between
P waves and QRS-T complex. P waves are of normal shape and usually occur at
normal rate .
CASE: ECG with complete third-degree block
43. ATRIAL FLUTTER
It is used to describe when atria contract at very high rates (greater than 250 beats /min)
giving a flapping or fluttering image to the atria.
In atrial flutter a re-entrantrhythm is set up in the atria setting up an endless cycle with no
refractory period.
Atrial flutter is often precursor to atrial fibrillation
Causes:
Stress
Ischemia
Valvular diseases
44. Observations:
It is very basic and easy to calibrate
Heart rate : atria fire at a vey fast rate (>250 bpm)
P waves: bidirectional saw tooth atrial complexes
QRS : usually narrow
Ratio
2:1,3:1,4:1or may vary
Interpretation:
It indicatesproblem of atrial origin.
Case: Atrial flutter with a 3:1 block
45. Atrial Fibrillation
One of the most common ,permanent and important arrhythmias seen in small animals.
Without the presence of the structural heart diseaseor this is referredto as lone AF.
46. Causes:
1. Degenerativevalve disease
2. Dilated cadiaomyopathy
3. Atrial neoplasia
4. Congenitalheart disease
Complication of non cardiac disease:
1. Gastric dilation –volvulusor disordersin
altering vagal tone
2. drug induced (e.g. Digoxin)
CASE: Atrial fibrillation, ECG from a Bull Mastiff with AF with a heart rate of 150/min. This dog
had no underlying heart disease, which is consistent with lone AF.
Observations:
• P waves: There are no consistent and recognisable P
waves
• QRS complexes: Normal and vary in amplitude
• R–R interval: is irregular and chaotic (this is easier to
hear on auscultation)
• Heart rhythm: auscultation sounds are chaotic and
usually quite fast
47. Atrial fibrillation v/s Atrial flutter
After seeing this video it will be clear why there is no ‘P' wave in ECG in patientswith
Atrial fibrillation.In Atrial fibrillation,atrium doesn't contract it just ripples like
waves....so no 'P' waves. On the other hand in Atrial flutter, atrium contractsbut at a very
fast rate, out of sync with ventricleto produce a seriesof 'P' waves called Flutterwaves.
Flutter / fibrillation ?
48.
49. Murmurs
They are produced by turbulent blood flow through the
heart and vessels .
Causes:
Disruptions of blood flow through valves in the heart
(e.g. ventricular or atrial septal defect),
Stenotic valve
An insufficient valve
Altered blood flow or changes in blood vessel
diameter.
Murmurs can be evaluated on the basis of their
location and there are four main areas for cardiac
auscultation
50.
51. Valve Point Of Maximum Intensity
Mitral valve Left 5th intercostals space ; Area opposite to the point of the elbow
Aortic valve Left 3 to 4th intercostal space ; Area opposite to Point of the shoulder
Pulmonic valve Left 2 to 3rd intercostal space ; Usually at the axilla
Tricuspid valve Right 3rd to 4th intercostal space
52. Types:
1. Physiologic Murmurs:
Anaemia , high blood pressure , pregnancy ,athletic
heart.
They are loudestover Aortic and Pulmonic Areas
2. Innocent Murmurs:
No known cause and witnessed in young animals
No louder than grade 3
Disappear over 5months of age
Ca /290 : animal presented with maggot wound .but was accidently diagnosed
with murmur in the mitral area.
3 Pathologic Murmurs:
Caused by underlying heart
and vessel diseases such as
stenosis of valves, outflow
tract, or great vessels
53.
54. Classification:
Intensity or loudness
Grade 1: Barely audible
Grade 2: Audible , but soft
Grade 3: Easily audible
Grade 4: Easily audible but with a thrill cannot be palpated on the thorax
Grade 5: Very loud and a thrill can be palpated on the thorax
Grade 6: Can be heard without stethoscopeor with stethoscope
Note : Some murmurs can be high or low pitched, harsh blowing or musical.
55. PrematureVentricular Complex
An abnormal beat originatingin the ventriclesand occurring earlier than expectedin relation to
existing rhythm.
Observations :
• No P wave
• QRS wide and bizarre
• T polarityis reversed
• Compensatorypause is longer
R on T Phenomenon : When VPCs occur immediatelyfollowing normal wave within T wave
Case: Snake bite (multiple organ faliure)
56. Causes :
• Structural heart diseases
• Inheritance in GSD
• Hypoxia
• Anemia
• Splenic torsion and pancreatitis
• Use of drugs (anesthesia)
Unifocal VPCs Multifocal VPCs
1. Occurring form one ventricle site. 1. Occurring form more than one ventricle
site.
2. Identical shapes 2. Different shapes
Clinical significance :
• IsolatedVPCs pose insignificant
• Runs of VPCs suggest ventricular tachycardiaand
fibrillation
Case: Swaying gait , exercise intolerance and neurological deficit ; HR: 80 bpm
57.
58. PrematureAtrial Complex
It is the abnormal beat occurring prematurely in the atrial tissue.
Observations :
• Presence of P wave or maybe superimposedon precedingt wave
• QRS normal
• Compensatory pause is shorter
60. Junctional Premature Complexes
Abnormal beat occurring prematurely and originatingin the AV nodal area.
Observations:
P wave often inverted
QRS normal
Causes and clinical significance is similarto APCs
61. Atrial Standstill
Absence of atrial activity(contractions)due to a failure of atrial muscle depolarisation.
SA node produce an impulse but the atria are not depolarised.
Commonly associatedwith hyperkalaemia or atrial cardiomyopathy.
Continuous absence of P waves but normal heart sounds will be heard (HR: < 60 bpm)
The impulses are conductedfrom the SA node by internodalpathways to the AV node, which is
termed a sinoventricular rhythm.
Treatment : Pacemaker implantation
Case: ECG from a Border collie, both with atrial standstill with a nodal escape rhythm at
60/min. Note the absence of P waves. The absence of atrial activity can be confirmed by
echocardiography (25mm/s and 10 mm/mV).
62. INDICATIONS FOR CARDIAC PACING
Electrical cardiac pacing is most frequently indicated as a treatment PRIMARILY for:
1. Bradyarrhythmias that are accompanied by such clinical signs as syncope, weakness, and
decreased exercise tolerance.
2. Complete atrioventricular (A V) block
3. Permanent atrial standstill
4. Persistent ventricular arrhythmias
Radiograph of implantation-type
pacemaker in place.
63. Pacemaker - Single Chamber -
Atrial
How to interpret presence of pacemaker ?
1. Fusion beats: native beat and pace maker beat
fuse making hybrid QRS complex.
2. Paced spikes
3. Capture beats: native beat breaks through and is
conducted by ventricles.
p
64. Congestive Heart
Failure (CHF)
It is characterized by high cardiac filling
pressure - venous congestion and tissue fluid
accumulation.
The location of this fluid is dependent on the
failing ventricle (left-sided,right-sided,or
biventricular failure),and the subsequentsigns
of CHF relate to the magnitude of fluid
accumulation.
It is a complex clinical syndrome rather than a
specificetiologic diagnosis
Can be :
1. L-CHF
2. R-CHF
65. L-CHF R-CHF
• Pulmonary hypertension.
• Elevated left atrial pressure.
Etiology: mitral valve insufficiency, mitral
valve stenosis, or systolic or diastolic
dysfunction of the left ventricle.
• In dogs, LCHF causes pulmonary
edema; in cats it may be associated
with either or both pulmonary edema
and pleural effusion.
Clinical signs: tachypnea, respiratory
distress, lethargy, and exercise
intolerance.
Physical examination: Harsh lung
sounds and crackles in patients.
ECG analysis: prolongation of P wave
duration, increased R wave amplitude or
duration, ventricular premature complexes
or tachycardia, or atrial fibrillation.
Emergency therapy: thoracocentesis
• Systemic hypertension.
• elevated right atrial and central venous
pressures (CVPs)
Etiology: tricuspid valve insufficiency or
stenosis, pulmonic valve insufficiency or
stenosis, pulmonary hypertension and
right ventricular systolic or diastolic
dysfunction.
• In dogs, RCHF causes pleural effusion,
ascites, or peripheral edema.
Clinical signs: respiratory distress with
dull
lung sounds. Patients with ascites will
have a
distended abdomen and may have
respiratory
compromise.
Additional indications: presence of
distended jugular veins and prominent
jugular pulses, as well as the presence of
a heart murmur.
66. TREATMENT OF CHF
1. Diuretics – Decrease preload and oedema in dependantparts
• Loop Diuretics
Furosemide – 1 – 2 mg/kg p.o bid to tid
Torsemide – 0.3 mg/kg p.o o.d to bid
• Potassium sparing diuretics
Spirololactone – 1-2mg/kg p.o o.d ,
• Thiazide Diuretics
2. Vasodilator Therapy: reduce preload and afterload. Hydralazine 0.5-2mg/kg PO q12h ;
Amlodipine 0.05 (initial)to 0.3(-0.5) mg/kg PO q12-24h; Prazosin 0.05-0.2mg/kgPO q8-12h
3. Positive Inotropic Agents: are indicatedin managing CHF associatedwith systolic
dysfunctionof the left ventricle. These drugs are administeredin conjunction with diuretic and
vasodilator therapy. Dopamine (dogs and cats, 2 to 10 μg/kg/min CRI); Pimobendan (0.25
to 0.3 mg/kg, PO q12h) has both positive inotropicand vasodilatory effects; Digoxin (0.003 to
0.005 mg/kg PO q12h); Milrinone (dogs, 50 μg/kg slow IV bolus followed by 0.40 to 0.75
μg/kg/minCRI).
4. Oxygen Therapy
67. DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
IN DOGS
Characterized by poor myocardial contractility – with
or without arrhythmias
Idiopathic in nature
Large and Giant breedsof dogs most commonly
affected
Doberman Pinschers, Great Danes, Saint Bernards,
Scottish Deerhounds, Irish
Wolfhounds, Boxers, Newfoundlands, Afghan Hounds,
and Dalmatians
Doberman – mutation at 2 chromosomes – 14 (Poor
systolic function) and 5 Ventricular tachycardias)
Great Danes – X Linked trait
71. Mild mitral regurgitation is
indicated bya relativelysmall area
of disturbed flow in this systolic
frame from a Poodle with dilated
cardiomyopathy.
Note: the LA and LV dilation.
Right parasternallong axis view
72. TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Congestiveheart failure can be treated with medicationsthat reduce circulatory
congestionand improve heart function.
Therapy indicatedat betteringquality of life.
Drugs used:
1. ACE inhibitors
2. Positive inotropic drugs
3. Diuretics
4. Prognosis
Prognosisfor dogs in the occult phase of DCM is guarded, as clinical signs are expected
to develop eventually but this phase may last for months to years.Prognosisfor dogs in the
clinicalphase of DCM is guarded to poor, with survival generally between 5‐8 months
from the time of diagnosis(slightlyless in Doberman Pinschers),but treatment is often
effectiveat alleviating clinicalsigns and improving quality of life.
73. PERICARDIAL EFFUSION
A pericardialeffusionis excessfluid between the heart and the sac surrounding the
heart known as the pericardium.
Effusioncan be:
Haemorrhage – haemangiosarcoma
Transudate - serosanguinous
Exudate – Serfibrinous or serosanguinous with high cell count
74. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Fluid accumulation within the pericardial space causes clinical signs when it raises
intrapericardial pressure above normal cardiac filling pressure.
Impedes venous return and cardiac filling.
Rapid fluid accumulation or a large effusion causes a steep rise in intrapericardial
pressure, leading to cardiac tamponade
75. CARDIACTAMPONADE
Cardiac tamponade is a clinicalsyndrome caused by the accumulationof fluid in the
pericardial space resulting in reducedventricularfilling and subsequent hemodynamic
compromise.
Rate of fluid accumulation is a major contributingfactor to severity of tamponade even
small amounts of rapidly filling fluid can cause sharp rise in intrapericardialpressure.
The condition is a medical emergency the complications of which include pulmonary
edema, shock, and death.
76. CLINICAL SIGNS
Clinical findings in patientswith cardiac tamponade usually reflect right-sided CHF and
poor cardiac output.
Pulsusparadoxus – increasein pulse on inspiration.
Non specificsigns - lethargy, weakness,poor exercise tolerance,and inappetence.
Heart sounds are muffled in patients with moderate to large pericardial effusions.
78. ECG
• QRS < 1mV
• Electricalalternans may be seen
• ST segment elevation
TREATMENT
• Positive inotropic drugs will be ineffectivein tamponade.
• Pericardiocentesis preferredfirst : 16 to 18 gauge catheterinserted USG guided from underneath
when animal is in right lateralrecumbency – 4th to 6th Intercostalspace.