Easy way to teachEnglish grammar

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GRAMMAR
PREPARED BY
S.RAJENDRAN,B.Sc.,M.A.M.Ed.,
PRINCIPAL
S.K.A. TTI FOR WOMEN, AUNDIPATTY.

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NOUN
A noun is word used as the name of a
person, place or thing.
Examples:- Raman, Chennai, Mumbai,
bus, bicycle, car, flower, Hari singh etc

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NOUNS ARE DIVIDED INTO
FOUR
PROPER NOUN
COMMON NOUN
COLLECTIVE NOUN
ABSTRACT NOUN

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PROPER NOUN
The name of a particular person or place
is called a Proper Noun
Examples:-Asoka, Calcutta, Ganges,
Babar, Mumbai, Yamuna, Solomon,
Krishna, Ram, Chennai, Volvo Bus etc

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COMMON NOUN
A common noun is the name of a person
or thing of the same class
Examples:- shop, boy, birthday, rain, tree,
town, city, ship, battle, grapes, fox,
elephant, cat etc

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COLLECTIVE NOUN
A collective noun is the name of a group of
persons or things of the same class
Examples:- group, bunch, committee,
crowd, team, assembly, army, platoon,
battalion, mob, fleet etc

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ABSTRACT NOUN
An abstract noun is the name of a quality,
an action or a state
Examples:- Goodness, slavery, kindness,
cleverness, darkness, truth, wisdom,
cleanliness, godliness. Beauty, honesty,
courage etc

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CLASSIFY THE NOUNS GIVEN
BELOW
SILK, GIRL, NAGPUR, NAVY, RED FORT
BASKAR, SITA, PATNA, COTTON, PEN
BIHAR, TRAIN, STEEL, GROUP, ROSE
HERD,CLEANLINESS,AVADI,GIRL

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MARK THE NOUNS IN THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES
This is a group of workers
Rahim opened the door
Our army won
He is looking for truth
Bangalore is a big city

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CLASSIFY THE NOUNS
Love, honesty, truth, courage, bread
Paper, water, copper, wool, man
Rome,Hyderabad, Perth, Boston, Patience
Class, team, jury, Nehru, board
Bicycle, table, elephant, stove, weights

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ADJECTIVES
WORDS WHICH DESCRIBE OR
QUALIFY A NOUN ARE CALLED
ADJECTIVES
Examples:- Good, bad, black, big etc

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Use of adjectives in sentences
Ram is a clever student
The sky is blue
Babu is a good boy
I saw a good film
I have enough books

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Use of adjectives in sentences
He had three boys
Mumbai is a big city
I have a good pen
Nehru was a famous leader
There are four chairs in this room

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SOME MORE EXAMPLES OF
ADJECTIVES
Lazy, big, large, small, little, some,
enough, quick, slow, sad, brave, wise,
Foolish, polite, each, many, golden,
stormy, beautiful, clever
Wealthy, famous, ripe, this, that, these,
those, such, same

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THE ARTICLE
ARTICLES are of two types
DEFINITE ARTICLE AND INDEFINITE
ARTICLE
‘The’ is the DEFINITE ARTICLE
‘A’ and ‘An’ are INDEFINITE ARTICLES

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USE OF ‘THE’
Before the names of well-known books,
newspapers and magazines
Examples:-
The Bible is a sacred book
“The Hindu” is the name of a newspaper
The Kumudam is a good Tamil magazine

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Use of “The”
Before the names of rivers, seas, oceans and mountain
ranges
Examples:-
The Ganges is a sacred river of the Hindus
The pacific ocean is the biggest ocean
The Cauvery is a river passing through Tamil Nadu

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Use of “The”
Before the names of trains, ships, aero planes,
famous buildings and well-known families
Examples:-
The Tamil Nadu Express is late today
The INS VIRAT is a ship
The Charminar is situated in Hyderabad

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Use of “The”
Before words showing number, weight and
measure
Examples:-
Bananas are sold by the dozen
The distance between New Delhi and Agra is
about two hundred kilo metres.

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Use of “The”
Before important historical events
Examples:-
The first Battle of Panipat was won by
Babar
Gandhiji started the Quit India Movement

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USE OF “A”
Before singular words beginning with a consonant or
words beginning with a vowel, having a consonant sound
Examples:-
I bought a purse
He is a useful servant
He gave me a one-rupee note

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USE OF “AN”
Before singular words beginning with a vowel sound or
words beginning with a silent ‘h’.
Examples:-
He takes an egg daily
Have you ever seen an elephant?
An honest person never steals
His father is an honourable man

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TENSES
TENSE is form taken by a verb to show the time
of an action or a state
There are three main tenses
The present tense
The past tense
The future tense

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Present Tense
The present tense refers to the present time
Examples:-
She reads this book everyday
The girls are singing
He has gone to the post office
They have been working in the garden for
two days

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Past Tense
The PAST TENSE refers to the past time
Examples:-
She told us a story
They were looking at the pictures
Mohan had eaten his dinner when I went to see him
He had been thinking of his money all the time you
talked to him

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FUTURE TENSE
The FUTURE TENSE refers to the future time
Examples:-
It will get dark soon
I shall see you tomorrow
He will be staying with us for a week
We shall have invited them before next Monday

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FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF
THE PRESENT TENSE
PRESENT INDEFINITE – I work
PRESENT CONTINUOUS – I am working
PRESENT PERFECT – I have worked
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I
have been working

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FOUR DIFFERENT FORMS OF
THE PRESENT TENSE
I write a letter
I am writing a letter
I have written a letter
I have been writing a letter since morning

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I write a letter
This sentence does not show whether the
action is complete or incomplete.
So, the verb “write” is said to be in the
PRESENT INDEFINITE form

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Present Indefinite
He sings well
It happens every Sunday
We usually listen to the radio in the evening
She teaches Hindi in class V
I consider him to be fortunate
I really enjoy travelling
She often goes to Church
The children love jeans
The sun sets in the west
The crow is black
Ramu generally wears trousers

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I am writing a letter
This sentence shows that the action is still
going on
Hence the verb “am writing” is said to be in
the PRESENT CONTINUOUS form

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Present continuous
The baby is still sleeping
They are playing football
He is working with great skill
We are not trying to convince you
Raju is reading a newspaper at present
My parents are going to the theatre
I am revising the portions
Why are you playing now?
She is not reading the lesson correctly
The boys are not wasting their time

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I have written a letter
This sentence shows that the action is
complete
So, the verb “have written” is said to be in
the PRESENT PERFECT form

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Present Perfect
I have already done my work
He has come from Dubai
They have gone to Kanpur
He has not yet completed his work
The plane has just left
I have not spoken to her since last Monday
Have you written to her?
I have worked here for ten days

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Present perfect
I have washed my hands just now
I have found the pen you are searching for
They have been in Nepal for the last four months
I have known him for the past twenty years
I have never had problems regarding finance
Have you seen Ramesh?
Javed Akhtar has written several lyrics and
stories
Scientists have discovered many hidden laws of
nature

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I have been writing a letter since
morning
This sentence shows that the action
continues with reference to the time of
commencement
Hence, the verb “have been writing” is
said to be in the PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS form

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PRESENT PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
The baby has been sleeping for 3 hours
They have been living here since 1970
The teacher has been waiting for you since 10 am
He has been reading
You have been reading
They have been reading
I have been reading till mid night
It has been raining heavily all night
How long have you been staying in Germany?
I have been waiting in the queue for a long time
I have been learning Arabic for 3 years

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THREE TENSES - PRESENT,
PAST & FUTURE
There are four forms each to all the above-said
tenses
The four forms are:-
Indefinite
Continuous
Perfect
Perfect Continuous

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Four different forms of the past
tense
PAST INDEFINITE – I loved
PAST CONTINUOUS - I was loving
PAST PERFECT – I have loved
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS – I had
been loving

PAST INDEFINITE -used to denote a
single act in the past, to denote a habitual
action in the past, to denote an action going on
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in the past
Babar defeated Rana Sanga at Panipat
Mugal kings were crowned at Delhi
While they danced we sang
She was late yesterday
He was angry
We were grateful
They were happy
Ramu came home yesterday
My sister wanted a pen
I saw him last year
Teacher reached here an hour ago

Past Continuous – used to represent
an action as going on at some point
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in the past
They were playing Tennis when he saw them
When he came in, we were eating our supper
The patient was sleeping when the doctor went
to see him
When she came in, Ramu was reading a letter
When I saw him, he was playing chess
When I saw her, she was singing a song
When the headmaster came in, I was teaching
Mathematics

Past Perfect – denotes an action completed at
some point in past time before another action was
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commenced
The rain had stopped when we came out
I had written the letter before he arrived
I had done my exercise, when Hari came to see
me
The plane had left before we reached the
aerodrome
She felt sorry for what she had done
They went away after they had finished their
work
If you had worked hard, you would have passed
the exam.

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Past perfect
I had gone to bed when the phone rang
I had wanted to go to the temple before his
arrival.
After he had finished reading he switched off the
light
She had hoped to retire at 60 but they asked her
to continue for a few more years
The film had already started when we entered
the hall.
She had just stepped into the car when the
incident took place

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Past Perfect Continuous – denotes a
completed action which was going on in the
past before another action was commenced
He said that he had been learning English since
1989
They said that they had been staying there for
two months
I had been loving her since my school days
I had been trying hard to clear the IAS exam
since my graduation
I had been working in Godrej company since
2005

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FUTURE INDEFINITE – used for
an action that has to take place
I shall see him tomorrow
She will sing a song
I will help you (willingness, promise)
We shall reach there at 6 p.m.
He will write it on the notice board
Will you read it?
I shall go to Bangalore tomorrow
We will give donation
I will give you my pen (promise)
She shall go there tomorrow (command)
They shall have a holiday tomorrow

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Future Continuous – represents an action
as going on at some point in future time
I shall be reading the paper, then.
We shall be celebrating at this time
tomorrow
They will be writing
She will be reading
They will be talking

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FUTURE PERFECT – denotes an
action that will be completed at some
point in future time
I shall have written my exercise, by that
time
I shall have finished this work by the time
you come back
He will have written the book by the end of
June
The marriage party will have reached the
temple by 8 a.m.

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FUTURE PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
I shall have been sleeping
He will have been waiting
They will have been writing
We shall have been teaching
You will have been reading
(shall have been + ing, will have been +
ing)

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VERB
A verb is a word which tells us what a
person or a thing is doing
Examples:-
He reads a book
I went to his house
Leela is singing a song

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TRANSITIVE VERB
A verb which has an object is called a
transitive verb
Examples:-
He writes a letter
He sees pictures
Raju writes a poem
We hear songs
She practises dance

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INTRANSITIVE VERB
A verb which has no object is called an
intransitive verb.
Examples:-
The sun rises
The baby sleeps
The bell rang loudly
He fought bravely
She plays only on holidays

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ADVERB
An adverb is a word which modifies the
meaning of a verb, an adjective or another
adverb.
Examples:-
Kishore runs quickly
This is a very sweet mango
Govind reads quite clearly

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Some sentences using adverbs
Zaheer Khan can bowl fast
He behaves well
We started early
He works hard all day
The patient is much better

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I can hardly believe it
Do not walk so fast
India can ill afford to lose the match
Ram works hard
He arrived late

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She is prettily dressed
Akbar ruled wisely for many years
His wife never cooks
Is the box big enough?
He has only slept three hours

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We usually have breakfast at eight
He treated Balbir kindly
She behaved foolishly
They have completed the task nicely
He talked sweetly

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She speaks English well
He does his work carefully
The ship is going slowly
It is raining heavily
Don’t talk so loud

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They walk slowly
We wake early
A woman tells wisely
They take books easily
She writes carefully
He reads loudly
Women live happily
Dogs run bravely
I sleep well
Raju does not read quickly

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AUXILIARY VERBS
The verbs “ be (am, is, was etc), have
and do” , when used with ordinary verbs
to make tenses, passive forms, questions
and negatives, are called auxiliary verbs
Auxiliary means “ helping”

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Modal verbs
The verbs “ can, could, may, might, will,
would, shall , should, must and ought are
called modal verbs
They are used before ordinary verbs and
express meanings such as permissions,
possibility, certainty and necessity. “ need and
dare” are sometimes used as modal verbs
Modal verbs are often included in the group of
auxiliary verbs

THE VERB-PERSON & NUMBER
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When the subject is singular, verb will also be singular
Example:-
The child is crying
He is a good boy
When the subject is plural, verb will also be plural
Example:-
The children are smart
They are girls

The Verb – Person & Number
If the subject is plural, base form of the verb should
be used
Example
They talk good English
They go to the church every Sunday
If the subject is singular, base form + s(es) should be
used
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Example
She talks very loudly
He goes to the temple everyday

The verb – person & number
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I, you etc are used as plural subjects
Examples-
I like you
You look very tired
I try to help him
You are very intelligent
I agree with you
You are a smart girl

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PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word used instead of a
noun
Examples:-
I gave him my pen
He is young
They are young

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Personal Pronouns
The pronouns which stand for the
name of persons or things are said to
be personal pronouns
Personal Pronouns are of three kinds
First person
Second person
Third person

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Personal pronouns of the ‘FIRST
PERSON’
The pronouns ‘I’ and ‘We’ which denote
the person speaking are said to be
personal pronouns of the first person
Examples:- I, me, my, we, our, us etc
I have a bicycle
My father gave it to me

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Personal pronouns of the
‘SECOND PERSON’
The second person stands for the person
spoken to
Examples:- You, Your, Yours etc
You are a good boy
This book is yours

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Personal pronouns of the
‘THIRD PERSON’
The third person stands for anyone or
anything
Examples:-
He, his, him, she, her etc
He is my friend
She is a good girl

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Other kinds of pronouns
This, these, such, that, those etc
(demonstrative pronouns)
All, some, few, many, nobody, someone,
somebody, nothing, anybody etc
(Indefinite pronouns)
Each, either, neither etc (distributive
pronouns)
Who, whom, whose, what etc
(interrogative pronouns)

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PREPOSITION
A preposition is a word placed before a
noun or a pronoun to show its relation
to some other word in the sentence
Examples:-
The cow is in the field
Mother is angry with you

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SOME PREPOSITIONS
ON, IN, NEAR, WITH, TILL, UNDER
FROM, ALONG, OVER, THROUGH, BEYOND
ABOVE, BELOW, AT, AFTER, BEFORE
ABOUT, ACROSS, AGAINST, ALONG
BETWEEN, AMONG, BESIDE, BESIDES

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SENTENCES WITH
PREPOSITIONS
He robbed me of my purse
He puts heavy loads on my back
They took the pot to the old woman
I have warned him of his carelessness
He swam across the river
The bus stops at Avadi
Raju aimed at the Tiger
She left school at fifteen

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SENTENCES WITH
PREPOSITIONS
Meet me at ten O’ clock
Don’t say anything more about it
I will come after lunch
The letter A comes before C
Can you come before lunch?
He walked along the road
A river flows between its banks
Write your name above this line
The ball hit me below the knee

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Examples for prepositions
I often think about you
He is about to start
Meet me after five O’ clock
He swam across the river
He walked along the street

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I have seen you before
The snake was killed by John
He brought a present for his son
Swimming is good for health
My uncle came from Indore

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I go for a walk in the morning
They climbed over the wall
He will visit you in the evening
He slept for ten hours after the injection
He rang up at night

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I will come to your hostel on Sunday
I gave the book to a poor boy
You may have leave till Monday
The rider fell off the horse
He went into the shop

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Girls sat near a table
What is the time by your watch?
He reads till night
Whom are you waiting for?
He is suffering from fever

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Single word prepositions
About, as, despite, for, on, across, before
Of, toward, above, at, during, off, under
Underneath, after, behind, from, onto, in
Until, against, beneath, over, up, along
Beside, into, through, upon, among, like
To, with, around, by, near, together, within

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Multiword prepositions
According to, because of, contrary to
Except for, in addition to, in spite of
On account of, with regard to

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CONJUNCTION
The words that join words or sentences are
called CONJUNCTIONS.
Examples:- and, but, since, because, for, before,
till, whether, so, or etc
Vinod and Hari came to our house
Uncle came, but Aunty did not come
I have no pen, so I did not write English
Gopal did not come, because he went to Jaipur

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Some sentences with
conjunctions
The cat ran, but I did not see it
I learned Hindi and went to Kanpur
Leela took a bag and an umbrella
I have a good pen, so I shall write with it
Ramesh can run very quickly but Suma
can’t
Manoj has a hen, so he eats egg.

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Examples for conjunctions
Brother and sister went to America
Vishnu and Sunny ran
Headmaster came to the class, so I did not
laugh
He sat under the cot, so I did not see
He was absent because he was ill

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The rain had started before I reached office
I shall not come unless you need me
I have heard from many people that you are
wise
I have never seen him since he left the place
The girls sang while the boys played

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I shall not go without you
Since he was lazy he failed
Raju is intelligent as well as hardworking
I would rather suffer than beg him for mercy
As the helicopter was landing, it caught fire

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Praveen went to school and learnt his lesson
Get a pen or a pencil
She is intelligent but lazy
He was ill yet he walked all the way
Ranjan could not win because he was weak
The boy was caught while he was stealing a
watch
If it rains today, he will not go

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Point out the conjunctions
We shall play whether you play or not
Two and two make four
Look before you leap
Tell them that I will not come
We know not why they left us
The father as well as the son is to blame
Mohan is both rich and generous
Hurry up otherwise you will miss the train
Walk carefully lest you should fall
He is not only a writer but also an actor
Balu is neither wise nor brave

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Some conjunctions are used in
pairs
Either-or
Either take it or leave it
Either you come to the movie or watch cricket alone in the housej
Neither-nor
It is neither useful nor ornamental
Neither Raman nor Sudhir broke the bat
Not only-but also
Nehru was not only a statesman but also a man of letters
Sita was not only a dancer but also a singer
Both-and
We both love him and honour him
Ramesh and Suresh both like her and respect her
Whether-or
I do not care whether you go or stay
The boys must do this whether they like it or not

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INTERJECTION
An ‘Interjection’ is a word which expresses
some sudden feeling or emotion
E.g:-
Oh! It was horrible
Alas! He is dead
Hurrah! We have won the game
Well, you can always try again
Well done! Keep it up

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Common errors
The sceneries here are not good
The scenery here is not good – correct
He is my cousin brother
He is my cousin – correct
I am learning a new poetry
I am learning a new poem – correct
One of my uncle is a Ph.D.
One of my uncles is a Ph.D.

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Common errors
He wrote me
He wrote to me – correct
Everyone should pray God
Everyone should pray to God – Correct
This is different to that
This is different from that - correct
We prefer English from Hindi
We prefer English to Hindi - correct

92
Common errors
Raju lacks in confidence
Raju lacks confidence – correct
We all desire for happiness
We all desire happiness – correct
He ordered for a pair of shoes
He ordered a pair of shoes – correct
I married with Githa
I married Githa - correct

93
Common errors
He resembles with his father
He resembles his father-correct
He met me in the way
He met me on the way-correct
He rides in a cycle
He rides on a cycle-correct
He threw the stick in the river
He threw the stick into the river-correct

94
QUESTION TAGS
Brief questions attached at the end of a sentence are
called Question Tags.
Examples
He is reading, isn’t he?
She has passed, hasn’t she?
They are not coming, are they?
The boy can jump, can’t he?
The books were good, weren’t they?
Your father is a teacher, isn’t he?
The book was good, wasn’t it?
The boys will sing, won’t they?

95
More examples of Question Tags
The ladies needn’t come, need they?
The boy can swim, can’t he?
Mandakini has come, hasn’t she?
You know English, don’t you?
They live in the town, don’t they?
Let me do it now, shall I?
I am a little late today, aren’t I?
You came late, didn’t you?
She called me, didn’t she?
He speaks Hindi, doesn’t he?

96
FORMS OF VERBS
PRESENT TENSE PAST TENSE PAST
PARTICIPLE
Buy bought bought
fall fell fallen
arise arose arisen
begin began begun
choose chose chosen
awake awoke awakened
become became become
burn burnt burnt
bring brought brought

97
FORMS OF VERBS
PRESENT
TENSE
PAST TENSE PAST
PARTICIPLE
deal dealt dealt
cost Cost cost
do did done
catch caught caught
dream dreamt dreamt
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
feed fed fed

98
FORMS OF VERBS
Present tense Past tense Past participle
feel felt felt
break broke broken
bite bit bitten
bend bent bent
creep crept crept
feed fed fed
fight fought fought
find found found
draw drew drawn

99
FORMS OF VERBS
Present tense Past tense Past participle
show showed shown
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ring rang rung
ride rode ridden
quit quit quit
sell sold sold
sit sat sat

100
FORMS OF VERBS
Present
tense
Past tense Past participle
Spend spent spent
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
tell told told
shake shook shaken
speak Spoke spoken

WORDS COMMONLY MISSPELT
101
Accept advice accumulate
ancient argument acknowledge
awkward autobiography accommodate
abandon abundance accomplish
anniversary Aero plane acquaintance
annual audience achievement
bicycle bachelor business
boundary beautiful balloon
believe brilliance bulletin
complexion competent character

102
ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE
VOICE
ACTIVE VOICE
Rama killed Ravana
He makes a cot
They drink alcohol
They wrote two poems
PASSIVE VOICE
Ravana was killed by
Rama
A cot is made by him
Alcohol is drunk by them
Two poems were written
by them

103
ACTIVE VOICE AND PASSIVE
VOICE
ACTIVE VOICE
I teach him Sanskrit
They see a lotus
We see a portrait
Gopu kills a snake
PASSIVE VOICE
He is taught Sanskrit by
me
A lotus is seen by them
A portrait is seen by us
A snake is killed by Gopu

104
Active voice and passive voice
Active voice
I learned Tamil
My sister saw a picture
They saw a monkey
I took chairs
Passive voice
Tamil was learned by me
A picture was seen by my
sister
A monkey was seen by
them
Chairs were taken by me

105
THE PHRASE
A group of words, which makes sense, but not
complete sense, is called a Phrase.
Examine the following group of words:-
‘in a corner’ - It makes sense, but not complete
sense
‘in the east’ - It makes sense, but not complete
sense

106
Examples for Phrases
The sun rises in the east
There came a giant to my door
It was a sunset of great beauty
The tops of the mountains were covered
with snow
Show me how to do it
He has a chain of gold
She has a sari of silk

107
Examples for Phrases
Ramesh was a man of great wealth
The chief lived in a house built of stone
The magistrate was a man with a kindly
nature
I like to see a face with a smile on it
The coolies belonged to a tribe dwelling in the
hills
Rahul is a boy of great courage
Jawaharlal Nehru was a leader of great
statesmanship.

108
The Clause
A sentence which is part of a larger sentence is
called a Clause
Example:-
He died / before he was tried
The first part has a Subject (He) and a Predicate (died).
Similarly, the second part has a Subject (he) and a
Predicate (was tried)
Each part is therefore a sentence, which is part of a
larger sentence

109
Examples for Clauses
He did as he was told
People who pay their debts are trusted
We cannot start while it is raining
I think that you have made a mistake
He has a chain which is made of gold
He worked so hard that he succeeded
I am glad that he has recovered from his
illness
I did not pay him, as I had no money with me

110
EXAMPLES FOR CLAUSES
When the sun set he returned home
We have come so that we may help you
As soon as I saw the cobra I ran away
This exercise if so difficult that I cannot do
it
He may go home after his work is finished
As he was sick, he remained at home
I took him because you recommended him

111
NOUNS : GENDER
There are four classes of Genders in
English
Masculine Gender -for males
Feminine Gender -for females
Common Gender -for males & females
Neuter Gender - for things which do
not have life

112
MASCULINE GENDER
All names of male animals or persons
are of the Masculine Gender
Examples:- boy, king, hero, father, lion,
bull, man, tiger etc

113
FEMININE GENDER
All names of the female animals or
persons are of the feminine Gender
Examples:- girl, Queen, heroine, mother,
lioness, tigress, cow etc

114
COMMON GENDER
Nouns that can be applied to both male
and female are of the common gender
Examples:- Child, pupil, friend, neighbour,
servant, teacher, professor, lecturer etc

115
NEUTER GENDER
All things which do not have life, like
animals and human beings, are said to
be of the Neuter Gender
Examples:-
tree, chair, room, stone, iron, meadow etc
all abstract nouns
all collective nouns

116
GENDER
MASCULINE FEMININE
King Queen
Cock Hen
Dog Bitch
son daughter
Groom bride
boy girl
sir madam
widower widow
man woman

117
GENDER
MASCULINE FEMININE
Lord Lady
Horse Mare
Bachelor Spinster
Bull Cow
Nephew Niece
Landlord Landlady
Grand father Grand mother
He-goat She-goat
He-bear She-bear

118
GENDER
MASCULINE FEMININE
Actor Actress
Master Mistress
Host Hostess
Lion Lioness
Priest Priestess
Tiger Tigress
Governor Governess
Duke Duchess
God Goddess
Waiter Waitress

119
GENDER
MASCULINE FEMININE
Milkman Milkmaid
Peacock Peahen
Bull Calf Cow Calf
washerman washerwoman
emperor empress
Julius Julia
Joseph Josephine
sultan sultana
Author Authoress

120
NOUNS:- NUMBER
There are two numbers in English
singular number & plural number
Singular number denotes one person or thing.
E.g:- boy, girl, chair, table etc
Plural number denotes more than one person or
thing. E.g:- boys, girls, chairs, tables etc

121
NOUNS-NUMBERS
SINGULAR NUMBER PLURAL NUMBER
story stories
duty duties
tragedy tragedies
quantity quantities
body bodies
fancy fancies
whisky whiskies
city cities
sky skies

122
NOUNS-NUMBERS
SINGULAR PLURAL
Quality Qualities
mercy mercies
comedy comedies
brush brushes
class classes
bench benches
gas gases
box boxes
speech speeches

123
NOUNS-NUMBERS
SINGULAR PLURAL
glass glasses
fox foxes
dish dishes
lily lilies
folly follies
Key keys
journey journeys
valley valleys
photo photos

124
USE OF ‘WHAT’
What happened?
What do you mean?
What is your name?
What’s the matter?
What’s the trouble?
What can I do for you?
What’s the menu for dinner?
What’s the news?

125
Use of ‘What’
What are you looking for?
What should I wear in the party tonight?
What movie is on today?
What should I do now?
What do you say?
What did you say?
What is this?
What was that?

126
Use of ‘What’
What do you want?
What are you writing?
What do you want to say?
What’s your father? (father’s job)
What’s your mother?
What are you doing these days?
What was she doing in Mumbai?
What have you seen in Agra?
What did you write to your father?
What do you intend doing after passing High School?

127
USE OF ‘WHICH’
Which is your favourite movie?
Which book are you reading?
Which song did you prefer-Lata’s or Asha’s
Which pen are you using?
Which is your house?
Which is your room?
Which magazine are you reading?
Which music did you like- Hindustani or
Carnatic?
Which is your favourite dish?

128
Use of ‘Which’
Which of these two dresses will suit me better?
Which animal gives us wool? (The Sheep)
Which animal has a long neck?
Which animal barks?
Which animals give us milk?
Which animal has a trunk?
Which animal has a hump on its back?
Which animal has horns? (The cow)
Which animal pulls wagons? (The cart-horse)

129
Use of ‘Which’
Which insect weaves webs? (The spider)
Which bird hoots at night? (The owl)
Which are the beasts of prey? (lion, tiger, wolf,
fox etc)
Which animal resembles human beings? (The
ape resembles human beings)
Which is India’s national animal?
Which is India’s national bird?
Which city is the capital of Rajasthan?

130
USE OF ‘WHO’
Who are you?
Who are they?
Who sang the song?
Who will go to the market?
Who can do this work?
Who is the owner of this house?
Who can come with me?
Who is the prime minister of India?
Who did this?
Who paid the fees?

131
Use of ‘WHO’
Who finished first in the competition?
Who is the president of the congress party?
Who gave the book to Suresh?
Who purchased this T-shirt?
Who is the captain of the Indian Cricket team?
Who is he?
Who is she?
Who is that person?
Who called me?

132
Use of ‘WHY’
Why do you worry?
Why do you drink milk daily?
Why is her teacher so strict?
Why are you standing here?
Why don’t you apply for the exam?
Why are you speaking so loudly?
Why are you sitting in the balcony?
Why did you pay for that?
Why do you think too much?

133
Use of ‘WHY’
Why don’t you listen to me?
Why don’t you study well?
Why are you so serious?
Why are you so gloomy?
Why are you so careless?
Why are you so strict?
Why don’t you sing now?
Why don’t you tell a story now?
Why don’t you go to the class in time?

THANK YOU
RAJENDRAN
PRINCIPAL
134
S.K.A.TTI(W) AUNDIPATT

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