Portfolio B1 Pre-Intermediate Segundo Parcial

TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
OF AMBATO
LANGUAGE CENTER
“PORTFOLIO”
TEACHER: Lic. Lorena Melendez
NAME: Henry Jima Jiménez
LEVEL: “B1”
MARCH - APRIL 2021
AMBATO – ECUADOR

7A Comparatives and superlatives
We use comparative adjectives and adverbs to compare two things or actions, usually with
than:
Jon’s more interesting that Michael.
He’s richer than he was.
She drives more carefully than all my friends.
We use superlative adjectives and adverbs to talk about extremes, usually with the:
He’s the worst guitar player I the world!
Who can run the furthest?
He played the best I’ve even seen him play.
Less / least is th eoposite of more I most. We can use it with all adjectives and adverbs:
I’m less happy than I was.
She drives less slowly yhan me.
It was the least interesting meeting ever!
We can use as…as to show that two thing are equal:
He’s as tall as me.
She drives as carefully as me.
We can use not as…as to mean less than:
He isn’t as clever as me. (= He is less clever than me. I’m cleverer than him.)
She doesn’t drive as carefully as me. (= She drives less carefully than me. I
drive more carefully than her.)
We often use comparatives or as…as to compare past with present:
He’s much better than he was.
He’s not as bad as last time.
We often use superlatives with ever and the present perfect:
This is the best meal I’ve ever eaten.
It was the least interesting book I’ve ever read.

Adjectives
One syllable Rich – richer, the richest
Big – bigger, the biggest
Ending in –y Easy – easier, the easiest
Friendly – friendlier, the friendliest
Two or more
syllables
Careful – more careful, the most careful
Interesting – more interesting, the most interesting
Irregular
adjectives
Good – better, the best
Bad – worse, the worst
Far – further, the furthest
Clever – cleverer / the cleverest
Quiet – quieter / the quietest
Bored / tired / ill – more / the most bored / tired / ill
Adverbs
One syllable Hard – harder, the hardest
Late – later, the latest
Two or more
syllables
Often – more often, the most often
Carefully – more carefully, the most carefully
Irregular
adverbs
Well – better, the best
Badly – worse, the worst
Far – farther, the farthest
Early – earlier, the earliest
GRAMMAR N 7B

7B Used to
We use used to + infinitive to talk about past situations and habits which have
now changed. Used to tells us something was different in the past.
I used to be very thin. (= I was thin in the past, but I’m not thin now.)
He didn’t use to go to the gym. (= He didn’t go to the gym in the past, but
now he goes to the gym.)
Used to has the same form for all persons.
I/You/We/They/He/She/It
+ I used to hate tomatoes.
- She didn’t use to wear high heels.
Y/N? Did you use to be good at sport?
Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
There is not present form of used to. Use the present simple.
I play tennis three times a week.
NOT I use to play tennis three times a week.
Tip
Used to and the past simple
We can usually use the past simple to talk about these situations/habits, if we
make it clear that we are talking about a particular period of past time.
He was very fit when he was younger.
When I was a student, I went running three times a week.
It’s natural to use a mixture of used to and the past simple when we write or
speak about long-term past situations:
In the 1950s, people didn’t use to drive to work – most people walked or
cycled.

The passive voice
ACTIVE: Vivaldi composed The Four Seasons symphony in 1723.
PASSIVE: The four Seasons symphony was composed by Vivaldi in 1723.
ACTIVE: Medardo A. Silva wrote El alma en los labios poem in 1919.
PASSIVE: El alma en los labios poem WAS WRITTEN BY MAS IN 1919.
ACTIVE: James Cameron directed the Famous Academy Movie Titanic in 1997.

PASSIVE: The Famous Academy Movie Titanic was directed by J.C. in 1997.
ACTIVE: Michael Angelo sculpted David famous sculpture in 1504.
PASSIVE: David famous sculpture was sculpted by M.A in 1504.
PASSIVE: After the movie is based in real events.
PASSIVE: The Captain America is played by Cris Evans.
PASSIVE: Yesterday was played/ sung by The Beatles.
PASSIVE: My Favorite song

8A The passive: present and past simple
Active:
Most verbs in English are active – the doer of the verb comes before the verb.
Francis Ford Coppola made the Godfather in 1972.
He also made… (We are talking about the person.)
Passive:
In passive verbs forms the object comes before the verb.
It was filmed in… (We are talking about the film.)
We use passive verb forms when the main thing we are talking about is the object of the
verb.
Some common uses of the verb.
- When the doer isn’t important:
This house was built in the 1960s.
(It doesn’t matter who built it – the date is more interesting.)
130, 000 copies of thriller are sold every year.
(It doesn’t matter who sells them.)
- When we don’t know who did something:
The picture was stolen last night. (We don’t know who stole it.)
This photo was taken in Barcelona. (I don’t remember who took it.)
We form the passive with be + past participle. be shows the tense of the verb, e.g. present
simple.
Present simple Past simple
+ I am chosen for the school football
team every day.
Three Godfather films were made
altogether.
- This car isn’t sold in the US or
Canada.
Harry Potter wasn’t written for
adults.
Y/N? Am I invited to your party?
Yes, you are. / No, you’re not.
Was the Hobbit written for children?
Yes, it was. / No, it wasn’t.

Hyde Park has been opened to everyone since 1637.
Hyde Park has been opened to everyone for a long time.
Beefeaters have guarded the Queen for six centuries.
Beefeaters have guarded the Queen since 1400s.

There have been bridges across the River Thames since the first century.
There have been bridges across the River Thames for Two thousand years.
The British royal family has lived at Buckingham Palace since 1837

There has been an underground in London since 1863.
The new Wembley Stadium has opened since 2007

Leadenhall market has opened since 14th
century.
Leadenhall market has opened for about 500 years.

Double-decker buses have been used since 1829.
Double-decker buses have been used for more than 150 years.
8B Present perfect with for and since
We can use the present perfect with for and since to describe a situation that started in the
past and continues now.
In positive statements, we use the present perfect with for and since with particular verbs
which describe things that are often true for a long time: live, work, know, have, be, like,
love, hate, enjoy, own, etc.
We use since to say when something started:

I’ve had this T-shirt since 2007.
We often use a verb in the past simple after since:
I’ve loved tennis since I was a child. (I was a child when I started linking tennis, and I still
like it now.)
We use for to describe the length of time:
I’ve know him for a few days. (I met him a few days ago.)
We often use How long…? Questions with the present perfect to ask about a period of
time”
A How long have you lived here?
B Since I was a child. I for about ten years.
We from the present perfect with have + past participle.
See Grammar reference 3A for the full form.
Tip:
We can also use always or all my / your life:
I’ve always hated cheese. / I’ve hated cheese all my life.
Tip:
- Don’t use the present simple to talk about periods of time up to now. Use the
present perfect instead:
How long have you know each other?
NOT I low long do you know each other?
- Don’t use the present perfect for periods of time which are finished. Use the past
simple (with for, from…to) instead”
I lived there for two years / from 2009 to 2011.
NOT I’ve lived there from 2009 to 2011.

First Conditional
IF + SIMPLE PRESENT, WILL / MIGHT / GOING TO
If I pass this level, I will take four level.
If I pass this level, I might continue with my practices.
If I don’t study hard, I’m going to fail the exam.
I will take fou level If I pass this level.
I might continue with my practices If I study hard.
I’m going to pass my exam.
I might pass my exam.
9A First conditional
We use the first conditional to talk about a possible future situations and the result of that
situation:
(Possible future situation) If the weather is good at the weekend, (result) we’ll go to the
park.
(Possible future situation) If I get a good grade, (result) I’ll be very happy.
There are two clauses I a conditional sentence: The if clause and the main clause.
The if clause can go before or after the main clause.
If I pass my exams, I’ll get into university: If clause, main clause.

I’ll get into university if I pass my exams: Main clause, if clause.
To talk about a possible future situation, use the present simple in the if clause.
Tip: To talk about the result of the situation, use a suitable future from, e.g. will, might, be
going to, present continuous.
Statements
I’ll get a good degree if I work hard this year.
If he works hard, he won’t fail.
If they don’t work hard this year, they won’t get good degrees.
Her teacher might ask her to repeat the year if she doesn’t work hard.
Questions and short answers
What will you do if you pass?
If she doesn’t work hard, what will happen?
If you don’t get in to university, will you look for a job? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
Are his parents going to buy him a car if he works hard? Yes, they are. / No they’re not.
If I pass the entrance exam, I’m going to study maths at the best university in the country.
Tip: The word order in the if clause doesn’t change in questions.
What will you do if it rains?
NOT What will you do if doesn’t it rain?
We can make short questions with what if…?
What if the rains?
GRAMMAR N 9B
9B Verb patterns
Some verbs are often followed by another verb. The two most common patterns are:
- Verb + to + infinitive: I hope to see you soon.
- Verb + verb + ing: I don’t mind reading about famous people.
Sometimes both forms are possible with no change of meaning:
He started talking. I he started to talk.
I prefer talking to my friends. / I prefer to talk to my friends.
To make a negative on the second verb in both verb patterns, not goes before the verb.
I decided not to go to the party.
I hate not going to work.
Tip: We can make negatives with wither the first verb or the second verb. This sometimes
changes the meaning:
I didn’t choose to go to the party.
(I went to the party but only because I hat to.)
I chose not to go to the party. (I didn’t go to the party.)

Verb + To + infinitive Verb + verb + ing Both
Choose decide, want
would like, promise
expect, need plan learn
offer hope.
Describe discuss enjoy
finish not mind stop keep
think of.
Begin start, continue
prefer*
like* love*
hate*
Tip: I love going to parties. I love to go to parties.
But remember, after would like/love/hate/prefer you must always use to + infinitive:
I would love to come to the party.
NOT I would love coming to the party.
When a verb comes after a preposition (e.g. on, by, from, about etc.), it is always in the –
ing from:
You shouldn’t worry about talking to strangers.
I’m thinking of studying history.

GRAMMAR N 10A
“verb patterns” refers to the way as verbs interact each
other when they are placed together in a sentence.
E.g.:
I want to go to Madrid
I like going to Madrid
I can go to Madrid

1. Verb +to +infinitive
!She decided to quit her job.
!It seems to be a nice day
!I want to learn English.
Verb + to + Infinitive
!I would like to see you.
!We would love to go to the party.
Auxiliary
Verb + to + Infinitive

2. Verb + -ing
!I like jogging.
! We love praying in the morning.
!She hates walking.
!He quit smoking.
3. Verb +ing or Verb+to
No change in meaning
!It started to rain
!It started raining
!She continued to talk in German.
!She continued talking in German.

4. Verb + preposition+ -ing
!I’m thinking of going abroad.
!Adam is looking forward to traveling to Paris.
Verb Prep -ing
Prep -ing
Verb
Talking about you
!Do you like learning English? Why?
!Would you like to learn other foreign
language? Which one? Why?
!What are you thinking of doing on Saturday
morning?
!What do you enjoy doing in the evenings?

10A Second conditional
We use the second conditional when we imagine a situation in the present or future. The
situation is unreal, unlikely, or impossible.
We describe the unreal situation in the if clause. We talk about the result of that situation in
the main clause.
(Unlikely future situation) if I stole from work, (result) I’d feel bad. (result) I’d take a
holiday from work (impossible present situation) if I had mare money.
Use the past simple (And/or past continuous) in the if clause.
We can use would + infinitive or could + infinitive to talk about the result.
If it was raining and I saw hitchhiker, I’d stop.
I could go on more holidays if I had more money. (could = it would be possible)
Statements
If she crashed my car, I’d be very angry.
He wouldn’t stop to help if he saw an accident.
If you didn’t have a job, you couldn’t pay the rent.
Hollywood wouldn’t stop making films if people didn’t go to the cinema.
I’d give more money to charity if I were rich.

Questions and short answers
What would you do if you lost your job?
If you didn’t know the answers, would you cheat?
Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.
Would you buy your child a motorbike?
Yes, I would. / No, I wouldn’t.
Tip
- When we talk about impossible present situations with be, we usually use if I were,
no if I was:
If I were taller, I’d be better at basketball.
- We can also use the second conditional to give advice, with the phrase if I were you
(NOT if I was you):
If I were you, I wouldn’t park there. (I’m imagine the situation where I’m you.)
GRAMMAR N 10B

10B Quantifiers; too / not enough
Quantifiers
We use quantifiers before countable and uncountable nouns to describe the amount of
something.
Countable nouns are things that we can count: one book, five books.
Uncountable nouns are things that we don’t usually count: water NOT one water, five
waters.
Countable Uncountable
Large
quantity
There are a lot of books. There’s a lot of water.
No
particular
quantity
There are some books. There’s some water.
Small
quantity
There are a few books.
There aren’t many books.
There’s a bit of water.
There isn’t much water.
Zero
quantity
There are no books.
There aren’t any books.
There’s no water.
There isn’t any water.
Question Are they any books?
How many books are there?
Is there any water?
How much water is there?
Tip
Be careful with the nouns money, fruit, and furniture. They’re all uncountable in English.
We can say five euros, ten apples and six chairs, but NOT five moneys, ten fruits and six
furnitures.
Too / enough
We use too to say something is more than the right amount:
There are too many people. There’s too much noise.
We use not enough to say something is less than the right amount:
There isn’t enough food for everyone.
More than the right amount Less than the right amount
Nouns C There are too many people. There aren’t enough people.
U I eat too much cheese. There isn’t enough cheese.
Verbs He talks too much. He doesn’t talk enough.
Adjectives It’s too hot. It isn’t hot enough.
Adverbs She eats too quickly. She doesn’t eat quickly enough.
Very
We use verb before adjectives and adverbs. There is an important difference between very
and too:
It’s too small. / He’s driving too slowly.
(= I’m complaining about problems.)
It’s very small. / He’s driving very slowly.
(= I’m describing situations, not complaining.)
We use very much with verbs:
I like it very much. NOT I very like it.

11A Defining relative clauses
We use defining relative clauses to define a noun. A relative clause explains what kind of
thing, or which particular thing, we are talking about.
The film is about an android. X (not specific enough – you don’t know which film)
The film that is on TV tonight is about an android. ✔ (more specific – you know which
film I’m talking about).
A vet is a doctor. X (not enough information for a clear definition)
A vet is a doctor that looks after animals. ✔ (more specific – you know what kind of
doctor)
To add a definition relative clause after a noun, we use a relative pronoun (e.g. who, which,
that) or a relative adverb (e.g. where).
Use who or that when the nouns is a person:
It’s about a man who/that travels though time.
Use which or that when the noun is a thing:
There’s an art gallery which/that stays open 24 hours a day.
Use where when the noun is a place:
“The Matrix” is about a world where computers control everything.
Who, which, where and that replace other words in the clause:
It’s about a person he who travels through time.
There’s an art gallery it which stays open 24 hours a day.
“The Matrix” is about a world where computers control everything there.

11B Articles
Things in general
Ø = no article
Specific things
First mention Know which one
C singular A man, an egg The man, an egg
plural Ø scientist Some scientist The scientist
U Ø chocolate Some chocolate The chocolate
When we talk about things in general, we usually use no article:
Ø tourists sometimes have Ø accidents when they are climbing Ø mountains.
When we talk about specific things for the first time, we usually use a/an for singular
nouns:
I met a scientist. She was wearing a white coat.
We found an underground cave.
We don’t use an article for plural and uncountable nouns. We often use words like some,
any, much, many, etc., or a number:
He put some popcorn in a bowl.
They found 8,000 soldiers.
When we talk about specific things that we have already mentioned, we usually use the:
The popcorn popped.
The soldiers were all different.
We sometimes use the when we mention a specific thing for the first time:
- With a defining relative clause:
The film that I saw last night was brilliant.
- With a superlative adjective:
Usain Bolt is the faster runner in the world.
- When there is only one of something:
He was the only / first foreigner in the village.
The sun was low in the sky.
- When we expect the reader / listener to know what we are talking about:
Where’s the car? (=my/your/our car)
He got a taxi from the airport to the hotel. (= the airport that he arrived at, the hotel he
was staying at)
They saw a man in the ice (= the ice on the mountain)
We don’t use articles for the names of the most places, including countries (e.g. Vietnam,
China, Austria) or cities (e.g. Vienna, Xian, New Orleans) and other places (e.g. Mount
Everest, Lake Winnipeg).
But there are exceptions: The USA, The UK, The Alps, The Nile, The Golden Gate Bridge.
Tip:
There are some phrases where you can’t change the articles. You just have to learn the
phrase:
by accident / by chance / on purpose;
in bed / at home / at work;
by car / by plane / on foot.

12A Past perfect
The past perfect shows that something happened before a particular point in the past:
In 2008, I had left London and I had moved to Cambridge. (I did this before 2008.) I got a
job… (I did this in 2008.)
We forms the past perfect with had + past participle. It is the same for all persons.
I/You/We/They/He/She/It
+ I’d left before he arrived.
- He hadn’t arrived when I left.
Y/N? Had you seen him?
Yes, we had. / No, we hadn’t.
The past perfect is often used with the past simple. The two clauses are often joined with
when, because or so.
When + past simple, past perfect
When I got home, my goldfish had disappeared.
Past simple, because + past perfect
I was late because my car had broken down.
Past perfect, so + past simple
We’d never been to a concert before, so we were very excited.
12B Reported speech
When we talk about someone said in the past, we often use reported speech:
I don’t know what happened. (direct speech)
She said she didn’t know what had happened. (reported speech)
We usually use the verbs say and tell in the past simple.
After tell you must include the person who was spoken to:
My sister said (that)…
My sister told me (that)…
We can also include that before the reported words – however, it’s not necessary.
We change the verb forms in the reported words by shifting them back one tense.
Direct speech Reported speech
Present simple – past simple I don’t like this book – He said he didn’t
like the book.
Can – could You can start eating – He said we could
start eating.
Will – would She’ll be angry – I told him she’d be
angry.
Present continuous – past continuous I’m watching TV. – He said he was
watching TV.
An, is, are going to – was, were going to I’m not going to sleep – He said she’d
seen me break it.
Past simple – past perfect I saw you break it – She said she’d seen
me break it.
Present perfect – past perfect I’ve never been to London – I told them
I’d never been to London.1

1. Form the degrees of comparisons:
1. nice Nicer The nicest
2. short Shorter The shortest
3. young Younger The youngest
4. new Newer The newest
5. old Older The oldest
6. careful More careful The most careful
7. modern More modern The most modern
8. popular More popular The most popular
9. dangerous More dangerous The most dangerous
10.expensive More expensive The most expensive
11.little Littler The littlest
12.bad Worse The worst
13.good Better The best
14.much/many More The most
2. Fill in the missing forms of the degrees of comparisons:
1.high higher The highest
2.small smaller The smallest
3.large larger the largest
4. heavy heavier The heaviest
5.new newer Newest
6.interesting More interesting the most interesting
7. beautiful More beautiful The most beautiful
8.difficult more difficult The most difficult
9. creative More creative The most creative
10.careful More careful the most careful
11.bad worse The worst
12.much/many more the most
13.good better The best
14. little littler littlest
3. Choose the correct variant:
1. Mary is ___ than Kate.
a) tall b) taller c) the tallest
2. Tom is ___ than Bob.
a) short b) shorter c) the shortest
3. Bill reads ____ than Ben.
a) much b) more c) the most
4. Pam is ___ than Helen.
a) old b) older c) the oldest
5. Mona’s dress is ___ than Pam’s dress.
a) cheap b) cheaper c) the cheapest
6. Nick is ____ than Mike.
a) fast b) faster c) the fastest
7. Tim is ____ than his brother.
a) helpful b) more helpful c) the most helpful
8. This text is ___ than that text.
a) difficult b) more difficult c) the most difficult
4. Fill in the correct form of the word:
1. July is the hottest (hot) month of the year.
2. My bike is the cheapest (cheap).
3. This is the highest (high) tree in this park.
4. Peter is the best (good) runner at school.
5. Mona is the cleverest (clever) student in our class.
6. This task is the most difficult (difficult) in the test.
7. The traffic on this road is the most dangerous
(dangerous).
8. It is the heaviest (heavy) box here.
9. My granny is the oldest (old) in our family.
10. This car is the most expensive (expensive) here.
11. Liz is the fattest (fat) girl in our street.
12. This is the best (good) translation.
13. It is the most popular (popular) film now.
14. I think it is the coldest (cold) day today.
15. It is the biggest (big) size of the dress.
16. Bob is the best (good) student in our class.
5. Comparative or superlative?
1. April is warmer (warm) than January.
2. August is the hottest (hot) month of the year.
3. November is colder (cold) than September.
4. It is the oldest (old) tree in this park.
5. My mobile is more expensive (expensive) than yours.
6. This text is the easiest (easy) text in the book.
7. It is the most boring (boring) film this week.
8. Pam’s hair is longer (long) than Kate’s hair.
9. I think it is the longest (long) day.
10. The most beautiful (beautiful) place is Paris.
11. These cakes are the best (good) in this shop.
12. Your car is cheaper (cheap) than mine.
13. Bob is taller (tall) than Nick.
14. Sam is the tallest (tall) boy in our class.
15. Tom is two years younger (young) than Paul.
16. This building is the most beautiful (beautiful).
6. Correct the mistakes:
1. I have the heaviest bag.
2. Tom is the best in our group.
3. Helen is thinner than Pam.
4. Mona is happier than Liz.
5. Tony is older than Pete.
6. This apple is the sweetest.
7. Your watch is cheaper than mine.
8. The tree is the oldest in the street.
9. My house is more expensive than yours.
10. This animal is the most dangerous in the zoo.
11. Sam gets up earlier than Bill.
12. This building is the most modern in this town.
13. February is the coldest month of the year.
14. May is warmer than March.
15. Bill is faster than Nick.
16. This test is the most difficult.

COMPARATIVES
1- WINTER IS colder than SPRING (COLD)
2- GIRLS ARE quieter than BOYS ( QUIET)
3- MY GARDEN IS smaller than A PARK (SMALL)
4- RUGBY IS more dangerous than FOOTBALL ( DANGEROUS)
5- A SOFA IS more comfortable than A CHAIR
(CONFORTABLE)
6- MY FATHER IS stronger than MY BROTHER (STRONG)
7- ENGLISH IS easier than MATHS (EASY)
8- A MONTH IS longer than A WEEK (LONG)
9- A PLANE IS faster than A CAR (FAST)
10- A CAR IS more expensive than A BIKE ( EXPENSIVE
SUPERLATIVES
1-FEBRUARY IS the shortest MONTH INTHE YEAR (SHORT
2- CLIMBING IS the most dangerous SPORT ( DANGEROUS)
3-PIGS ARE the dirtiest ANIMALS IN THE WORLD (DIRTY)
4-DOLPHINS the most intelligent ANIMALS IN THE SEA
(INTELLIGENT)
5- MY GRANDFATHER IS the oldest PERSON IN MY
FAMILY ( OLD)
6-SHARKS ARE the most dangerous ANIMALS IN THE SEA.
(DANGEROUS)
7-SUMMER IS the hottest SEASON OF ALL ( HOT)
CIRCLE THE CORRECT OTION
1- SPRING IS WINDIER THAN / THE WINDIEST
SUMMER
2- CARS ARE THE QUICKEST / QUICKER THAN A BIKE
3- MY SISTER IS THE SHORTEST / SHORTER THAN
PERSON IN MY FAMILY
4- A RADIO IS CHEAPER THAN / THE CHEAPEST A T.V.
5- MY BEDROOM IS TIDIER THAN / THE TIDIEST
ROOM IN MY HOUSE.
6- HISTORY IS THE MOST INTERESTING/ MORE
INTERESTING THAN SUBJECT OF ALL.
7- A GORILLA IS THE STRONGEST/ STRONGER THAN A
SNAKE.
8- COCRODILES ARE MORE DANGEROUS THAN/ THE
MOST DANGEROUS SNAKES.
REWRITE THE SENTENCES WITH A COMPARATIVE
AND NOT AS...... AS
EXAMPLE: SALLY IS 1.70 METRES. I AM
1.80METRES. (TALL)
I’M TALLER THAN SALLY. SALLY ISN’T AS TALL AS
ME
1-THE GOLD RING IS $ 70. THE SILVER RING IS $
65.(EXPENSIVE)
The silver ring is not as expensive as the gold ring.
2-THE BUS LEAVES AT 12.00 O’CLOCK.THE TRAINS
LEAVES AT 1.00 O’CLOCK. (EARLY)
The trains does not leaves as early as the bus.
3- MATHS IS DIFFICULT TO ME. LANGUAGE IS
NOT VERY DIFFICULT TO ME (DIFFICULT.)
Language is not as difficult as math for me.
4- I’M 43 YEARS OLD. MY HUSBAND IS 50 YEARS
OLD. (YOUNG)
My husband is not as young as me.
5- YESTERDAY I ARRIVED HOME AT 11.00. MY
BROTHER ARRIVED HOME AT 11.30 (LATE)
Yesterday I don’t arrived as late as my brother.
AS ..........AS - NOT AS........AS
1- BASKETBALL IS not as popular as
FOOTBALL (POPULAR)
2- SHE IS as tall as YOU (TALL)
3- YOUR SISTER IS as intelligent as YOUR
COUSIN
(INTELLIGENT)
4- MY DRESS IS as pretty as YOUR DRESS
(PRETTY)
5- THIS EXERCISE IS not as difficult as THE
PREVIOUS ONE
( DIFFICULT)
6- A TOWN IS not as polluted as A CITY (
POLLUTED)
7- A VILLAGE IS not as noisy as A CITY
(NOISY)

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct word “Health problems and treatments”
Fever / colic / backache / earache / cold / headache / sore throat / stomach-ache / cough /
Toothache.
1. Cold a respiratory disorder characterized by sneezing, sore throat, cough, etc.
2. Cough an illness characterized by frequent coughing.
3. Sore throat scratchiness in the throat, painful and sensitive condition.
4. Headache a pain located in the head as over the eyes, at the temples or at the base of
the skull.
5. Colic severe abdominal pain caused by spasm.
6. Fever abnormally high body temperature.
7. Earache pain in the ear.
8. Backache a pain or discomfort in the region of the back or spine.
9. Toothache pain in or about a tooth.
10. Stomach-ache pain in the stomach or abdomen.
B. Choose the correct option or remedy.
1. I have a headache.
a. You should listen to the radio.
b. You should take an aspirin and rest.
2. I have a stomachache.
a. You should eat junk food.
b. You should drink some Pepto-Bismol.
3. I have a sore throat.
a. You should drink cold beverages.
b. You should drink some chamomile tea and with honey and lemon.
4. I have a toothache.
a. You should eat a lot of candies
b. You should go to the dentist
5. I have a cold.
a. You should go to the doctor, drink a lot of fluids, stay home and rest.
b. You shouldn’t see a doctor; you must go to work.
6. I have diarrhea.
a. You should eat healthier and wash your hands frequently.
b. You shouldn’t eat healthier, and don’t worry about washing your hands constantly.
7. I have a backache.
a. You should go to the chiropractic.
b. You should carry heavy things.

C. Write the correct thing to do in case of….
Electric shock / broken bone / drowning / poisoning / burns.
1. Burns Put the affected area under cold water.
2. Electric shock Separate the person from the appliance or wire.
3. Broken bone Immobilize the area.
4. Drowning Press the chess hard and give breath directly mouth to mouth.
5. Poisoning Take the person to the hospital with the container.

FIRST CONDITIONAL
(exercises)
1) Match the sentence halves.
1. I’ll be disappointed if you don’t come to the party.
2. We’ll go to the park if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.
____________________________________________
3. I’ll be happy if I pass my final exam.
____________________________________________
4. You’ll feel unwell if you eat too much.
____________________________________________
5. I’ll phone you if I need your help.
____________________________________________
6. I’ll pay for lunch if you pay for dinner.
____________________________________________
2) Choose the best answer, a or b.
3) Complete these superstitions
4) Complete the first conditional sentences with your own ideas.
If you eat too much, I’ll be disappointed
if it doesn’t rain tomorrow I’ll be happy
if I pass my final exam you’ll feel
unwell
I’ll phone you If you pay for dinner,
We’ll go to the park If I need your help,
I’ll pay for lunch if you don’t come to the party
1. If a cat washes (wash) behind its ears, it will be raining (rain).
2. If the bride makes (make) her own dress, it will bring (bring) bad luck.
3. You will catch (catch) a cold if a cat sneezes (sneeze) three times.
4. If you open (open) an umbrella indoors, it will bring (bring) bad luck.
5. Something bad will happen (happen) to you if you walk (walk) under the ladder.
6. If you take (take) the last piece of bread on the plate, you will be (be) unlucky.
7. If you have (have) an itchy nose, you will have (have) an argument with someone soon.
1. I’ll be happy if I pass the English course.
2. If it rains all weekend, I won’t be able to leave my house.
3. If I forget my best friend’s birthday, she will be angry.
4. I’ll pass all my exams, if I study very hard.
5. If I don’t feel well tomorrow morning, I won’t go to the party.
6. I’ll go to bed early, if I finish my homework.
7. I’ll be disappointed if I finish my homework.
_______________________________________________________________
1. If I find the book you want, I’ll send you a text message.
a) I’ll definitely find the book b) I might find the book
2. If the tickets are too expensive, Sam won’t buy them.
a) Sam might buy the tickets b) Sam will definitely buy the tickets
3. I’ll tell Jane the news if she comes to the party.
a) Jane might come to the party b) Jane’s definitely coming to the party
4. John’s parents will give him a car if he passes the exam.
a) He might have a car b) He’ll definitely have a car

FILL THE SPACES WITH THE CORRECT VERB FOLLOWED BY TO+ INFINTIVE / VERB + ING
1) I refused to be an instrument of our social destruction.
2) They missed studying in the same high school.
3) You forgot to mention another important aspect in our company.
4) Your doctor may recommended taking some medicine.
5) You agreed to put money into my account every week.
6) I can’t imagined living in another city.
7) None of you managed to finish the job.
8) We arranged to meet for a drink.
9) He seemed to be enjoying working with the trainers.
10) I avoid smoking every day.
FILL THE SPACES WITH THE CORRECT VERB PATTERN
1) I finish working (to work) at 8 pm.
2) Mary learns to play (to play) volleyball.
3) I prefer sleeping (to sleep) late on weekends.
4) She loves lo cook (to cook) at home.
5) He hates going (to go) to the dentist.
6) She needs to leave (to leave) at 6 AM.
7) We hope to finish (to finish) the job by lunchtime.
8) She keeps studying (to study) hard to finish the semester.
9) I want to buy (to buy) a new car next year.

10) We stop playing (to play) the computer every weekend.
VERBS PATTERNS
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT FORMS OF THE VERBS IN THE BOX
MEET GET GO TAKE SNOW BUY READ PLAY
1. He promised to buy her a tablet if she got Good grades in her exam.
2. We decided to take the bus because the train was a lot more expensive.
3. I really enjoy going to the theatre when I´m in London.
4. She expected to get a Good result, but she didn´t.
5. My children used to love playing games on the beach when they were Little.
6. She´s arranged meeting him at the check-in desk at the airport.
7. He finished reading his book and then went to bed.
8. It started to snow heavily last night and now they´ve close the airport.

Second Conditional
(exercises)
1) Look at the pictures. Use the words below to complete the second conditional sentences.
1 2 3 4 5
2)
We use the second
conditional to
describe an imaginary
situation or event, and
its result.
2) Complete the second conditional questions with the verbs in brackets.
1. What age would you be (you / be) if you could (can) be any age right now?
2. If you were (be) an animal, what animal would you be (you / be)?
3. Which year would you go (you / go) to if you could (can) travel backwards in time?
4. If you found (find) a purse full of money in the street, what would you do (you / do)?
5. How much money would you give (you /give) to charity if you won (win) 1 million pounds?
6. If you stopped (stop) studying English, would change your life (change)?
7. Would you cheat (you / cheat) if you didn’t know (not know) the answer in an exam and nobody was
looking?
3) Underline the mistakes in the second conditional sentences and write the correct words on the right.
1. What would you do if you would see a big hairy spider in your bed? ______ saw ______
2. If I spilled orange juice on my English homework, I will be upset. Would be
3. Did you explore a desert island if you were alone on it? Would you explore
4. What did you do if I forgot your birthday? Would you do
5. Would Adam come to the party if we would send him an invitation? Sent
6. If I lived not far from you, we can walk to school together. Didn’t live; Could
7. If you could be anyone in the world, who will you choose to be? Would
8. Which one item would you rescue if your house is on fire? was
9. If you have a special power, what would you be able to do? had
1. If I were the browns, I would let the dog sit at the table.
( the Browns / I / let / the dog / sit / at the table )
2. If it was/were was sunny John would stay at home.
( sunny / John / stay / at home )
3. Sarah would buy that dress if she was thinner.
( that dress / if / she / be / thinner )
4. Kate could go to the cinema is Sam invited her.
( go / to the cinema / if / Sam / invite / her )
5. If Jake had more courage, he would go to the dentist.
( more courage / he / go / to the dentist )

S
S
So
o
om
m
me
e
e /
/
/ A
A
An
n
ny
y
y
1. There are some students in the dining room.
2. Would you like some tea?
3. There aren’t any interesting people at the meeting.
4. Are there some tomatoes left?
5. Have you got any bread?
6. Could I have some bread, please?
7. There is some sugar on the table.
8. Are there any pretty girls in the class?
9. I don’t think I have any milk left; would you prefer some fruit juice?
10. Julie can speak some French but she can’t speak any Spanish.
11. I can lend you some money if you want.
12. We haven’t got any eggs.
H
H
Ho
o
ow
w
w m
m
mu
u
uc
c
ch
h
h /
/
/ H
H
Ho
o
ow
w
w m
m
ma
a
an
n
ny
y
y
1. How many friends do you have?
2. How much sugar does Mum need for the cake?
3. How much money have you spent?
4. How many lumps of sugar do you put in your coffee?
5. How many people were on strike?
6. How much does it cost?
7. How much petrol can you put in the tank?
8. How many exercises did the teacher give us?
9. How much children are there in your son’s class?
10. How many sandwiches shall I prepare?
11. How much television does he watch every day?
12. How much water do you drink every day?
L
L
Li
i
it
t
tt
t
tl
l
le
e
e /
/
/ F
F
Fe
e
ew
w
w /
/
/ A
A
A l
l
li
i
it
t
tt
t
tl
l
le
e
e /
/
/ A
A
A f
f
fe
e
ew
w
w
1. Our art teacher is disappointed: very few parents came to see our exhibition.
2. I have a little money, at least enough to buy you an ice cream.
3. You have worked too a little and have completed very few exercises; I would like you to do some more.
4. Although I am a new student, I have got a few friends whom I can rely on.
5. Hurry up! We have very little time left.
6. Betty knows a few French ; it is not enough to get around Paris.
7. I managed to get a little information on him; now I know a bit more.
8. She is always on her own; she has very few friends.
9. I usually have few wine with my lunch, the doctor told me it’s good for my health!
10. I don’t like Mrs. Spencer, our new math teacher; she has very little patience.
11. They have watched that film a few times; they said it’s good.
12. Are you sure you can drive?
Yes, I have had a few drinks but don’t worry I am not drunk!
Q
Q
QU
U
UA
A
AN
N
NT
T
TI
I
IF
F
FI
I
IE
E
ER
R
RS
S
S

UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE AMBATO
ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAM
Name: Henry Jima
Level: B1
Date: 15/04/2021
UNIT 10- LESSON B
QUANTIFIERS
A. Read the sentence; complete with the corresponding quantifier.
1. We didn’t have --- food in the fridge.
a. a few b. too much c. any d. no
2. My friend had --- money to buy her mobile. She could afford it.
a. enough b. some c. too much d. a bit of
3. The place was ---. No one could enter.
a. a lot of crowded b. too crowded c. too many people d. some people
4. The test had --- questions. We couldn’t answer some.
a. enough b. too much c. a few d. too many
5. The boy walks ---. I spent a lot of time to arrive to the place.
a. too fast b. too slowly c. too quickly d. not slowly enough
B. Correct the mistake in the following sentences.
1. The children ate too many junk food. much
2. The room was clean enough. There was food everywhere. Wasn’t
3. Children need many help to do their project. much
4. My mom doesn’t have many energy. Much / any
5. There were students in class. It was empty. any

UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE AMBATO
ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROGRAM
Name: Henry Jima
Level: B1
Date: 15/04/2021
UNIT 10-LESSON B
NOUN FORMATION
A. Complete the sentences with the corresponding verb or noun.
1. The ____________________________of the product was not clear. (DESCRIBE/ DESCRIPTION)
2. We’ve __________________________ a couple of times this year. (COMPLAINED/ COMPLAINT)
3. My friend didn’t make a good __________________ in her life. (CHOOSE / CHOICE)
4. Doing extreme sports have brought him a lot of ______________________. (ENJOY/ ENJOYMENT)
5. The postmen _______________________a lot of boxes today because it was raining. (DELIVERS/
DELIVERY)
B. Match the sentences halves.
1. Andres didn’t make a good decision ___4_queue to go into the supermarket.
2. My mother complaint ___1_to buy the more expensive product.
3. The boy chose __3__when he bought the old car.
4. We had to __5__understandable. I got confused.
5. The explanation was not __2__when she received a broken object she bought.

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
1. Fill in the blanks with: who, whom, which,
whose, where or when.
1. Can you give me back the money which I
lent you last month?
2. This is the restaurant where we used to
eat when we lived in Boston.
3. Mark has sent me an e-mail which I
haven’t replied yet.
4. Who’s the person who is sitting next to
Nancy?
5. They complained about the wrong goods
which were sent to them.
6. This is Susan whose husband works in the
sales department.
7. Candy is wearing a new dress which she
bought in the summer sales.
8. Monday is the day when bills have to be
paid.
9. The secretary showed me the filing
cabinet where important documents are
filed.
10. Do you like the boy whom Mary is
talking to?
11. We enjoyed the party which Peter and
Pam had to celebrate Christmas.
12. Are you the person who applied for a job
as a receptionist?
13. Is this the pub where you meet your
friends?
14. You have to delete the sheet which is
repeated.
15. April is the month when we have Easter
holiday in Spain.
16. The advice which Sam gave me was
quite senseless.
17. Have you bought the food which I asked
you?
18. Phone Mrs Smith who you will have to
talk to tomorrow.
19. Let’s visit the park where we played
after school.
20. Celebrities receive lots of invitations
which they don’t accept.
21. Did you refuse the offer wich the
company made you?
2. Join the sentences to make defining relative
clauses. Make the necessary changes.
1. Pass me the dictionary. I put it on the shelf.
Pass me the dictionary which I put it on the shelf.
2. Will you help me to do the exercises? I don’t
understand the exercises.
Will you help me to do the exercises which I don’t
understand.
3. We haven’t met Mr Smith yet. His daughter
studies with Paul.
We haven’t met Mr Smith yet whose daughter
studies with Paul.
4. We won’t forget the day. We went to Justin
Beaber’s concert that day.
We won’t forget the day when we went to Justin
Beaber’s concert.
5. Peter has read the book. I recommended the book
to him.
Peter has read the book which I recommended to
him.
6. They sent me a postcard of the hotel. They stayed
there on holiday.
They sent me a postcard of the hotel where they
stayed on holiday.
7. This is my best friend. I met her at school ten years
ago.
This is my best friend who I met her at school ten
years ago.
8. Is this the man? This man accused you of stealing
his wallet.
Is this the man who accused you of stealing his wallet?
9. Peter made a lemon cake. It is his speciality.
Peter made a lemon cake which is his speciality.
10. I want you to introduce you to Mrs Black. Her
husband is an engineer.
I want you to introduce you to Mrs Black whose
husband is an Engineer.
11. Can you show me the room? Meetings are held in
that room.
Can you show me the room where meeting are held?
12. I don’t know the man. Sue is dancing with him.
I don’t know the man who Sue is dancing with.
13. We last saw Mary on Christmas Day. She came to
our party then.
We last saw Mary on Chrismas Day when she came
to our party.
14. You have to correct the mistakes. You’ve made
mistakes in the letter.
You have to correct the mistakes which you’ve made
in the letter.
15. I like Mrs White. She is in charge of the Marketing
Department.
I like Mrs White who is in charge of the Marketing
Department.

A
A
A /
/
/ A
A
AN
N
N /
/
/ T
T
TH
H
HE
E
E /
/
/ Ø
Ø
Ø
F
F
Fi
iil
lll
ll i
iin
n
n t
t
th
h
he
e
e b
b
bl
lla
a
an
n
nk
k
ks
s
s w
w
wi
iit
t
th
h
h A
A
A /
/
/ A
A
AN
N
N /
/
/ T
T
TH
H
HE
E
E /
/
/ Ø
Ø
Ø
1. A couple was sitting on a bench. A man was reading a book while a woman was knitting.
2. The cheetah is the fastest land animal.
3. What a nice view!
4. We went to the cinema and saw a very funny movie. We really had a good time !
5. You should take an umbrella, it’s going to rain.
6. My father is a vet and my mum is a teacher.
7. I need a new pair of ____x___ shoes.
8. What ____x_____ lovely shoes you have!
9. I am against _____x______ vivisection.
10. She dislikes _____x_____ bananas.
11. The banana I ate this morning was ripe.
12. A dog is the pet she prefers; she thinks it is a faithful animal. Personally, I prefer ____x___
cats.
13. How much ____x____ luggage do they have?
14. He went to ____x__ school by ____x___ bike.
15. Put the oil in the pan.
16. Go past the school and then it’s on your right. You can’t miss it!
17. ____x__ prices have gone up lately.
18. Would you like a cup of ___x____ tea?
19. They play __x____tennis twice a week.
20. She has a shower every morning.
21. Ann and Rob met by ____x____ chance on ___x___ train.
22. The boy who is sitting in the last row is my brother.
23. Will you pass me the salt, please?
24. The French are said to be presumptuous ____x___ people.
25. They live in __x_____ Belgium but they were born in the USA.
26. The mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
27. We had a romantic dinner cruise on the Seine.
28. The Himalayas form the border between ___x___ India and the rest of the Indian continent.
29. He is afraid of _____x___ death.
30. I want to know the truth.
31. Paul plays _____x____ soccer better than he plays ___x_____ guitar.
32. The most boys are interested in ___x_____ cars.
33. I heard on the radio that there had been a terrible earthquake in ___x__ California ___x____
last night.
34. Make ___x____ love, not ____x__ war!
35. Lynn goes to ____x____ university by ________ car; it takes her an hour to get there.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION
1.- When Anne opened/had opened the door, she realized that somebody broke/had broken
into.
2.- Elisa was very upset because her computer disappeared/had disappeared yesterday.
3.- My cousin promised/had promised me to bring me a souvenir from France last month.
5.- By the time Julia left/had left the shop, she spent/had spent all her money on clothes.
6.- I didn’t want to see that film because I saw/had seen it twice.
7.- Philip tidied/had tidied his bedroom before he left/had left for work.
8.- My husband did/had done the shopping after I called/had called him.
9.-Alfred had worked/worked in a bank for five years before he was sent to Rome.
10.-The judge said that she was guilty because she took/had taken the money for herself.
WRITE PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT?
1.- Barbara had lived(live) in Greece for three years before she moved (move) to Italy.
2.-My team didn’t win (not win) the football match because they had played (play) badly.
3.-The teacher punished (punish) the student because he had been (be) very naughty.
4.-By winter, the new soap opera had become (become) the most popular show on TV.
5.-He had mugged (mug) three passengers by the time the police arrived (arrive)
6.-The pirates hijacked (hijack) an enormous ship two months ago in Somalia.
7.-The captain of the ship surrendered (surrender) because he had hated (hate) violence.
8.-The journalist had interviewed (interview) the famous actress before the TV came (come)
9.-Everyone had left (leave) the train before the bomb exploded (explode)
10.- By the time my mum prepared (prepare) lunch, we had laid (lay) the table.
Complete the text with verbs in brackets. Use Past Simple or Past Perfect:
In March 1999, thieves stolen (steal) diamonds jewellery from Woolworth, a famous jewellery
shop in Boston. The thieves were very smart. Before the robbery, they had hidden (hide) in
the building next door and cut (cut) a hole through the wall.
They used it to get into the shop. By the time the guard at the entrance saw (see) them, they
had already taken (already/take) the very expensive jewellery from the safe.
A man from the neighbourhood had heard (hear) some noises in the shop and he called (call)
the police but when they arrived (arrive) to the shop, the thieves had escaped (escape).

C. Finish the senten-
ces using reported
speech.
1. “He works in a bank”.
She said that he worked in a bank.
2. “I went out last night”.
She told me she told me she had gone out the
previous night.
3. “I can help you tomorrow”.
He said he could help me the next day..
4. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”.
He said he hadn’t eaten breakfast.
5. “I visited my parents at the weekend”.
He told me he had visited his parents at the weekend.
6. “I won’t see you tomorrow”.
She said she wouldn’t see me the next day.
7. “Lucy will come later”.
Tom said that Lucy would come later.
8. “I will have finished this paper by tomorrow”
He said he would have finished this paper the next
day.
9. “It is very quiet here”.
She said it was very quiet there.
10. “We were in London last week”.
He said they had been in London last week.
11. “She has been living here since 2006”.
She said she had been living here since 2006.
A. Say or Tell? Choose the correct one:
1. Julie said that she would join us after
work.
2. She told me that she was going
running this evening.
3. John told us that he couldn’t come.
4. I said that I hated mushrooms.
5. Jack told my brother he would arrive
in Spain next week.
6. They said they were meeting Luke
today.
7. He said he wouldn’t start without us.
8. I told them I’d bring pudding.
9. He told me to shut up and play.
10. My brother told them he was good
at playing chess.
11. She said that it was a great idea.
12. He said that it had snowed the
previous week.
B. Rewrite the sentences using reported
speech.
1. John: “Mandy is at home”.
John said that Monday was at home.
2. Max: “Frank often reads a book”.
Max told me that Frank read a book.
3. Simon: “David was ill”.
Simon said that he had been ill.
4. Jean: “My mother will be 50”.
Jean said that my mother would be 50.
5. Peggy: “I am watching a film”.
Peggy said that she was watching a film.
6. Charles: “ I didn’t have time to do my
homework”. Charles said that he hadn’t had
time to do his homework.
7. Sarah: “I have cleaned my bedroom”
Sarah told me that she had cleaned her
bedroom.
8. Paul and Mark: “We went out last night”.
They said that had gone out the previous
night.
9. Philip: “ I didn’t say that”.
Philip told his father that he hadn’t said that.
D. Write these questions in Reported Speech.
1. “What’s the time?” he asked.
He asked me what was the time.
2. “When will we meet again?” she asked me.
She asked me when would we meet again.
3. “Are you crazy?” she asked him.
She asked him if he was crazy.
4. “Did you see that car?” mother asked me.
Mother asked me if I had seen that car.
5. “What are you doing?” Paul asked her.
Paul asked her what was she doing.
6. “How do you know that?” she aked me.
She asked me how did I know that.
7. “Where were my glasses?” father asked me.
Father asked me where had been his glasses.
8. “Will it rain tomorrow?” Dan asked me.
Dan asked me if it would rain the next day?
9. “Can you give me an example?” the teacher asked
me.
The teacher asked me if I could give her an example.

1. They grow coffee in Brazil
Coffee is grown by them in Brazil.
2. He examines patients on the second floor
Patients are examined by him on the second floor.
3. She feeds the animal twice a day.
The animal is fed by her twice a day.
4. They deliver the newspaper in the morning.
The newspaper is delivered by them in the morning.
5. We lend books only to students.
The books are lent by us only to students.
6. They serve lunch at 12.00
Lunch is served by them at 12:00
7. England makes the best computers.
The best computers are made by England.
1. He doesn’t spend money on magazines.
Money isn’t spent by me on magazines.
2. I don’t make lunch on Sundays.
Lunch isn’t made by me on Sundays.
3. They don’t pay salaries during the
weekend.
Salaries aren’t paid by them during the weekend.
4. She doesn’t teach French in all schools.
French isn’t taught by her in all schools.
5. We don’t keep coins in the cash.
Coins aren’t kept by us in the cash.
6. They don’t make watches in South Africa.
Watches aren’t made for them in South Africa.
7. People don’t speak Spanish in Italy
Spanish isn’t spoken by people in Italy.
1. He found the child in the park.
The child was found by him in the park.
2. They broke the glasses with a stone.
The glasses were broken by them with a stone.
3. She saw the mouse in the kitchen.
The mouse was seen by her in the kitchen.
4. I polished the furniture in the afternoon.
The furniture was polished by me in the afternoon.
5. He made the dress.
The dress was made by him.
6. Somebody pushed Mary into the water.
Mary was pushed by somebody into the water.
7. People from all over the world visited the
museum.
The museum was visited by people from all over the world.
1. He didn’t grow tomatoes in his garden.
Tomatoes weren’t grown by him in his garden.
2. They didn’t fly the planes in the morning.
The planes weren’t flown by them in the morning.
3. She didn’t sing the song after the
ceremony.
The song wasn’t sung by her after the ceremony.
4. Some readers didn’t like the book.
The book wasn’t liked by some readers.
5. We didn’t translate the book into English.
The book wasn’t translated by us into English.
6. The guards didn’t lock the back door.
The back door wasn’t locked by the guards.
7. I didn’t take the photographs at the
beach.
The photographs weren’t taken by me at the beach.
1. Who was the car driven by?
The car was driven by Mark
2. Where was the plane flown?
The plane was flown over the airfield
3. How many bottles of coke are drunk every day?
Two bottles of coke are drunk by him every day
4. Are flowers picked by secretaries ?
No, flowers aren’t picked by secretaries.
5. Was Material Girl sung by Madonna?
Yes, “Material Girl” was sung by Madonna.

FOR
Grammar
For is used
for general
periods of
time
Examples
• a year
• 3 hours
• a long time
• some days
Since
Examples
• my
birthday
• Monday
• 2 o’clock
• I was 10
Grammar
Since is used
for a specific
time
For or since?
2) since lunchtime
3) since July
4) for two days
5) since 20th
century
6) for ten minutes
7) for hours
8) since last week
9) for ages
10) since 8 am
11) for centuries
12) for half a year
13) since 1998
14) since I left school
15) for three weeks
16) since midnight
For or since?
2) They haven’t eaten tuna for a long time.
3) Sam hasn’t drunk any alcohol since his accident.
4) We have lived here for five years.
5) Teo has studied Maths for an hour.
6) She has baked cakes since she came home.
7) The boy hasn’t broken any vases for two weeks.
8) Dave has eaten two sandwiches since half past
two.
9) The children haven’t swum since last summer.
10) The Lees have had a dog for only two days.
11) I haven’t been to England since 2003.
12) The police arrested two criminals since 1 pm.
13) My leg has hurt for the last three days.
14) They have planted ten trees since dusk.
15) I haven’t seen you for generations.
16) Josh has tidied his room for more than an hour.
17) I have grown 10 cm since I was 14.
18) Mike has only known Tina since the beginning of
last month.
19) He hasn’t smoked for the past two weeks.
20) Emma hasn’t sold anything since 10.30.
21) He has washed his hand for a few minutes.
Write sentences according to the example.
e.g.: It’s a week since I saw you. } I haven’t seen you
for a week.
1) It’s ten minutes since he called me.
He hasn’t called me for ten minutes.
2) It’s a fortnight since we visited our grandparents.
We haven’t visited our grandparents for a fortnight.
3) It’s two semesters since she took a language
course.
She hasn’t taken a language course for two
semesters.
4) It’s ages since dad travelled by bus.
Dad hasn’t travelled by bus for ages.
5) It’s a year now since I taught the adjectives.
I haven’t taught the adjectives for a year now.
6) It’s six hours since I listened to the radio.
I haven’t listened to the radio for six hours.
7) It’s a week now since the wind blew.
The wind hasn’t blown for a week now.
Task 1
Task 2 Task 3

VERB + TO +
INFINITIVE
VERB + VERB + ING BOTH
VERB + PREPOSIT +
ING
Choose, decide,
want, would like,
promise, expect,
need, plan to,
refuse, arrange,
forget, seem,
agree, manage,
Describe, discuss,
enjoy, finish, not
mind, stop, keep,
think of,
recommend,
imagine, miss,
dislike
Begin, start,
continue, prefer*
like* love* hate*
Thinking about,
worry about,
thinking of,
depending on,
concentrating on
Examples.
- I chose to study Food Engineering because I like the molecular composition.
- She describes playing in the park.
- I begin to study English in 2020
- I begin studying in my Faculty two years ago.
- Gerardo wants to listen to another explanation.
- You don´t worry about writing again this exercise.
VERB + TO + INFINITIVE
1. Henry chose to help his father finish painting the house.
2. Have they decided to move again?
3. I don’t want to go with you
4. I would like to introduce you to my girlfriend
5. Juana promised to stop smoking.
6. They expect to arrive early.
7. We plan to go to the USA this summer.
8. Ruth refused to tell me because I already know it's a lie
9. Manuel arranged to stay with her cousin in Paris.
10. Melany agreed to help me but silently for my mom
11. Carlos managed to open the door without a key.
12. I need to study because I have an important exam tomorrow.
13. I forgot to wash my car because I was busy.
14. Carmen seemed to be disappointed.
VERB + VERB + ING
15. Camila describes dreaming in the morning.
16. Anthony stopped smoking for your health.
17. I enjoy playing football.

18. I dislike having work at weekends.
19. Yatra finished studying two years ago.
20. Now I've changed job, I miss seeing my old colleagues.
21. Do you mind waiting for me a few minutes?
22. Can you imagine living in that palace?
23. We discussed buying a bigger apartment.
24. I don't mind waiting.
25. Susana keeps coming late!
26. The doctor recommends resting in bed.
BOTH
27. I’ll start studying nearer the exam.
28. It began to snow in the city.
29. I’d like to come to the party.
30. Liam continued working hard and passed the course.
31. I prefer eating earlier in the day.
32. I love cooking China food.
33. Evelyn hates cleaning her room.
34. Federico continued singing without stopping.
VERB + PREPOSIT + ING
35. Marco worried about making mistakes.
36. Do you concentrate on reading or writing?
37. Frank thinks of playing chess.
38. They are thinking about moving to Italy.
39. Success may depending on becoming more patient.
40. The patient worries about having the check-up.

When we use two verbs together, the first one often
determines the form of the second one. See the chart
below.
The verbs in red have different meanings according to
the form of the verb that follows them. The verbs in
blue can only accept the pattern indicated in the 3rd
column. The verbs in black have two patterns with no
difference in meaning. The verbs in green have objects.
The verb help has two patterns. The purple verbs are
modals or behave like modals.
1 avoid, regret, * try, stop, remember, end
up, keep, enjoy, miss, don’t mind,
begin,start, continue, prefer, like, hate,
love
Why don’t try telling stories to improve
your fluency?
+
VERB – ING
‘
2
refuse, need, hope, expect, pretend,
seem, plan, decide, forget, stop,try,
remember, begin, help, continue, prefer,
like, hate, love
She stopped to make a phone call.
+
INFINITIVE
WITH TO
3
make, help, let
She made him apologise for his behaviour.
+ OBJECT +
INFINITIVE
4 allow, force, encourage, expect,
persuade, ask,teach, pay, help
She paid the gardener to mow the lawn.
+ OBJECT +
INFINITIVE
WITH TO
5 might, can, will, could, must, would rather,
should,had better
‘I’d rather waste all my money than
offend me with your doubts’, he said.
+
INFINITIVE
* TRY – STOP - REMEMBER :
a)Try to do something = make en effort to do something
Try doing something = experiment/test an idea to see
if it works
b) Stop to do something = stop something in order to do
something else
Stop doing something = stop something you were doing
c) Remember to do something = remember before you
do it.
Remember doing something = remember after you do
it (something about the
past).
1. Sadness made ( make) Antonio feel (feel)
stupid in the first Act.
2. He avoids (avoid) thinking (think) about his
ships in the ocean.
3. Salerio tries (try) cheering (cheer) him up.
4. Bassanio decided (decide) to tell (tell)
Antonio that he owes a lot of money.
5. Antonio would prefer to waste (waste) all his
money than to deny (deny) his friend some
hope.
6. Bassanio hopes (hope) to get (get) some
money to impress Portia.
7. Nerrissa persuades (persuade) Portia to be
(be) more optimistic about her future.
8. She would rather have (have) less money and
be (be) happier.
9. Portia had better tell (tell) her
admirers that she as in love with Bassanio.
10. Portia’s father forced her to ask(ask) her
admirers to choose the correct box before
they could marry her.
11. Antonio ends up accepting (accept) a
dangerous agreement with Shylock.
12. Shylock will refuse to receive (receive) more
money from Bassanio. He needs to take
(take) revenge against the man who despised
him.
13. Antonio encourages Bassanio to doesn’t worry
(not worry) about his debts and propose to
Portia.
14. Shylock enjoys having (have) the chance to
get a pound of Antonio’s flesh as payment for
his loan.
Complete the sentences about
The Merchant of Venice
with the correct verb pattern:

15. Portia says that her destiny doesn’t allow her to
follow (follow) her heart’s desire.
16. Jessica regrets having (have) to leave her home
but she can’t stand the way he treats her.
17. Portia will try to covice (convince) Shylock that
he should accept more money as payment for the
agreement but he’ll keep saying(say) that he
prefer to have
(have) a pound of Antonio’s flesh.
18. Antonio can’t remember to spit (spit)
on Shylock’s face.
19. Shylock never stops to complain (complain) about
his daughter running away and taking jewels and
money with her.
20. Shylock seems to be (be) a cold and
greedy character,
21. Why don’t you try to be (be) more
sensible and to show (show) more
kindness?”, asked the young lawyer.
22. Portia made Shylock believe (believe)
she respected him.
23. The rich heiress teaches Shylock to be(be)
wiser next time.
24. Antonio and his friends expected the Jew to
accept (accept) their offers.
25. The Christian merchant avoided affending.
(offend) Shylock when he asked for a loan.

VOCABULARY UNIT 7
N˚ WORK MEANING IN ENGLISH
MEANING IN
SPANISH
SENTENCE
1 Health
the condition of your
body
Salud
She was back to health
in a few weeks.
2 highlight
the best or most
important part of
something
Aspectos
mas
destacados
The boat trip was one
of the highlights of the
holiday.
3 suffer To have an illness Padecer algo
She suffers from
depression.
4 Spend
To use money to buy or
pay for something
Gastar
Marcos spends a lot on
clothes.
5 Think
To believe that something
is true or to expect that
something will happen
Creer
I think we’ve met
before.
6 Walk
To move forward by
putting one foot in front
of the other and then
repeating the action
Andar
We walked 20 miles
because need to go at
house.
7 Backache A pain in your back
Dolor de
espalda
Gardening gives me
backache.
8 Flu
A common illness causing
a high temperature
Gripe
The virus proved to be
much lee dangerous
that ordinary flu.
9 Rash
A group of small, red
spots on the skin
Sarpullido
Carlos has an itchy
rash.
10 Exhausted Very tired Agotado He looks exhausted.
11 Painful Causing pain Doloroso
Oh, that bruise looks
painful.
12 Back
To give support to a
person or plan
Respaldar My back hurts.
13 Itchy
Making you want to
scratch
Que pica
Sunburned skin can be
very itchy.
14 Sick Not having good health Enfermo
He was off work sick
for most of last week.
15 Arm
The long part at each side
of the human body
Brazo
She held the baby in
her arms.
16 Concentrate
To think very hard about
the thing you are doing
and nothing else
Concentrarse
I can’t concentrate on
my work. It’s too
noisy.

17 Terrible Very bad Horrible
The weather was
terrible.
18 Well Healthy Bien
I’m not feeling very
well.
19 Mind
Someone’s memory and
their ability to think and
feel emotions
Mente
She has a very logical
mind.
20 Relationships
The way two people feel
and behave towards each
other
Relación
He has a very good
relationship whit older
sister.

VOCABULARY UNIT 8
MEANING
IN SPANISH
SENTENCE
1 Perform
to act, sing, dance, or play
music for other people to
enjoy
Representar
The orchestra will
perform music by
Mozart.
2 Show
to let someone, look at
something
Espectáculo
She showed me how to
use the new computer
system.
3 Direct
going straight from one
place to another without
turning or stopping
Directo
We went by the most
direct route.
4 Film
a story that is shown in
moving pictures on a
screen, usually at a cinema
or on television
Película
They filmed for a week
in Spain.
5 Poem
a piece of writing,
especially one that has
short lines and uses words
that rhyme
Poema
Carla writing a love
poem
6 Sculpture
a piece of art that is made
from stone, wood, clay,
etc.
Escultura
Rodin’s most famous
sculpture.
7 Series
a group of television or
radio programmes that
have the same main
characters or deal with the
same subject
series
Friends’ is my favourite
series.
8 Concert
a performance of music,
with or without singing
Concierto
Give us, in this concert
of nations, this long
term vision.
9 Architecture
the design and style of
buildings
Arquitectura
It is more likely to be a
budget for
architecture.
10 Realistic
showing things and people
as they really are, or
making them seem to be
real
Realista
The scene in the movie
where they find a
dinosaur is very
realistic.
11 Wonderful very good Maravilloso
We had a wonderful
time in Spain.

12 Dull
Not interesting
Soso
the dull thud of a car
stereo system
13 Complicated
with many different parts
and difficult to understand
Complicado
The instructions were
too complicated.
14 Storm
very bad weather with a
lot of rain or snow and
strong wind
Tormenta
Strong storms will hit
the coast this evening.
15 Follow
to move behind someone
or something and go
where they go
Seguir
She followed me into
the kitchen.
16 Voted
to choose someone or
something in an election
or meeting by making a
mark on an official piece
of paper or by putting
your hand up
Votar
Staff have voted to
accept the pay offer.
17 Paint
a coloured liquid that you
put on a surface to
decorate it
Pintura
Have you chosen the
paint for your
bedroom?
18 Design
the way in which
something is planned and
made
Diseño
Engineers are working
on the new designs.
19 Novel
a book that tells a story
about people and things
that are not real
Novela
Have you read any
good novels lately?
20 Photograph
a picture made with a
camera
Fotografía
He took a photograph
of the children.

VOCABULARY UNIT 9
MEANING IN
SPANISH
SENTENCE
1 Law
the subject or job of
understanding and
dealing with the laws of
a country
Derecho I studied law at college.
2 Art
the making of things
such as paintings or
drawings, or the things
that are made
Arte
Cultural creation is no
longer the art created
either collectively by
society or by gifted
people.
3 Mark
a small area on the
surface of something
that is damaged, dirty, or
different in some way
Marcos
There were dirty marks
on her trousers where
she had wiped her
hands.
4 Drama
a play in a theatre or on
television or radio, or
plays and acting
generally
drama
She's starred in several
TV dramas.
5 Psychology
the scientific study of the
way the human mind
works and how it
influences behaviour
Psicólogo
She studied psychology
at Harvard.
6 Medicine
treatment for illness or
injury, or the study of
this
Medicina
She is a doctor but is
unable to practice
medicine (= work as a
doctor) in her own
country.
7 Engineering
the work of an engineer,
or the study of this work
Ingeniero
Richard studied
engineering at MIT.
8 Education
the process of teaching
or learning, especially in
a school or college
Educación
She lectures in
education (= the study
of education) at the
teacher training
college.
9 Architecture
the design and style of
buildings
Arquitectura
It is more likely to be a
budget for
architecture.
10 Degree
a course of study at a
college or university
Licenciatura
She has a
bachelor's/master's

degree in history from
Yale.
11 Essay
a short piece of writing
on a particular subject,
especially one done by
students as part of the
work for a course
Ensayo
I want to finish off this
essay before I go to
bed.
12 Seem
to give the effect of
being
to be judged to be
Parecer
I seem to know more
about him than anyone
else.
13 Agreed accepted Acordada
We have to stick to the
agreed price.
14 Arranged
to plan, prepare for, or
organize something
Organizado
I've already arranged
with him to meet at the
cinema.
15 Promised
to tell someone that you
will certainly do
something
Prometido
I promise that I'll be
home before dark.
16 Regret
a feeling of sadness
about something sad or
wrong or about a
mistake that you have
made, and a wish that it
could have been
different and better
Arrepentido
I have a tinge of regret
that I didn't accept her
offer.
17 Managed
to succeed in doing or
dealing with something,
especially something
difficult
Administrador
A small dog had
somehow managed to
survive the fire.
18 Miss
to fail to do or
experience something,
often something planned
or expected, or to avoid
doing or experiencing
something
Perder
I missed the start of the
class because my bus
was late.
19 Enjoy
to get pleasure from
something
Disfrutar
After working in the
garden, I love a good
soak in the tub.
20 Avoiding
to stay away from
someone or something
Evitando
Have you been trying
to avoid me?

VOCABULARY UNIT 10
MEANING
IN SPANISH
SENTENCE
1 Carry
to hold something or
someone with your hands,
arms, or on your back and
transport it, him, or her
from one place to another
Llevar
She carried her tired
child upstairs to bed.
2 Look
to direct your eyes in order
to see
Mira
They looked at the
picture and laughed.
3 Hand
the part of the body at the
end of the arm that is used
for holding, moving,
touching, and feeling things
Mano
You have to hold my
hand when we cross the
road.
4 Service
a government system or
private organization that is
responsible for a particular
type of activity, or for
providing a particular thing
that people need
Servicio
We stopped at the
services to get fuel.
5 Quality
how good or bad something
is
Calidad
heir products are of very
high quality.
6 Price
the amount of money for
which something is sold or
offered for sale
Precio
Almost anything can be
fixed for a price.
7 Delivery
the act of taking goods,
letters, parcels, etc. to a
place
Entrega
There were several
faulty items in the last
delivery.
8 Complain
to say that something is
wrong or not satisfactory
Quejarse
He complained that his
boss was useless and he
had too much work.
9 Choose
to decide what you want
from two or more things or
possibilities
Escoger
She had to choose
between the two men in
her life.
10 Explain
to make something clear or
easy to understand by
describing or giving
information about it
Explicar
The teacher explained
the rules to the children.
11 Decide
to choose something,
especially after thinking
Decidir
They have to decide by
next Friday.

carefully about several
possibilities
12 Describe
to say or write what
someone or something is
like
Describir
He described the
painting in detail.
13 Queue
a line of people, usually
standing or in cars, waiting
for something
Cola
There was a long queue
of traffic stretching
down the road.
14 Receipt
something such as a piece
of paper or message
proving that money, goods,
or information have been
received
Recibo
Make sure you are given
a receipt for everything
you buy
15 Refund to give someone a refund Reembolso
When I went on
business to Peru, the
office refunded my
expenses.
16 Sorry
used to show politeness
when refusing something or
disagreeing
Lo siento
Sorry, you can't go in
there.
17 Replace
to take the place of
something, or to put
something or someone in
the place of something or
someone else
Reemplazar
he factory replaced
most of its workers with
robots.
18 Break
to (cause something to)
separate suddenly or
violently into two or more
pieces, or to (cause
something to) stop working
by being damaged
Rotura
Charles is always
breaking things.
19 Feel
to experience something
physical or emotional
Sentir My eyes feel really sore.
20 Pass
to give approval to
something, especially by
voting to make it law
Aprobar
The government passed
a law to restrict the sale
of guns.

VOCABULARY UNIT 11
MEANING IN
SPANISH
SENTENCE
1 Androids
a robot (= machine
controlled by computer)
that is made to look like
a human
Androides
a modern
smartphone running
Android or iOS
2 Billboards
a very large board on
which advertisements
are shown, especially at
the side of a road
Vallas
publicitarias
On the highway we
passed dozens of
billboards showing
his smiling face.
3 Cyborgs
in science fiction stories,
a creature that is part
human and part
machine
Cyborgs
How bioethicists
learned to stop
worrying and
embrace their inner
cyborgs.
4 Psychics
having a special mental
ability, for example so
that you are able to
know what will happen
in the future or know
what people are
thinking
Psíquicas
Regular exercise has
psychic as well as
physical benefits.
5 Space
an empty area that is
available to be used
Espacio
Is there any space for
my clothes in that
cupboard?
6 Cash
money in the form of
notes and coins, rather
than cheques or credit
cards
Dinero en
efectivo
He says he wants
cash in advance
before he'll do the
job.
7 Road
a long, hard surface
built for vehicles to
travel along
Camino
Be careful when you
cross a main road.
8 Street
a road in a city or town
that has buildings that
are usually close
together along one or
both sides
Calle
The streets were
strewn with rubbish
after the parade.
9 Fiction
the type of book or
story that is written
about imaginary
Ficción
The book is a work of
fiction and not

characters and events
and not based on real
people and facts
intended as a
historical account.
10 Machines
a machine, usually in a
wall outside a bank,
shop, etc.
Máquinas
Is there an ATM near
here? I need to get
some money out.
11 Sign
to write your name,
usually on a written or
printed document
Firmar Sign here, please.
12 Lights
he brightness that
comes from the sun,
fire, etc.
Luces
Light was streaming
in through the open
door.
13 Luckily because of good luck Afortunadamente
Luckily, I had some
money with me.
14 Fortunately
happening because of
good luck
Por suerte
Fortunately, we got
home before it
started to rain.
15 Surprisingly
unexpectedly or in a
way that is unusual
Asombrosamente
The restaurant
turned out to be
surprisingly cheap.
16 Expect
to think or believe
something will happen,
or someone will arrive
Suponer
We are expecting a
lot of applicants for
the job.
17 Purpose
an intended result or
use
Propósito
This budget is
designed to meet one
purpose and one
purpose only, to do
what is best for the
economy.
18 Shopping
the activity of buying
things from shops
Compras
My granddaughter
does my weekly
shopping for me.
19 Knife
a tool, usually with a
metal blade and a
handle, used for cutting
and spreading food or
other substances, or as
a weapon
Cuchillo
I prefer to use a knife
and fork.
20 Kitchen
a room where food is
kept, prepared, and
cooked and where the
dishes are washed
Cocina
We usually eat
breakfast in the
kitchen.

VOCABULARY UNIT 12
MEANING IN
SPANISH
SENTENCE
1 Whale
a very large sea mammal
that breathes air through
a hole at the top of its
head
Ballena
The communicative
ability of the whale is
thought to be highly
developed.
2 Spider
a small creature with
eight thin legs that
catches insects in a web
Araña
We watched the
spider spin its web.
3 Tiger
a large wild animal of the
cat family with yellowish-
orange fur with black
lines that lives in parts of
Asia
Tigre
The video showed a
man morphing into a
tiger.
4 Camel
a large animal with a
long neck, that lives in
the desert and has one
or two humps
Camello
Moreover, the
intricacies of herding
camels, horses,
donkeys, cattle, sheep
and goats are simply
alluded to in passing,
without being
investigated.
5 Mosquito
a small flying insect that
bites people and animals
and sucks their blood
Mosquito
Some types of
mosquito transmit
malaria to humans.
6 Gorilla
a large ape that comes
from western Africa
Gorila
The positive results
with the gorillas were
particularly interesting
because, unlike other
apes, they fail tests of
mirror-self-
recognition.
7 Parrot
a tropical bird with a
curved beak, often kept
as a pet and trained to
copy the human voice
Loro
he used to keep a
parrot in a cage.
8 Bee
a yellow and black flying
insect that makes honey
and can sting you
abeja
The bee turns nectar
into honey.

9 Rescue
to help someone or
something out of a
dangerous, harmful, or
unpleasant situation
Rescate
he management are
putting together a
plan to rescue the
company.
10 Enclosure
an area surrounded by
fences or walls
Recinto
the members'
enclosure
11 Wall
a vertical structure, often
made of stone or brick,
that divides or surrounds
something
Pared
The walls in this
apartment are so thin
you can hear just
about every word the
neighbours say.
12 Disappear
If people or things
disappear, they go
somewhere where they
cannot be seen or found
Desaparecer
The search was called
off for the sailors who
disappeared in the
storm.
13 Scream
to cry or say something
loudly and usually on a
high note, esp. because
of strong emotions such
as fear, excitement, or
anger
Grito
The children screamed
in delight as they
sledded down the hill.
14 Zookeeper
a person who works in a
zoo, taking care of the
animals
Guardián del
zoológico
A zookeeper can
defend himself against
a dangerous animal,
even if the
zookeeper's
negligence caused the
animal's escape.
15 Alive living, not dead Viva
He must be 90 if he's
still alive.
16 Hero
a person who is admired
for having done
something very brave or
having achieved
something great
Héroe
He is a national hero
for his part in the
revolution.
17 Stroke
a sudden change in the
blood supply to a part of
the brain, sometimes
causing a loss of the
ability to move particular
parts of the body
Carrera
She suffered/had a
stroke that left her
unable to speak.
18 Drunk
unable to speak or act in
the usual way because of
Ebria
I got completely drunk
at my sister's wedding.

having had too much
alcohol
19 Tried
used many times before
and proved to be
successful
Intentó
I'll give you my
mothers tried and
tested recipe for
whole meal bread.
20 Suddenly quickly and unexpectedly Repentinamente
The door suddenly
flew open.

Portfolio B1 Pre-Intermediate Segundo Parcial

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Portfolio B1 Pre-Intermediate Segundo Parcial