The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is a small marsupial found in southeastern Australia that is now extinct in the wild. It has been threatened by habitat loss and introduced predators like foxes. Conservation efforts have included captive breeding programs and reintroduction into protected areas where predators are controlled. Monitoring of reintroduced populations shows some success, but further protection of habitat is still needed to ensure the species' recovery.
The Orange-Bellied Parrot is a small migratory bird found in southeastern Australia that is critically endangered, with an estimated population of only 50 birds remaining in the wild. It breeds solely in Tasmania from October to January, then migrates to spend the winter along the coasts of Victoria and South Australia. Major threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, introduced predators like foxes and cats, and competition for food from other introduced bird species. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs, protection of breeding and feeding habitats, and population monitoring and management under Australia's Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act of 1988.
The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is a small, threatened marsupial native to southeastern Australia. It has suffered a catastrophic decline due to habitat loss, introduced predators like foxes and cats, and its small population size. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs, reintroductions to fenced areas, and ongoing fox control. The population at Hamilton Community Parklands is currently stable at 50-80 individuals after upgrades to fox-proof fencing and additional reintroductions.
The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is a small, nocturnal marsupial found in grasslands and woodlands in Australia. It is currently critically endangered due to habitat loss and predation by introduced species. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs that aim to release 50 bandicoots annually to boost wild populations. Recovery plans also focus on increasing protections at key sites through predator control and barrier fencing, while abandoned reserves with unproductive populations will be phased out. If breeding and reintroduction efforts are successful along with regular monitoring and predator management, the species' population may be stabilized and its conservation status improved.
The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is an endangered small marsupial found in parts of Australia. It has faced major habitat loss and introduced predators that have reduced its population. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs to increase numbers and reintroduce the species, as well as monitoring threats and protecting habitat. While strategies are working to reduce threats, continued conservation management is needed to prevent the Eastern Barred Bandicoot from going extinct.
The orange-bellied parrot is a small, endangered Australian bird. Males are bright green with orange bellies and yellow faces, while females are dull green. They eat seeds and berries along coastal areas. During breeding season from October to January, they nest in tree hollows in Tasmania. The entire population then migrates to mainland Australia for the winter. Threats include habitat loss and introduced predators. Conservation efforts include habitat protection, predator control, captive breeding programs, and reintroduction to boost wild populations. As of 2013, there were fewer than 50 orange-bellied parrots remaining in the wild.
The Orange-bellied Parrot is a small, critically endangered parrot found in southeastern Australia. It is green with orange patches and blue wingtips, and feeds on seeds and plants in coastal salt marshes. Its population is only around 50 birds in the wild due to habitat loss, predators, and a low reproduction rate. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs, nest box installation, and habitat protection, but it remains at high risk of extinction.
Tracey Gray, fropm Port Fairy Consolidated School, delivered this presentation to VCE Environmental Science stuednts in May, 2008 as part of the Unit 3: Biodiversity course.
The Orange-Bellied Parrot is a small migratory bird found in southeastern Australia that is critically endangered, with an estimated population of only 50 birds remaining in the wild. It breeds solely in Tasmania from October to January, then migrates to spend the winter along the coasts of Victoria and South Australia. Major threats include habitat loss and fragmentation, introduced predators like foxes and cats, and competition for food from other introduced bird species. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs, protection of breeding and feeding habitats, and population monitoring and management under Australia's Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act of 1988.
The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is a small, threatened marsupial native to southeastern Australia. It has suffered a catastrophic decline due to habitat loss, introduced predators like foxes and cats, and its small population size. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs, reintroductions to fenced areas, and ongoing fox control. The population at Hamilton Community Parklands is currently stable at 50-80 individuals after upgrades to fox-proof fencing and additional reintroductions.
The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is a small, nocturnal marsupial found in grasslands and woodlands in Australia. It is currently critically endangered due to habitat loss and predation by introduced species. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs that aim to release 50 bandicoots annually to boost wild populations. Recovery plans also focus on increasing protections at key sites through predator control and barrier fencing, while abandoned reserves with unproductive populations will be phased out. If breeding and reintroduction efforts are successful along with regular monitoring and predator management, the species' population may be stabilized and its conservation status improved.
The Eastern Barred Bandicoot is an endangered small marsupial found in parts of Australia. It has faced major habitat loss and introduced predators that have reduced its population. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs to increase numbers and reintroduce the species, as well as monitoring threats and protecting habitat. While strategies are working to reduce threats, continued conservation management is needed to prevent the Eastern Barred Bandicoot from going extinct.
The orange-bellied parrot is a small, endangered Australian bird. Males are bright green with orange bellies and yellow faces, while females are dull green. They eat seeds and berries along coastal areas. During breeding season from October to January, they nest in tree hollows in Tasmania. The entire population then migrates to mainland Australia for the winter. Threats include habitat loss and introduced predators. Conservation efforts include habitat protection, predator control, captive breeding programs, and reintroduction to boost wild populations. As of 2013, there were fewer than 50 orange-bellied parrots remaining in the wild.
The Orange-bellied Parrot is a small, critically endangered parrot found in southeastern Australia. It is green with orange patches and blue wingtips, and feeds on seeds and plants in coastal salt marshes. Its population is only around 50 birds in the wild due to habitat loss, predators, and a low reproduction rate. Conservation efforts include captive breeding programs, nest box installation, and habitat protection, but it remains at high risk of extinction.
Tracey Gray, fropm Port Fairy Consolidated School, delivered this presentation to VCE Environmental Science stuednts in May, 2008 as part of the Unit 3: Biodiversity course.
Wild boars are an invasive species native to Eurasia that have been introduced to parts of the Americas and Australia for hunting purposes. They typically weigh up to 300 pounds, have black coloring and straight tails. Males have tusks. Boars cause extensive ecological and economic damage by rooting for food and spreading diseases. Control methods include hunting, trapping, snaring, fencing and integration of multiple approaches. More research is needed to understand their impacts and improve management.
This document provides information on wild pigs. It begins with taxonomy classifications and describes physical characteristics such as barrel-shaped bodies and cloven hooves. Examples of wild pig species are then outlined, including descriptions of their habitats, behaviors, and key anatomical features. Threats to wild pig populations like habitat destruction are also mentioned. The document concludes with sections on housing and feeding requirements, as well as common infectious diseases affecting wild pigs.
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, formerly Penaeus vannamei), also known as Pacific white shrimp or King prawn, is a variety of prawn of the eastern Pacific Ocean commonly caught or farmed for food.L. vannamei is a decapod crustacean which is native to the Eastern Pacific Coast of Central and
South America from Tumbes, Peru in the south to Mexico in the north. It has been introduced widely around the world since the 1970s, but especially since 2000, as it has become the principle
cultured shrimp species in Asia. The species itself is not considered a major threat to biodiversity, does not appear to have formed breeding populations, and has generally resulted in positive economic impacts in non-indigenous areas. An examination of current lists of invasive species
published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Invasive Species Specialist Group (IUCN, 2004) revealed no listings for L. vannamei. As mentioned, L. vannamei has been anthropogenically introduced as an aquaculture species to several areas of the world to which it is
not native.
,
Nazmul Haque Syekat
distribution,biology,seed collection,nursery rearing and culture techniques o...Kavitha Cingam
This document discusses culture techniques for groupers, including important species, distribution, biology, habitat, nursery rearing, and grow-out. It describes experiments conducted to develop grouper broodstock in sea cages off Visakhapatnam, India. Broodfish were stocked and grown in cages and tanks, achieving higher survival and maturity in cages. Induced spawning trials were conducted, leading to the conclusion that sea cages are better than tanks for broodstock development and domestication of greasy groupers. This represents progress toward commercial grouper seed production and farming in India.
The document provides information about sea otters, including their taxonomy, physical characteristics, diet, reproduction, and role in the ecosystem. It describes how sea otters consume about 25% of their body weight daily to sustain their high metabolism. Their dense fur and ability to trap air keeps them warm in cold waters. The document also lists population numbers of carnivorous species in British Columbia and species of Carnivora that are at risk of extinction worldwide. Steps being taken to help sea otters include cleaning up ocean pollution and moving fish farms.
Role of Arthropods in Maintaining Soil FertilityDaisy Capon
This document discusses soil animals and their roles in soil fertility. It notes that soil contains over 100 million bacterial cells and 11,000 bacterial species per gram. Arthropods make up a large portion of the mesofauna and macrofauna in soil. They play important roles in decomposing plant litter, fragmenting it, and mixing nutrients into the soil through their waste. Their activities are important for nutrient cycling, mineralization of elements, soil structure development, and pore and void formation. Ants and termites are particularly important as they can process large amounts of plant biomass and alter soil properties.
Grouper are a family of fish found in marine environments around the world. They have stout bodies, large mouths, and come in a variety of colors depending on species. While not fast swimmers, some grouper species can grow very large, over a meter in length and 100 kg in weight. Grouper reproduce through both sex change and dedicated sexes depending on species, with larger males typically controlling harems. They are an important part of marine ecosystems, preying on other fish and invertebrates while also serving as prey for larger predators.
The document discusses the African wild dog, which is endangered due to threats from humans like killings and disease, as well as habitat loss and competition from other predators. It lives in grasslands, woodlands, and savannas in Africa, shelters in dens, and lives in packs that typically range from 2 to 27 members. African wild dogs are social, exhibit unusual social systems, and have large litters averaging ten pups. It is related to other canine species like coyotes and foxes.
The document discusses the conservation of the endangered Chatham Island black robin. It describes how in 1980 there was only one breeding pair left, but through innovative management like cross-fostering eggs to other bird species, the population has increased to between 250-300 birds now living on Mangere and Rangatira Islands. It highlights this as an internationally renowned success story in species recovery.
This document provides information about groupers, including their taxonomy and key details about their reproduction and culture. It begins by classifying groupers taxonomically from kingdom to family. It then discusses that groupers are popular aquaculture species in Asia-Pacific due to their fast growth, hardiness, and processing attributes. While grouper culture is widespread, development is constrained by limited fingerling availability, with most economies relying on wild-caught fry and fingerlings. The document provides further details on grouper biology, reproductive strategies, hatchery design considerations, and broodstock management practices.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Unit2essay-Australian Animal AdaptationDaniela Lin
Native Australian species such as marsupials and monotremes flourished due to Australia's geographic isolation which allowed them to evolve without competition from other land animals. Marsupials like kangaroos and wombats thrive through easy to access diets and protection in pouches, while monotremes such as echidnas and platypuses lay their eggs in protective aquatic or burrow environments. However, introduced species like rabbits and foxes have driven the decline of native species by outcompeting them for resources as they lacked natural predators in Australia. Both native and introduced species have adapted to the Australian environment through traits like herbivorous diets, burrowing, camouflage or defense mechanisms.
This chapter discusses the biodiversity found in old growth forests of the western United States. It describes the many types of organisms that can be found, including fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates such as arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Maintaining biodiversity is important for sustaining forest ecosystems, as many species are dependent on old growth habitat and the complex ecological relationships present in older forests.
M. rosenbergii is the largest freshwater prawn in the world. It has a long rostrum with teeth and long legs with furry claws. The body has 20 segments with 14 in the head covered by a carapace. There are four life cycle phases: egg, larva, postlarva, and adult. Culture involves nursery pond management including stocking postlarvae and controlling water quality, and grow-out pond preparation with stocking seed and maintaining optimal temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and salinity levels.
Dung Beetle Benefits in the Pasture EcosystemElisaMendelsohn
Dung beetles play an important role in pasture ecosystems by feeding on manure, using it to provide homes and food for their young, and improving soil structure, nutrient cycling, and forage growth. There are three main types of dung beetles - tumblers that roll dung into balls and bury them, tunnelers that bury balls under or near dung piles, and dwellers that live in dung piles without much digging. Dung beetles benefit pastures by reducing fly populations, breaking the life cycles of gastrointestinal parasites, and making more forage available by completely removing dung piles. Importing additional dung beetle species from other parts of the world can further improve manure recycling in US past
Brood stock management and larval rearing of mud crab scylla serrata-Gayatri ...Gayatri R. Kachh
This document provides information about the mud crab Scylla serrata, including its natural range, classification, life stages, and aquaculture practices. Key points include:
- S. serrata is an economically important crab species found in mangroves and estuaries in Africa, Australia, and Asia.
- Its life stages include juvenile, subadult, and adult crabs that inhabit different zones, as well as larvae and megalopae.
- Aquaculture of S. serrata involves maintaining broodstock for breeding and larval rearing, then culturing megalopae through to market size in ponds. Proper water quality, feeding, and health management are
Save the Frogs Day, Professor Hero, Griffith University 2012JMHero
Global amphibian populations are facing a crisis, with over 32% of species threatened with extinction and 122 species having disappeared since the 1980s. In Australia specifically, at least 5 species have gone extinct since 1979 and many more are experiencing declines. Possible causes of these declines include invasive species, overharvesting, habitat loss, contaminants, emerging infectious diseases like chytridiomycosis, and the effects of global climate change. Researchers at Griffith University are working to understand the causes of declines and conduct conservation efforts like habitat restoration and establishing captive breeding programs to save critically endangered species like members of the Taudactylus genus of frogs. Public involvement through activities like protecting local wetlands and reducing chemical use can help address
The Atlantic Flyway stretches from the Arctic tundra of Baffin Island to the Caribbean and spans over 3,000 miles. It supports the migration of many duck species and is the most densely populated of the four North American flyways. Ducks use cues like the sun, stars, and landmarks to navigate along this flyway from their breeding grounds in places like the Prairie Pothole Region to their wintering grounds in the southern United States.
The Puerto Rican parrot population declined dramatically due to deforestation but conservation efforts have helped increase the population, though it remains endangered. The leatherback turtle faces threats from coastal development and disorientation from artificial lighting, while conservation laws protect them. The golden coqui's only habitat has been cleared, likely causing its disappearance.
The document discusses several endangered species around the world and the main threats facing them, including habitat destruction and loss due to human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and construction. Specific endangered species mentioned include the Puerto Rican parrot, leatherback sea turtle, golden coqui frog in Puerto Rico, giant panda bear, and Komodo dragon in Indonesia. Conservation efforts aim to protect habitats, reduce threats, and increase populations of these at-risk species.
Wild boars are an invasive species native to Eurasia that have been introduced to parts of the Americas and Australia for hunting purposes. They typically weigh up to 300 pounds, have black coloring and straight tails. Males have tusks. Boars cause extensive ecological and economic damage by rooting for food and spreading diseases. Control methods include hunting, trapping, snaring, fencing and integration of multiple approaches. More research is needed to understand their impacts and improve management.
This document provides information on wild pigs. It begins with taxonomy classifications and describes physical characteristics such as barrel-shaped bodies and cloven hooves. Examples of wild pig species are then outlined, including descriptions of their habitats, behaviors, and key anatomical features. Threats to wild pig populations like habitat destruction are also mentioned. The document concludes with sections on housing and feeding requirements, as well as common infectious diseases affecting wild pigs.
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei, formerly Penaeus vannamei), also known as Pacific white shrimp or King prawn, is a variety of prawn of the eastern Pacific Ocean commonly caught or farmed for food.L. vannamei is a decapod crustacean which is native to the Eastern Pacific Coast of Central and
South America from Tumbes, Peru in the south to Mexico in the north. It has been introduced widely around the world since the 1970s, but especially since 2000, as it has become the principle
cultured shrimp species in Asia. The species itself is not considered a major threat to biodiversity, does not appear to have formed breeding populations, and has generally resulted in positive economic impacts in non-indigenous areas. An examination of current lists of invasive species
published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature’s Invasive Species Specialist Group (IUCN, 2004) revealed no listings for L. vannamei. As mentioned, L. vannamei has been anthropogenically introduced as an aquaculture species to several areas of the world to which it is
not native.
,
Nazmul Haque Syekat
distribution,biology,seed collection,nursery rearing and culture techniques o...Kavitha Cingam
This document discusses culture techniques for groupers, including important species, distribution, biology, habitat, nursery rearing, and grow-out. It describes experiments conducted to develop grouper broodstock in sea cages off Visakhapatnam, India. Broodfish were stocked and grown in cages and tanks, achieving higher survival and maturity in cages. Induced spawning trials were conducted, leading to the conclusion that sea cages are better than tanks for broodstock development and domestication of greasy groupers. This represents progress toward commercial grouper seed production and farming in India.
The document provides information about sea otters, including their taxonomy, physical characteristics, diet, reproduction, and role in the ecosystem. It describes how sea otters consume about 25% of their body weight daily to sustain their high metabolism. Their dense fur and ability to trap air keeps them warm in cold waters. The document also lists population numbers of carnivorous species in British Columbia and species of Carnivora that are at risk of extinction worldwide. Steps being taken to help sea otters include cleaning up ocean pollution and moving fish farms.
Role of Arthropods in Maintaining Soil FertilityDaisy Capon
This document discusses soil animals and their roles in soil fertility. It notes that soil contains over 100 million bacterial cells and 11,000 bacterial species per gram. Arthropods make up a large portion of the mesofauna and macrofauna in soil. They play important roles in decomposing plant litter, fragmenting it, and mixing nutrients into the soil through their waste. Their activities are important for nutrient cycling, mineralization of elements, soil structure development, and pore and void formation. Ants and termites are particularly important as they can process large amounts of plant biomass and alter soil properties.
Grouper are a family of fish found in marine environments around the world. They have stout bodies, large mouths, and come in a variety of colors depending on species. While not fast swimmers, some grouper species can grow very large, over a meter in length and 100 kg in weight. Grouper reproduce through both sex change and dedicated sexes depending on species, with larger males typically controlling harems. They are an important part of marine ecosystems, preying on other fish and invertebrates while also serving as prey for larger predators.
The document discusses the African wild dog, which is endangered due to threats from humans like killings and disease, as well as habitat loss and competition from other predators. It lives in grasslands, woodlands, and savannas in Africa, shelters in dens, and lives in packs that typically range from 2 to 27 members. African wild dogs are social, exhibit unusual social systems, and have large litters averaging ten pups. It is related to other canine species like coyotes and foxes.
The document discusses the conservation of the endangered Chatham Island black robin. It describes how in 1980 there was only one breeding pair left, but through innovative management like cross-fostering eggs to other bird species, the population has increased to between 250-300 birds now living on Mangere and Rangatira Islands. It highlights this as an internationally renowned success story in species recovery.
This document provides information about groupers, including their taxonomy and key details about their reproduction and culture. It begins by classifying groupers taxonomically from kingdom to family. It then discusses that groupers are popular aquaculture species in Asia-Pacific due to their fast growth, hardiness, and processing attributes. While grouper culture is widespread, development is constrained by limited fingerling availability, with most economies relying on wild-caught fry and fingerlings. The document provides further details on grouper biology, reproductive strategies, hatchery design considerations, and broodstock management practices.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Unit2essay-Australian Animal AdaptationDaniela Lin
Native Australian species such as marsupials and monotremes flourished due to Australia's geographic isolation which allowed them to evolve without competition from other land animals. Marsupials like kangaroos and wombats thrive through easy to access diets and protection in pouches, while monotremes such as echidnas and platypuses lay their eggs in protective aquatic or burrow environments. However, introduced species like rabbits and foxes have driven the decline of native species by outcompeting them for resources as they lacked natural predators in Australia. Both native and introduced species have adapted to the Australian environment through traits like herbivorous diets, burrowing, camouflage or defense mechanisms.
This chapter discusses the biodiversity found in old growth forests of the western United States. It describes the many types of organisms that can be found, including fungi, lichens, bryophytes, vascular plants, invertebrates such as arthropods, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Maintaining biodiversity is important for sustaining forest ecosystems, as many species are dependent on old growth habitat and the complex ecological relationships present in older forests.
M. rosenbergii is the largest freshwater prawn in the world. It has a long rostrum with teeth and long legs with furry claws. The body has 20 segments with 14 in the head covered by a carapace. There are four life cycle phases: egg, larva, postlarva, and adult. Culture involves nursery pond management including stocking postlarvae and controlling water quality, and grow-out pond preparation with stocking seed and maintaining optimal temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and salinity levels.
Dung Beetle Benefits in the Pasture EcosystemElisaMendelsohn
Dung beetles play an important role in pasture ecosystems by feeding on manure, using it to provide homes and food for their young, and improving soil structure, nutrient cycling, and forage growth. There are three main types of dung beetles - tumblers that roll dung into balls and bury them, tunnelers that bury balls under or near dung piles, and dwellers that live in dung piles without much digging. Dung beetles benefit pastures by reducing fly populations, breaking the life cycles of gastrointestinal parasites, and making more forage available by completely removing dung piles. Importing additional dung beetle species from other parts of the world can further improve manure recycling in US past
Brood stock management and larval rearing of mud crab scylla serrata-Gayatri ...Gayatri R. Kachh
This document provides information about the mud crab Scylla serrata, including its natural range, classification, life stages, and aquaculture practices. Key points include:
- S. serrata is an economically important crab species found in mangroves and estuaries in Africa, Australia, and Asia.
- Its life stages include juvenile, subadult, and adult crabs that inhabit different zones, as well as larvae and megalopae.
- Aquaculture of S. serrata involves maintaining broodstock for breeding and larval rearing, then culturing megalopae through to market size in ponds. Proper water quality, feeding, and health management are
Save the Frogs Day, Professor Hero, Griffith University 2012JMHero
Global amphibian populations are facing a crisis, with over 32% of species threatened with extinction and 122 species having disappeared since the 1980s. In Australia specifically, at least 5 species have gone extinct since 1979 and many more are experiencing declines. Possible causes of these declines include invasive species, overharvesting, habitat loss, contaminants, emerging infectious diseases like chytridiomycosis, and the effects of global climate change. Researchers at Griffith University are working to understand the causes of declines and conduct conservation efforts like habitat restoration and establishing captive breeding programs to save critically endangered species like members of the Taudactylus genus of frogs. Public involvement through activities like protecting local wetlands and reducing chemical use can help address
The Atlantic Flyway stretches from the Arctic tundra of Baffin Island to the Caribbean and spans over 3,000 miles. It supports the migration of many duck species and is the most densely populated of the four North American flyways. Ducks use cues like the sun, stars, and landmarks to navigate along this flyway from their breeding grounds in places like the Prairie Pothole Region to their wintering grounds in the southern United States.
The Puerto Rican parrot population declined dramatically due to deforestation but conservation efforts have helped increase the population, though it remains endangered. The leatherback turtle faces threats from coastal development and disorientation from artificial lighting, while conservation laws protect them. The golden coqui's only habitat has been cleared, likely causing its disappearance.
The document discusses several endangered species around the world and the main threats facing them, including habitat destruction and loss due to human activities like deforestation, urbanization, and construction. Specific endangered species mentioned include the Puerto Rican parrot, leatherback sea turtle, golden coqui frog in Puerto Rico, giant panda bear, and Komodo dragon in Indonesia. Conservation efforts aim to protect habitats, reduce threats, and increase populations of these at-risk species.
Divides up the history of the earth based on life- forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of planet.
Is an important tool used to portray the history of the Earth.
Also known as the Great Dying .
96 percent of species died out.
Life on earth descended from the four percent that survived.
CAUSES: Asteroid impact, flood basalt eruptions, catastrophic methane release ,a drop in oxygen levels ,sea level fluctuations.
Ice melts in polar regions which is home to many animals like penguins and polar bears. Melted ice also leads to the rise in sea levels as well as submerging low-dying islands
Global warming gives rise to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon which brings major disasters such as floods ,drought heatwaves ,and forest fires; destroying habitats and killing its inhabitants.
Change in temperature forces many species to flee from their comfortable habitat. They migrate and invade other territories that are similar to their old ones.
Increases in carbon dioxide concentration also cause our oceans to become more acidic .Acidic water dissolves the shells of many sea creatures such as crabs, shrimps, oysters ,and soon even coral reefs which are home to numerous marine lives.
The name dinosaur comes from the Greek words deinos (“terrible” or “fearfully great”) and sauros (“reptile” or “lizard”). The English anatomist Richard Owen proposed the formal term Dinosauria in 1842 to include three giant extinct animals (Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus) represented by large fossilized bones that had been unearthed at several locations in southern England during the early part of the 19th century. Owen recognized that these reptiles were far different from other known reptiles of the present and the past for three reasons: they were large yet obviously terrestrial, unlike the aquatic ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs that were already known; they had five vertebrae in their hips, whereas most known reptiles have only two; and, rather than holding their limbs sprawled out to the side in the manner of lizards, dinosaurs held their limbs under the body in columnar fashion, like elephants and other large mammals. The extensive fossil record of genera and species is testimony that dinosaurs were diverse animals, with widely varying lifestyles and adaptations. Their remains are found in sedimentary rock layers (strata) dating to the Late Triassic Epoch (approximately 237 million to 201.3 million years ago). The abundance of their fossilized bones is substantive proof that dinosaurs were the dominant form of terrestrial animal life during the Mesozoic Era (about 252.2 million to 66 million years ago). It is likely that the known remains represent a very small fraction (probably less than 0.0001 percent) of all the individual dinosaurs that once lived. Before Richard Owen introduced the term Dinosauria in 1842, there was no concept of anything even like a dinosaur. Large fossilized bones quite probably had been observed long period by
Wildlife includes all non-domesticated plants, animals and other organisms. The Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 established protected species and outlawed hunting many plants and animals in India. Wildlife provides food and traditional medicines for humans in some areas and is also hunted for sport, though overhunting can threaten populations. Habitat destruction and introduced invasive species also endanger wildlife.
The document discusses three endangered species: the polar bear, panda bear, and mountain gorilla.
The polar bear faces threats from climate change causing sea ice loss, which is their primary habitat. Panda bears have seen habitat fragmentation and face threats from infrastructure development. Mountain gorillas have a population of around 720 that live in protected areas in Central Africa, but face threats from war, poaching, and habitat loss. Conservation groups like WWF work on habitat protection, research, and community engagement to help protect these endangered species.
Animal Distribution in PakistanCourse19-Ecology-BSES_2k21_07- (6 May 2023).pptxArbaz57
Pakistan is home to diverse wildlife, including the markhor national animal. The most dangerous animal is the king cobra snake. Rare animals include the Asian black bear and Balochistan black bear. The largest animal is the Indus River dolphin, which is threatened by pollution, fishing bycatch, and habitat loss. Major threats to all wildlife include climate change, global warming, plastic waste, hunting, and habitat destruction from factors like urban development. Conservation efforts aim to protect habitats, reduce threats like pollution and overfishing, and educate the public.
This document discusses invasive species and overexploitation as threats to biodiversity. It defines invasive species as exotic organisms introduced by humans that spread naturally and outcompete native species. Many examples are given of invasive species like eucalyptus in Pakistan, paper mulberry in Islamabad, and zebra mussels in the Great Lakes that have caused environmental and economic harm. Overexploitation is defined as the unsustainable use of natural resources and examples include the commercial whaling industry driving whale populations down and overfishing of bluefin tuna. Control methods proposed include regulating harvesting territories, seasons, and banning inefficient practices.
Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting plant and animal species and their habitats. As part of the world’s ecosystems, wildlife provides balance and stability to nature’s processes. The goal of wildlife conservation is to ensure the survival of these species, and to educate people on living sustainably with other species.
Wildlife refers to undomesticated animal species, but has come to include all organisms that grow or live wild in an area without being introduced by humans. Wildlife was also synonymous to game: those birds and mammals that were hunted for sport. Wildlife can be found in all ecosystems.
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1. Eastern Barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii)
Rachael Edwards
VCE Environmental Science Unit 3 Ecological Issues: Area of Study 2: Biodiversity
SAC:3 Outcome 2: Case study of a threatened species
2. Eastern Barred Bandicoot
Class: Mammalia
Order: Polyprotodonta
Family: Peramelidae
Genus: Perameles
Species: P. gunnii
Subspecies: unnamed subspecies
Status: Extinct in the wild
Location: Three protected reintroduced
sites in Victorian Grasslands
3. Description
An Eastern barred bandicoot is a small marsupial,
which weighs on average, approximately 640
grams, with a body length of roughly 300
millimetres and a 110 millimetre long tail.
It has a slim extended head narrowing into a pink
nose and a well whiskered muzzle, with large
protruding ears. The bandicoot gets its name
from the light stripes across its rear. The belly, tail
and feet are all white in colour while the rest of
its body is covered with soft greyish brown fur.
It has long clawed forefeet which are used to dig
for food.
4. Diet
Eastern barred bandicoots are omnivores. They
mostly eat invertebrates from the soil such as root-
eating grubs like cockchafers and corbies. Although
they are not only restricted to eating invertebrates
from the soil as they also eat beetles, earthworms,
berries, fungi and plant material. The bandicoot has
an extremely strong smell which helps it to locate
its food. Once it finds its food it uses its claws and
pointed nose to dig small narrow holes, where they
extract their food from. They don’t need to drink
since they get enough water from their food.
5. Breeding and behaviour
(Behavioural adaptations)
• Despite the high reproductive rate, the death rate, particularly for adolescents is extremely high.
Predators and diseases seem to be the main causes of death although the reasons for mortality
are not well known. The Eastern Barred Bandicoot has a life span of up to 6 years although in the
wild it generally only survives between 1 and 3 years.
• Throughout the day the Eastern Barred Bandicoot rests in its nest, which is generally a low hole in
the ground with grass dragged across the top. They are nocturnal, appearing after dusk, where
they begin scavenging for food. Bandicoots only ever mix when breeding.
A female Eastern Barred Bandicoot can produce
up to 4 young in a litter, producing between 3
and 4 litters a year. (So they could have a
maximum of 16 young in one year.) Between
late may and early December the bandicoots
give birth to their young.
6. Characteristics that leave this species exposed to threats
• This species is exposed to threat because it is small, which contributes to it being
slow making predators catch and kill it very easily. Also because the Eastern
Barred Bandicoot is on its own until mating it doesn’t have any one their to help
back up, support and look out for it like animals which stay in packs do. Also by
having low nests in the ground other animals which are predators such as foxes
can easily sniff out and find the bandicoot.
I’m not sure what to put on
this slide. (How to answer this
question.) I couldn’t find any
information on it, so I basically
just come up with a response I
thought was suitable.
7. Habitat
• Habitat is the natural environment of an animal, plant or other
organism. The original native habitat for an Eastern Barred
Bandicoot was primarily native perennial tussock grasslands with
dispersed open wood lands and shrub cover, particularly along
watercourses. Now the Eastern Barred Bandicoot is only found in
South-eastern Australia. In Tasmania the Eastern Barred
Bandicoot is still widely dispersed, being found both in the east
and north of the state, although, numbers have reduced and are
still reducing, mainly due to destruction of habitat.
8. An assessment of its significance in its ecosystem(what is it’s niche or role? Does it
provide any ecosystem services, biological resources and/or social benefits?)
• I’m unsure what to put on this. Is it about it’s role in the food chain?
9. Genetic population and species
diversity
• Bandicoot numbers have declined so drastically that it is believed there is only one
population of Eastern Barred Bandicoots in the wild (natural occurring population) of
roughly five animals left in existence. This very small population is known as functionally
extinct. With such a small population size there is also a high chance of inbreeding.
Inbreeding generally causes a growth in the number of individuals which are
homozygous for a trait, therefore increasing the appearance of recessive traits. These
recessive traits can be huge negatives, causing health problems.
• Due to captive breeding and re-introduction programs there are now approximately
2,000 Eastern Barred Bandicoots in a few locations which are heavily managed to
eliminate predators.
10. Conservation Status
National conservation status: Under the Commonwealth Environment Protection Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999 the Eastern Barred Bandicoot is listed as endangered. This means the bandicoot is
threatened with extinction.
Victorian conservation status: Under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 the Eastern
Barred bandicoot is classified as being threatened. This means it is likely that in the near future it will
become an endangered species.
According to DSE’s Advisory List of Threatened Vertebrate
Fauna in Victoria (in 2003) stated the Bandicoot was
critically endangered in Victoria. This means the Eastern
Barred Bandicoot is facing an exceptionally high risk of
becoming extinct in the wild.
In Tasmania, Eastern Barred Bandicoots are faring much
better than in Victoria, mostly due to the absence of foxes.
This status has continued to change as more and more of
native grassland (habitat) is being destroyed.
11. What threatens the bandicoot?
• Prior to the arrival of European’s in Tasmania the Eastern Barred Bandicoot mainly existed in native grasslands
and grassy woodlands of the Midlands. Now the bandicoot has mainly disappeared from the Midlands area
due to being cleared for agriculture and grazing (over 99% of the state which was suitable bandicoot habitat
has disappeared.
• Clearing land on mainland Australia also contributed to the radical decline of the Eastern barred bandicoot.
This is due to the clearing of remnant native bush and weeds (ground cover) as it has the potential to change
habitat which is prime for bandicoots into an area where the species cannot possibly survive, such as
wasteland. Reduction in rainfall caused by climate change also contributed to the reduction in Eastern Barred
Bandicoots, as they have more food and survive better in moist, damp habitats. The predation by introduced
species, the fox (European Red Fox) also contributed to the decline as well cats and dogs as they kill and eat
the Eastern Barred Bandicoots. Cats kill Eastern Barred Bandicoots, especially juveniles, although the impact
on the population is no where as severe as foxes. Inbreeding is another huge threat to the Eastern Barred
Bandicoot as it minimises genetic diversity and can cause health problems.
• The Eastern Barred Bandicoots main competitor is rabbits as they eat both eat plant materials (similar foods).
12. Previous management actions
Wild Population Management at Hamilton
Investigation in the 1970’s showed a massive decline in the species range and abundance across the range had
occurred. The population was studied in 1980 by Brown and in the same year an active management for
bandicoot conservation started, with the aim being to develop and improve habitat for the Eastern Barred
Bandicoot. Work in Hamilton commenced to develop and extend habitat by purchasing land and providing
sections of habitat as well as hard shelters. In order to control predators trapping, shooting and promotion of
responsible pet ownership were all attempted. Information sessions for community members were held and
brochures were given out to inform them of what was happening and what they could do in order to prevent
the reduction in numbers of Eastern Barred Bandicoots. Despite everything that happened and was attempted
to save the Eastern Barred Bandicoots in Hamilton the range and total population size declined. It got to a
point where it was decided successfully recovering the Bandicoots in Hamilton wasn’t possible and the wild
population (which was able to be caught) was decided to be relocated to the Woodlands Historic Park.
13. Captive breeding and re-introduction program
Mainland Eastern Barred Bandicoots were at the edge of extinction and an intensive captive breeding and re-introduction program brought them
back. The captive breeding program run by zoo’s Victoria supplements wild populations with animals which are captive bred. It also works closely
with the recovery team in order to bring this species back from the edge.
In 1992 zoos Victoria assumed responsibility for captive breeding and switched to intensively managed facilities to breed bandicoots for re-
introduction. Since then Eastern Barred Bandicoots have been bred for the recovery program at the three Zoos Victoria properties (Healesville
Sanctuary, Melbourne Zoo and Werribee Zoo).
Due to the program there are now approximately 2,000 Eastern Barred Bandicoots in a few locations which are heavily managed to eliminate
predators.
Eastern Barred Bandicoots were first reintroduced into large fenced enclosures, resulting in the establishment of two semi-wild populations.
14. • Through the Wild Futures program, Conservation Volunteers Australia is working in partnership
with Parks Victoria at Woodlands Historic Park and Serendip Sanctuary, Department of
Sustainability & Environment Communities for Nature, Mt Rothwell Biodiversity Centre and the
Eastern Barred Bandicoot Recovery Team to create secure areas where these bandicoots can
flourish in their native grassland habitat.
• A population of Eastern Barred Bandicoot’s were established at Mt Rothwell Sanctuary with the
help of FAME (Foundation for Australia’s most Endangered Species). In order for Eastern Barred
Bandicoots to recover in numbers areas of their natural habitat will need to be protected from
predators.
15. Strategies which have been recommended to reduce threats
• Bandicoots are often killed by cats and dogs, often causes significant mortality in
a few populations. Cats can carry a fatal disease Toxoplasmosis and it can be
transported to Eastern Barred Bandicoots consequently killing them.
• Simply by keeping pets inside at night we can minimise the number of wildlife
killed by our pets. Keeping cats inside would mean they are less likely to give
wildlife such as the Eastern Barred Bandicoot the fatal disease. Also by stopping
dogs from wandering they will have a significantly lower chance of taking
bandicoots from their nests during the day.
16. Strategies that have been used or
recommended to reduce the threats
and their effectiveness
• Zoos and wildlife sanctuary's have created safe and secure areas where Eastern Barred
Bandicoots can flourish in their native grassland habitat. In 2012 the Woodlands
Historic Park finished an exclusion fence and know its focus is on eradicating pests,
maintaining the fence and enclosure (removal of invasive weed species and planting of
native grasses) to ensure the Eastern Barred Bandicoots are safe. This strategy wasn’t
successful at the beginning. There were five reintroduction sites which have now the
population have become extinct due to presence of foxes. The Woodlands Historic Park
was one site this happened to and it did have a predator barrier fence, although
unfortunately it didn’t exclude all foxes. But now with more secure habitats in better
locations (minimal presence of foxes), this program is seen as successful.
17. Objectives and intended management actions
Objective 1-Establish and monitor self-sustaining reintroduced populations
Action Targets Responsible
Monitor re-introduced populations • Regularly collect data on re-introduced populations
• Annual report bandicoot survival in relation to
characteristics of site
• Based on the information gathered produce site
management protocols
• DSE
• Parks Victoria
• National trust
recovery team
Compile, maintain and assess
information
• All monitoring and predator control data stored on a
single database and regularly uploaded.
• Annual reports of recovery effort progress published
on DSE website
DSE South West
Do I need this. I have a lot more, but I don’t know whether to include it or not.
18. How numbers are estimated
In areas of up to 5 hectares in size the techniques listed below are suitable for detecting the presence of Eastern
Barred Bandicoots:
• daytime searches for potential habitat resources, such as areas with open grassland in proximity to refuge and
shelter sites
• daytime searches for signs, such as scats, tracks, nests and conical foraging holes
• collection and analysis of predator scats
• soil plot surveys
• hair tube surveys
• cage trapping
• baited camera traps
The Southern Brown Bandicoots range overlaps with the Eastern Barred Bandicoot, so as consequence direct
detection techniques should be used at sites with signs of nesting or foraging so you can distinguish between the
two species.
There have been reports from a number of researchers stating cage trapping and hair sampling are unsuccessful,
especially since so much time and effort is required for this. Researchers recommend that for initial detection, time
should be spent focusing on searching for soil plot surveys as well as signs. The most effective method for identifying
Eastern Barred Bandicoots is by using baited camera traps.