Area of research

Project govind #9525621552 1
Area of Research :-
Endangered Animal Species
A plant or animal species existing in such small numbers that it is in danger of becoming extinct, especially such
a species placed in jeopardy as a result of human activity. One of the principal factors in the endangerment or
extinction of a species is the destruction or pollution of its native habitat. Other factors include overhunting,
intentional extermination, and the accidental or intentional introduction of alien species that outcompete the native
species for environmental resources.
List of some endangered species across the world as follows:-
 AFRICAN WILD DOG
African wild dogs are found in Sub-Saharan Africa (the part of Africa south of the Sahara Desert). African wild
dogs live in packs. They hunt at dawn and dusk, and chase prey such as Thomson’s gazelles.
Adaptaion
Wild Dog - Adaptations:Wild dogs have the endurance to run down prey (can maintain 48kph for up to 5
km). Hunting cooperatively increases their chances of success.They are adapted to dealing with heat stress while
running at high speeds for extended periods. The most important adaptation is the ability to learn. When they are
young they are taught the skills passed down generation to generation about how to survive in the wild. They need
every single one of these skills to survive in the wild. With new threats such as habitat loss starvation predators and
pollution.
Reason
The African wild dog is endangered due to habitat loss caused by human overpopulation, poaching,diseases like
rabies and threats from other predators such as lions and hyenas.If given the chance, lions will kill as many wild
dogs and their pups as possible in order to reduce competition.
Recovery
I describe the recovery of a wild dog population following natural recolonization of unprotected rangelands in
northern Kenya, characterizing key demographic variables such as mortality and fecundity. I explore the potential
impacts of people and competing predators on population recovery by comparing demographic parameters in 2 land -
use types with different human densities and hence differing densities of competing predators.I seek evidence of
component Allee effects by comparing demographic parameters with pack size and assess demographic Allee
effects by investigating these parameters at a range of population densities
 TIGER

There are several subspecies (types)oftiger, and all are endangered. The Bengal tiger is the most numerous
kind of tiger, yet there are only around 2,500 living in the wild.It is hard to believe that one of the most
world’s most recognisable animals is included in a list of endangered animals.
Adoptaion
Adaptations.The tiger's striped coat helps them blend in well with the sunlight filtering through
the treetops to the jungle floor. The tiger's seamless camouflage to their surroundings is enhanced because
the striping also helps break up their body shape, making them difficult to detect for unsuspecting prey.
Habitate
the main threat to the survival of tigers is the loss of their natural habitats. Forests,grasslands and
swamps are being developed into cities, towns, farming regions and industrial areas. Tigers are solitary
animals and require space in which to hunt. ... However, tigers survive remarkably well in captivity.
Reason
The main reasons tigers are endangered—in most cases cases,critically endangered—are illegal hunting
for their pelts, meat and body parts (used in folk medicines) as well as habitat loss that results from logging
and otherforms of forest destruction.
Recovery
1. Protect tigers and their habitat.
2. Build capacity in range states.
3. Reduce human-tiger conflict.
4. Conduct scientific research on tigers to help inform conservation strategies.
5. Promote tiger-friendly policies.
6. Monitor tiger numbers, population trends,and threats to tigers and their habitats.
 BLACK RIHNO
Black rhinos are critically endangered. They are found in Eastern and Central Africa. Despite their name, their
colour ranges from brown to grey. Black rhinos can run at 50 km/h. They are hunted for their horns.
Adoptaion and habitate
Special Adaptations.Thick, layered skinprotects rhinos from sharp grasses and thorns.Thick, padded soles on their
feet absorb shock and cushion legs. A prehensile upper lip helps in foraging and browsing. It can be found in various

habitats that have dense,woody vegetation. The white rhino lives in savannas, which have water holes, mud
wallows, shade trees,and the grasses they graze on.
Reson
West African black rhinos (Diceros bicornis longipes) were declared extinct in 2011, with the last one having been
sighted in 2006. Their initial population losseswere due to habitat loss and big game hunters that killed them for
sport.
Recovery
First, make sure the place you’d like to host yourrhino is ecologically suitable, meeting all climate, vegetation,
water, and other requirements. In addition, check that rhino have occurred here historically.
2. Make sure it is well protected,has anti-poaching units in place, and that the legislation of the country supports this
protection.
3. Put together a highly skilled rhino tracking and monitoring unit.
4. Obtain the support and cooperation of the government, provincial governments,Department of Wildlife and
Environment, National Parks, Game Reserves, Conservancies involved.
 GALAPAGOS PENGUIN
Galápagos Penguins live on the Galápagos islands, and are the only penguin found north of the equator. They are the
second-smallest penguin: only the little penguin is smaller.
Adaptation and habitate
The Galapagos penguin has a number of uniqueadaptations that allow it to survive the high temperatures and
unpredictable food supply of theGalapagos (4). Foraging in the sea for small schooling fish during the day helps
them to avoid overheating (4).
The Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus) is a penguin endemic to the Galápagos Islands. It is the only
penguin that lives north of the equatorin the wild. It can survive due to the cool temperatures resulting from the
Humboldt Current and cool waters from great depths brought up by the Cromwell Current.
Reson
the Galapagos penguin is listed as anendangered species as like many species found around the islands, they are
endemic to the area and do not adapt well to sudden changes in their environment. Emperor penguins should be
classed as an endangered species because the majority of colonies will have lost half their populations by the end of
the century,biologists have warned. The flightless birds which inhabit Antarctica are threatened by changes to sea
ice which are being driving by climate change.
Recovery

Increasing the Galapagos Penguin Population Through Artificial Nests
 GIANT PANDA
Giant pandas are bears that live in the forests of China. They live on bamboo. There are only around 3,000 giant
pandas living in the wild today.
adoptation
It also has a sixth 'thumb' that allows the Giant Panda to grasp Bamboo better for eating. It also helps
the Panda pull the shoots and leaves off of Bamboo stems. The Pandas'thumb' is actually an extension of the wrist
bone. It is a very important adaptation for the Panda to be able to eat so much Bamboo. giant pandas are only
found in the remote,mountainous regions of central China, in Sichuan, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces,according to
the National Zoo. In this area, there are cool, wet bamboo forests that are perfect for the giant panda's
One the main reasons that panda populations have declined is habitat destruction.As the human population in
China continues to grow, pandas' habitat gets taken over by development, pushing them into smaller and less
livable areas. Habitat destruction also leads to food shortages
Recover
Creating Protected areas and bamboo corridors
Planting more bamboo trees
Creating artificial shelters for gaint panda
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ) RED LIST:-
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List orRed Data List), founded in 1964,
is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status ofbiological species.... These criteria
are relevant to all species and all regions of the world. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ provides
taxonomic, conservation status and distribution information on plants,fungi and animals that have been globally
evaluated using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. This systemis designed to determine the relative risk of
extinction, and the main purpose of the IUCN Red List is to catalogue and highlight those plants and animals that
are facing a higher risk of global extinction (i.e. those listed as Critically
Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable. Species are classified by the IUCN Red List into nine
groups,[15] specified through criteria such as rate of decline, population size, area of geographic distribution, and
degree of population and distribution fragmentation.
 Extinct (EX) – No known individuals remaining

 Extinct in the wild (EW) – Known only to survive in captivity, or as a naturalized population outside its historic
range
 Critically endangered (CR) – Extremely high risk of extinction in the wild
 Endangered (EN) – High risk of extinction in the wild
 Vulnerable (VU) – High risk of endangerment in the wild
 Near threatened (NT) – Likely to become endangered in the near future
 Least concern (LC) – Lowest risk (Does not qualify for a more at-risk category; widespread and abundant taxa
are included in this category.)
 Data deficient (DD) – Not enough data to make an assessment ofits risk of extinction
 Not evaluated (NE) – Has not yet been evaluated against the criteria
In the context of the IUCN Red List, "threatened" embraces the three categories of Critically Endangered,
Endangered, and Vulnerable.

Wild Life sanctuary and Their security
Sanctuary is an area which is of adequate ecological, faunal, floral, Geo-morphological, natural or zoological
significance. The Sanctuary is declared for the purpose of protecting, propagating or developing wildlife or its
environment. Certain rights of people living inside the Sanctuary could be permitted.
A sanctuary is a protected area which is reserved for the conservation of only animal and human activities
like harvesting of timber, collecting minor forest products and private ownership rights are allowed as long as they
do not interfere with well-being of animals. Boundaries of sanctuaries are not well defined and controlled biotic
interference is permitted.
#10. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala
Photograph by www.flickr.com user 4neus
The Periyar Wildlife reserve lies cozily cusped within the famous Cardamom Hills of the South. The Periyar River
meanders around its contours,providing a permanent source of water for the local wildlife. Periyar is a highly
protected tiger and elephant reserve. At last count,there were about 53 tigers within the park area. Tourists hire
barges to view herds of wild elephants bathing in the Periyar Lake. Other animals found here include Gaur, Bison,
Sambar, Barking Deer, Mouse Deer, Mongoose,Foxes, Lion-tailed Macaque,Nilgiri Langur and Leopards.
#9. Govind Wildlife Sanctuary, Uttarakhand

Photograph by www.flickr.com user dingopup
Covering an area of 953 thickly forested square kilometers with stunning views of the surrounding snowclad peaks,
the Govind Wildlife sanctuary draws tons of visitors each year. It is a well-known picnic and trekking destination.
You might get lucky to get a glimpse of the Snow Leopard here. This park is also home to a number of other exotic
species such as Himalayan Black Bear, Musk Deer, Himalayan Serow, Himalayan Monal, Trogopan and many
more. Highly recommended for lovers of the cold and to those who love trekking.
#8. Bandhavgarh National Park, Madhya Pradesh

Photograph by www.flickr.com user JP BENNET
Nestled among the Vindhyas, Bandhavgarh was used by the Maharajas of yester-years as a hunting park. Today, it is
a highly protected area and boasts ofthe highest density of tigers in the country.The park is also a large breeding
ground for Panthers, and various species of deer including Nilgai and Spotted Deer. A number of luxury Safaris are
organised in this park where tourists are taken around through the foggy jungle in open jeeps at the crack of dawn.
#7. Hemis National Park, Jammu & Kashmir
Photograph by www.flickr.com user Itshears
Located in the Eastern Ladakh region of Kashmir, Hemis National Park offers many recreational opportunities
including camping, trekking and sightseeing.Hemis has the distinction of being the only national park north of the
Himalayas and is home to a healthy population of about 200 majestic Snow Leopards. Other animals that call Hemis
home are the Tibetan Wolf, the endangered Eurasian Brown Bear, the Red Fox, the Argali, the Bharal and the
Shapu. You may even spot a few Asiatic Ibex if you are lucky. No motorable roads run through the park and you
have to cover it mostly on foot. A number of trekking routes open up from mid-June to mid-October.
#6. Kaziranga National Park, Assam

Photograph by www.flickr.com user Lip Kee
At Kaziranga, you will feel dwarfed by the vast expanses of ultra-tall elephant grass,which is why opting for an
elephant safari through the park is a great idea. A World Heritage Site, the park hosts two-thirds of the world's Great
One-horned Rhinoceroses. Other exotic species here are the Wild Asiatic Water Buffalo and the Eastern Swamp
Deer. Infact, Kaziranga has 57% of the world population of the Wild Asiatic WaterBuffalo which can be found
lolling around in the many swamps here. Kaziranga is also home to a large number of birds, predators and
scavengers.
#5. Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan

Photograph by www.flickr.com user bjoern
Jeep and open mini-bus safaris are organised and the rides through the undulating terrain of Ranthambore National
Park are exhilarating. People usually take more than one ride because it's not very easy to spot a tiger in one go here.
Apart from the Tiger, you can hope to spot animals like Leopards, Wild Boars, Peacocks, Chitals, Sambhars,
Hyenas, and Sloth Bears. They say that one of the country's largest old Banyan trees is growing somewhere in this
park. Looks like you're going to have to verify that one for yourself!
Rule and Regulation
The State Government may, by notification, declare its intention to constitute any area other than area comprised
with any reserve forest or the territorial waters as a sanctuary if it considers that such area is of adequate ecological,
faunal, floral, geomorphological, natural. or zoological significance, for the purpose of protecting, propagating or
developing wildlife or its environment. 2]
(2) The notification referred to in sub-section (1) shall specify, as nearly as possible, the situation and limits of such
area.
Explanation. – For the purposes of the this section, it shall be sufficient to describe the area by roads, rivers, ridges,
or other well-known or readily intelligible boundaries

Securities
To protect the animal from predators, we care it by regular monitoring of such animals population.
Drone camera are used to look after the animals , their health is also monitored by marking their behavior
through camera. And also save it from any other natural hazards.
Some time Sensor is used to sense the movement of animals , weight of animals and also used to care
sanctuary climate.
.
CLIMATE CHANGE REPRESENT A SERIOUS THREAT TO OUR WELFARE AND ENVIRONMENT
I. Introduction The subjects of “global warming” and “climate change” have become parts of both the popular
lexicon and the public discourse.Discussions ofglobal warming often evoke passionate responses and fierce debate
between adherents to different views of the threat posed.
Global warming refers to the phenomenon of increasing average surface temperatures of the Earth over the past one
to two centuries. The concept is related to the more general phenomenon of climate change,which refers to changes
in the totality of attributes that define climate—not only surface temperatures, but also precipitation patterns,winds,
ocean currents, and othermeasures of the Earth’s climate. For this reason,I will favor the
doi:10.1017/S0265052509090220 © 2009 Social Philosophy & Policy Foundation.Printed in the USA. 193 use of
the more general term ‘climate change
B. The greenhouse effect If the only considerations determining the Earth’s surface temperature were those
described above, the Earth would be a frozen (and likely lifeless) planet. There is an additional factor, the so-called
greenhouse effect, which leads to a warming of the lower atmosphere. The existence of the greenhouse effect is not
controversial; in fact, without it, the Earth likely would not be habitable. Trace gases with certain chemical
properties (the so-called greenhouse gases)absorb some of the infrared radiation produced by the Earth’s surface.
Due to this absorption,some fraction of the original 70 units does not directly escape to space,but is instead
absorbed by these gases.Because greenhouse gases emit the same amount of radiation they have absorbed,but
equally in all directions (i.e., as much downward as upward), the net effect of absorption by greenhouse gas es is to
increase the total amount of radiation downward toward the Earth’s surface and lower atmosphere
E. Theoretical climate models Theoretical models of the Earth’s climate systemcan be used to study the behavior of
the Earth’s climate, and to investigate the response of the climate to imposed “forcing,” including the buildup of
greenhouse gases 196 MICHAEL E. MANN in the atmosphere due to fossil fuel burning. These models are based
on applying the laws of physics (fluid dynamics and radiation balance) and principles of chemistry and biology to
describe the behavior of the components of the climate system(the ocean, the atmosphere, ice sheets,and the
terrestrial and marine biosphere) and the interactions between them. These models vary in their complexity, from the

simplest “energy balance” models, which treat the Earth’s surface as a globally uniform layer whose temperature is
determined by a balance of incoming and outgoing radiation, to the fully three-dimensional global climate models
which solve for not only the global radiation balance, but also the physical equations of motion governing the
atmosphere, the ocean, and ice, and also solve for the exchanges of energy and momentum both within and between
the different components of the climate. In many cases,such models also include a dynamic representation of the
Earth’s biosphere and carbon cycle.
F. Earth’s climate history The Earth’s climate varies on a wide range of timescales. Over tens of millions of years,
geological processes such as plate tectonics have driven substantialchanges in the composition of the atmosphere,
impacting the levels of natural greenhouse gases.During the early Cretaceous period (roughly 100 million years
ago), for example, it is believed that carbon dioxide levels were several times higher than they are at present,and
global temperatures several degrees warmer than today, warm enough that the poles were ice-free. As long-term
geological processes slowly drove down greenhouse gas concentrations,the Earth’s climate entered the so-called
Pleistocene climate epoch approximately two million years ago. The Pleistocene was characterized by oscillations
between widespread glacial conditions (ice ages)and more moderate, relatively ice-free interglacial periods, driven
by natural, multi-millennial cycles in the geometry of the Earth’s orbit around the sun.
A. Surface warming The projected increase in global surface temperature from 2000 to 2100 ranges from roughly 1
to 6°C, depending on which of the emissions scenarios (discussed above)is assumed,and on the climate sensitivity
of the particular model used.6 The scenario that most closely corresponds to “business as usual” (i.e., in which there
are no significant departures over the next century from the historical pattern of increasing fossil fuel burning) is the
so-called A1B scenario,7 a mid-range scenario that would resultin more than a doubling of carbon dioxide levels,
raising these levels from their pre-industrial level of roughly 280 parts per million in the atmosphere by mass (ppm)
to about 700 ppm. Such an increase in greenhouse gas concentrations would,in turn, lead to a warming of between 2
and 4°C, depending on the model
C. Regional climate changes Precise projections of future regional climate change are hampered by uncertainties in
the details of how wind and ocean circulation patterns will change in response to human impacts on the climate. Of
particular relevance in this context is the potential for changes in the ENSO phenomenon. While current-generation
climate models perform reasonably well in reproducing El Nino–like behavior, they do not reproduce certain
important features of the phenomenon,such as the detailed pattern of trade winds in the equatorial Pacific. Because
the interaction between the trade winds and the ocean surface is an important component of El Nino, this means that
these features, and in particular how they might respond to anthropogenic impacts on climate, are uncertain
D. Ice melt and rising sea levels Among the most significant potential impacts of a warming climate are prospects
for significant melting of the polar ice caps, and the related phenomenon of rising global sea levels. Even if we
ceased fossil fuel burning today,the Earth’s surface would continue to warm for decades,and the deep ocean would
continue to warm for centuries due to the “committed warming” phenomenon referred to in Section III.A above. It is
predicted that a combination of the thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of mountain glaciers associated
with this warming will lead to between a third and a full meter of global sea-level rise by 2100 under the “business
as usual” emissions scenario.13 It is possible,however, that the sea-level rise could be considerably greater.
E. Tropical cyclones Climate change is likely to impact the characteristics of tropical cyclones (the strongest of
which are known as “hurricanes” in the Atlantic ocean). Warming tropical ocean temperatures associated with
global warming increase the maximum possible intensity,and thus the destructive potential, of tropical cyclones.In
the Atlantic, where long-term data are available, a close relationship is observed between warming ocean
temperaturesin recent decades and the increased powerfulness of hurricanes.15 Though there appears to be a

consensusthat warmer ocean surface temperatures will favor increased tropical cyclone intensities, there is less
agreement with regard to whether tropical cyclones will become less or more frequent in response to future climate
change.
IV. Impacts on Our Environment and Society The projected climate changes due to anthropogenic impact on the
Earth’s climate, as I have noted,include warmer surface temperatures, shifting patterns of rainfall, more widespread
drought,rising sea levels, and more extreme meteorological conditions including flooding and intense tropical
cyclones.These changes in climate are likely to have profound impacts on ecosystems,human health, water
resources,agriculture, and the basic infrastructure that supports modern civilization
A. Ecosystems Climate change is likely to influence the functioning of ecosystems and to impact biodiversity. Plants
and animals have established their currentgeographic ranges through long-term adaptation to seasonalclimate
patterns.Anthropogenic climate change is likely to alter those seasonalpatterns on a timescale far more rapid than
has occurred naturally over past millennia. It is this rapid rate of climate change which is likely to challenge the
natural adaptive capacity of living things.
B. Human health Human health will likely be detrimentally impacted by climate change in a number of different
ways, including through greater spread of infectious disease,increased incidence of environment-related health
afflictions (including heat stress),and more widespread malnutrition. Infectious disease is likely to become more
widespread as the geographical ranges and seasonalwindows of activity of disease vectors such as insects and
rodents widen with warmer temperatures.
D. Water resources Water resources are also likely to be substantially impacted by climate change.At current rates
of warming, by the middle of this century a 10 to 40 percent increase in average river runoff and water availability
has been projected in higher latitudes and in certain wet regions in the tropics, while decreases of similar magnitude
are expected in other parts of the tropics, and in the dry regions of the subtropics,particularly in summer.28 In many
cases,water availability is decreasing or expected to decrease in regions that are already stressed forwater
resources,such as the African Sahel, western North America, southern Africa, and western Australia
V. Evaluation of the Threat One of the challenges faced by society involves how to weigh the potential costs and
benefits of dealing with the climate-change threat. It is useful in this context to focus on three key kinds of
considerations.The first of these—and perhaps the more straightforward—are the economic considerations,which
weigh the potential financial costs ofadaptation and mitigation against the benefits of thwarting the various threats
to our environment and societal infrastructure associated with climate change
VI. Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate-Change Impacts As I discussed in the previous section, economic,
security, and ethical considerations all seem to point toward taking precautions to protect society and the
environment against the threats posed by major climate changes.
A. Adaptation As we have seen above (see Section III.A), even the most optimistic scenarios for the future path of
fossil fuel burning might still lead to dangerous climate change.It is thus arguable that society will be faced with
required adaptation in any plausible scenario. The problem with adaptation as a sole strategy is that,in most if not

all realistic future emissions scenarios, many of the predicted climate-change impacts are also likely to exceed the
capacity for humans (or ecosystems,for that matter) to adapt.
B. Mitigation: Reducing energy demand The simplest approach to decreasing global greenhouse emissions is to
decrease the demand for energy which drives these emissions. T
VII. Conclusions The Kyoto Protocol compelled the nations of the world to take whatever actions are required to
avoid breaching the threshold of “dangerous anthropogenic interference” with the Earth’s climate. Few would argue
with the logic of this imperative. As we have seen,however, it is a challenge to define just what is meant by
“dangerous anthropogenic interference,” let alone how close we might be to it, and what is necessary to avoid it.
Such uncertainty complicates the objective prescription of policy solutions for combating the problem of global
climate change.Indeed, uncertainty abounds for those looking to it as an excuse for inaction. Yet if anything,as we
have seen,uncertainty will likely work against us rather than for us,given the potential “tipping points” that may
accelerate future climate changes and their impacts. Uncertainty is not an excuse for inaction. Quite the contrary, as
I noted earlier, uncertainty places an even greater burden of proof upon those advocating inaction, given the
possibility it introduces for even more severe and irreversible harm to society and the environment than is currently
envisioned.
Unfortunately, no single approach to climate mitigation in isolation is sufficient to solve the
problem of global climate change,that is, to avert breaching the level of “dangerous anthropogenic interference”
with the Earth’s climate. A viable solution will have to involve strategies for adaptation to changes that are
inevitable, and mitigation of changes that can still be averted. It will require a concerted effort across nations,
governments, and all strata of society,and hard work and perhaps difficult choices among individuals, governments,
and industries.It will require the development and use of alternative energy sources,significant changes in lifestyle,
and dramatically altered incentive structures that reward environmentally responsible behavior by people, industries,
and governments.Anthropogenic climate change has been argued by some to constitute the greatest threat human
society has ever faced. At their worst, human civilizations under threat have succumbed to some of the worst of
human instincts,such as greed and short-sightedness.The collapse of Easter Island—wherein systematic
deforestation of the island by its human inhabitants undermined its sustainability for human occupation—provides a
compelling example.59 Yet at their best,civilizations have displayed a remarkable fortitude that has allowed them to
triumph in the face of seemingly insurmountable adversity. We must hope that modern human civilization will
follow the latter of these two very different possible paths as it confronts the daunting challenge of global climate
change in the decades ahead.
व्यक्ति या कोर्इ भी सजीव प्राणी जीवन मेंं जो भी करिा है या सोचिा है उसमें अपनी र्च्छा को ही प्रमुख मानिाहै।
व्यक्ति अपनी र्च्छा को ककसी के अधीन नही रखनाचाहिा है और अपनी स्वित्र कियाओ में बाधा उसकी मनोवृत्ति
एव उपलक्धध को प्रभात्तविकरिी है और मनुष्य की स्वित्रिा उसकी मनोवृत्ति से सम्बधधि है और र्सकी
आवश्यकिा एव स्वरूप दर्इन के भी कौिुहलका त्तवषय रहा है। शर्क्षा में स्वित्रिा एक मनोवृत्ति है। शर्क्षा के क्षेत्र में
र्सकी तया आवश्यकिा है र्सका ज्ञान आवश्यक है।

स्वित्रिा साधारण अर्इ में ककसी भी बन्धन से मुक्ति है। डी0वी0 ने शलखा कक ‘‘स्वित्रिा ककसी भी प्रकार के बन्धन
से योग्यिा का छु टकारा है।’’ अब्राहम शलकन के र्धद बडे ही माशमइक है ‘‘दुननया ने कभी स्वित्रिा कासही अर्इ नही
समझाा। अमेररकन लोगों के शलये िो र्सका सही अर्इ समझना अधधक आवश्यक है।’’
स्वित्रिा हेिुअग्रेजी में कर्इ र्धद प्रयुति होिे है- शलबटी, र्क्न्डपेन्डन्सएव फ्रीडम। शलबटी र्धद का मूल र्धद
शलबरा है, क्जसका िात्पयइ ‘िुला’ है। िराजु वस्िुके भार का माप करिा है, अि: शलबटीर्सी अर्इ में अपने आचरण
एव व्यवहार को मापने वाला कहा जा सकिा है। ‘र्क्डडपेन्डेन्स’ र्धद का त्तवलोम ‘डडपेन्डन्स’ होिा है, क्जसका
अशभप्राय है पराधिि या पराधीनिा। अर्ाइि्जो कक अपने कायइ स्वयन कर पाये और धीर-धीरे जब करने लगे िो यह
डडपेन्डेन्स से र्क्न्डपेन्डेन्स हो गया।
फ्रीडम में मूल र्धद है फ्री अर्ाि्स्वित्र, पर र्स स्विित्रिा में ननयत्रण है। स्वित्रिा में मूल र्धद ‘िन्त्र‘ है। र्समें
‘स्व’ उपसगइ िर्ा ‘िा’ प्रत्यय लगा हुआ है, र्सका अशभप्राय है कक अपने ननयमों व त्तपरननयमोंमें आबद्ध मुक्ति।
स्वित्रिा व्यक्ति के व्यककत्व के सम्पूणइ एव प्राकृ निक त्तवकास हेिुअनिआवश्यक है। स्वित्रिा अर्ाइिबबना रोक-
टोक अपनी र्क्तियों का उधचिउपयोग पर वह दूसरों की कियाओ में बाधा न डाले। स्वित्रिा कासही उपयोग के
शलये बोधगम्यिा एव त्तवचारर्ीलिा अनि आवश्यक है, अर्ाइि्त्तवचारर्ीलिा स्वित्रिा की पहली सीढी है।
स्वित्रिा के दो यत्र आत्मानुर्ासन एव आत्मननयत्रण कहे जािेहैं। शर्क्षा में स्वित्रिा की आवश्यकिातया है, र्स
को हम ननम्न बबन्दुओ के अन्िगइि देख सकिे हैं-
 स्वित्रिा के द्वारा बालक के व्यक्तित्वका सिुशलिएव सवाांगीण त्तवकास होिा है।
 स्वित्रिा मानशसक त्तवकारों को प्रकट कर मानशसक दृढिा एव स्वास््य प्राप्ि करने मे सहायक है।
 स्वित्रि वािावरण में सहज स्वाभात्तवक कियाओ को करने में बालक के ा आसानी हेािी है।
 स्वित्रिा स्वभात्तवक पररक्स्र्नियाउत्पन्न करनें में सहायक होिा है, क्जससेकक बालक का त्तवकास
प्राकृ निक वािावरण में हो सके ।
 यह सवेगों को प्रकट करने व गलि सवेगों को रोकने का वािावरण प्रदान करिा है।
 स्वित्रिा बालक के ा आत्मननणइय लेने एव आत्मप्रदर्इन करने का बल प्रदान करिा है।
 यह कु क्डिि भावनाओ को प्रकट कर चररत्र को स्वच्छ बनाने में सहायक होिा है।
 र्सके कारण बच्चों में पराधिििा की भावना समाप्िहोिी है और गलि कायो से ही कायों के शलये स्वय
ननणइय लेकर प्रवृि हेािे है।
 यह काफी सीमा िक त्तवद्यालयीय सम्बध शर्क्षक छात्र, शर्क्षक, शर्क्षक एव शर्क्षा छात्र एव प्रर्ासन को
सकारात्मक मोड दे सकिा है।
 स्वित्रिा ककिनी और कौन सी दी जानी चाहहये यह एक यक्ष प्रश्न है, ।
क्या शाांति प्रिय और आक्रामक राष्ट्र होिे हैं?

र्धद राष्र त्तवभाजक, अनन्य है और र्सशलए त्तववाद और युद्धों का कारण है। कोई र्ानि त्तप्रय देर् नही है; सभी
आिामक, प्रभावर्ाली और अत्याचारी हैं। जब िक एक देर् एक अलग र्काई, दूसरों से अलग, अलगाव और देर्भक्ति
में गवइ करने वाला होिा है, दौड में भागने वाला बना रहिा है, ये अपने और दूसरों के शलए अनदेखे दुख को जन्म देिा है।
हम अलग नही हैं; हम सब एक दूसरे से सबधधि मनुष्य हैं। आपका दुख ककसी अन्य का भी दुख है - ककसी की हत्या करके
आप स्वय को नष्ट कर रहे हैं; ककसी से घृणा करके , आप दुख भोगिे हैं, तयोंकक आप भी अन्य हैं। सद्भावना और
भाईचारा अलग और त्तवशर्ष्ट देर्ों और सीमाओ के माध्यम से प्राप्ि नही ककया जािा; मनुष्य के शलए र्ानि और आर्ा
लाने के शलए र्न सब को अलग हटा हदया जाना चाहहए।
र्सके अलावा, आप स्वय को ककसी राष्र, समूह या ककसी त्तवचारधारा के सार् तयों जोडिे हैं? यह आत्मरक्षा के शलए,
अपने घमड को बढाने के शलए, अपनी महहमा को बनाए रखने के शलए नही है? अहम में तया गवइ है, जो युद्ध और दुख,
सघषइ और भ्रम लािा है? एक राष्र अहम की स्िुनि, और कलह और दुख का रचनयिा है।
एक सांबांध में एक मनुष्ट्य की ज़िम्मेदारी क्या है?
सबध जीवन है; सबध अक्स्ित्व का आधार है। सबध अनि आवश्यक है अन्यर्ा आप का वजूद नही रह सकिा। सबध का
अर्इ है सहयोग। उस एक र्धद में सब कुछ र्ाशमल है। सबध का अर्इ है प्रेम, उदारिा; सब कुछ ननहहि है।
यदद हम वास्िव में और पूरी िरह से सब कुछ बााँटने वाले बन जाएां, िो ज़िम्मेदारी पूरी िरह से उपजस्िि होगी।
हााँ, परिुयह सबध में स्वय को कै से अशभव्यति करिा है? के वल आपके और मेरे बीच ही नही, बक्कक महहला और पुरुष के
बीच, मेरे पडोसी के सार्, हर वस्िु के सार् और प्रकृ नि के सार्। प्रकृ नि के सार् मेरा सबध तया है? तया मैं जाकर सील के
बच्चों को मार डालूगा?
क्या मैं लोगों को दुश्मन कह कर उन्हें मार डालूांगा? क्या मैं िकृ ति को नष्ट्ट कर दूांगा, वो सब कुछ जो मनुष्ट्य इस वक्ि क
ररहा है? वो पृथ्वी, हवा, समुद्र, सब कुछ नष्ट्ट कर रहा है क्योंकक वह पूरी िरह से गैर ज़िम्मेदार महसूस करिा है।
देखखए, सारी बाि ये है कक यहद मैं आप से सबधधि हूाँ, आप के बारे में मैंने कोई छत्तव नही बनाई है, या मेरे बारे में आपने
कोई छत्तव नही बनाई है, िो हमारा सबध है। हमारा कोई सबध नही है यहद मेरी अपने बारे में या आप के बारे में कोई छत्तव
है। सबध हमारी छत्तवयों का है, परिुवास्ित्तवकिा में हमारा कोई सबध नही है। मैं चाहे अपनी पत्नी के सार् सोिा हूाँ, परिु
हमारा कोई सबध नही है। यह एक र्ारीररक सपकइ , सवेदी उिेजना है, और कुछ नही है। मेरी क्िम्मेदारी एक छत्तव न होना
है।
मुझे ऐसा करना चाहहए तयोंकक यह वास्िव में बहुि महत्वपूणइ है। तयोंकक आप चाहे जहा भी जाए, मनुष्यों के बीच कोई
सबध नही है और यही त्रासदी है, और र्सी से हमारे सभी सघषइ पैदा होिे हैं। िो जब ये क्िम्मेदारी है, क्जम्मेदारी की
भावना है, िो यह स्वय को सबध में बदल देिी है। ककसके सार्, ये फ़कइ नही पडिा। ज्ञाि से स्वित्रिा है, जो कक छत्तव है।
और र्स स्वित्रिा में, अच्छाई फलिी है, अच्छाई व्यवहार है, अच्छाई आचरण है, अच्छाई कायइ है।
ज़िम्मेदारी के सांबांध में परवाह क्या है?
परवाह में क्िम्मेदारी की भी एक बडी मात्रा र्ाशमल है तयोंकक मा बच्चे पर ननभइर करिी है, और बच्चा मािा या त्तपिा पर
ननभइर करिा है। िाकक ननभइरिा का लाभ प्राप्ि ककया जाए: न के वल त्तपिा और मािा के बीच, परिु एक शर्क्षक पर
ननभइरिा, आप को कायइ बिाने के शलए ककसी पर ननभइरिा, अपने गुरु पर ननभइरिा।

बच्चे, पुरुष, अके ले खडे होने में असमर्इ हैं, और र्सशलए, वो कहिे हैं, 'मुझे आराम, यौन सबध के शलए, र्सके शलए, उसके
शलए और हर चीि के शलए अपनी पत्नी पर ननभइर रहना चाहहए; मैं उस के बबना खो जािा हूाँ। मैं अपने गुरु, शर्क्षक के
बबना खो जािा हूाँ’। यह बहुि हास्यास्पद हो जािा है। जब क्िम्मेदारी की भावना होिी है, िो यह सब गायब हो जािा है।
आप अपने व्यवहार, अपने बच्चों की परवररर् के िरीके , अपने कुिे, पडोसी, प्रकृ नि के प्रनि क्िम्मेदार हैं; सब कुछ आपके
हार् में है। र्सशलए, आप जो करिे हैं, उसके प्रनि आपको बहुि सावधान रहना होगा। सावधान, ‘मुझे ऐसा नही करना
चाहहए और मुझे ऐसा करना चाहहए’। ध्यान: वह प्रेम क्जसका अर्इ है स्नेह, पररिम। वो सब जो त्तवशभन्न क्िम्मेदाररयों
के सार् चलिा है। र्सशलए हम वापस आिे हैं: स्वित्रिा का अर्इ है क्िम्मेदारी और क्िम्मेदारी का अर्इ है देखभाल,
पररिम, न कक लापरवाही।

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