Divides up the history of the earth based on life- forms that have existed during specific times since the creation of planet.
Is an important tool used to portray the history of the Earth.
Also known as the Great Dying .
96 percent of species died out.
Life on earth descended from the four percent that survived.
CAUSES: Asteroid impact, flood basalt eruptions, catastrophic methane release ,a drop in oxygen levels ,sea level fluctuations.
Ice melts in polar regions which is home to many animals like penguins and polar bears. Melted ice also leads to the rise in sea levels as well as submerging low-dying islands
Global warming gives rise to the El Niño and La Niña phenomenon which brings major disasters such as floods ,drought heatwaves ,and forest fires; destroying habitats and killing its inhabitants.
Change in temperature forces many species to flee from their comfortable habitat. They migrate and invade other territories that are similar to their old ones.
Increases in carbon dioxide concentration also cause our oceans to become more acidic .Acidic water dissolves the shells of many sea creatures such as crabs, shrimps, oysters ,and soon even coral reefs which are home to numerous marine lives.
The name dinosaur comes from the Greek words deinos (“terrible” or “fearfully great”) and sauros (“reptile” or “lizard”). The English anatomist Richard Owen proposed the formal term Dinosauria in 1842 to include three giant extinct animals (Megalosaurus, Iguanodon, and Hylaeosaurus) represented by large fossilized bones that had been unearthed at several locations in southern England during the early part of the 19th century. Owen recognized that these reptiles were far different from other known reptiles of the present and the past for three reasons: they were large yet obviously terrestrial, unlike the aquatic ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs that were already known; they had five vertebrae in their hips, whereas most known reptiles have only two; and, rather than holding their limbs sprawled out to the side in the manner of lizards, dinosaurs held their limbs under the body in columnar fashion, like elephants and other large mammals. The extensive fossil record of genera and species is testimony that dinosaurs were diverse animals, with widely varying lifestyles and adaptations. Their remains are found in sedimentary rock layers (strata) dating to the Late Triassic Epoch (approximately 237 million to 201.3 million years ago). The abundance of their fossilized bones is substantive proof that dinosaurs were the dominant form of terrestrial animal life during the Mesozoic Era (about 252.2 million to 66 million years ago). It is likely that the known remains represent a very small fraction (probably less than 0.0001 percent) of all the individual dinosaurs that once lived. Before Richard Owen introduced the term Dinosauria in 1842, there was no concept of anything even like a dinosaur. Large fossilized bones quite probably had been observed long period by
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Direction: Look at the pictures below
and identify which cause of
extinction matches each group of
pictures.
3. Taking Animals for Profit Introduced species
Hunting and Trapping Destruction of habitat
Overharvesting Pollution
4. Taking Animals for Profit Introduced species
Hunting and Trapping Destruction of habitat
Overharvesting Pollution
5. Taking Animals for Profit Introduced species
Hunting and Trapping Destruction of habitat
Overharvesting Pollution
6. Taking Animals for Profit Introduced species
Hunting and Trapping Destruction of habitat
Overharvesting Pollution
7. Taking Animals for Profit Introduced species
Hunting and Trapping Destruction of habitat
Overharvesting Pollution
8. Divides up the history of the earth based
on life- forms that have existed during
specific times since the creation of planet.
Is an important tool used to portray the
history of the Earth.
9.
10. Is the dying out or extermination of the
entire species.
11.
12. 485-541 million years ago
Invertebrate animals ,brachiopods ,trilobites
14. 419-443 million years ago
Earliest land animals
Sollasina Cthulhu
15. Third largest extinction in Earth’s history
85 percent of sea life was wiped out .
CAUSE: A huge ice sheet caused the climate to
change.
16. 359-419 million years ago
First seed plants ,cartilage fish
Sollasina Cthulhu
17. Three quarters of all species on Earth died .
Seabed became devoid of oxygen ;only bacteria can
survive.
CAUSES: Changes in sea level ,asteroid impacts
,climate change ,and new kinds of plants
interrupting the soil.
18. 252-299 million years ago
First reptiles
Sollasina Cthulhu
Edaphosaurus Dimetrodon
20. Also known as the Great Dying .
96 percent of species died out.
Life on earth descended from the four percent that
survived.
CAUSES: Asteroid impact, flood basalt eruptions,
catastrophic methane release ,a drop in oxygen
levels ,sea level fluctuations.
21. 201 -252 million years ago
Cycads , first dinosaurs
Sollasina Cthulhu
25. Half of all the species including large
amphibians became extinct.
CAUSES: Climate change ,flood basalt
eruptions ,massive volcanic eruption
,ocean acidity ,and an asteroid impact.
26. 66-145 million years ago
Modern seed –bearing plants ,dinosaurs
Sollasina Cthulhu
31. Extinction of the dinosaurs.
50 percent of all species was wiped out.
CAUSE: Asteroid impact
62-72 million years ago
Modern seed-bearing plants ,dinosaurs
32. 2.6 million years –present
Rise of humans
Sollasina Cthulhu
33.
34. 1.Dodo bird-
The dodo was a flightless relative of
pigeons and doves, which once
inhabited the islands of Mauritius and
Reunion.
the Dodo became extinct less than 80
years later because of deforestation,
hunting, and destruction of their nests
by animals brought to the island by the
Dutch.
35. 2. Stephen Island’s wren –
Stephens Island wren was a small,
flightless passerine the New Zealand
wrens.
they became extinct when they
introduced in a different
environment and harm the rest of
the species .
36. 3. Melomys Rubicola
has reddish brown fur with a paler
underbelly.
Was wiped out by sea-level rise,
according to the government of
Australia.
It's official: Climate change has claimed
its first mammal extinction.
37. 4.Spix’s Macaw
Spix's macaw, also known as the little
blue macaw, is a macaw species that
was endemic to Brazil.
Since the year 2000, the species has
been considered extinct in the wild. In
addition to illegal trafficking, the
destruction of habitat due to human
influences was the main reason for the
extinction of the species.
38. 5. Madeiran Butterfly
The Madeiran large white is
a subspecies of the large
white butterfly, endemic to
Madeira.
Cause of extinction : The
gases spread to atmosphere
and human waste damages
the whole planet.
39. 6. Woolly Mammoth
An enormous mammal, believed
to be closely related to the
modern-day elephant.
The Woolly Mammoth eventually
disappeared 10,000 years ago
through a combination of
hunting by humans and the
disappearance of its habitat
through climate change.
40. 7.Tasmanian Tiger
Not related to tigers, the creature
had the appearance of a medium-
to-large-size dog but dark stripes
gave it a tiger-like appearance.
It is believed to have been hunted
to extinction .
The last wild Tasmanian Tiger was
killed between 1910 and 1920,
with the last captive one dying in
Hobart Zoo, Tasmania in 1936.
41. 8. Passenger Pigeon
the Passenger or Wild Pigeon has been
extinct since the early 20th century.
It is estimated that between 3 and 5 billion
Passenger Pigeons inhabited the US when
Europeans arrived in North America, but
their settlement led to mass deforestation
resulting in habitat loss and a reduction in
the bird population.
By the 19th century pigeon meat was
commercialized as a cheap food for the poor,
which resulted in hunting on a massive scale.
The Passenger Pigeon died out in the wild by
around 1900, with the last known individual
dying in captivity in 1914.
42. 9.Pyrenean Ibex
The exact cause of the Pyrenean
Ibex’s extinction is unknown;
scientists believe factors included
poaching and the inability to
compete with other mammals for
food and habitat.
The last Pyrenean Ibex was killed
by a falling tree in northern Spain
in 2000.
43. 10.West African black
rhinoceros
Some believe their horns had
medicinal properties – though this
had no grounding in scientific fact –
which lead to heavy poaching.
In the 1930’s preservation action
was taken to protect the species,
but the numbers continued to
decline. The last West African Black
Rhino was seen in Cameroon in
2006. It was declared officially
extinct in 2011.
44. Are very likely to become extinct in the
near future.
In the Philippines, some terrestrial species like the tamaraw in
Mindoro, mouse deer in Palawan, Philippine deer, Monkey-
eating eagle, and aquatic species like the dugong found in
Negros, Batangas, and Leyte are in danger of extinction.
45. 1. Philippine Eagle
known as the monkey-eating eagle,
is the country’s national bird and is
one of many endemic species in the
Philippines.
Deforestation, mining, and pollution
are all major risks to the Philippine
eagle’s survival.
In 1990, the Philippine eagle was
added to the red list of critically
endangered wildlife created by the
IUCN (International Union for
Conservation of Nature).
46. 2. Tamaraw
The tamaraw, sometimes known as
the dwarf forest buffalo, is an
animal found only in the
Philippines, specifically on the
island of Mindoro.
The tamaraws were also victims of
illegal hunting and the animal flesh
trade among Mindoro residents.
In 1969, it was thought that less
than 100 animals remained, placing
the tamaraw on the IUCN’s critically
endangered list.
47. 3.Visayan Warty Pig
The IUCN lists the Visayan Warty Pig
as a critically endangered species in
the Philippines.
The pig, which was once common
throughout the central Philippines,
is now only found on two islands:
Panay and Negros.
Illegal hunting and logging, as well
as agricultural land destruction,
contributed to the Visayan Warty
Pig’s extinction on Cebu.
48. 4.Tarsier
These primates are found on the
islands of Samar, Leyte, Bohol, and
Mindanao, as well as a handful of
smaller islands like Dinagat and
Basilan.
Deforestation and increased
typhoons due to climate change
also pose a threat to wild tarsiers.
49. 5. Philippine Forest Turtle
The Philippines is home to five of
seven sea turtle species in the
world. All five of these species are
threatened and listed as
endangered.
The Philippine forest turtle, sought
by collectors for its uniqueness,
continues to face a major threat
from the illicit pet trade. In 2015, a
single bust in Palawan uncovered
nearly 4,000 turtles.
50. 6. Philippine mouse deer
also known as pilandok, small,
nocturnal ruminant, which is endemic
to Balabac and nearby smaller islands
southwest of Palawan in the
Philippines.
The Philippine mouse-deer is
threatened due to a variety of reasons,
such as poaching and capture for the
wild animal trade.
Hunting has also caused a great
decline in the number of individuals
left.
51.
52. results when sulfur dioxide (SO2)
and nitrogen oxides (NO) are
emitted into the atmosphere
and transported by wind and air
currents.
form of precipitation that is
unusually acidic.
53. Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest
or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-
forest use.
Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to
farms, ranches, or urban use. .
54. the process in which the water body becomes overly
enriched with nutrients, leading to an increase in the
production of algae and macrophytes.
56. A portion of the forest land, whether occupied or not, that
is subjected to shifting or permanent slash-and-burn
cultivation having little or no provision to prevent soil
erosion.
57. Illegal logging is the harvesting of timber in contravention
of the laws and regulations of the country of harvest.
58. A wildfire, forest fire, bushfire, wildland fire or rural fire is
an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an
area of combustible vegetation.
59. Blast fishing, when dynamite or other explosives are used
to stun or kill fish, is a practice used in many villages and
isolated regions of the world.
60. The muro-ami fishing technique, employed on coral reefs
in Southeast Asia, uses an encircling net together with
pounding devices.
61. Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish from a body
of water at a rate greater than that the species can
replenish its population naturally, resulting in the species
becoming increasingly underpopulated in that area
62. Is a process where organisms with favorable
traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Is the process by which fertile land becomes
desert, typically ,as a result of drought
,deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
63. Are not native to a specific location ,and
environment .
Is the usually rapid increase in average surface
temperature over the past century .Primarily,
this is due to the greenhouse gases released by
people burning fossil fuels.
64. Aside from obvious causes like overhunting and
pollution ,here are other ways humans are causing
mass extinction all around the planet
65. Ice melts in polar regions which is home to
many animals like penguins and polar bears.
Melted ice also leads to the rise in sea levels as
well as submerging low-dying islands
66. Global warming gives rise to the El Niño and La
Niña phenomenon which brings major disasters
such as floods ,drought heatwaves ,and forest
fires; destroying habitats and killing its
inhabitants.
67. Change in temperature forces many species to
flee from their comfortable habitat. They
migrate and invade other territories that are
similar to their old ones.
68. Increases in carbon dioxide concentration also
cause our oceans to become more acidic .Acidic
water dissolves the shells of many sea creatures
such as crabs, shrimps, oysters ,and soon even
coral reefs which are home to numerous marine
lives.
69. Ocean water expands when heated further
raising sea levels. Small bodies of water in
warmer areas dry out killing their inhabitants.