This document discusses earthquakes and seismic waves. It defines an earthquake as sudden shaking or rolling of the Earth caused by rocks breaking along fault lines. It describes the major tectonic plates that make up the Earth's crust. It also defines primary and secondary seismic waves that travel through the Earth during an earthquake. The document provides equations to calculate earthquake magnitude based on wave amplitude and distance from the epicenter. It discusses factors that determine earthquake intensity like magnitude, distance, and local soil conditions.
This 9th grade geography lesson focuses on mountain formation through curling-up and refraction. The 45 minute lesson aims to teach students about how these geological processes shape the Earth's surface over short periods of time. Students will learn key concepts including orogeny, geosynclinal, anticlines, synclines, horsts and grabens. They will explore mountain formation through hands-on modeling and discussing examples from Anatolia. The teacher will use various techniques including discovery learning, problem solving, questioning and demonstrations with materials like play dough and blocks.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy stored in the Earth's crust along a fault line. The focus is the point of energy release within the crust, while the epicenter is the point directly above the focus on the surface. When plate movements cause built-up stress to exceed rocks' limits, the stored energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to vibrate and potentially damage infrastructure through collapse or landslides. Earthquakes can also indirectly cause fires, tsunamis, and other hazards.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep underground or by volcanic eruptions. When the rocks break, seismic waves are released and travel through the earth, causing the ground to shake violently at the surface. This shaking can damage buildings, bridges and other structures, harming people from falling debris. Earthquakes can also trigger other natural disasters like tsunamis and mudslides. While difficult to predict precisely, scientists use seismographs to detect seismic waves and monitor earthquake activity. Some animal behaviors may provide early warnings, like toads abandoning breeding sites before large quakes.
The document provides information about an upcoming event on geohazards and Project NOAH organized by the Manila Board of Realtors. It will take place on June 7, 2014 and feature a presentation by Julius Bañgate from UP Diliman on geohazards associated with the West Valley Fault line. The document also includes background information on real estate, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and Project NOAH. Project NOAH is a Philippine government initiative to undertake disaster research and develop tools to help prevent and mitigate natural hazards.
A magnitude 8.9 earthquake struck off the coast of Japan near Sendai on March 11, 2011, generating a powerful tsunami. The earthquake was one of the largest ever recorded in Japan and caused widespread damage through violent shaking and flooding. Tsunami waves up to 40 meters high swept across coastal areas, destroying homes, buildings and infrastructure. The earthquake and tsunami caused major loss of life and billions of dollars in damage across northern Japan.
This 9th grade geography lesson focuses on mountain formation through curling-up and refraction. The 45 minute lesson aims to teach students about how these geological processes shape the Earth's surface over short periods of time. Students will learn key concepts including orogeny, geosynclinal, anticlines, synclines, horsts and grabens. They will explore mountain formation through hands-on modeling and discussing examples from Anatolia. The teacher will use various techniques including discovery learning, problem solving, questioning and demonstrations with materials like play dough and blocks.
An earthquake is caused by a sudden release of energy stored in the Earth's crust along a fault line. The focus is the point of energy release within the crust, while the epicenter is the point directly above the focus on the surface. When plate movements cause built-up stress to exceed rocks' limits, the stored energy is released as seismic waves, causing the ground to vibrate and potentially damage infrastructure through collapse or landslides. Earthquakes can also indirectly cause fires, tsunamis, and other hazards.
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates deep underground or by volcanic eruptions. When the rocks break, seismic waves are released and travel through the earth, causing the ground to shake violently at the surface. This shaking can damage buildings, bridges and other structures, harming people from falling debris. Earthquakes can also trigger other natural disasters like tsunamis and mudslides. While difficult to predict precisely, scientists use seismographs to detect seismic waves and monitor earthquake activity. Some animal behaviors may provide early warnings, like toads abandoning breeding sites before large quakes.
The document provides information about an upcoming event on geohazards and Project NOAH organized by the Manila Board of Realtors. It will take place on June 7, 2014 and feature a presentation by Julius Bañgate from UP Diliman on geohazards associated with the West Valley Fault line. The document also includes background information on real estate, plate tectonics, earthquakes, and Project NOAH. Project NOAH is a Philippine government initiative to undertake disaster research and develop tools to help prevent and mitigate natural hazards.
A magnitude 8.9 earthquake struck off the coast of Japan near Sendai on March 11, 2011, generating a powerful tsunami. The earthquake was one of the largest ever recorded in Japan and caused widespread damage through violent shaking and flooding. Tsunami waves up to 40 meters high swept across coastal areas, destroying homes, buildings and infrastructure. The earthquake and tsunami caused major loss of life and billions of dollars in damage across northern Japan.
The document discusses how seismic waves from earthquakes travel and cause shaking of the ground. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves. S-waves and surface waves cause the most damage to structures through their vertical and horizontal shaking motions. Seismic waves are measured using seismographs, which contain sensors to detect the ground motions and recorders to document the measurements.
1) The document discusses the differences between the Jovian and Saturnian satellite systems in terms of size, number, location, and compositions.
2) It explores how satellites may have formed and migrated within circum-planetary disks based on models by Canup & Ward and Ida & Lin.
3) Key differences in the disk boundary conditions around Jupiter and Saturn, such as the presence of an inner cavity and gap opening, are investigated.
4) Monte Carlo simulations aiming to reproduce the observed Jovian and Saturnian satellite architectures are described.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and release seismic energy that can cause significant damage. The extent of damage depends on factors like population density, preparedness level, distance from the epicenter, time of occurrence, and soil type. Earthquakes pose several risks such as triggering tsunamis, disrupting services, causing landslides, destroying property and infrastructure, and loss of lives. The distribution of earthquakes corresponds to plate tectonics, with most occurring at convergent boundaries due to high stress levels.
- Tadrart Akakus, a UNESCO World Heritage site located in southwest Libya, contains important prehistoric rock art spanning thousands of years.
- In 2009, the site was vandalized by an individual who spray painted black and silver paint on several important rock art sites, damaging some beyond restoration.
- An assessment in 2011 found the damage to 10 surveyed sites was considerable and conservation efforts would need to be tailored to each site. The report calls for improved protection, management, staff training and resources to preserve this and other Libyan desert heritage sites.
Earthquake engineering is the study of protecting society from earthquakes by limiting seismic risk. It involves analyzing how structures respond to seismic waves and designing structures to withstand earthquakes while sustaining minimal damage. The goals are to predict earthquake impacts and design/maintain structures to code standards. Research involves experimental testing using shake tables and computational modeling to understand structural behavior and improve designs. Seismic vibration control methods aim to mitigate earthquake impacts, including base isolation devices that decouple structures from shaking ground.
1. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
2. At divergent boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. This results in features like rift valleys on land and undersea volcanoes at sea. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches from subducting plates and volcanic island arcs. Continental collisions yield fold mountains from compressed crust.
3. Key landforms and phenomena associated with plate tectonics include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys and block mountains, ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, and fold mountains. Earthquakes also
This document discusses mass wasting and related hazards. It begins by explaining common triggering mechanisms for mass wasting like steep slopes, water content, and earthquakes. It then describes different types of mass wasting hazards such as falls, slides, flows, and avalanches. The document concludes by discussing ways to reduce mass wasting risks through various engineering controls like retaining walls, drainage systems, and protective structures.
This document provides an overview of living with tectonic hazards. It discusses tectonic plate boundaries including convergent, divergent and transform boundaries. Part 2 covers volcanoes and earthquakes, examining shield and stratovolcanoes and factors that influence earthquakes. The movement of tectonic plates from convection currents is explained. Destructive and constructive plate boundaries and associated landforms are outlined. Volcano types and their impacts are summarized, as are earthquake detection and responses to seismic events. Sample exam questions are provided on these topics.
The document provides an introduction to seismic design, including:
1) It discusses plate tectonics and how earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.
2) It describes different effects of earthquakes like ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis.
3) It explains seismic design categories which depend on location, soil type, occupancy, and expected ground shaking. The design category determines the required design procedures.
This document discusses volcanoes and volcanic hazards. It begins with an overview of the nature of volcanic activity and different types of volcanic eruptions. It then describes common volcanic landforms such as lava flows, lava domes, and flood basalts. The document discusses different types of volcanoes including shield, composite cone, and cinder cones. It outlines volcanic hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and mudflows. The eruption of Mount St. Helens is summarized. The document concludes with a discussion of predicting eruptions through monitoring techniques.
This document provides an overview of earthquakes and related hazards. It discusses how earthquakes occur due to the buildup and sudden release of stress along fault lines. It describes the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes and how they are measured and located. The document examines factors that influence earthquake hazards like ground shaking and secondary hazards such as tsunamis and liquefaction. It also explores the relationship between earthquakes and plate tectonics, and methods to predict quakes and reduce risks.
The document discusses various topics related to earthquakes and seismic design including:
1. Plate tectonics theory explains how the lithosphere is broken into plates that move relative to each other, causing earthquakes along plate boundaries.
2. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale and can cause damage depending on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, and soil properties.
3. Seismic design codes aim to prevent collapse from major earthquakes through concepts like ductility, overstrength, and redundancy while allowing some damage from minor quakes.
4. Dynamic analysis methods like response spectrum and time history are used to design important structures, while the equivalent lateral force method is commonly used for other
An earthquake occurred in Indian-controlled Kashmir that registered a magnitude of 5.7 on the Richter scale. Nine people were injured and several buildings were damaged, including two schools and four residential buildings. Cell phone communications were also disrupted. Earthquakes are the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Major past earthquakes in India provide a baseline for disaster planning. The Disaster Management Act of 2005 establishes institutions and coordination mechanisms for effective earthquake disaster management at national, state, and district levels.
Mountains form through intense deformation of the earth's crust from horizontal stresses and intrusion of molten rock. They are created through the process of orogenesis, which involves the accumulation of sediments in a subsiding geosyncline that are later compressed into folded mountains. Appalachian Mountains were formed in this way, with the geosynclinal theory of mountain building involving sedimentation, compression, deformation, uplift and erosion in a three-phase cycle. Mountains are classified geographically, structurally, and by their origins as folded, volcanic, fault-block, or upwarped mountains. Plateaus form from crustal deformation or volcanism and have high relief compared to plains, with economic uses including reservoirs,
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, EgyptDr. Ibr@him
- The paper compares four volcanic areas in Egypt - Um Safi rhyolite, El-Atshan bostonite sill, Um Domi trachyte, and Um Doweila bostonite - based on their geology, mineralization, alteration processes, and spectrometry.
- The volcanic rocks contain varying amounts of uranium and thorium as indicated by spectrometry results, with the Um Doweila bostonite having the highest uranium content on average.
- Primary minerals identified across the areas include quartz, feldspars and pyroxenes. Secondary uranium minerals including uranophane and zippeite are also present except in the Um Domi trachyte.
The document summarizes a Planetary Drilling Workshop held in Stavanger, Norway in August 2011. The workshop included a tour of the Ritland Crater, an impact structure near Stavanger, and presentations on planetary drilling technologies and scenarios. Groups discussed challenges such as drilling to place a nuclear bomb in an asteroid to alter its orbit, drilling on the moon to access polar ice or explore lunar skylights, and drilling on Mars to access subsurface water ice or investigate heat anomalies. The workshop aimed to foster collaboration between the space and energy sectors by considering how technologies used in extreme drilling conditions on Earth could inspire solutions for planetary exploration and drilling.
This document discusses natural hazards caused by tectonic and climate-related events. It provides details on the internal structure of the Earth, including the crust and mantle. It then focuses on plate tectonics, explaining the three main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms. Specific examples are given for each plate boundary type. The document also addresses causes of earthquakes and their impacts, as well as types and characteristics of volcanoes.
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other. Plate tectonics studies the movement of continents on tectonic plates. There are three main types of tectonic plate boundaries: subduction zones where plates converge, divergent margins where plates spread apart, and transform margins where plates slide past each other. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries as heat from the Earth's mantle causes the seafloor crust to crack and new crust is formed, pushing the plates apart over millions of years. The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, measured at over 9.0 on the Richter scale, was caused by movement along the Sumatra fault line and
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
This document provides information about natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries including divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. It describes associated landforms such as fold mountains, rift valleys, block mountains and volcanoes. The document explains different types of volcanoes including shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes. It discusses volcanic eruptions and distribution of volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The risks of living near volcanoes are outlined, as well as some benefits. Earthquakes are also described, including factors that influence damage and preparedness measures.
This is the notes and slides provided and compiled by teachers from reputable schools. Took me many months to compile this and share with you guys! By the way, the slides with a star usually mean that it will be significant so take note! Sharing with you now is this notes!!! Enjoy and love geography!!!
The document discusses how seismic waves from earthquakes travel and cause shaking of the ground. There are two main types of seismic waves - body waves and surface waves. Body waves include P-waves and S-waves, while surface waves include Love waves and Rayleigh waves. S-waves and surface waves cause the most damage to structures through their vertical and horizontal shaking motions. Seismic waves are measured using seismographs, which contain sensors to detect the ground motions and recorders to document the measurements.
1) The document discusses the differences between the Jovian and Saturnian satellite systems in terms of size, number, location, and compositions.
2) It explores how satellites may have formed and migrated within circum-planetary disks based on models by Canup & Ward and Ida & Lin.
3) Key differences in the disk boundary conditions around Jupiter and Saturn, such as the presence of an inner cavity and gap opening, are investigated.
4) Monte Carlo simulations aiming to reproduce the observed Jovian and Saturnian satellite architectures are described.
Introduction of earthquake
focus and epicenter of an earthquake.
Relate earthquake activity to plate tectonics
Describe the types of waves emitted during an earthquake.
Distinguish between earthquake intensity and magnitude.
Review some current methods of earthquake prediction.
Preparation and steps during and after earthquake.
Earthquakes occur along plate boundaries and release seismic energy that can cause significant damage. The extent of damage depends on factors like population density, preparedness level, distance from the epicenter, time of occurrence, and soil type. Earthquakes pose several risks such as triggering tsunamis, disrupting services, causing landslides, destroying property and infrastructure, and loss of lives. The distribution of earthquakes corresponds to plate tectonics, with most occurring at convergent boundaries due to high stress levels.
- Tadrart Akakus, a UNESCO World Heritage site located in southwest Libya, contains important prehistoric rock art spanning thousands of years.
- In 2009, the site was vandalized by an individual who spray painted black and silver paint on several important rock art sites, damaging some beyond restoration.
- An assessment in 2011 found the damage to 10 surveyed sites was considerable and conservation efforts would need to be tailored to each site. The report calls for improved protection, management, staff training and resources to preserve this and other Libyan desert heritage sites.
Earthquake engineering is the study of protecting society from earthquakes by limiting seismic risk. It involves analyzing how structures respond to seismic waves and designing structures to withstand earthquakes while sustaining minimal damage. The goals are to predict earthquake impacts and design/maintain structures to code standards. Research involves experimental testing using shake tables and computational modeling to understand structural behavior and improve designs. Seismic vibration control methods aim to mitigate earthquake impacts, including base isolation devices that decouple structures from shaking ground.
1. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates move apart, convergent boundaries where plates move together, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another.
2. At divergent boundaries, new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges. This results in features like rift valleys on land and undersea volcanoes at sea. Convergent boundaries result in ocean trenches from subducting plates and volcanic island arcs. Continental collisions yield fold mountains from compressed crust.
3. Key landforms and phenomena associated with plate tectonics include mid-ocean ridges, rift valleys and block mountains, ocean trenches, volcanic island arcs, and fold mountains. Earthquakes also
This document discusses mass wasting and related hazards. It begins by explaining common triggering mechanisms for mass wasting like steep slopes, water content, and earthquakes. It then describes different types of mass wasting hazards such as falls, slides, flows, and avalanches. The document concludes by discussing ways to reduce mass wasting risks through various engineering controls like retaining walls, drainage systems, and protective structures.
This document provides an overview of living with tectonic hazards. It discusses tectonic plate boundaries including convergent, divergent and transform boundaries. Part 2 covers volcanoes and earthquakes, examining shield and stratovolcanoes and factors that influence earthquakes. The movement of tectonic plates from convection currents is explained. Destructive and constructive plate boundaries and associated landforms are outlined. Volcano types and their impacts are summarized, as are earthquake detection and responses to seismic events. Sample exam questions are provided on these topics.
The document provides an introduction to seismic design, including:
1) It discusses plate tectonics and how earthquakes occur at plate boundaries.
2) It describes different effects of earthquakes like ground shaking, liquefaction, landslides, and tsunamis.
3) It explains seismic design categories which depend on location, soil type, occupancy, and expected ground shaking. The design category determines the required design procedures.
This document discusses volcanoes and volcanic hazards. It begins with an overview of the nature of volcanic activity and different types of volcanic eruptions. It then describes common volcanic landforms such as lava flows, lava domes, and flood basalts. The document discusses different types of volcanoes including shield, composite cone, and cinder cones. It outlines volcanic hazards like lava flows, pyroclastic flows, and mudflows. The eruption of Mount St. Helens is summarized. The document concludes with a discussion of predicting eruptions through monitoring techniques.
This document provides an overview of earthquakes and related hazards. It discusses how earthquakes occur due to the buildup and sudden release of stress along fault lines. It describes the different types of seismic waves generated by earthquakes and how they are measured and located. The document examines factors that influence earthquake hazards like ground shaking and secondary hazards such as tsunamis and liquefaction. It also explores the relationship between earthquakes and plate tectonics, and methods to predict quakes and reduce risks.
The document discusses various topics related to earthquakes and seismic design including:
1. Plate tectonics theory explains how the lithosphere is broken into plates that move relative to each other, causing earthquakes along plate boundaries.
2. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale and can cause damage depending on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, and soil properties.
3. Seismic design codes aim to prevent collapse from major earthquakes through concepts like ductility, overstrength, and redundancy while allowing some damage from minor quakes.
4. Dynamic analysis methods like response spectrum and time history are used to design important structures, while the equivalent lateral force method is commonly used for other
An earthquake occurred in Indian-controlled Kashmir that registered a magnitude of 5.7 on the Richter scale. Nine people were injured and several buildings were damaged, including two schools and four residential buildings. Cell phone communications were also disrupted. Earthquakes are the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Major past earthquakes in India provide a baseline for disaster planning. The Disaster Management Act of 2005 establishes institutions and coordination mechanisms for effective earthquake disaster management at national, state, and district levels.
Mountains form through intense deformation of the earth's crust from horizontal stresses and intrusion of molten rock. They are created through the process of orogenesis, which involves the accumulation of sediments in a subsiding geosyncline that are later compressed into folded mountains. Appalachian Mountains were formed in this way, with the geosynclinal theory of mountain building involving sedimentation, compression, deformation, uplift and erosion in a three-phase cycle. Mountains are classified geographically, structurally, and by their origins as folded, volcanic, fault-block, or upwarped mountains. Plateaus form from crustal deformation or volcanism and have high relief compared to plains, with economic uses including reservoirs,
Comparative Study Between Some Uraniferous Volcanic Rocks, Eastern Desert, EgyptDr. Ibr@him
- The paper compares four volcanic areas in Egypt - Um Safi rhyolite, El-Atshan bostonite sill, Um Domi trachyte, and Um Doweila bostonite - based on their geology, mineralization, alteration processes, and spectrometry.
- The volcanic rocks contain varying amounts of uranium and thorium as indicated by spectrometry results, with the Um Doweila bostonite having the highest uranium content on average.
- Primary minerals identified across the areas include quartz, feldspars and pyroxenes. Secondary uranium minerals including uranophane and zippeite are also present except in the Um Domi trachyte.
The document summarizes a Planetary Drilling Workshop held in Stavanger, Norway in August 2011. The workshop included a tour of the Ritland Crater, an impact structure near Stavanger, and presentations on planetary drilling technologies and scenarios. Groups discussed challenges such as drilling to place a nuclear bomb in an asteroid to alter its orbit, drilling on the moon to access polar ice or explore lunar skylights, and drilling on Mars to access subsurface water ice or investigate heat anomalies. The workshop aimed to foster collaboration between the space and energy sectors by considering how technologies used in extreme drilling conditions on Earth could inspire solutions for planetary exploration and drilling.
This document discusses natural hazards caused by tectonic and climate-related events. It provides details on the internal structure of the Earth, including the crust and mantle. It then focuses on plate tectonics, explaining the three main types of plate boundaries and associated landforms. Specific examples are given for each plate boundary type. The document also addresses causes of earthquakes and their impacts, as well as types and characteristics of volcanoes.
Continental drift is the hypothesis that the Earth's continents have moved over geologic time relative to each other. Plate tectonics studies the movement of continents on tectonic plates. There are three main types of tectonic plate boundaries: subduction zones where plates converge, divergent margins where plates spread apart, and transform margins where plates slide past each other. Seafloor spreading occurs at divergent boundaries as heat from the Earth's mantle causes the seafloor crust to crack and new crust is formed, pushing the plates apart over millions of years. The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, measured at over 9.0 on the Richter scale, was caused by movement along the Sumatra fault line and
The document discusses plate tectonics and describes how the Earth's lithosphere is broken into plates that move over time. It explains that plate tectonics built upon Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift, which proposed that the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea. There are nine major tectonic plates and three types of plate boundaries - divergent boundaries which create mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries which cause subduction and mountain building, and transform boundaries where plates slide past each other like the San Andreas Fault. Convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide the driving force for plate movements.
This document provides information about natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries including divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. It describes associated landforms such as fold mountains, rift valleys, block mountains and volcanoes. The document explains different types of volcanoes including shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes. It discusses volcanic eruptions and distribution of volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The risks of living near volcanoes are outlined, as well as some benefits. Earthquakes are also described, including factors that influence damage and preparedness measures.
This is the notes and slides provided and compiled by teachers from reputable schools. Took me many months to compile this and share with you guys! By the way, the slides with a star usually mean that it will be significant so take note! Sharing with you now is this notes!!! Enjoy and love geography!!!
This document provides information about natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries including divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. It describes associated landforms such as fold mountains, rift valleys, block mountains and volcanoes. The document explains different types of volcanoes including shield volcanoes and composite volcanoes. It discusses volcanic eruptions and distribution of volcanoes along the Pacific Ring of Fire. The risks of living near volcanoes are outlined, as well as some benefits. Earthquakes are also described, including factors that influence damage. Overall, the document presents an overview of tectonic hazards and the geology associated with plate tectonics.
Tectonic plates move due to convection currents in the mantle and slab pull forces. There are different types of plate boundaries including divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. These boundaries result in different landforms through geological processes. Divergent boundaries form rift valleys and volcanoes, convergent boundaries form fold mountains, volcanoes and trenches, and transform boundaries cause earthquakes. Natural hazards occur near plate boundaries like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis.
The movement of tectonic plates causes various geological phenomena including volcanoes, mountains, and earthquakes. There are three types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide in subduction or collision zones, and transform where they slide past each other. Earthquakes occur when stress builds up at faults until the plates suddenly slip, releasing energy. Large earthquakes can generate tsunamis through displacement of water. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries as magma rises from below the crust.
The document provides information about natural hazards associated with tectonic plate movement, including earthquakes and volcanoes. It discusses the different types of plate boundaries (divergent, convergent, transform) and the landforms created by each, such as rift valleys, fold mountains, and volcanoes. Convergent boundaries are described in more detail, outlining the processes and features of oceanic-oceanic, oceanic-continental, and continental-continental convergence. Hazards of living in areas with active tectonics are also summarized, such as destruction from volcanic eruptions, tsunamis triggered by earthquakes, and landslides.
The document discusses key concepts in plate tectonics including continental drift, where the continents were once joined together in a supercontinent called Pangaea before drifting apart. It describes plate tectonics theory that the Earth's crust is made up of plates that move atop the mantle, and the three types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they move together, and transform where they slide past each other. Specific examples are given of locations demonstrating each boundary type.
5th Gr Science Chapter 4: Our Dynamic Eartheastmslibrary
This document provides an overview of chapter 4 from an Earth Science textbook. It discusses key topics like the layers of Earth's interior including the core, mantle and crust. It defines important vocabulary like fault, magma, and hydrosphere. It explains how geological features like mountains form from processes such as volcanic eruptions, pressure changes below Earth's surface, and the movement of tectonic plates. It also summarizes how earthquakes occur along boundaries between tectonic plates when built-up pressure is released through sudden movements along faults.
This document discusses plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It provides evidence that supports plate tectonics including: the fit of continental landmasses, matching rock and fossil distributions, and magnetic reversals recorded in ocean crust. It describes the three main plate boundaries and associated landforms: divergent boundaries form mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys, convergent boundaries result in subduction zones and volcanic mountain ranges, and transform boundaries create strike-slip faults. Earthquakes and tsunamis are hazardous events caused by the movement and interactions of tectonic plates. Volcanoes form at plate boundaries and hotspots as magma rises up due to pressure in the crust and mantle.
Plate tectonics involves the slow movement of tectonic plates across the Earth's surface, driven by convection currents in the mantle. Alfred Wegener first proposed continental drift in 1915, but it was not until the 1960s that seafloor spreading provided evidence that plates move independently. There are 7 major and many minor tectonic plates that either move apart at mid-ocean ridges or come together, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity at plate boundaries. Hazards are greatest where plates meet and include earthquakes, tsunamis, and eruptions that depend on the plate boundary setting and composition of the colliding plates.
Continental drift is the theory that approximately 200 million years ago, there was a single supercontinent called Pangea that has since broken apart. The movement of tectonic plates, which are massive pieces of crust, caused Pangea to break into separate continents. When tectonic plates collide, one plate can rise to form a mountain range while the other sinks beneath the other to form an oceanic trench.
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed; convergent where plates crash together and can cause volcanic activity and mountain building; and transform where plates slide past each other and can cause earthquakes. The theory integrated the earlier concepts of continental drift, which proposed the slow drifting of continents, and seafloor spreading, which showed new crust was forming under the oceans. Together, these theories explained how plate tectonics shapes the Earth's surface over millions of years through volcanic and seismic activity
The document summarizes the theory of plate tectonics. It explains that the Earth's crust is broken into plates that are constantly moving due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent where plates crash together forming mountains or one plate slides under the other, and transform where plates slide past each other causing earthquakes. The theory developed from the theories of continental drift proposing the splitting of Pangaea and seafloor spreading explaining the patterns of aging rocks in the oceans. Together these theories explained how plate motions and interactions at their boundaries shape the Earth's surface over millions of years.
There are three main types of plate boundaries: divergent boundaries where plates pull apart and new crust is formed, convergent boundaries where plates push together resulting in subduction and volcanic activity, and transform boundaries where plates slide past one another along transform faults. Each boundary has distinct features like mid-ocean ridges, deep trenches, and fracture zones. Plate tectonics can be seen in examples around the world from the Himalayas to the Aleutian Islands.
This document provides information about natural hazards caused by tectonic plate movement. It discusses different types of plate boundaries like divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. Key landforms associated with these boundaries are described, such as fold mountains, rift valleys, block mountains, and volcanoes. Specific examples like the Himalayas and Mount Pinatubo are given. The document also explains concepts of tectonic plates, continental drift theory, and the different types of volcanoes.
1) Alfred Wegener first proposed the continental drift theory in 1912, hypothesizing that continents move and were once joined in a supercontinent.
2) The plate tectonics theory explains that the outer part of the Earth is made up of plates that move over time, interacting at boundaries.
3) There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where plates move apart, convergent where they collide, and transform where they slide past each other. These boundaries give rise to geologic features through processes like seafloor spreading and subduction.
The Earth is made up of layers including a crust, mantle, and core. The crust and upper mantle are made of tectonic plates that move due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three types of plate boundaries - destructive where plates collide, constructive where plates move apart and new crust is formed, and conservative where plates slide past each other.
The document appears to be a report detailing the results of a triaxial compression test on a soil sample. It includes information such as the location and job number of the test, descriptions of the soil sample and test equipment used, and a table showing the deformation, load, stress, and strain values measured at regular intervals during the test. A graph is also included showing the relationship between stress and strain for the sample. The test was conducted to determine the mechanical properties and behavior of a soil under increasing compressive loads.
This document contains information and calculations for three assignments on flood routing:
1. It provides storage-outflow characteristics for a proposed reservoir and calculates the storage-outflow function for different discharge values.
2. It uses the level pool routing method to route a hydrograph through the reservoir from assignment 1 and determines the maximum reservoir discharge and storage.
3. It routes runoff from two subwatersheds (A and B) through a reservoir, providing the hydrographs and calculating the areas of subwatersheds A and B. The reservoir routing is done using the Muskingum method.
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Earth quake
1. 31/07/55
D3
What is Earthquake?
An earthquake is the
sudden, rapid shaking or
rolling of the Earth.
Group 8 Earthquakes happen
when rocks break or slip
along fault lines in the
Earth’s crust, releasing
energy that causes the
ground to move.
Department of water resource engineering Faculty of engineering Kasetsart university
Earth Large plates include.
• The Africa: the continent of Africa as a continent.
• Antarctic Plate, covering Antarctica is a continent.
• Australian Plate, covering Australia (To pages linked to
India, about 50-55 million years ago) was the continents.
• Eurasian plate, covering Asia and Europe as a continent.
• North American plate, covering North America and
northeastern Siberia, is inserted continent.
• South American plate, a sheet covering North America.
• The Pacific: the Pacific Ocean. As the ocean.
• There are also smaller than the plate, including the
Indian, the S series, the Caribbean, in the Juan de Fu, in
a nice car, the Philippines and the Scotia.
plates
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Thailand
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แผ่นดินไหวในภูมิภาคเอเซียตะวันออกเฉียงใต้
http://www.iris.edu/hq/programs/gsn/maps
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What Causes Earthquake WHAT IS A FAULT?
Earthquakes occur on faults.
A fault is a thin zone of crushed rock
between two blocks of rock , and
can be any length, from centimeters
to thousands of kilometers. When
an earthquake occurs on one of
http://www.il.mahidol.ac.th/e-media/earth-
these faults, the rock on one side of
science/chapter1_3.html the fault slips with respect to the
The sudden slip at the fault causes other. The fault surface can be
the earthquake a violent shaking of the vertical, horizontal, or at some
angle to the surface of the earth.
Earth when large elastic strain energy
The slip direction can also be at any
released spreads out through seismic angle. We classify these into two
waves that travel through the body and basic cases: strike slip and dip-slip
along the surface of the Earth. motion.
2
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TSUNAMIS
GENERATED
BY
EARTHQUAKES
Large EQ (>7.5)
Shallow EQ – at or near
the seafloor (< 50 km)
Subduction zones
Sudden displacement
moves overlying column
of water generating wave
WU4
Measuring the shaking
Magnitude is a measurement of the energy
produced by the earthquake and is not what you feel
during the event. What you feel is very complex-- hard
or gentle, long or short, jerky or rolling--and not
describable with one number.
ht t p: / / geophys i s . s c. m ahi ol ac. t h/ w dpr es s / w
c d . or p-
cont ent / upl ads / % B8% B% E0 % % % 0% B8 % % % % 3% E0% B9 % % % 8% AB % % % 9% 0% B9 % % % 8% 7% E0% B8 % % % 8% B8 % % % 9% 0% B8 % % % 9% 8C % % % % 0% B8% A5 % % % B2% E0 % % % % 9% 81 % % % C% 0% B9 % % % % 9% 0% B8 % % % % B4% E0 % % % % 9% 84 % % % B% E0% B8 % pdf
o E0% A B8 B2 E 95 E0 B8 B 81 E0 B E0 B8 9 E 88 E0 B 8 A8 E0 B E0 B8 9 E A2 E0 B E0 B8 81 E E0 B8 B8 87 E0 B E0 B8 9 E 88 E0 B8 9 E 94 E0 B8 B8 99 E0 B E0 B8 A A7.
3
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Aspects of the motion are described by the
peak velocity (how fast the ground is moving),
peak acceleration (how quickly the speed of the
ground is changing), the frequency (energy is
released in waves and these waves vibrate at
different frequencies just like sound waves), and
the duration (how long the strong shaking lasts).
Three factors primarily determine what you feel in
an earthquake. These are:
1) magnitude
2) distance from the fault
3) local soil conditions
MAGNITUDE
When scientists refer to a “Great“
earthquake, they do not mean the
earthquake was fabulous, they mean it was
huge. Informally, earthquakes are classified
according to their magnitude
size: under 5 small
5 - 6 moderate 6 - 7 large
7 - 7.8 major 7.8 or above great
Intensity How the Ground Shakes?
Intensity is a qualitative measure of the actual
shaking at a location during an earthquake, and is Seismic Waves
assigned as Roman Capital Numerals. There are Large strain energy released during an
many intensity scales. Two commonly used ones are
earthquake travels as seismic waves in all
the Modified Marcella Intensity (MMI) Scale and the
MSK
directions through the Earth’s layers, reflecting
Scale. Both scales are quite similar and range and refracting at each interface. These waves
from I- (least perceptive) to XII- (most severe). The are of two types -body waves and surface
intensity scales are waves; the latter are restricted to near the
based on three features of shaking. Earth’s surface Body waves consist of Primary
• perception by people and animals,
Waves (P-waves)
• performance of buildings, and
• changes to natural surroundings. and Secondary Waves (S-waves), and surface
waves consist of Love waves and Rayleigh
waves.
6
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Seismic Waves Equation Primary wave equation
Primary wave equation
Secondary wave equation
Primary wave equation Secondary wave equation
Secondary wave equation Focal Pont
The point on the fault where slip starts is
the Focus or Hypocenter, and the point
vertically above this on the surface of the
Earth is the Epicenter. The depth of focus from
the epicenter, called as Focal Depth, is an
important parameter in determining the
damaging
7
13. Slide 37
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Windows User, 25/7/2555
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Windows User, 25/7/2555
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What are the Seismic effects on
structures?
How Building Twist during the Earthquake?
D2
Hazard Vulnerability in Gujarat
100% of land vulnerable to Earthquakes
11 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity
MSK VIIXmore)-Kachchh Area
9 % of Land liable to severe earthquake(Intensity
MSK V-VIII)Banaskantha, jam nagar,Surendranagar
79.2 % of Land liable to severe earthquake( Intensity
MSK III-VI)
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The formula to calculate earthquakes. Design Code
Standards used to design buildings to resist V = Z I K C S Wd V = a Wt
earthquakes (Design Code) is an American UBC Code
(Uniform Building Code), which are many ways to
calculate earthquakes. But how convenient and V= Total base shear
Z = Seismic zoning factor
widely used in building work is to Lateral Load I = Occupancy important factor (1.0 - 1.5)
Analysis or Base Shear Analysis by converting seismic K = Frame factor
C = Coefficient that depends on the period
(Dynamic Load) in the form of shear forces acting at (Period), the swing of the building.
the base of the building Static Load, which can be S = Soil factor (1.0 - 1.5)
obtained from formula Wd = Total dead loads of structure
WT = Total dead loads and live loads of
structure
a = Base shear coefficient
http://microfeap.com/DrSomporn/Engineer/Eng003doc_Earthquake.htm
เหตุการณ์แผ่นดินไหวที่มีผลกระทบต่อประเทศไทย
The earthquake วัน เดื อน ปี ศูนย์กลาง/ ขนาด/
ตาแหน่งที่ รู้สึก
บันทึ กเหตุ การณ์
ความรุ นแรง
624 ปี กอน ค.ศ.
่ โยนก VI MM ยามรุ งแจ้ง แผ่นดิ นไหว ฟ้ าร้อง
่
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วันศุกร์ เดื อน 8
594 ปี กอน ค.ศ. ่ โยนก VI MM ยามค่อนรุ ง แผ่นดิ นไหว ฟ้ าร้อง
่
วันจันทร์ เดื อน 10
589 ปี กอน ค.ศ. ่ โยนก VI MM ยามเช้า แผ่นดิ นไหว ฟ้ าร้อง
ขึ้ น 14 ค่ า เดื อน 8
พ.ศ. 1003 โยนก XII MM แผ่นดิ นไหวสนั่นหวันไหว ครั้งหนึ่ งก็หายไป
่
วันเสาร์ เดื อน 7 ถึ งสามหน ทาให้โยนกนครยุบจมลงเกิดเป็ น
แรม 7 ค่ า กลางคื น หนองน้ าใหญ่
พ.ศ. 1077 โยนก VIII MM ยามเช้า แผ่นดิ นไหว ยอดเจดี ยหัก 4 แห่ง
์
ขึ้ น 8 ค่ า เดื อน 7
พ.ศ. 1905 สุโขทัย VI MM แผ่นดิ นไหว มีเสียงดัง
แรม 8 ค่ า เดื อน 12
พ.ศ. 1909 สุโขทัย V MM แผ่นดิ นไหวทั่วทุ กทิ ศ
แรม 8 ค่ า เดื อน 11
http://www.seismology.tmd.go.th/earthquakestat.php
power fault or Active Fault current is as follows. power fault or Active Fault current is as follows.
Chang san fault. The length of the Mae Tha fault. Is curved along the Mae Wang
channel, about 130 kilometers from Mae River. And the river in Mae Tha, Chiang Mai and
Chan to the east. The Mae Chan. It cuts Lamphun. The total length is about 55 kilometers of
across the south of the district County to the intensive studies in the year 2521, there were several
east along the north side of Chiang Khong small earthquakes.
Navy ships.
Mae Chan fault length of about 130 km
from the years 2521 and> 3 on the Richter
scale occurred along the fault is 10 times / 3
times the size of> 4.5 on the Richter scale was
only on September 1, 2521 are> 4.9 on the
Richter scale. http://blog.eduzones.com/anisada/80016
9
19. Slide 55
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Windows User, 25/7/2555
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Windows User, 25/7/2555
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Statistics of earthquakes felt in the country
since 2550 - present.( in Thailand )
12 Sep 2550 in South Sumatra and 8.4 on the
Richter scale was felt on the high-rise building in
Bangkok.
13 Sep 2550 the area south of the Sumatra quake
of 7.1 on the Richter scale was felt in some of the
buildings.
12 May 2551 in Sichuan province of China, and
7.8 on the Richter scale shaking the feel of the tallest
building in Bangkok. And China has killed about 20,000
people.
30 Sep 2552 in the middle of the island of Sumatra
was 7.9 on the Richter scale was the tallest building in
Bangkok. Indonesia has killed about 1,000 people.
Statistics of earthquakes Statistics of earthquakes
(world Record) (world Record)
9.5 Richter scale earthquake on 5 May 1960 9.1 Richter scale earthquake that we all
on the southern coast of Chile. As a result, remember well. I was born on 26 Dec 2004 at
more than 1,600 people have died and 2 sea in Indonesia. As a result, the tsunami is
million homeless. widespread in many coastal countries in the
Indian Ocean. More than 220,000 people lost
9.2 Richter scale earthquake on 27 Mar their lives.
1964 Alaska to the United States, the tsunami 9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 4 Nov 1952
claimed 128 lives and destroyed "in the neck, at the Russian coast of the peninsula to the
Anchorage" (Anchorage), the largest city in Income Support values (Kamchatka) Russia's Far
the state. East. As a result, a large tsunami in the Pacific
Rim. However, no reports of damage.
Statistics of earthquakes Statistics of earthquakes
(world Record) (world Record)
9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 13 Aug 1868 8.9 Richter scale earthquake that occurred
in North America, the port area. We are part of just recently on 11 Mar 2011 earthquake under
Peru. But as of Chillicothe. When an earthquake the sea to the southeast coast of Japan. Result in
occurs. Feel the vibration as far as 1,400 miles. a 10-meter high tsunami swept into the flood. The
9.0 Richter scale earthquake on 26 Jan 1700 damage is being reported to the periodic
in North America. Along the west coast. Tsunami 8.8 Richter scale earthquake on 27 Feb 2010
across the Pacific. Destruction of villages along at the coast of Chile. Earthquakes along the
the coast of Japan. beach to play in the U (Maule) away from the
capital Santiago, only 500 km in the tsunami that
has killed about 500.
11
21. 31/07/55
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Statistics of earthquakes
(world Record)
8.8 Richter scale earthquake on 31 Jan 1906
in Ecuador, shaking the central coast of South
America to Ecuador and Colombia. I feel
almost as far as the North American continent
at San Francisco.
8.7 Richter scale earthquake on 4 Feb 1965
at Ballarat Island (Rat Islands) miles away from
Alaska. The tsunami wave height of 10 meters.
http://www.udon108.com/board/index.php?topic=79326.0
12