The document discusses various topics related to earthquakes and seismic design including:
1. Plate tectonics theory explains how the lithosphere is broken into plates that move relative to each other, causing earthquakes along plate boundaries.
2. Earthquakes are measured on the Richter scale and can cause damage depending on factors like magnitude, distance from epicenter, and soil properties.
3. Seismic design codes aim to prevent collapse from major earthquakes through concepts like ductility, overstrength, and redundancy while allowing some damage from minor quakes.
4. Dynamic analysis methods like response spectrum and time history are used to design important structures, while the equivalent lateral force method is commonly used for other
Earthquake resistant building constructiondaspriyabrata3
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EARTHQUAKE THEORY
3 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY
4 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
5 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
6 NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR ESTIMATED
MAGNITUDE
7 HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT
8 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
10 ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS
11 STRENGTH HIERARCHY
12 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
13 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
14 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
15 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK(RHCBM)
16 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
17 STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
18 CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES
19 ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
20 STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM
21 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 32-34
22 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE
23 DESCRIPTION
24 CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
25 SLIDING PENDULUM SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
26 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
27 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
29 ESTIMATION
30 CONCLUSION
31 BIBLIOGRAPHY
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
Earthquake resistant building constructiondaspriyabrata3
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EARTHQUAKE THEORY
3 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY
4 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
5 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
6 NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR ESTIMATED
MAGNITUDE
7 HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT
8 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
10 ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS
11 STRENGTH HIERARCHY
12 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
13 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
14 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
15 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK(RHCBM)
16 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
17 STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
18 CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES
19 ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
20 STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM
21 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 32-34
22 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE
23 DESCRIPTION
24 CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
25 SLIDING PENDULUM SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
26 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
27 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
29 ESTIMATION
30 CONCLUSION
31 BIBLIOGRAPHY
this paper tells about reasons for earthquakes, how the earthquakes happen,earthquake effects on buildings,how the buildings are respond to the earthquakes and design methods to be fallowed while designing a structure to resist earthquakes
Basic points on earthquake resistant building
- Design considerations and different techniques employed to resist building from collapse during earthquake
The devastating Effects of earthquake is notable to all. Recently we all saw the destruction of nepal by the same. So if we increasing the resistance of building to earthquake we can reduce its effect as we cannot stop the earthquake!!!
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
tells about how the earthquakes are happen, effect of earthquakes on buildings and design methods to be followed to design earthquake resistance building.
Base isolation system consists of isolation units with or without isolation components, where: Isolation units are the basic elements of a base isolation system which are intended to provide the aforementioned decoupling effect to a building or non-building structure. Isolation components are the ...
base isolation systems
base isolation system in building
base isolation pdf
base isolation definition
base isolation foundation
base isolation cost
base isolation techniques
base isolation pads
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Dhruvin Goyani
M.Tech Structural
This PPT is For All the Civil Engineering Students and Specially for M.tech Students Who Trying To Learn Something New on Earthquake and its Resisting Methods and also For Seismic Analysis
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
Earthquake Resistant Building ConstructionRohan Narvekar
This File comprises of a general information and guidelines for construction of Earthquake Resistant buildings, Its a basic study of the same and may help students and learners for overall information of this technology.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The devastating Effects of earthquake is notable to all. Recently we all saw the destruction of nepal by the same. So if we increasing the resistance of building to earthquake we can reduce its effect as we cannot stop the earthquake!!!
A report format presentation of earthquake-resistance construction techniques, stressing upon the relevance of such techniques in the architecture industry.
tells about how the earthquakes are happen, effect of earthquakes on buildings and design methods to be followed to design earthquake resistance building.
Base isolation system consists of isolation units with or without isolation components, where: Isolation units are the basic elements of a base isolation system which are intended to provide the aforementioned decoupling effect to a building or non-building structure. Isolation components are the ...
base isolation systems
base isolation system in building
base isolation pdf
base isolation definition
base isolation foundation
base isolation cost
base isolation techniques
base isolation pads
interesting civil engineering topics
civil engineering topics for presentation
civil seminar topics ppt
civil engineering seminar topics 2018
seminar topics pdf
best seminar topics for civil engineering
seminar topics for mechanical engineers
latest civil engineering seminar topics
Dhruvin Goyani
M.Tech Structural
This PPT is For All the Civil Engineering Students and Specially for M.tech Students Who Trying To Learn Something New on Earthquake and its Resisting Methods and also For Seismic Analysis
Tube structures and its type with comparison .Udayram Patil
Hollow tube section always provide greater strength. So the same concept is applied to the building. Tubed system is designed to act like a three dimensional hollow tube structure which result in increased load resistance .
Earthquake Resistant Building ConstructionRohan Narvekar
This File comprises of a general information and guidelines for construction of Earthquake Resistant buildings, Its a basic study of the same and may help students and learners for overall information of this technology.
A technical approach to designing earthquake resistant buildings. Contains a brief overview of why a structure fails, building foundation problems and what are the possible solutions
The Pushover Analysis from basics - Rahul LeslieRahul Leslie
Pushover analysis has been in the academic-research arena for quite long. The papers published in this field usually deals mostly with proposed improvements to the approach, expecting the reader to know the basics of the topic... while the common structural design practitioner, not knowing the basics, is left out from participating in those discussions. Here I’m making an effort to bridge that gap by explaining the Pushover analysis, from basics, in its simplicity.
A write up on this topic can be found at http://rahulleslie.blogspot.in/p/blog-page.html, though does not cover the full spectrum presented in this slide show.
This presentation contains the brief introduction to earthquake,its effect,causes etc..
And case study of kuchha(bhuj),Gujarat Earthquake on 26th january,2001
The dynamic loads mainly derive from earthquakes, operation of heavy machinery, blasts, and wave or wind forces, etc. Common soil dynamics topics include the determination of dynamic earth pressures, the analysis and design of foundations under dynamic loads and dynamic soil-structure interaction problems. In civil engineering, earthquakes are the most common phenomena from which dynamic loads affect structures.
Understanding the dynamic behavior of soils is critical to prevent any structural or ground failure under earthquake loads. The properties that are needed to be determined to evaluate the dynamic behavior of soil are the following:
Dynamic Young’s modulus (E) and dynamic shear modulus (G) and their variation with shear strain (typically referred to as Shear Modulus Reduction curves)
Damping ratio (ξ) and its variation with shear strain (typically referred to as material damping curves)
Poisson’s ratio (ν)
Other parameters related to liquefaction (e.g. cyclic shearing stress ratio and cyclic deformation)
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Through an exploration of brand psychology and consumer behavior, this study sheds light on the intricate ways in which effective branding strategies, strategic social media engagement, and user-centric website design contribute to altering consumers' perceptions. We delve into the principles that underlie successful brand transformations, examining how visual identity, messaging, and storytelling can captivate and resonate with target audiences.
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White wonder, Work developed by Eva TschoppMansi Shah
White Wonder by Eva Tschopp
A tale about our culture around the use of fertilizers and pesticides visiting small farms around Ahmedabad in Matar and Shilaj.
2. Cross-section of Earth
Though we have explored Space above ground extensively, we
could go only about 7.6 miles below ground! Russian
geologists started drilling into the Kola Peninsula, near
Finland, in 1970 and after 22 years could not proceed further.
4. Plate tectonics (PT)
Earlier theories assume gradual shrinking
(contraction) or gradual expansion of the globe.
PT is based on continental drift & developed in early
20th century
Lithosphere is broken up into 7-8 major tectonic
plates, and numerous smaller plates
Tectonic plates move – because lithosphere has a
higher strength and lower density than the underlying
asthenosphere- Dissipation of heat from the mantle is
the source of energy
Lateral relative movement of the plates- 0 to 100 mm
annually
Dr. N. Subramanian
7. Aerial view of San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo
Plain, northwest of Los Angeles
Dr. N. Subramanian
8. Earthquakes
• Around 500,000 earthquakes occur each
year, detectable with current instrumentation.
About 100,000 of these can be felt.
• Human activities that produce minor
earthquakes:
– Storage of large water behind a dam,
– Injecting liquid under high pressure into wells
(fracking to extract natural gas),
– Coal mining
– Oil drilling
Dr. N. Subramanian
9. Recurrence of Earthquakes
• Average recurrence of Earthquakes are:
– Earthquake of M3.7–4.6 every year,
– Earthquake of M4.7–5.5 every 10 years,
– Earthquake of 5.6 or larger every 100 years.
• The United States Geological Survey
estimates that, since 1900, there have been
an average of 18 major earthquakes (M 7.0–
7.9) and one great earthquake (M 8.0 or
greater) per year.
Dr. N. Subramanian
10. Aftershocks
An aftershock is an earthquake that occurs after a
previous earthquake, the mainshock.
It occurs in the same region of the main shock but
always of a smaller magnitude.
If it is larger than the main shock, the aftershock is
redesignated as the main shock and the original main
shock is redesignated as a foreshock.
Formed as the crust around the displaced fault plane
adjusts to the effects of the main shock
They are dangerous - usually unpredictable, can be of
a large magnitude, and can collapse buildings that are
damaged from the main shock
Dr. N. Subramanian
11. Earthquakes-Epicenter
Epicenter is the point on the Earth's surface that is directly above the
hypocenter (where the Strain energy stored in the rock is first released)
Dr. N. Subramanian
15. Can we predict earthquakes
correctly?
• Long ago, Catholic Church in Rome condemned
Galileo Galilei and put him under house arrest
for teaching ‘Earth revolves around the sun’!
• Now, (Oct 22, 2012) an Italian court convicted
seven scientists and experts for 6 years in prison
for failing to adequately warn citizens before an
earthquake struck central Italy in 2009, killing
more than 300 people.
Dr. N. Subramanian
16. Can we predict earthquakes
correctly?
• Scientists generally cannot predict the
time, location and magnitude of EQ - But they
did it once!
• On Feb. 4, 1975, seismologists issued a warning
to residents of Haicheng in northeastern
China, prompting people to seek safety
outdoors.
– A M7.3- EQ struck that evening, killing more than
2,000 people and destroying more than 90 percent of
the city.
– Without the warning, about 150,000 people would
have died!
Dr. N. Subramanian
20. P and S waves and Magnitude
• P waves are the first to arrive due to their high
displacement speed,
• Followed by the S waves.
Two parameters that determine magnitude:
• The time delay between the arrival of the first P
waves and S waves(proportional to the distance
between the seismograph and the hypocentre of the
earthquake), and
• Their amplitude.
Dr. N. Subramanian
22. Graphical solution of the mathematical formula for
determining magnitude on the Richter scale
Dr. N. Subramanian
23. Intensity of earthquakes
• Modified Mercalli Intensity scale (MMI) and
MSK scale (Appendix D of Draft IS 1893)
• Initially developed early last century by
Giuseppe Mercalli.
• Both have twelve levels of intensity
– Level I – least perceptive
– Level XII – most severe
Dr. N. Subramanian
24. Factors Influencing Seismic Damage
The following factors influence the
seismic damage:
Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
Amplitude,
Duration and frequency of ground
vibration,
Magnitude,
Distance from epicenter
Geographical conditions between
the epicenter and the site,
Soil properties at the site and
foundation type
Building type and characteristics.
Damage to a Steel building in
Dr.N.Subramanian Mexico City, 1985 24
32. Response Acceleration coefficient as
given in IS 1893 (Part 1)-2002
Smoothened Elastic Design Acceleration
Response Spectrum (SEDRS) for 5% damping.
For Steel structures use 2% damping
Dr.N.Subramanian 32
34. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Map
(PSHM) of India
• The National Disaster Management
Authority, Govt. Of India, New Delhi has also
developed a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard
Map (PSHM) of India
•
http://ndma.gov.in/ndma/disaster/earthquak
e/India-psha-finalreport.pdf
Dr. N. Subramanian
35. Equivalent Lateral Base Shear Force
Procedure
Equivalent Lateral Base Shear Force :
Where Z= zone factor, I = importance factor, and R= Response reduction Factor
I = 1.5 for largely
crowded and imp.
Buildings, and
equal to 1.0 for
other buildings.
Dr.N.Subramanian 35
36. Approximate Fundamental Period
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration for a
moment resisting frame without brick infill panels is :
Ta = 0.085 h0.75 in seconds
where h = height of the building in m
For all other buildings, including moment resisting frame
buildings with brick in-fill,
Ta = 0.09h / √d in seconds
where d = base dimension of the building at the plinth
level, along the considered direction of the lateral force, in
meters.
Dr.N.Subramanian 36
37. Equivalent Static Method
(seismic coefficient method)
Total design seismic base shear if determined by
VB = Ah W
Ah = Design horizontal acceleration spectrum value
W = Seismic weight of the building
Dr.N.Subramanian 37
38. Fundamental natural periods of
structures differ over a large range
Adapted from: Newmark, (1970), Current trends in the Seismic Analysis and Design of High
Rise Structures, Chapter 16, in Wiegel, (1970), Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, USA.
Dr. N. Subramanian
39. Distribution of Base Shear to
Different Levels of the Building
After the base shear force VB is determined it should be
distributed along the height of the building (to the
various floor levels) using the following expression:
After the Base shear is distributed, the frames may
be analyzed by any standard computer program to
get the internal forces!
Dr.N.Subramanian 39
40. Dynamic Analysis
The dynamic analysis methods are grouped into:
Response spectrum method (multistory
buildings, irregular buildings, overhead water ranks
and bridge piers are often designed using this
method)
Time-history response analysis (most important
structures such as nuclear reactors, large span
structures or very tall buildings are designed using this
method).
Dr.N.Subramanian 40
41. EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
The seismic design philosophy as per IS 1893(part 1) is:
Minor and frequent earthquakes should not cause any damage to
the structure
Moderate earthquakes should not cause significant structural
damage but could have some non-structural damage
Major and infrequent earthquakes should not cause collapse
Hence design is done for much smaller forces than actual seismic
loads.
Note that this approach is different than that adopted in the case of
wind, dead, live and other loads, where the structure is designed
for the actual loads.
Dr.N.Subramanian 41
43. Seismic Design Philosophy
Though the structure is designed for reduced earthquake loads, the
following contributing factors will prevent the collapse of the structure:
Over-strength,
Redundancy,
Ductility
Dr.N.Subramanian 43
45. CURRENT DESIGN CODES
Expected Performance:
The design requirements primarily are intended
to safeguard against major failures and loss of
life, NOT to limit damage, maintain functions, or
provide for easy repairs.
Dr.N.Subramanian 45
46. Performance Based Design (PBD)
Future (PBD) Codes will be based on:
Desired performance chosen by owner.
Reduced business interruption
Reduced damage costs
Current Performance based design documents:
Vision 2000
FEMA 356/273
ATC 40
FEMA 310
Dr.N.Subramanian 46
47. Load Combinations
In general consider the 8- load combinations:
(1) 1.5 (DL + IL) + 1.05(CL or SL)
(2) 1.2 (DL + IL) + 1.05(CL or SL) ± 0.6(WL or EL)
(3) 1.2 (DL + IL ± WL or EL) + 0.53 (CL or SL)
(4) 1.5(DL ± WL or EL)
(5) 0.9 DL ± 1.5 (WL or EL)
(6) 1.2 (DL + ER)
(7) 0.9DL + 1.2 ER
(8) DL + 0.35(IL + CL or SL) + AL
Where, DL = Dead load, IL = imposed load (live load),
WL = wind load, SL = snow load, CL = crane load
(vertical / horizontal), AL = accidental load, ER =
erection load and EL = earthquake load.
Dr.N.Subramanian 47
52. Past Earthquakes in India
Four Great
earthquakes (M>8)
occurred in a span of
53 years from 1897 to
1950; the January
2001 Bhuj earthquake
(M7.7) is almost as
large
Dr. N. Subramanian