The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life. Every cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane.

1. The
Earth's
Interior

2. Objectives :
At the end of the lesson, the student
should be able to:
a) Identify the different layers of the
Earth,
b) describe each of the layers of the
earth
c) explain the importance of studying
the layers of the Earth.

3. I. ACTIVITY
PICK A PART!

4. Earth, our home planet, is a
world unlike any other. The
third planet from the sun,
Earth is the only place in the
known universe confirmed to
host life. Earth is the fifth
largest planet in our solar
system, and it's the only one
known for sure to have liquid
water on its surface

5. Jules Verne
- a writer who wrote a
book called "Journey to
the Center of the Earth"
that was made into a
movie. It is the only one
of many imaginative
stories and theories
about what lies below
the earth surface.

6. Seismic Waves
- is a mechanical wave of
acoustic energy that travels
through the Earth or
another planetary body. It
can result from an
earthquake, volcanic
eruption, magma
movement, a large landslide,
and a large man-made
explosion that produces low-
frequency acoustic energy.

7. Earth's structures is
made up of four
different layers.
Each layer has its
distinct
characteristics and
composition.

8. What are the different
layers of the Earth?

9. The Earth's Crust is the
Outer Layer of the planet's
core. Lying above the
mantle, the Crust forms part
of the lithosphere and
consists of tectonic plates
that give a platform to all
land on Earth.
Earth's crust is generally
divided into: older, thicker
continental crust and younger,
denser oceanic crust.

10. The Crust of the
earth is made up
of different kinds
of rocks.

12. Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks form an area of solid rock called
bedrock.

14. FEATURES OF THE CRUST
• The earth is not the same
throughout. The crust beneath the
ocean is very different from the crust
beneath the continents.
• Continents are the large landmasses
on the earth.
• Beneath the oceans, the crust is less than 10 kilometers
thick. The average thickness is 7 kilometers. However,
beneath the continents, the crust is about 35
kilometers thick.

15. The Continental Crust has two layers:
First layer is made up of
granitelike rock. Granite is a
light-colored igneous rock. This
layer ia called the sial (silicate
and aluminum) layer.

16. This layer is made up of basaltlike
rock. Basalt is a dark-colored igneous
rock that is denser than granite. This
layer is called the sima (silicate and
magnesium) layer.
The sial layer does not extend beyond the continents. The sima layer extends under
the Earth's oceans to form the oceanic crust.

17. The Crust forms the upper part of the lithosphere.
• The lithosphere is
composed of part
of the crust and the
upper part of the
mantle (the top 100
km).
• It is composed of
hard, brittle rock

18. Asthenosphere
The upper layer of the
earth's mantle, below
the lithosphere, in
which there is
relatively low
resistance to plastic
flow and convection is
thought to occur.

19. • The mantle is the layer
beneath the Earth's crust. It is
the thickest layer, extending
from the base of the crust to
a depth of approximately
2900 kilometers.
• It accounts form 80% of
earths volume. It also
accounts for 68% of the
earths mass.

20. Andrija Mohorovičić
• In 1909, a Yugoslavian
scientist discovered a change
in the speed of seismic
waves as they moved
through the earth.
• He discovered a distinct
separation of between the
Earth's crust and its mantle
The boundary between the crust and
the mantle is known as Moho.

21. MAKEUP OF THE MANTLE
• In 1960's scientist have been
trying to drill in to the mantle to
study its make up
• The National Academy of
Sciences in the United States
began a project called Project
Mohole.
• Project Mohole was a deep-sea
drilling operation and a number
of holes were drilled in several
places in the Pacific Ocean.
• The drilling was very difficult.

22. • The project never reached the
Moho l. The funds for the
project ran out, and the project
ended.
• They used Glomar Challenger
which has a tall tower with
"drilling pipes" that are up to
6100 meters long and the ship
equiped with scientific
laboratories.
• Scientist have made other
attempts to study the make up
of the mantle. The deep-sea
drilling ship "Glomar
Challenger" has completed
many drilling operation.

23. • Scientist have recovered
rocks samples from depths
of up to 750 meters.
• They also studying rocks
from volcanoes because
these rocks were formed
deep in the earth.
• The upper part of the
mantle may be the deepest
part of the earth from
which the scientist can
collect rock samples.

24. • They believe that the mantle is
made of:
silicon
oxygen
aluminum
iron
magnesium
• However, there seems to be a
greater percentage of iron in the
deeper parts of the mantle.

25. FEATURES OF MANTLE
• The mantle appears to be more
"dense" than the crust, density of the
mantle also seems to increase with
depths, perhaps because of the greater
percentage of iron there.
• The temperature and the pressure
within the mantle also seem to increase
with depth, and scientist believes that
the temperature ranges from 870°C in
the upper part of the mantle to about
2200°C in the lowest part.

26. • Studies of seismic waves suggest that the rock in the
lower mantle can "flow" like a thick liquid.
• Scientist believe that the high pressure and temperatures
in the mantle allow the solid rock to flow, or change
shape.
• When a solid has a bility to flow, it has a property of
"plasticity"
• It is believed Earth's mantle flows like plastic. This
“plasticity,” called viscosity, is what allows the mantle to
slowly move under the crust, and plasticity maybe the
responsible for the movement of the plates.

27. The Earth's Core
The earth's core, or a center, is actually made of
two very different layers. This was determined by
observations of the speeds of two types of seismic
waves called "S-waves" and o"P-waves". Both
layers of the core are made thought to be made of
iron and nickel.

28. The Outer Core
• The outer core is the third layer of the
Earth.
• Outer core is a liquid layer composed
mainly of molten iron and nickel. It has a
thickness of about 2900 kilometers.
• Scientist believe that the outer core is
liquid. At a depth of about 2900
kilometers, P-waves passing through the
earth slow down rapidly. S-waves
disappear. These changes in P- and S-
waves mark the boundary between the
mantle and the outer core. P- waves do
not move very well through liquids, and S-
waves are stopped completely by them.

29. • The hottest part of the outer core is
approximately the same temperature as
the sun. The outer core creates Earth's
magnetic field. As Earth spins on its axis,
the iron inside the liquid outer core
moves around.
• The temperature of the outer core
reaches 5000°C, so it is not surprising
that the metals in the outer core are
thought to be molten, or a hot liquid.
• By studying earthquake waves as they
pass through the earth, scientist can
determine where the composition or
structure of the earth changes.

30. The Inner Core
• It is the centre and the hottest
layer of the Earth. The inner core is
solid and made up of iron and
nickel with temperatures up to
5,500°C.
•
• It has a radius of about 1220
kilometers and it composed of solid
iron and nickel.
• Scientists believe that the inner
core is very dense.

31.  The temperature of the inner core is far above the
melting point of iron. However, unlike the outer
core, the inner core is not liquid or even molten.
 The inner core’s intense pressure—the entire rest of
the planet and its atmosphere—prevents the iron
from melting
 Because of this unusual set of circumstances, some
geophysicists prefer to interpret the inner core not
as a solid, but as a plasma behaving as a solid.
 Scientist believe that the dense iron in the inner
core may cause the Earth's magnetic field.

32. Thank you and God bless!
Prepared by:
Abellar, Sherly I.
Ricablanca, Lizafe S.
Happy New Year everyone 🐲💚