This document discusses text structure in academic writing. It states that academic texts typically have a clearly structured introduction, body and conclusion and are formal with properly cited credible sources and a references list. The document outlines the common parts of a text, including the introduction, body and conclusion. It also describes five common patterns of organization used in academic writing: description, order/sequence, comparison/contrast, cause and effect, and problem and solution. Specific transition words are provided for each organizational pattern.

1. TEXT
STRUCTURE

2. TEXT STRUCTURE

3. Academic texts can be articles, conference
papers, reviews and
theses/dissertations. How are academic texts
typically formed? In general, academic texts are
organized with the following characteristics:

4. (1) has clearly structured introduction-
body-conclusion,
(2) Formal,

5. (3) includes information from credible
sources which are properly cited,
(4) includes a list of references.

6. Have you read a
thesis or an article?

7. academic texts usually follow an
established structure which refers to the
internal organization of a text. It is called
Text Structure.

8. Text Structures refer to the organizational
patterns of a text. Generally, it is
composed of text types, parts, transition
words and phrases, patterns of
organization, sentences, and paragraphs.

9. TEXT TYPE
• ARGUMENTATIVE
• NARRATIVE
• INFORMATIVE

10. PARTS OF A TEXT

11. The common parts of a text pertain to the I-B-C
(Introduction, Body and Conclusion) structure. Each
part consists of sub-components that could help
readers identify the main ideas (stated or implied)
and supporting details using patterns of organization.

12. PATTERNS OF
ORGANIZATION

13. Five common patterns of organization,
1. Description
2. Order/Sequence
3. Comparison/Contrast
4. Cause and effect
5. Problem and solution

14. DESCRIPTION/LIST
This structure resembles an outline.
Each section opens with its main
idea, then elaborates on it,
sometimes dividing the elaboration
into subsections.

15. Transitions words For example, for instance,
specifically, in particular, in
addition, to illustrate, such as,
most important,
another.
Example Filipinos are very appreciative of
arts such as plays, paintings, music,
and literature.

16. ORDER/SEQUENCE
Texts that follow this structure tell the
order in which steps in a process or series
of events occur.

17. Transitions words Next, first, last, second, another,
then, additionally, next, finally,
before, preceding and others
Example First, read the manual of the
device. Second, turn on
the device. Then, set the location,
time and date.

18. COMPARISON/CONTRAST
Texts that follow this structure tell about
the differences and similarities of two or
more objects, places, events or ideas by
grouping their traits for comparison.

19. Transitions words However, unlike, like, by contrast,
yet, in comparison, although,
whereas, similar to, different
from, as opposed to, instead of, as
well as.
Example Unlike quantitative research,
qualitative research uses
descriptive data.

20. CAUSE AND EFFECT
In texts that follow this structure, the
reader is told the result of an event or
occurrence and the reasons it happened.

21. Transitions words Consequently, therefore, as a
result, thereby, leads to,
because of, in order to, for these
reasons, thus, if-then, may
be due to.
Example Everyone followed health
protocols. As a result, the
pandemic was gradually
eradicated.

22. PROBLEM AND SOLUTION
This presents a problem and several
possible solutions. The author may also
describe the pros and cons of each
solution.

23. Transitions words The problem is, the difficulty is, it
is possible to, if-then,
one challenge is, therefore.
Example The problem that we are facing is
the lack of self-discipline
of the society.

24. SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS
In writing effective sentences or paragraphs, a
graphic organizer is a great help. A graphic
organizer is a visual presentation with various
shapes and connecting marks that is used to
show the organization and relationship of ideas
and parts in a text. It serves as the backbone in
writing a formal and effective academic text.

25. ORDER/SEQUENCE

26. COMPARISON
AND
CONTRAST

27. CAUSE AND
EFFECT

28. PROBLEM
AND
SOLUTION