The document explains various text structures used in academic and professional writing, such as narrative, chronological, cause and effect, problem/solution, and compare/contrast. It highlights the importance of recognizing these structures for enhancing comprehension and retention of information. Additionally, it provides transition words for each structure to aid in writing and understanding.

1. TEXT
STRUCTURE
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

2. TEXT
STRUCTURE
refer to the way authors
organize information in
text. Recognizing the
underlying structure of
texts can help students
focus attention on key
concepts and
relationships, anticipate

3. NARRATI
VE
DEFINITION
Narrates an event/story with characters,
setting, conflict, point of view, and plot
TRANSITION/SIGNAL
WORDS
Descriptive language (adjectives,
adverbs, similes, and metaphors)

4. CHRONOLO
GICAL,
PROCESS,
OR
SEQUENCE
DEFINITION
Present ideas or events in the order in which
they happen
TRANSITION/SIGNAL
WORDS
- First, second, third… - Later - Next - Before - Then -
Finally - After - When - Since - Now/ previously - Actual
use of dates

5. CAUSE
AND
EFFECT
DEFINITION
Provide explanations or reasons for
phenomena
TRANSITION/SIGNAL
WORDS
- If/then - reasons why - as a result - therefore
- because - consequently - since - so that - for
- due to

6. PROBLE
M/
SOLUTIO
N
DEFINITION
Identify problems and pose solutions
TRANSITION/SIGNAL
WORDS
- problem is - dilemma is - if/then - because -
so that - question/ answer - puzzle is solved

7. COMPAR
E/
CONTRA
ST
DEFINITION
Discuss two ideas, events, or phenomena, showing
how they are different and how they are similar
TRANSITION/SIGNAL
WORDS
- However/yet - Nevertheless - on the other
hand - but/ whereas – similarly - although

8. DEFINITI
ON OR
DESCRIP
TION
DEFINITION
Describes a topic by listing characteristics,
features, attributes, and examples
TRANSITION/SIGNAL
WORDS
- for example - characteristics - for instance -
such as - including - to illustrate

9. WHY IS
TEXT
STRUCTURE
IMPORTANT
?
The readers can
significantly improve
their comprehension
and retention of
information
when they can
identify and recognize
the text structure of a
text.

10. THANK YOU!