ABSTRACT : Nowadays, unbalancing and inequality of spaces among urban and rural settlements are important subjects of economists and regional programmers. Existing economical divergence, development poles and dispersion of rural regions are the effects of this phenomenon.So accessing to balance and consistent expansion in regional space, establishing regular and ordered sequences are major needs and pay attention to small towns is one of the ways to equilibration this situation.The purpose of research is, studying influence Torqabeh & Shandiz cities on Zosh, Noqondar, Virani villages. The research is applied and method is descriptive –analytic and collecting data is done by documents-library. Indeed, has been studied the effect of centralization mentioned cities on villages. In order to, was used from network analyzed. On the other hand, was used from questioner tool. Finding shows, the relation between urban and rural area is parasitic theory.
In the digital arena ample of hitches are faced due to urbanization disrupting the living standards of people in the country. Predicted statistics on urbanization is tremendously increasing day by day and again
Weiping Wu, Professor and Chair, Urban & Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts University presentation on China's Urban Transformation in WRI Cities Research Seminar Series, February 4, 2016 at WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities
Dr. Einhard Schmidt Kallert
“Food Security and Nutrition in an Urbanizing World”
June 06, 2017
Brussels, Belgium
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), SNV Netherlands Development Organization, and Welthungerhilfe are jointly organizing a one-day event in Brussels on the eve of the European Development Days to explore the challenges and opportunities of urbanization from a variety of perspectives
In the digital arena ample of hitches are faced due to urbanization disrupting the living standards of people in the country. Predicted statistics on urbanization is tremendously increasing day by day and again
Weiping Wu, Professor and Chair, Urban & Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts University presentation on China's Urban Transformation in WRI Cities Research Seminar Series, February 4, 2016 at WRI Ross Center for Sustainable Cities
Dr. Einhard Schmidt Kallert
“Food Security and Nutrition in an Urbanizing World”
June 06, 2017
Brussels, Belgium
The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), SNV Netherlands Development Organization, and Welthungerhilfe are jointly organizing a one-day event in Brussels on the eve of the European Development Days to explore the challenges and opportunities of urbanization from a variety of perspectives
Planning [in] Justice
The project aims to collect and analyze data and increase public awareness regarding the absence of spatial justice in the distribution of public resources between different urban areas. This is in addition to examining the institutional causes that enable this situation in Egypt, with a special focus on the Greater Cairo Region (GCR).
In pursuing this aim, the project works on developing tools to identify,measure and address these inequalities and making these tools available to other active groups in Egypt. Planning [in] Justice is a project of TADAMUN: The Cairo Urban Solidarity Initiative.
sprawl developments measurement indicator and projections in selected nigeri...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.
In this study definition of sprawl will be presented, and factor and consequences of
sprawl will be stated. It allow us to understand sprawl formation and development, and
how each of the actors influenced sprawl. Then, impact of transportation polices on
sprawl will be summarized. It will allow us to understand importance of central
government in formulation long-term transportation policies. Following further, models
of sprawl development in USA, Japan and Ukraine will introduced to show difference in
pattern of sprawl development in each example. Example of government’s negative
influence in Kharkiv (Ukraine) and Tokyo (Japan) will be shown through historical
examples. Then, types of transit-oriented developments in regards on their impacts on
sprawl will be accessed and compared to each other to show standard for high level
anti-sprawl development, which is transferable to other countries.
In the second part case studies of Tokyo 10 year Green Plan and Portland TOD plan
major policies will be stated, compared and the results regarding the most suitable
strategy to fight sprawl will be drawn. Thus, from this study individual, organization or
local government can benefit from using this study as a sample in formulating their own
unique sprawl strategy based on other countries experience as well as standard
measures to fight sprawl.
Where is Home for the Abuja, Nigeria Urban Poorijtsrd
Abuja faced the challenges like all the new nation's capital relocation, resettlement and development. Development was taken to areas which hitherto were not only generally sparsely populated but also contributed quite little to the national economies. The design concept and physical development of the new capitals have been underpinned by the theory and principles of “garden city†by Ebenezer Howard 1898 which influenced the building of Letchworth in 1902 and Welwyn in 1920 as new towns, dealing with urban poverty, inadequacy of housing and spatial integration. The present work aims to indicate, that Abuja, Nigeria, has not followed her Master Plan as a result, has not made provisions for adequate housing for the urban poor. The authors adopted content base analysis secondary data sources , where they carefully analyzed and interpreted works of other authors and used them in buttressing their points as applied to the issue at hand, “where is home for the Abuja urban poor †Abuja, however, has not followed the urban development principles that guided both Letchworth and Welwyn. The Master Plan was abused, neglected and not followed. The Abuja urban design principles saw a lot of inconsistencies that result in Abuja urbanization, inadequacy of housing, urban poverty, etc. Informal land development provided shelter for Abuja urban poor. Obiadi Bons N. | Onochie A. O. | Nzewi N. U. "Where is Home for the Abuja, Nigeria Urban Poor?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21656.pdf
This is an overview of secondary cities - cities that are engines of growth in our present urban world. The presentation is heavily referenced from the file of Mr. John Avila at http://piep.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/07_Avila_Rise-of-Secondary-Cities.pdf
Yu Zhu (University of Kent, CEE)
Zhongmin Wu (Nottingham Trent University)
Liquan Peng, Laiyun Sheng (National Bureau of Statistics of China)
Meiyan Wang, Yang Du, Fang Cai (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Part of the Institute of Development Studies' China and Development Seminar Series presented at the Institute of Development Studies, January 15th 2009
Behind the spectacular growth of China’s cities lies a potential fiscal crisis. It is unlikely that municipal governments can count on revenues from land leasing as a major, lasting source of finance. Many are under pressure to find alternative sources to finance urban development and infrastructure. This presentation will discuss a confluence of factors underlying the crisis, and explore the alternatives.
Planning [in] Justice
The project aims to collect and analyze data and increase public awareness regarding the absence of spatial justice in the distribution of public resources between different urban areas. This is in addition to examining the institutional causes that enable this situation in Egypt, with a special focus on the Greater Cairo Region (GCR).
In pursuing this aim, the project works on developing tools to identify,measure and address these inequalities and making these tools available to other active groups in Egypt. Planning [in] Justice is a project of TADAMUN: The Cairo Urban Solidarity Initiative.
sprawl developments measurement indicator and projections in selected nigeri...IJAEMSJORNAL
Sprawl development is commonly attributed to the unprecedented rate of urbanization and city spatial growth. Large cities are not necessarily sprawling but are determined by characteristic compactness and connectedness of the metropolitan development and services including infrastructure and amenities. The understanding of the sprawl phenomenon is enhanced by some characteristic measurement of sprawl making use of certain development parameters. This paper therefore highlights an aspect of the measurement of sprawl utilizing the results from remote sensing data sourced from records of satellite images (from various Landsat and Nigeriasat) documented in research literatures. Also, the population census figures for each of the cities were sourced and projected as required for analysis and used in conjunction with their respective urban built-up land coverage. Results reveal varying pattern of relationship between progressions of urban spatial coverage changes and growth of population over a specified period of time. Intrinsic values from the computation such as urban population density and land consumption rate evolve as indicators for sprawl development and measurements.
In this study definition of sprawl will be presented, and factor and consequences of
sprawl will be stated. It allow us to understand sprawl formation and development, and
how each of the actors influenced sprawl. Then, impact of transportation polices on
sprawl will be summarized. It will allow us to understand importance of central
government in formulation long-term transportation policies. Following further, models
of sprawl development in USA, Japan and Ukraine will introduced to show difference in
pattern of sprawl development in each example. Example of government’s negative
influence in Kharkiv (Ukraine) and Tokyo (Japan) will be shown through historical
examples. Then, types of transit-oriented developments in regards on their impacts on
sprawl will be accessed and compared to each other to show standard for high level
anti-sprawl development, which is transferable to other countries.
In the second part case studies of Tokyo 10 year Green Plan and Portland TOD plan
major policies will be stated, compared and the results regarding the most suitable
strategy to fight sprawl will be drawn. Thus, from this study individual, organization or
local government can benefit from using this study as a sample in formulating their own
unique sprawl strategy based on other countries experience as well as standard
measures to fight sprawl.
Where is Home for the Abuja, Nigeria Urban Poorijtsrd
Abuja faced the challenges like all the new nation's capital relocation, resettlement and development. Development was taken to areas which hitherto were not only generally sparsely populated but also contributed quite little to the national economies. The design concept and physical development of the new capitals have been underpinned by the theory and principles of “garden city†by Ebenezer Howard 1898 which influenced the building of Letchworth in 1902 and Welwyn in 1920 as new towns, dealing with urban poverty, inadequacy of housing and spatial integration. The present work aims to indicate, that Abuja, Nigeria, has not followed her Master Plan as a result, has not made provisions for adequate housing for the urban poor. The authors adopted content base analysis secondary data sources , where they carefully analyzed and interpreted works of other authors and used them in buttressing their points as applied to the issue at hand, “where is home for the Abuja urban poor †Abuja, however, has not followed the urban development principles that guided both Letchworth and Welwyn. The Master Plan was abused, neglected and not followed. The Abuja urban design principles saw a lot of inconsistencies that result in Abuja urbanization, inadequacy of housing, urban poverty, etc. Informal land development provided shelter for Abuja urban poor. Obiadi Bons N. | Onochie A. O. | Nzewi N. U. "Where is Home for the Abuja, Nigeria Urban Poor?" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21656.pdf
This is an overview of secondary cities - cities that are engines of growth in our present urban world. The presentation is heavily referenced from the file of Mr. John Avila at http://piep.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/07_Avila_Rise-of-Secondary-Cities.pdf
Yu Zhu (University of Kent, CEE)
Zhongmin Wu (Nottingham Trent University)
Liquan Peng, Laiyun Sheng (National Bureau of Statistics of China)
Meiyan Wang, Yang Du, Fang Cai (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
Part of the Institute of Development Studies' China and Development Seminar Series presented at the Institute of Development Studies, January 15th 2009
Behind the spectacular growth of China’s cities lies a potential fiscal crisis. It is unlikely that municipal governments can count on revenues from land leasing as a major, lasting source of finance. Many are under pressure to find alternative sources to finance urban development and infrastructure. This presentation will discuss a confluence of factors underlying the crisis, and explore the alternatives.
Leszek Godlewski
Language: English
Video games are complex and non-deterministic systems. So complex, in fact, that some days the everyday breakpoint just doesn't cut it when you're looking for that next bug. Drawing from the experience of deploying three large titles to four platforms, this talk will discuss the different approaches and borderline magical tricks to debugging different parts of a game: noise filtering when our breakpoint is hit way too often, memory stomping, time-dependent bugs, rendering artifacts… Story of a game programmer's life.
Effects of Small Town's Centralization on Spatial Organization of Rural Settl...iosrjce
Centralization in small town is led to functional changes due to increasing Inequality between rural
settlement and cities. On the other hand, mentioned changes are different based on distance with urban center.
Also, these cities effect germ and parasitic role on rural area according to their structure.
The methodology of this study is descriptive –analytic and collecting data is done by documents-library. The
data are generally gathered from scientific centre libraries like universities, organizations, institutes and
research centers such as management and planning organization and internet, official statistics and censuses,
Urban Development Plans By Consulting Engineers, Field Study And So On. Studied Area Is Shandiz &
Torqabeh Cities. Infact, Has Been Studied The Effect Mentioned Cities On Hesar Golestan & Hesar Sorkh
Villages. In Order To , Was Used From Network Analyzed. On The Other Hand, Was Used From Questioner
Tool. Finding Shows, The Relation Between Urban And Rural Area Is Parasitic Theory.
Indian Options for Managing Global Warming Through Ruralisation and Rationali...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the option of adopting dual strategy , revolving round not only rationalising the development of cities but also promoting ruralisation through effective planning. New option will look at making villages more self-contained, self-sufficient, providing basic amenities and services besides generating employment for the rural inhabitants, creation of synergy between rural and urban settlements, rationalising planning, promoting accessibility, minimising mobility, planning for people not for vehicle and creating green built environment..
Designing for smart and Inclusive Cities in indiaJitKumarGupta1
Making cities Smart remains an illusion/ mirage and a fallacy in this world, which is illogically and irrationally being chased and promoted by politician, administrators and people in the power. How can cities be made Smart, both conceptually and physically, when cities are marked by dualities and contradictions, when it cannot take care of its stakeholders; Create ownership among them; provide them basic infrastructures, amenities and services; assure them appropriate employment and economic options; provide them with reasonable shelter; ensure healthy living. Cities cannot be made Smart till poverty continue to rule the cities; where planning remains marginalized/diluted; where multiplicity of agencies continue to operate and rule in contradiction to each other; where decision made remain mired with subjectivity; where there is total lack of ownership; where leadership has no understanding of the city growth and development and where manpower deployed remain inadequately qualified to understand and address the issues of urbanization. Cities would require more focus and will need care and caution, provided with the input of professionals who can lead the cities to make them more livable. I think need is to move from and focus on promoting livability rather than smartness. How can we achieve the objective of livability, should remain the agenda for all professionals and stake holders involved with making cities Smart.
Promotion of Polycentric Settlement (Growth Centre) for Sustainable Developme...CrimsonpublishersCJMI
Promotion of Polycentric Settlement (Growth Centre) for Sustainable Development by Kabi Prasad Pokhrel in Cohesive Journal of Microbiology & Infectious Disease
Strategies for Planning Smart and Sustainable CitiesJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Smart city remains a misnomer. No city on planet earth can claim to be smart. Experts are still searching the soul of smart city in order to precisely define it .Unfortunately smart city has become a money spending/spinning exercise for few individuals/agencies. Entire concept of smart city has been made technology centric, minimizing the role and importance of human beings. In addition, role of Town Planners in smart city has been totally marginalized. How can a city be made smart without intervention of planning and planners. Smart city as a concept has been copied globally to promote operational efficiency and productivity of the cities , with minimum concern for human growth and development. Addressing issue of poverty and making city livable for all should be the agenda of urban growth and development. In the face of homeless people , absence of basic amenities and facilities essential of human living, making city’s smart will be a fallacy and prove to be counterproductive. Cities do not exist in isolation and require the support of rural hinterland. Dealing cities alone by excluding villages will invariably lead to lopsided growth of cities because genesis of majority of urban ills has roots in the neglect of the rural areas. Urban areas must do handholding for the rural areas for synergizing mutual strength and to usher a new era of rational growth. Smart city concept must focus on empowering human being/ living, making them more skilled, create options for meeting the basic human needs and removing the curse of poverty and unemployment.
Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
Rural-urban Partnerships and Quality of Life. OECD OECD Governance
Urban and rural areas are deeply interconnected and, if well-managed, these connections can benefit both places. For more information see http://www.oecd.org/gov/rural-urban-linkages.htm
Advancing Inclusive and Sustainable Urban Development: Correcting Planning Fa...Jonathan Dunnemann
Tackling urban poverty and attending to its spatial manifestations is vitally important to national economic and social development. From a low of an estimated 28 percent of
the population in Latin America to a high of 76 percent in South Asia, the urban poor constitute both an enormous challenge and an opportunity. The speed with which many
regions of the world are urbanizing, the haphazard spatial development of urban areas, and the deplorable conditions under which more than 800 million slum dwellers live make the need to address urban poverty more urgent than ever. At the same time, government and business leaders are awakening to the potential to advance social and economic development by engaging the urban poor as consumers, producers, assetbuilders,
and entrepreneurs.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
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When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
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The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Pile Foundation by Venkatesh Taduvai (Sub Geotechnical Engineering II)-conver...
Analyzing small town centralization effects on spatial organization of rural settlement (Case study: Zoshk, Noqondar, Virani village)
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 4 Issue 2 || February 2015 || PP.34-43
www.ijesi.org 34 | Page
Analyzing small town centralization effects on spatial
organization of rural settlement
(Case study: Zoshk, Noqondar, Virani village)
1,
Mohammad Mahdi Jahani Sani , 2,
Ali Homaee Far
Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
PhD student Department of Geography & rural planning, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad,
Iran (corresponding author)
ABSTRACT : Nowadays, unbalancing and inequality of spaces among urban and rural settlements are
important subjects of economists and regional programmers. Existing economical divergence, development
poles and dispersion of rural regions are the effects of this phenomenon.So accessing to balance and consistent
expansion in regional space, establishing regular and ordered sequences are major needs and pay attention to
small towns is one of the ways to equilibration this situation.The purpose of research is, studying influence
Torqabeh & Shandiz cities on Zosh, Noqondar, Virani villages. The research is applied and method is
descriptive –analytic and collecting data is done by documents-library. Indeed, has been studied the effect of
centralization mentioned cities on villages. In order to, was used from network analyzed. On the other hand,
was used from questioner tool. Finding shows, the relation between urban and rural area is parasitic theory.
KEY WORD: Decentralized, small towns, spatial organization, rural settlement, Zoshk, Noqondar
I. INTRODUCTION
From the late 1950s, an opposing view emerged in a new field of regional planning that was built, in
part, on core-periphery and spatial polarization models, which observed that in most developing countries the
benefits of economic growth increasingly concentrate in one or a few core urban regions. The principal thesis of
these models was that the benefits accruing to the core were at the expense of the rural periphery. Cities
organized rural areas to serve urban interests, resulting in net capital outflow, brain drain and other resource
transfers that lowered rather than raised the potential for rural areas to develop. Cities actively exploited rural
areas, with rural poverty and rural-urban migration not emanating from the isolation of rural from urban areas,
but rather from the tightening of rural and urban linkages. The further observation that rural areas were often
transformed into overly-specialized single-crop or natural resource economies to serve urban-based corporate
interest fit into the parallel emergence of dependency theory, which argued that the metropolitan nations of the
North actively under-developed the agrarian economies of the South. Rural-urban linkages were thus part of
global chains of power and control the perpetuated conditions of rural poverty and underdevelopment. Although
the idea that cities act as “theaters of accumulation” inhibiting rather than fostering the development of rural
regions (Armstrong and McGee 1985) has continued to find adherents, the position that gained wider agreement
was that the “backwash” effects of urbanization on rural areas were expected to be only short-term, i.e.,
occurring only in the “early stages of development” (Williamson 1965). As spatial systems matured,
development impulses were expected to naturally become more readily articulated over national territories, thus
reversing previously dominant polarization processes. Although much research was stimulated by this thesis, it
did not result in any consistent evidence that polarization reversal has either occurred in a sustained manner in
any developing country or that it is an automatic outcome of increasing levels of per capita GDP reaching
"mature" stages of development (Douglass 1990). The general case could still be made, therefore, that if a
polarization reversal were to occur, it would be best pursued through government interventions. The question of
what kind of policy interventions would be needed was given a single answer: induced urbanization in the
periphery, which came to be known as the growth pole or growth center approach to regional development
(Friedmann 1968). As a strategy, it argued that only the rise of cities in the periphery could challenge the growth
of core urban centers. As such, it has no explicit rural content; rural areas are still seen as being developed by
the city and remain “out there” as uninvestigated hinterlands.
2. Analyzing small town centralization effects…
www.ijesi.org 35 | Page
The absence of any rural development component in this strategy is glaring, but despite this and many
other criticisms of the growth pole model (Friedmann and Weaver 1979), notably those positing that in a
transnational age the likelihood that linkage and spread effects will be captured locally is extremely low, this
remains the dominant spatial development strategy throughout the world, including Asia.In the 1970s a new
slant on the idea that cities were the cause rather than solution to rural problems received a new thrust under the
title of “urban bias” in rural development, which argued that rural underdevelopment is perpetuated by
unrelenting political, social and economic forces favoring cities over the countryside (Lipton 1977). Subsequent
treatments of the same theme cited the development planner as a principal culprit in putting rural development
last rather than first. The incentive to be in the capital city for career advancement, the low status of agricultural
economics, the avoidance of rural visits during the rainy season when conditions were worst, the disdain of
actually staying overnight in a village, and the diplomacy of not asking rural elites embarrassing questions about
social cleavages or poorer village residents were part of the systematic biases preventing planners from
comprehending rural issues and taking appropriate actions (Chambers 1985). While most of the debates on
rural-urban relations remained abstract and without conclusive empirical evidence supporting either pro- or anti-
urban stances, over the decades the cumulative result has been a curious divide in planning. On one side are
urban planners who continue to plan for rural development from cities and who know exceptionally little about
and give scant regard to the potential for an agriculture- or rural-led development. Their rural landscapes consist
of urban nodes and transportation linkages overlaid on topographical maps. For them regional integration
through urbanization remains the key. Their policies have a decisive urban bias. On the other side are rural
development planners who tend to view cities as parasitic and alien to rural interests. Wary of cities, they rarely
put them in their rural landscapes, preferring instead to define rural areas as consisting only of agricultural plots,
resource areas and villages. Efforts at integrated rural planning generally use the village and its agricultural land
as the highest units of development. The resulting policies for typically have a discernible rural bias with little or
no interest in investigating how cities might be better brought into rural planning frameworks. To a rural
household, however, the landscape of daily life includes both rural and urban elements. Rural-urban linkages are
part of the local reality for household members carrying out the diverse tasks of producing income on and off-
farm, maintaining a living space in the village, and going to local and even distant towns for shopping,
marketing, work, and specialized services. The challenge for rural regional planning is to overcome the rural-
urban divide by incorporating this reality into development frameworks and, further, identifying policy
measures to foster mutual benefits for both town and village households.
II. Research Literature
a. Spatial organization factors
Organization is discipline between factors of set. The components of spatial organization are:
- Nods: villages, industrial area and etc
- Networks: roads, gas or power lines
- Zones: rivers, jungles, seas, desert
There is thus a need for a new paradigm of spatial development for policy formulation. Such a paradigm would
have to overcome a number of major obstacles, including the dichotomization of planning into rural and urban
planning bureaus that promote rivalry rather than collaboration and administrative divisions that separate cities
from their hinterlands in planning and management at local levels. In addition, mechanistic models of spatial
and development processes, most of which focus on urban nodes rather than rural regions, need to be put aside
in favor of efforts to include local variations in rural-urban linkages in identifying components of a national
spatial system.By way of exploring how a new paradigm of rural regional development can be constructed from
local level research on rural-urban contrast the growth pole concept with an alternative regional network
(cluster) concept, the latter of which incorporates rural and village structures with rural-urban linkages and
flows. shows, first, that whereas growth poles have been single-mindedly focused on urban-based
manufacturing as the leading sector for regional development, a regional network approach recognizes the
multispectral nature of local level development in rural region and acknowledges the role of regional resource
endowments and already existing activities rather than limiting the prospects for local development to
inducements to decentralize footloose industries from core regions. Building networks allows for a variety of
sources of economic growth and does not assume that each will be urban based. Bulk-losing processing and
agro-industry, for example, may be more efficiently located near the fields or along major transport routes,
including waterways, rather than in cities or towns (mike Douglass, 1998: 2).
b. Rondinelli theory : Decentralization embraces a variety of concepts, the feasibility of which must be
carefully analyzed in any particular country before pursuing decentralization policies. Rondinelli and Nellis
define decentralization from an administrative perspective as „the transfer of responsibility for planning,
management, and the raising and allocation of resources from the central government and its agencies to field
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units of government agencies, subordinate units or levels of government, semi-autonomous public authorities or
corporations, area-wide, regional or functional authorities, or nongovernmental private or voluntary
organizations‟. Decentralization also can be defined as a situation in which public goods and services are
provided primarily through the revealed preferences of individuals by market mechanisms. Public choice
theorists contend that, under conditions of reasonably free choice, the provision of some public goods is more
economically efficient when a large number of local institutions are involved than when only the central
government is the provider (Ostrom et al., 1961; Buchanan and Tullock, 1962). A large number of providers
offer citizens more options and choices. These options can be packaged as different „market baskets‟ of goods
and services that meet the needs of different groups of users. In more advanced economies people can select
among local areas providing different combinations of services and facilities by moving to communities with the
combination they desire (Tiebout, 1956; Olson, 1965; Ostrom and Ostrom, 1977).
c. Regional network approach : Mike Douglass has been studied the role of town in rural area. Figure 1
shows the relation between city and village .In view of the limitations of growth centers and urban functions in
rural development approaches discussed above, rethinking the role of cities in rural regional development raises
the question of how to bring rural and urban development potentials and complementarities together in the
planning process. A point of departure for addressing this question is to recognize that the functions and roles
played by cities in most rural areas are outcomes of interdependencies that have no one-way urban-to-rural
causality. Rather, ruralurban relations need to be seen as being mutually reinforcing. These relationships are
summarized in figure 1, which shows that for every role of a city, there is a necessary role to be played by its
hinterland. As the table indicates, towns in rural regions act as higher-level market centers of agricultural and
rural commodities for both regional and extra-regional sales and distribution. Since the town-centered marketing
functions cannot exist without significant levels of marketable surpluses being produced in rural areas, it follows
that town and countryside are mutually dependent. To expand production rural producers need marketing
networks provided by towns and the urban system; but without continued expansion of agriculture and agro-
based processing activities, rural towns cannot be expected to grow. Similarly, intensification of agriculture will
necessitate the appearance of shops in towns to supply increasingly sophisticated inputs and repair facilities that
a single village cannot economically sustain. Continuing down the list of relationships in Table 1, a major
source of growth of rural towns is increasing demand for non-agricultural commodities for rural household
consumption. Research has identified this as the single most important factor for the growth of rural towns
(Gibb, 1986; Somluckrat, 1990). As in the other relations, the ability of towns to act as consumer convenience
centers rests on increasing rural prosperity and rising real incomes not just for a few farmers, but for the
majority of rural households.
Table 1 : Regional network approach
III. RESEARCH METHOD
The methodology of this study is descriptive –analytic and collecting data is done by documents-
library. The data are generally gathered from scientific centre libraries like universities, organizations, institutes
and research centers such as management and planning organization and internet, official statistics and censuses,
urban development plans by consulting engineers, field study and so on. Also, was used from questioner tool.
Settelments
Natural environment & source
Environment
Basic source
Built environment
Village ( road , bridge , housing )
City ( water , sanitation , connectivity )
Region (power , commercial center)
Spatial system
Rural population density
Urbanism levels ( namber of town , terrefic folw )
Accessing between urban center and rural area
Connectivity
Migration between regional
Social – economic relation
Social – cultural and economic relation
Rural economic structure
Complex between basic sectors
Distributing of workforce
Producing rural system
Distributing land and ownership
Organizations of Production
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Studied area
Torqabeh – Shandiz were located in west of Mashhad metropolitan. Mentioned county was divided 4 sections.
They are: TORQABEH, SHANDIZ, ABARDEH, and JAGHARGH.
a) Zoshk
The distance of Mashhad and Shandiz is 31 kilometer and 16 km. Zoshk is the most beautiful area in Iran. In
this village were done some activities such as production of fish, gardenairy production and etc.
b) Virani
The distance of Mashhad and Shandiz cities is 12 km & 8 km. this village is one of the historical places in Iran.
Also, there are historic stones in this area. On the other hand, Virani is touristic place. So has been built famous
museum in this place.
c) Noqondar
This village has been located 15 kilometer of Mashhad and 8 kilometer of Torqabeh. This village has been
located between some valleys. There is beautiful and greenery landscape in this place. There is appropriate
climate especially in summer. So this place famous due to natural viewpoint.
On the other hand, there are several historic places such as historical towers that there are two towers until now.
Figure 1: studied area
IV. DISCUSSION
Information was divided in three sections of spatial organization. So, settlement information was
divided in nods. Information of natural and unnatural networks was divided in network section and three
sections is geology. Nods information has been shown in table 2.
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Table 2: information of population
Growthrate2007-2012
Growthrate1977-2007
Growthrate1967-77
Household(2012)
Population(2012)
Household(2007)
Population(2007)
Household(1997)
Population(1997)
Area
4.842.831.1350671671836731320024189982TORQABEH CITY
-1.890.01-2.70209739216813189812NOQONDAR VILLAGE
9.684.89-0.13305610428170865708874077SHANDIZ CITY
6.574.70-7.07808298453521713091371ZOSHK village
7.844.121.231135406574127874181861VIRANI village
Density population in Torqabeh, Noqondar, Shandiz and Zoshk are 119.84, 85.93, 59.25, 17.05 and 52.68.
A. Education condition
Education condition has been shown in table 3.
Table 3: education
Settlement
Elementaryschool(2012)
Elementaryschool(2007)
Elementaryschool(1997)
Middleschool(2012)
Middleschool(2007)
Middleschool(1997)
Highschool(2012)
Highschool(2007)
TORQABEH CITY 6 7 5 4 3 4 4 1
NOQONDAR VILLAGE 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0
SHANDIZ CITY 2 3 5 3 1 3 4 2
ZOSHK village 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 0
VIRANI village 2 2 0 2 1 0 2 1
B. Hygiene condition : Each five settlements in 1997, 2007 and 2012 have hygiene centers. Also, Zoshk and
Noqondar villages in 2012 had doctors. In Torqabeh and Shandiz in three periods had been obstetrician and
dentists. But, there had obstetrician and dentists in 2012 at Zoshk village.
C. Services condition: Shandiz and Torqabeh nods propose some services such as post and cooperative
offices. Also, Zoshk, Noqondar, Virani village haven‟t started their activities until 2012.table 4 shows other
services in these nods.
Table 4: services condition
Settlement
Restaurantnumber(1997)
Restaurantnumber(2007)
Restaurantnumber(2012)
Telecom(1997)
Telecom(2007)
Telecom(2012)
ADSL condition
Installed Installing No
SHANDIZ CITY 8 33 90 1500 3049 4578 *
TORQABEH CITY 15 18 21 2000 5000 8000 *
ZOSHK village 2 5 13 182 607 726 *
NOQONDAR VILLAGE 3 3 11 203 392 353 *
VIRANI village 0 2 3 256 721 1500 *
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D. Economic condition
Table 5 shows economic condition in nods in some aspects.
Table 5: services condition
Settlement
Year
1997 2007 2012
Economic sectors
SHANDIZ CITY
Services 57.13
37.05
5.82
85.47
13
1.26
90
9
1
Industry
Agriculture
TORQABEH CITY
Services 50.4
38.3
10.4
72.9
23.7
3.3
65.4
28.8
5.8
Industry
Agriculture
ZOSHK village
Services 5
0
95
5
0
95
6.67
5.33
88
Industry
Agriculture
NOQONDAR village
Services 20
0
80
20
0
80
20
0
80
Industry
Agriculture
VIRANI village
Services 10
60
30
5
90
5
5
90
5
Industry
Agriculture
E. Networks : Networks were divided two sections. They are natural & unnatural. Natural network are included
rivers, gardens, earthquake line. Also, unnatural are road, gas and power networks. Figure 4 shows natural
network in SHANDIZ-TORQABEH County.
figure 2 : networks in Torqabeh & Shandiz
F. Infrastructure
Power network
Power condition shows in table 6. This table shows the number of household that they have power network
between 2000- 2012.
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Table 6: household power network condition
Row Settlement 2012 2007 1997
1 SHANDIZ CITY 4466 3099 1498
2 TORQABEH CITY 6375 3835 2361
3 NOQONDAR village 486 397 257
4 ZOSHK VILLAGE 1563 1094 809
5 VIRANI village 1763 1018 507
Gas network
TORQABEH had been gas network in 2002. Also, Shandiz & Noqondar had been gas network 2004 had been
gas network. After 2 year (2006) Zoshk had gas network. At finally, Virani village had gas network in 2009.
Telecom condition
Table 7 shows telecom condition network.
Table 7: telecom condition
G. Zones
Proportion zones: data collected show type of soil. Type of soil is important role in order to
Selecting land uses. So land uses were considered and were produced figure 3.
Figure 3: Proportions map
Row Settlement 1997 2007 2012
1 SHANDIZ CITY 1500 3049 4578
2 TORQABEH CITY 2000 5000 8000
3 ZOSHK village 182 607 726
4 NOQONDAR VILLAGE 203 392 353
5 VIRANI village 256 721 1500
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Analyzes : Collected data have been divided two sections. They are expositive and numerical indicators.
Infrastructure indicators were studied gas, water and power networks. Education indicators were considered the
number of school (elementary, middle and high level). Also, economic indicators were analyzed economic role
of nods.
Development process of Noqondar settlement nod : There isn‟t influence Torqabeh city on Noqondar village in
1997. Thus, development of Noqondar village rather than Torqabeh city is due to decreasing population.
Figure 4: Numerical development of Noqondar
Figure 5: expositive development of Noqondar
Development process of Zoshk settlement nod
Development of Zoshk village in 1997-2007 has been increased. But in 2007 to 2012 has been stopped
.although, the growth rate is positive. In 1997-2012 development of Shandiz is the same as Zoshk village. After
that development of Shandiz is better.
Figure 6: Numerical development of Zoshk
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In 2012 has been increased development due to some factors such as: obstetrician, doctors and some services
such as internet and post.
Figure7: expositive development of Zoshk
Development process of Virani settlement nod
Virani village in 1997 -2007 has been appropriate development. But, in 2007-2012 has been decreased. The
growth rate is positive.
Figure 8: Numerical development of Virani
Figure9: expositive development of Virani
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Expositive indicators in Virani village had been appropriate development.
V. CONCLUSION
The results shows, the village that have located far from cities, are appropriate development. Virani and
Zoshk village have been located in Shandiz sector. Also, Noqondar has been located in Torqabeh sector. The
distance of Noqondar from Torqabeh is 9.5 km. there isn‟t oriented relation between developments of village
with city development. So, could be increased development of them by using services , education , hygiene and
etc .
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