The document discusses decentralization in Bolivia and analyzes how responsive local governments are to local needs. It finds that in some municipalities, local government was unresponsive and corrupt due to factors like a dominant political party and weak civil society. However, other municipalities saw participative and responsive local government where civil society organizations were strong and politics was competitive. A quantitative analysis found that the interaction between private firms and civic groups was the main determinant of responsiveness, with local investment increasing where these interactions were densest.
"Role of Urban Governance in Time of Pandemic"ESD UNU-IAS
"Role of Urban Governance in Time of Pandemic"
Dr. Remy Sietchiping, Chief Policy, Legislation and Governance Section at UN- Habitat, Kenya
10th African Regional RCE Meeting
1 & 15 September, 2020
This document discusses governance issues in Nepal based on a presentation by Dr. M Rijal. It provides common definitions of governance from various organizations and outlines World Bank indicators used to measure governance. While Nepal saw some improvements from 1990-2000, its World Bank governance scores declined from 1996-2002. The document also discusses positives and negatives of global governance trends and outlines both improvements and issues in Nepal's governance, including political instability, corruption, and failure to benefit all regions and populations equally.
This document discusses tools to support transparency in local urban governance. It notes the global trend of urbanization and challenges of increasing poverty, unsustainable development patterns, and limited local government capacity. New approaches emphasize good governance, local authorities as enablers, partnerships, and inclusiveness. Promising innovations need scaling up. Key ingredients for inclusive cities are good urban governance and tools that support principles like sustainability, equity and civic engagement. These include participatory budgeting, decision making, and local dialogues. Expected outcomes are more equitable services, accountability, legitimacy, and resources.
The document outlines the World Bank's strategy to strengthen engagement on governance and anti-corruption. It identifies mechanisms to build transparent and accountable institutions, improve monitoring of corruption in World Bank projects, and take a harmonized approach with other development partners. Key elements of the strategy include addressing governance issues and corruption at the project, country, and global levels.
Urban governance refers to how government and stakeholders plan, finance, and manage urban areas. Effective urban governance depends on local institutions as well as the national framework. It involves continuous negotiation over resources and power. Key elements of effective urban governance include the relationship between city and national governments, municipal capacity to plan and manage growth, and inclusive political systems and institutions. Good urban governance promotes transparency, accountability, participation, and the rule of law. Factors contributing to improved urban governance are clear objectives, legal frameworks, decision-making processes, appropriate funding, cooperation between actors, and division of responsibilities.
The document discusses several challenges facing urbanization in the Philippines, including capacity gaps in urban planning, outdated policies, lack of financial resources in cities, and vulnerability to climate change. It also outlines the government's strategies to promote inclusive growth through initiatives like building safe communities, developing sustainable neighborhoods, and strengthening housing and urban development interventions. The conclusion notes that the 2022 national election is approaching the end of President Duterte's term, and priorities include continuing inclusive economic growth and reducing inequality.
This document discusses metropolitan governance arrangements in the Philippines. It provides background on the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), which coordinates planning, monitoring, and services across 17 cities and municipalities in Metro Manila. The MMDA is headed by a chairman appointed by the president and has departments that help coordinate functions. Metropolitan arrangements emerged in the 1990s as a way to jointly provide more efficient urban services across multiple local governments. However, they also present challenges around governance structures, identities, priorities, and diversity that need to be addressed. The document examines models of metropolitan arrangements and examples in Metro Manila, Metro BLIST, Metro Naga, and Metro Cebu.
"Role of Urban Governance in Time of Pandemic"ESD UNU-IAS
"Role of Urban Governance in Time of Pandemic"
Dr. Remy Sietchiping, Chief Policy, Legislation and Governance Section at UN- Habitat, Kenya
10th African Regional RCE Meeting
1 & 15 September, 2020
This document discusses governance issues in Nepal based on a presentation by Dr. M Rijal. It provides common definitions of governance from various organizations and outlines World Bank indicators used to measure governance. While Nepal saw some improvements from 1990-2000, its World Bank governance scores declined from 1996-2002. The document also discusses positives and negatives of global governance trends and outlines both improvements and issues in Nepal's governance, including political instability, corruption, and failure to benefit all regions and populations equally.
This document discusses tools to support transparency in local urban governance. It notes the global trend of urbanization and challenges of increasing poverty, unsustainable development patterns, and limited local government capacity. New approaches emphasize good governance, local authorities as enablers, partnerships, and inclusiveness. Promising innovations need scaling up. Key ingredients for inclusive cities are good urban governance and tools that support principles like sustainability, equity and civic engagement. These include participatory budgeting, decision making, and local dialogues. Expected outcomes are more equitable services, accountability, legitimacy, and resources.
The document outlines the World Bank's strategy to strengthen engagement on governance and anti-corruption. It identifies mechanisms to build transparent and accountable institutions, improve monitoring of corruption in World Bank projects, and take a harmonized approach with other development partners. Key elements of the strategy include addressing governance issues and corruption at the project, country, and global levels.
Urban governance refers to how government and stakeholders plan, finance, and manage urban areas. Effective urban governance depends on local institutions as well as the national framework. It involves continuous negotiation over resources and power. Key elements of effective urban governance include the relationship between city and national governments, municipal capacity to plan and manage growth, and inclusive political systems and institutions. Good urban governance promotes transparency, accountability, participation, and the rule of law. Factors contributing to improved urban governance are clear objectives, legal frameworks, decision-making processes, appropriate funding, cooperation between actors, and division of responsibilities.
The document discusses several challenges facing urbanization in the Philippines, including capacity gaps in urban planning, outdated policies, lack of financial resources in cities, and vulnerability to climate change. It also outlines the government's strategies to promote inclusive growth through initiatives like building safe communities, developing sustainable neighborhoods, and strengthening housing and urban development interventions. The conclusion notes that the 2022 national election is approaching the end of President Duterte's term, and priorities include continuing inclusive economic growth and reducing inequality.
This document discusses metropolitan governance arrangements in the Philippines. It provides background on the Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA), which coordinates planning, monitoring, and services across 17 cities and municipalities in Metro Manila. The MMDA is headed by a chairman appointed by the president and has departments that help coordinate functions. Metropolitan arrangements emerged in the 1990s as a way to jointly provide more efficient urban services across multiple local governments. However, they also present challenges around governance structures, identities, priorities, and diversity that need to be addressed. The document examines models of metropolitan arrangements and examples in Metro Manila, Metro BLIST, Metro Naga, and Metro Cebu.
This document defines an urban center in Nigeria as an area with a population of at least 20,000 people or any local government headquarters. It notes that a local government exercises specific powers through a representative council established by law within a defined area. The executive and legislative functions of a local government council are described, including the chairman, supervisor, secretary, councilors and their roles. Key functions of urban governments are identified as planning, service delivery, lawmaking, policy development, representation, and advocacy for their constituents.
Urbanization is occurring faster than ever in history. There are now over 10,000 cities globally, with half being established in just the last 40 years. Urban areas are typically defined as having large populations and infrastructure to support daily life. However, rapid urbanization has also created issues like overcrowded housing, unemployment, and environmental pollution. Potential solutions include improved urban planning, rural development to curb migration, and new approaches like smart cities and new urbanism that aim to build sustainable communities.
Sociologist Ledivina Carino discusses the concepts of government and governance. While government refers to control by a ruler, governance involves participation from various actors in society. Carino explores four key issues: the activities of governing include both control and management; those involved in governance are the state, civil society, and private sector; processes like globalization and environmentalism have redefined governance; and good governance requires accountability, transparency, and responsiveness. Overall, Carino argues that governance requires involvement from all of society beyond just the state in managing public affairs.
The document discusses the city development strategy (CDS) planning process according to the World Bank. It describes the key phases and tools used in each phase. The phases include assessing the current situation, defining a vision for the future, identifying priority issues, building consensus, formulating strategies, and determining actions. Tools range from stakeholder consultations and SWOT analyses to project prioritization matrices and monitoring frameworks. The goal of the CDS process is to establish a strategic plan to guide a city's sustainable development through participatory and evidence-based decision making.
This document discusses urban mobility and poverty. It begins with an introduction to urbanization trends like rural to urban migration. It then covers different types of urban population movements such as gentrification, suburbanization, urban sprawl, and counter-urbanization. The document defines poverty and its dimensions. It identifies reasons for urban poverty such as urbanization, migration, and lack of education/jobs. It concludes by stating that basic services, women's participation, and community-led programs are essential for effective poverty alleviation strategies.
Reducing Urban Risk in Asia- Status Report and Inventory of Initiatives URRworkshop
The document discusses urban risk reduction in Asia. It notes that urbanization is increasing rapidly in developing countries, especially in Asia, where the population living in urban areas is projected to reach 80% by 2020. Recognizing the need to address growing urban risk, the UNISDR established the Asia Regional Task Force on Urban Risk Reduction to facilitate efforts in the region. The task force conducted an analysis of urban risk issues and initiatives in Asia related to the five priorities of the Hyogo Framework for Action. It found that urban risk is increasing due to factors such as rapid urban population growth, especially in South and Southeast Asian countries, and exposure to hazards is exacerbated by uncontrolled development and poor infrastructure in many cities.
Paper focus on the status of urban local bodies in the Indian context, their role and importance in making urban areas more livable and sustainable, roadblocks hampering their operational efficiencies and options to make them vibrant institutions of governance
Promoting peaceful and inclusive societiesShamsul Arefin
1. Select the best girls school to promote gender equality and ensure girls in remote areas have access to nutrition.
2. Choose the school for underprivileged children to help the most marginalized groups.
3. Consult with community members and stakeholders to gather input on priorities before making a decision. Transparency and participation are key to inclusive decision making.
The document discusses citizens' expectations of public services and how governments are responding. Citizens now expect public services to provide choice, convenience, and services that adapt to individual needs, similar to private sector standards. Governments are pursuing initiatives to improve customer service, such as joining up services across organizations and introducing more personalized approaches. New technologies are also enabling new ways for citizens to access services.
Time to Think Urban UN-Habitat Brochure 2013UN-HABITAT
The document discusses UN-Habitat's work in promoting sustainable urbanization. It focuses on 7 priority areas: urban legislation, land and governance; urban planning and design; urban economy; urban basic services; housing and slum upgrading; risk reduction and rehabilitation; and urban research and capacity development. UN-Habitat aims to guide urbanization, support cities, improve quality of life for all residents including the poor, and reduce poverty through its work in these areas. It provides various programs and initiatives to achieve these goals around the world.
Local Government; under what conditions Local Governments are successful, whe...Waseem Sajjad
Local governments are successful under certain political, administrative, and financial conditions. Politically, local governments need strong legal and constitutional support, as well as some level of independence from central control. Administratively, they require adequate administrative powers and autonomy over staffing. Financially, local governments need sufficient and stable funding sources, including the ability to generate own-source revenues and access loans. The document discusses these conditions and provides examples from various countries to illustrate when local governments have or have not been successful based on whether these conditions are met.
An overview given in this presentation about the local Governance systems followed in many regions with main countries examples,
Although it can not be generalized to over all systems but these are major system followed with changes according to counties and regions creed,social norms and culture etc.
The document discusses the emergence of the concept of governance in development discourse in the 1990s. It was introduced by international institutions like the UN and World Bank as an alternative paradigm to address failures of previous development models. Governance goes beyond government to include citizens, institutions, and groups pursuing collective goals. It emphasizes principles like accountability, participation, transparency and the rule of law. The document outlines how governance and good governance are defined by different scholars and organizations and their relationship with development and poverty reduction.
The document discusses tools and principles for effective metropolitan governance. It notes that metropolitan areas represent around 60% of GDP and employment in OECD countries, and are major drivers of national economic growth. However, metropolitan areas can also be highly unequal internally. Effective metropolitan governance requires addressing functional urban areas beyond administrative boundaries, as higher administrative fragmentation is associated with lower productivity and greater inequality. While governance structures vary across countries, almost two-thirds of OECD metropolitan areas have some form of metropolitan governance body. Key principles for effective metropolitan governance include implementing projects to encourage collaboration, ensuring reliable financing, and establishing monitoring and evaluation.
"Metro-Economics": Towards a "Unified Field Theory"RWVentures
This presentation was delivered by Bob Weissbourd as part of the Portland Plan -- Inspiring Community Series. The speech begins to tie together the various pieces of economic development -- from neighborhoods to regions, equity to prosperity, human capital to clusters -- into a comprehensive, integrated, practical approach to metropolitan economic growth.
Governance & Financial assessment of Mehsana Municipality 13-14Pratham Pincha
Study of institutional framework for spatial planning & development in Gujarat as a part of Urban Development Planning Studio 2014, Masters in Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
NOTE : Download for best viewing experience through animation
Cities have long birthed advances in the sciences, arts, human rights, business and government. Millions of people have moved to cities for better lives or services unavailable elsewhere.
But as cities grow, so are problems stemming from stretched transportation, energy and water infrastructure.
Urban planning and development in Nepal involves addressing several issues. Rapid urbanization is putting pressure on infrastructure and resources, and the urban population is projected to double in coming decades. Effective urban planning requires defining urban areas, addressing problems like congestion, pollution and inequitable access to services, and ensuring participation and partnerships between stakeholders. The goals of urban planning and development should be to make cities safe, just, and moving in a positive direction through strategic planning and allocation of necessary resources.
This document provides an overview of local government in Ghana. It discusses key concepts like decentralization and its forms. It describes the structure of Ghana's local government system including regional coordinating councils and metropolitan, municipal and district assemblies. It also outlines the functions, powers, and funding sources of MMDAs, including the District Assembly Common Fund. Finally, it discusses local government budgeting, accounting, and financial reporting practices in Ghana.
The document discusses the shift from the professional gift model of welfare to a citizenship model. The professional gift model organizes support around expertise and gives citizens low control over 40% of GDP spent on welfare. The citizenship model builds in citizen control, values community, rethinks professional roles, and redefines gifts as entitlements and contracts. It discusses concepts like self-directed support, tapered control, individual budgets and financial assets that empower citizens. Total Place and redesigning the welfare state are presented as ways to innovate, encourage stronger families and civil society, and improve the system based on what works.
Working Characterising Central Local Government Relationships Since 9730088
This document summarizes central-local government relations in the UK since 1997. It analyzes the relationship through different frameworks and provides examples from both before and after 1997. Some key points include:
- Relations were ideologically divisive before 1997 but became more harmonious under Labour governments.
- Significant reforms centralized power to central government pre-1997 but post-1997 saw attempts to increase local discretion and accountability.
- Area Based Grants consolidated over £4.8 billion in specific grants to give local authorities more flexibility in spending.
- Local Area Agreements set local priorities and targets but their effectiveness is debated.
- Ongoing challenges include balancing priorities, clarifying powers, and building democratic legitimacy locally.
This document defines an urban center in Nigeria as an area with a population of at least 20,000 people or any local government headquarters. It notes that a local government exercises specific powers through a representative council established by law within a defined area. The executive and legislative functions of a local government council are described, including the chairman, supervisor, secretary, councilors and their roles. Key functions of urban governments are identified as planning, service delivery, lawmaking, policy development, representation, and advocacy for their constituents.
Urbanization is occurring faster than ever in history. There are now over 10,000 cities globally, with half being established in just the last 40 years. Urban areas are typically defined as having large populations and infrastructure to support daily life. However, rapid urbanization has also created issues like overcrowded housing, unemployment, and environmental pollution. Potential solutions include improved urban planning, rural development to curb migration, and new approaches like smart cities and new urbanism that aim to build sustainable communities.
Sociologist Ledivina Carino discusses the concepts of government and governance. While government refers to control by a ruler, governance involves participation from various actors in society. Carino explores four key issues: the activities of governing include both control and management; those involved in governance are the state, civil society, and private sector; processes like globalization and environmentalism have redefined governance; and good governance requires accountability, transparency, and responsiveness. Overall, Carino argues that governance requires involvement from all of society beyond just the state in managing public affairs.
The document discusses the city development strategy (CDS) planning process according to the World Bank. It describes the key phases and tools used in each phase. The phases include assessing the current situation, defining a vision for the future, identifying priority issues, building consensus, formulating strategies, and determining actions. Tools range from stakeholder consultations and SWOT analyses to project prioritization matrices and monitoring frameworks. The goal of the CDS process is to establish a strategic plan to guide a city's sustainable development through participatory and evidence-based decision making.
This document discusses urban mobility and poverty. It begins with an introduction to urbanization trends like rural to urban migration. It then covers different types of urban population movements such as gentrification, suburbanization, urban sprawl, and counter-urbanization. The document defines poverty and its dimensions. It identifies reasons for urban poverty such as urbanization, migration, and lack of education/jobs. It concludes by stating that basic services, women's participation, and community-led programs are essential for effective poverty alleviation strategies.
Reducing Urban Risk in Asia- Status Report and Inventory of Initiatives URRworkshop
The document discusses urban risk reduction in Asia. It notes that urbanization is increasing rapidly in developing countries, especially in Asia, where the population living in urban areas is projected to reach 80% by 2020. Recognizing the need to address growing urban risk, the UNISDR established the Asia Regional Task Force on Urban Risk Reduction to facilitate efforts in the region. The task force conducted an analysis of urban risk issues and initiatives in Asia related to the five priorities of the Hyogo Framework for Action. It found that urban risk is increasing due to factors such as rapid urban population growth, especially in South and Southeast Asian countries, and exposure to hazards is exacerbated by uncontrolled development and poor infrastructure in many cities.
Paper focus on the status of urban local bodies in the Indian context, their role and importance in making urban areas more livable and sustainable, roadblocks hampering their operational efficiencies and options to make them vibrant institutions of governance
Promoting peaceful and inclusive societiesShamsul Arefin
1. Select the best girls school to promote gender equality and ensure girls in remote areas have access to nutrition.
2. Choose the school for underprivileged children to help the most marginalized groups.
3. Consult with community members and stakeholders to gather input on priorities before making a decision. Transparency and participation are key to inclusive decision making.
The document discusses citizens' expectations of public services and how governments are responding. Citizens now expect public services to provide choice, convenience, and services that adapt to individual needs, similar to private sector standards. Governments are pursuing initiatives to improve customer service, such as joining up services across organizations and introducing more personalized approaches. New technologies are also enabling new ways for citizens to access services.
Time to Think Urban UN-Habitat Brochure 2013UN-HABITAT
The document discusses UN-Habitat's work in promoting sustainable urbanization. It focuses on 7 priority areas: urban legislation, land and governance; urban planning and design; urban economy; urban basic services; housing and slum upgrading; risk reduction and rehabilitation; and urban research and capacity development. UN-Habitat aims to guide urbanization, support cities, improve quality of life for all residents including the poor, and reduce poverty through its work in these areas. It provides various programs and initiatives to achieve these goals around the world.
Local Government; under what conditions Local Governments are successful, whe...Waseem Sajjad
Local governments are successful under certain political, administrative, and financial conditions. Politically, local governments need strong legal and constitutional support, as well as some level of independence from central control. Administratively, they require adequate administrative powers and autonomy over staffing. Financially, local governments need sufficient and stable funding sources, including the ability to generate own-source revenues and access loans. The document discusses these conditions and provides examples from various countries to illustrate when local governments have or have not been successful based on whether these conditions are met.
An overview given in this presentation about the local Governance systems followed in many regions with main countries examples,
Although it can not be generalized to over all systems but these are major system followed with changes according to counties and regions creed,social norms and culture etc.
The document discusses the emergence of the concept of governance in development discourse in the 1990s. It was introduced by international institutions like the UN and World Bank as an alternative paradigm to address failures of previous development models. Governance goes beyond government to include citizens, institutions, and groups pursuing collective goals. It emphasizes principles like accountability, participation, transparency and the rule of law. The document outlines how governance and good governance are defined by different scholars and organizations and their relationship with development and poverty reduction.
The document discusses tools and principles for effective metropolitan governance. It notes that metropolitan areas represent around 60% of GDP and employment in OECD countries, and are major drivers of national economic growth. However, metropolitan areas can also be highly unequal internally. Effective metropolitan governance requires addressing functional urban areas beyond administrative boundaries, as higher administrative fragmentation is associated with lower productivity and greater inequality. While governance structures vary across countries, almost two-thirds of OECD metropolitan areas have some form of metropolitan governance body. Key principles for effective metropolitan governance include implementing projects to encourage collaboration, ensuring reliable financing, and establishing monitoring and evaluation.
"Metro-Economics": Towards a "Unified Field Theory"RWVentures
This presentation was delivered by Bob Weissbourd as part of the Portland Plan -- Inspiring Community Series. The speech begins to tie together the various pieces of economic development -- from neighborhoods to regions, equity to prosperity, human capital to clusters -- into a comprehensive, integrated, practical approach to metropolitan economic growth.
Governance & Financial assessment of Mehsana Municipality 13-14Pratham Pincha
Study of institutional framework for spatial planning & development in Gujarat as a part of Urban Development Planning Studio 2014, Masters in Planning, CEPT University, Ahmedabad
NOTE : Download for best viewing experience through animation
Cities have long birthed advances in the sciences, arts, human rights, business and government. Millions of people have moved to cities for better lives or services unavailable elsewhere.
But as cities grow, so are problems stemming from stretched transportation, energy and water infrastructure.
Urban planning and development in Nepal involves addressing several issues. Rapid urbanization is putting pressure on infrastructure and resources, and the urban population is projected to double in coming decades. Effective urban planning requires defining urban areas, addressing problems like congestion, pollution and inequitable access to services, and ensuring participation and partnerships between stakeholders. The goals of urban planning and development should be to make cities safe, just, and moving in a positive direction through strategic planning and allocation of necessary resources.
This document provides an overview of local government in Ghana. It discusses key concepts like decentralization and its forms. It describes the structure of Ghana's local government system including regional coordinating councils and metropolitan, municipal and district assemblies. It also outlines the functions, powers, and funding sources of MMDAs, including the District Assembly Common Fund. Finally, it discusses local government budgeting, accounting, and financial reporting practices in Ghana.
The document discusses the shift from the professional gift model of welfare to a citizenship model. The professional gift model organizes support around expertise and gives citizens low control over 40% of GDP spent on welfare. The citizenship model builds in citizen control, values community, rethinks professional roles, and redefines gifts as entitlements and contracts. It discusses concepts like self-directed support, tapered control, individual budgets and financial assets that empower citizens. Total Place and redesigning the welfare state are presented as ways to innovate, encourage stronger families and civil society, and improve the system based on what works.
Working Characterising Central Local Government Relationships Since 9730088
This document summarizes central-local government relations in the UK since 1997. It analyzes the relationship through different frameworks and provides examples from both before and after 1997. Some key points include:
- Relations were ideologically divisive before 1997 but became more harmonious under Labour governments.
- Significant reforms centralized power to central government pre-1997 but post-1997 saw attempts to increase local discretion and accountability.
- Area Based Grants consolidated over £4.8 billion in specific grants to give local authorities more flexibility in spending.
- Local Area Agreements set local priorities and targets but their effectiveness is debated.
- Ongoing challenges include balancing priorities, clarifying powers, and building democratic legitimacy locally.
Community development - a different way to think about local economiesJulian Dobson
This is a presentation given to the Local Government Information Unit's economic development learning network in London on 26 January 2010. I was asked to explore how community development and economic development are linked and the implications for economic development practitioners of a community development approach.
Urban Public Finance / Local Public FinanceRavikant Joshi
This PPT delivered to students of Symbiosis School of Economics - Pune describes subject matter of urban public finance and how it is both positive and normative science.
This document discusses governance and policy issues related to managing the complex urban region of Greater Manchester during an economic recession. It covers several policy strands around regeneration, local government modernization, and performance management that have impacted local areas. Greater Manchester's Local Area Agreement is examined as a key partnership mechanism. The role of localities during a recession is debated, with suggestions that cities can provide leadership, sustain public investment, align with long-term economic strategies, and attract investment. Local government organizations argue for continued devolution of economic powers to sub-regions and local authorities to most effectively target recession responses. The challenges of coordinating policies and partners across different levels of government are also addressed.
This document discusses options for reducing inequality through redistribution and pro-poor growth. It examines static redistribution through taxation and expenditures, redistributing assets like land reform, and pro-poor growth through interventions in areas like agriculture, education and health. Static redistribution through progressive taxation and targeted social spending can help reduce inequality, though indirect taxes risk being regressive. Land reform and ensuring transparency in privatization can also impact asset inequality. Achieving pro-poor growth requires prioritizing policies that boost opportunities for the poor through rural development, infrastructure, and access to credit and factor markets.
Development Social Sector in Ethiopia.pptxJaafar47
Here are some of the key challenges facing the education sector in Ethiopia:
- Shortage of qualified teachers: There is a lack of enough qualified teachers at all levels of education to meet the growing demand. Teacher training programs need to be expanded.
- Inadequate infrastructure and facilities: Schools lack adequate classrooms, furniture, water and sanitation facilities, laboratories and other teaching/learning materials. Rapid expansion of the system has strained infrastructure.
- Poor quality of education: Overcrowded classrooms and shortage of teachers has negatively impacted the quality of education. Learning outcomes need to be improved.
- High dropout and repetition rates: Dropout rates remain high especially for girls and children from poor households. Repetition rates indicate
Kevin richardson central local relations northumbria march 201130088
The document discusses recent changes to local governance and economic development in the UK, including the establishment of Local Enterprise Partnerships and the Localism Bill. It notes that while powers have devolved to local areas, many economic development functions have been recentralized. There are questions around LEPs' accountability, priorities, and ability to make strategic decisions without dedicated funding or authority. The Localism Bill also aims to give councils more freedom but comes with over 140 new regulatory requirements. Long-term challenges include dealing with large budget cuts, changing relationships with central government, and spatial impacts of national policies.
This document provides an overview of a public finance course. The course aims to examine the role of the public sector in modern economies and discuss the economic rationale for government intervention. The course focuses on public expenditures, taxation, and welfare states. It will examine topics such as welfare policies, education policies, employment policies, health care policies, the effects of fiscal policy and taxation structures. References include textbooks on public economics and optional readings.
The document discusses governance and policy issues related to managing the complex urban region of Greater Manchester. It outlines several policy strands around regeneration, local government modernization, and performance management. It also discusses the role of localities during economic recessions and mechanisms that have been used in Manchester to coordinate governance across multiple local authorities.
Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs. It is a framework for understanding development that considers economic, social, and environmental factors. Current production and consumption patterns are unsustainable and will require two planets by 2050 if unchanged. Sustainable development policies aim to balance short-term gains with long-term impacts across sectors through a mix of market reforms, regulations, and community initiatives. No single policy can achieve sustainability alone; a critical mass of coordinated global and local actions is needed.
Economics of slums in developing countries pepo_pepo2000
description of the economics in the developing countries, either why it's exist and why it remains and why does it always contradict with the government strategies in the upgrading with the slums area and it economic in order to make it apart of the community's economic.
Sipple - Shared Services: A Common Reform that WorksJohn Sipple
These are slides from my June 17, 2014 presentation at the Municipal Exchange (MIX) conference in Troy, NY. I reported research findings on shared municipal and school district services, including obstacle, motivators, and outcomes.
The document discusses the politics of promoting social cash transfers in Zambia. It describes how Zambia shifted from a dominant party system to competitive clientelism with the reintroduction of multi-party elections in 1991. It also discusses the rise of the Patriotic Front party in 2011 making populist, pro-poor claims. The document outlines the three phases of social cash transfers in Zambia, from an initial donor-driven pilot program to a 700% budget increase announced in 2014. Finally, it analyzes how a transnational policy coalition, a shift in the political settlement, and alignment with ideas of poverty reduction helped scale up social cash transfers, but they have not yet displaced more entrenched policies or paradigms
Institutional Reform and Capacity Building Project for Sierra LeoneMaxwell Korpoi
Decentralization was pursued as an entry point for governance reform in Sierra Leone following its civil war. The World Bank and other donors provided substantial funding to support decentralization efforts through capacity building and projects. Decentralization was seen as a way to address the root causes of conflict by bringing governance closer to citizens and resources were allocated in a more equitable manner across districts. Rapid Results Initiatives were implemented by local councils and sectors to generate quick wins and build momentum for decentralization. While progress was made in some areas, fully stimulating citizen demand for good governance and political participation remained challenging.
The document outlines the mission, vision, and strategic programs of the PDP LABAN political party in the Philippines. The party's mission is to improve the quality of life for Filipinos through participatory and accountable governance. Its vision is for the Philippines to have a respectable status among nations. The party supports humanism, nationalism, democratic socialism, and participatory democracy. It outlines 7 strategic programs, including rural modernization, developing the services sector, promoting competition, attracting investment, enhancing assets of the poor, mobilizing resources, and modernizing government administration.
Similar to Decentralization and popular democracy - governance from below in bolivia (20)
Faculty members involved with the "Heritage Under Threat" project, a collaboration between the IDS-led Coalition for Religious Equality and Inclusive Development (CREID) and the Universities of Mosul and Iraq are presented with awards by Prof Melissa Leach (IDS), Professor Dr Kossay Al-Ahmady (UoM) and Dr Lukman Hasan (UoD).
This 3 sentence document describes a red painting or artifact from Lalish, Shikhan from an unknown year. It credits the Wednesday celebration to Shikh Jalal.
The document summarizes Andy Stirling's work at SPRU related to building back better after COVID-19, including research on vaccine innovation, diagnostic testing, data governance for testing apps, lessons from past pandemics according to the WHO, challenges of the pandemic for transformation, structural change for UN agencies, steering innovation pathways for UNDP, governance of expertise in science and politics for COVID-19, modeling lessons for public policy, science politics and governance around pandemics, power and politics in science and innovation, a new book on politics of uncertainty in transformation, how the pandemic highlights a modern fallacy of control, and leading a cross-campus initiative on a post-pandemic university.
The document discusses the work of the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) in responding to the Covid-19 pandemic through research and knowledge sharing. It outlines three key areas of focus: 1) Engaging social science expertise to support the pandemic response, 2) Research on "Building Back Better" through scenarios and briefings on public health, gender, social protection and governance, and 3) Reorienting many existing IDS research programmes and projects to cover the wider implications of the pandemic such as on informal settlements, governance at the margins, agriculture policy and more.
This document lists several research centers and programs at the University of Sussex that focus on global issues related to health, sustainability, migration, and society. Specifically, it mentions the Sussex Sustainability Research Programme, the Centre on Cultures of Reproduction, Technologies and Health, the Centre for Global Health Policy, and the Sussex Centre for Migration Research. It also includes websites for researching the university's work on COVID-19 and the Discover Society publication co-edited by Gurminder Bhambra.
The Centre for International Education (CIE) at the University of Sussex researches issues relating to education in the global south, including governance, policy, pedagogy, and inequality. Over 170 doctoral students and 500 master's students have graduated from CIE programs. CIE's research with governments, NGOs, and international organizations aims to explore how COVID-19 is exacerbating educational inequalities and disrupting systems. The document outlines CIE's work highlighting pandemic-related issues like private/public divides, gender/race, and the disruption of education in conflict that many in the global south face regularly.
The document discusses the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI), which promotes transparency around oil, gas, and mineral resource extraction. It notes that many resource-dependent countries are facing fiscal crises due to falling commodity prices and the COVID-19 pandemic. The EITI establishes a global standard for transparency and accountability in the extractives sector. It requires disclosure of payments, contracts, production data, and more. Implementing countries set up multi-stakeholder groups to oversee EITI implementation and ensure data is communicated to the public. The EITI is working to expand transparency to new areas like commodity trading, subnational revenue distribution, and environmental reporting.
The SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals) potentially offer an inclusive, integrated approach to development, centred on social justice, for all of humanity. But how are they being implemented in practice? Too often a piece-meal, sectoral approach is adopted, rooted in modernist assumptions of linear transition and control.
Ian Scoones, IDS researcher and co-director of the STEPS Centre
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Decentralization and popular democracy - governance from below in bolivia
1.
2. DECENTRALIZATION AND POPULAR DEMOCRACY
Governance from Below in Bolivia
Jean-Paul Faguet
London School of Economics & IPD
Outline
1. Motivation
2. Decentralization in Bolivia
3. Local government at the extremes
• Viacha
• Charagua
1. Theory: The determinants of government
responsiveness
2. A Quantitative Test
3. Return to the Extremes
4. Conclusions
3. 1. Motivation
Decentralization is one of the broadest movements and
most contentious policy issues in development.
• 80% - 100% of countries experimenting with
decentralization (World Bank 1999).
• Subsidiarity, devolution and federalism in the EU, UK
and US
• Not just breadth, but depth of reforms
10-50% of all central government revenues spent
subnationally (Campbell 2003)
4. In historical terms this is a huge
reversal
Continuously increasing centralization over the
past 15,000 years.
•200,000 years ago: Earliest anatomically modern
humans lived in groups of a few dozen hunter-
gatherers in Africa. Largely egalitarian and
unorganized (Gronn 2010).
5. • 10-15,000 years ago: Earliest agricultural
communities exploit productivity gains from
domestication of 10-100x settled tribes of a
few hundred, acquiring primitive organization
and clear leaders.
• Farming improvements villages grew into
chiefdoms with populations in the thousands,
centralized, hereditary leaderships, and
multilevel bureaucracies.
• 6,000 years ago: In river valleys of modern
Egypt, Pakistan, India and Iraq, these societies
became the world’s first cities.
6. • 5,700 years ago: First states born in Mesopotamia, with
populations of 50,000 or more, many cities and
villages, centralized decision-making and control of
information, sophisticated bureaucracies and religious
orders, systems of laws and judges, redistributive
taxation, and a capital city. (Diamond 1998)
Big advantages over smaller polities in the mobilization
of resources and projection of power.
Then…
• Roman and Persian empires 2000 years ago.
• Medieval European kingdoms.
• Nation-states from about 17th century onwards.
7. Increasing centralization is the
defining characteristic of the past
10,000-15,000 years of human society
The rise of decentralization over the
past half-century represents a
unexpected historical reversal
8. Theory provides a strong rationale
Bring government “closer to the people” better
public goods, more effective government
•Supply: Smaller scale facilitates…
– Better information
– Greater participation Deepen democracy
– More accountability
•Demand: Local homogeneity vs. national
heterogeneity
9. Empirical literature does not
• Litvack et al. (1998): “One can prove, or disprove, almost
any proposition about decentralization by throwing
together some set of cases or data”.
• Shah, Thompson and Zou (2004): D sometimes improved,
other times worsened: service delivery, corruption,
macroeconomic stability, and growth across a large range
of countries.
• Treisman (2007): Results are inconclusive, weak and
contradictory. “To date there are almost no solidly
established, general empirical findings about the
consequences of decentralization”.
Bizarre paradox: After 50 years of policy
experimentation and hundreds of studies, we still know
very little about whether D is good or bad.
10. Why don’t we know more?
• Conceptual confusion
What is D? Deconcentration, Delegation, Devolution,
Privatization?
Where is it implemented?
• Non-rigorous empirical basis
Qual: Small-N and large-X
Quant: Cross country studies make for bad
comparisons – too much RHS uncontrolled
variation.
• Wrong question: “Is D good or bad?”
11. The solution
Decentralization is the devolution by central government of
specific functions (administrative, political and economic
attributes) to democratic local governments that are
independent of the center within a geographic and functional
domain.
Empirical rigor – Large-N in one country + case studies.
Blended quantitative-qualitative analysis.
Permits fine-grained, nuanced analysis.
Controls for external shocks, political regime, institutions,
and other exogenous factors.
Right question: Why is the good good and the bad bad?
“Outputs” of D = aggregate of local political & institutional
dynamics, and so to understand decentralization we must first
understand how LG works.
12. 2. Decentralization in Bolivia (radical & sincere)
The Bolivian Decentralization Programme
• Resource Allocation. Transfers x2 20% national
revenues. Later increased greatly.
Allocation: political per capita.
• Local Public Services. Education, health, irrigation,
roads, sports and culture. Ownership of infrastructure and
responsibility.
• Oversight Committees (Comités de Vigilancia)
Alternative channel for popular demands. Composed of
local, grass-roots groups that propose projects and oversee
municipal expenditures.
• Municipalization. Municipalities expanded to include
suburbs and rural catchments, and 198 new municipalities
(out of 311 in all) were created.
13. Figure 2: Local v. Central Government Investment
Hydrocarbons
Industry
Communications
Multisectoral
Water Mgt.
Sector
Agriculture Local
Energy Central
Health
Transport
Water & San.
Urban Dev't
Education
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
% Total Investment
16. Conclusions (i): 4 Stylized facts of
Bolivian D
1. D shifted public investment from production to
human capital formation and primary services.
2. This shift was driven by smaller, poorer, more
rural municipalities.
3. Greater spatial equality as per capita criterion
shifted resources massively towards smaller,
poorer districts.
4. LG investments far more responsive to local
needs than CG was before.
18. Viacha – LG was unresponsive, violent and corrupt.
Mayor sabotaged accountability and public
oversight.
Evidence
• LG expanded the payroll by >100% without
increasing administrative ability or technical
skills.
• Unfinished, over-budget municipal coliseum
• Exploding sewerage
• Public officials, municipal councilmen, and
mayor’s political boss mayor is corrupt
• National audit charged mayor with malfeasance.
19. Why?
• Corrupt and corrupting mayor
• Ineffective municipal council
• Neutered, suborned oversight committee
Neither political nor social oversight of municipal activities.
Deeper causes
• A dominant firm – CBN brewery – was fiercely partisan. Dominated
political party system and undermined opposition. Twin Strategy:
capture votes & promote the UCS/CBN brand. Monopsonistic
provider of political finance to all parties.
• Political party competition neutralized Little political competition
and no substantive political choice Political apathy.
• Civil society divided between “white” city and indigenous
countryside, itself divided between Machaqas and the rest.
Widespread distrust; Episodic violence; No collective action
20. 1. Charagua – LG was participative and responsive, led by strong
organizations of government that produced high-quality policy
outputs.
Evidence
• Mayor topped a departmental ranking
• Operating costs kept to 4% of a municipal budget that had grown
6,500%
• National government audits concurred
• Local testimony overwhelmingly concurred
21. Why?
• Honest, hard-working mayor
• Representative, responsive municipal council
• Vigilant, independent oversight committee
Deeper causes
• Competitive local economy – pluralistic ranchers
• Open, competitive political system – open to new entrants
Political entrepreneurialism
Broad representation
• Highly structured and coherent civil society; High social capital
The APG is a civic organization rooted in Guaraní village
traditions, which acts as ethnic advocate and regional self-
government high legitimacy and capacity to mobilize
constituents’ opinions and efforts.
22. 4. Theory: Determinants of Government Responsiveness
Economic Interests'
Lobbying and
Political
Engagement
Diverse,
heterogeneous
Openness and
Local Governance
Politics Substantive
Responsiveness and
Competition of
Accountability
Politics
Many active
organized groups
Civil Society's
Organizational
Density and Ability
23. 5. A quantitative test: National evidence
For each sector I estimate:
Gm = α + βNm + γFm + δCm + ζNmFm + ηNmCm + θFmCm + λNmFmCm +
ξZm + εm (1)
G= per capita investment in the given sector
N= initial stock of public goods (scalar)
F= # private sector firms (scalar or vector)
C= # civil society organizations (scalar)
Z= regional, demographic, economic, and institutional controls (vector)
25. Education (dependent variable: education investment (Bs.) per 1000 population)
Results Model
Base 2 3 4
1994-96 1994-96 1997-2002 2003-07
Need Variable
Illiteracy rate 496.7 * 319.2 2310.8 * 5351
(1.840) (1.010) (1.830) (1.400)
Firms and GROs
No. of firms -258 *** 1867 2543.8 29361.4 ***
(-3.150) (1.350) (0.640) (2.800)
No. of GROs (legally 119.8 ** -13.1 216.4 -1718.1 ***
registered) (2.100) (-0.100) (0.700) (-3.020)
Interaction Terms
Illiteracy*Firms -97.5 143.3 -7748 ***
(-1.010) (0.610) (-3.330)
Illiteracy*GROs 5.11 -8.79 42.8
(1.280) (-0.760) (1.270)
Firms*GROs 12.7 ** 23.8 * -129.8 ***
(2.320) (1.920) (-3.240)
# School attendance*Firms*GROs -0.219 ** -0.433 * 35 # ***
(-2.500) (-1.720) (3.650)
Controls Omitted
Interactions between private and civic groups are the single most important determinant of municipal
responsiveness. Large real effects.
2003-07: 1 s.d. increase in illiteracy, given dense firm-GRO interactions Bs. 998,795 investment
per thousand. Independent effects of GROs & firms on need-responsiveness are small and nil. Need
variable on its own becomes insignificant.
26. Urban Development (dependent variable: urban development investment (Bs.) per 1000 population)
Model
Base 2 3 4 5
1994-96 1994-96 1994-96 1997-2002 2003-07
Need Variable
No. of markets per capita 190360.2 ** 183631.2 ** 229153.2 ** -57771.1 -47078.8
(2.370) (2.300) (2.210) (-0.160) (-0.130)
Firms and GROs
No. of firms 220.1 *** 124.2 ** 6.8 ** -1.41 -179
(5.420) (2.450) (2.390) (-0.310) (-0.570)
No. of GROs (legally 127.7 * 105.2 93.3 137.6 -8.98
registered) (1.850) (1.590) (1.490) (1.050) (-0.090)
Interaction Terms
Markets*Firms 4323294 * 45985490 *** -1893897 *
(1.690) (6.300) (-1.840)
Markets*GROs -5147.5 -27042.6 14681
(-0.780) (-0.820) (0.330)
Firms*GROs 0.0119 ** 0.146 -1.34 *** 0.679
(1.980) (0.370) (-2.810) (0.480)
Markets*Firms*GROs -138560.9 ** -148192.6 117847 ***
(-2.190) (-1.020) (5.340)
Controls Omitted
Model 3-5 are full test of theory: Urban development investment is regressive in terms of
need, mainly because firms want it so. Firms press municipalities for regressive
investment, but civic groups counteract most of that through their interactions with firms.
27. Health (dependent variable: health investment (Bs.) per 1000 population)
Model
Base 2 3 4 5
1994-96 1994-96 1994-96 1997-2002 2003-07
Need Variable
Child malnutrition rate (total) 289.5 * 288.2 * 359.3 ** -183 -2687.4 **
(1.840) (1.850) (1.990) (-0.530) (-2.070)
Firms and GROs
No. of firms -54.1 -260.5 833.5 4250.9 -29.4 *
(-1.300) (-1.000) (0.850) (1.140) (-1.770)
No. of GROs (legally 45.9 * 26.7 117.8 41.1 -1337.9 *
registered) (1.720) (0.990) (1.520) (0.210) (-1.860)
Interaction Terms
Malnutrition*Firms -34 -210.6 48.1 ***
(-1.120) (-1.180) (3.460)
Malnutrition*GROs -2.88 0.106 37.3 *
(-1.220) (0.020) (1.840)
Firms*GROs 0.00828 ** -3.19 -0.28 * 0.0834 **
(2.100) (-1.320) (-1.730) (2.220)
Malnutrition*Firms*GROs 0.000716 *** 0.0156 * 0.00133
(3.490) (1.770) (1.020)
Controls Omitted
Firms and civic organizations have different preferences. Primary way they affect local
policy is via interactions with each other unambiguous collective preference for more
health investment in 2 of 3 periods. Interaction effects > residual impact of need variable.
Whatever else makes investment sensitive to health needs is less important than
interaction of economic and civic actors through the political system.
28. 6. Return to the Extremes
Viacha 13 years later
Viachan LG is transformed Open, transparent and
responsive.
Evidence
• All 63 rural communities now have electricity
• Most now have potable water and all will soon
• 70% of schools have internet
• Quarterly Mayor’s reports; Weekly OC reports;
Spending plans down to district and community level
• 3 successive national audits praised municipality
• UNDP ranked Viacha in top 1/6 of all muns
29. How did LG in Viacha change?
• CBN plant closed down
• Ascent of civil society – organized &
assertive
• A modernizing candidate promised
transparency and efficiency, was elected,
and delivered
Voters had learned the costs of conflict
and paralysis
30. Charagua 13 years later
Charaguan LG has improved further, and participation
and transparency have deepened considerably
Evidence
• Now all rural communities have schools, and almost
all have health posts and electricity
• Budgeting and planning devolved to district and
village levels
• Mayor gives quarterly reports on works, budget
• Communities manage budgets and projects directly
• Charagua ranked 3rd-best nationwide
31. How did LG in Charagua improve?
• APG entered into politics directly via Law of
Citizen Associations
• APG + MAS brought political stability (5 years)
• Ranchers choose to work with Guarani-led LG
Good government + participation endogenous rise
in local standards/expectations for LG
32. Conclusion (ii): Determinants of LG
Responsiveness
• Neither economic interests nor social forces
alone can explain Viacha/Charagua or
quantitative results (311 muns.)
• Interaction of both factors explains outcomes
• Politics appears to be endogenous to the
interaction of economic actors and civic
organizations
33. How to study comparative
institutional reform?
Class of phenomena where rules, complex
organizations, and individuals interact in a
context heavily influenced by culture, history
and social norms.
1-country, large-N study
Quantitative + Qualitative methods
Understand in depth what happened in each
country before comparing amongst them.
35. Theoretical Arguments. What can decentralization do?
Arguments for. Decentralization can…
i.improve information re: local wants and needs
ii.increase citizen voice and participation
iii.improve government accountability & responsiveness
iv.deepen democracy
v.strengthen individual liberties
vi.improve economic performance
vii.increase policy stability
viii.reduce bureaucracy
ix.decrease public spending
x.decrease political tensions and the risk of civil war
Arguments against. Decentralization can…
•decrease efficiency in public goods production
•decrease the quality of policy-making
•increase graft and corruption
•facilitate elite capture of government
•increase fiscal deficits and hence macroeconomic instability.
36. Public Investment by Sector and Period, 1987-2007
50% Agriculture
Urban Dev't
Communications
45% Education
Energy
Hydrocarbons
40%
Industry & Tour.
Transport Environment
35%
Mining
Transport
Multisectoral
Percent of total
30% Education
Transport Water Mgt
Health & SS
25%
Hydrocarbons Urban Dev't Water & San
Education Transport
20% Education
Urban Dev't
Water & San Water & San
15%
Water & San
Urban Dev't
10% Water & San
Urban Dev't Transport
5%
Education Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons
0%
1987-93 1994-96 1997-2002 2003-07
37. 5. Conclusions
1. Quant: Where many firms interact with organized
society, local policy is responsive to voters’ objective
needs. These interactions are not only stat. sig., but
also resolve competing priorities of different actors.
2. Qual:
Charagua: Heterogeneous local economy + highly
organized society political competition and
entrepreneurialism Effective LG
Viacha: Dominant firm acting as monopsonistic
financier of parties + divided, suspicious society
Unaccountable, ineffective, corrupt LG
38. What are the fruits of Q2?
• Depth and generality. A nuanced set of relationships can be shown to
hold not only in two municipalities, but for the whole of Bolivia.
• Discrimination. Theory does not tell us whether both causal factors are
strictly needed to produce responsive government, or one alone can.
• Qualitative evidence provides too few degrees of freedom to distinguish
between alternatives. Only quantitative evidence can distinguish.
Economic Interests'
Lobbying and
Political
Engagement
Openness and
Local Governance
Substantive
Responsiveness and
Competition of
Accountability
Politics
Civil Society's
Organizational
Density and Ability
• The answer? Interaction of both factors is required for government
responsiveness to local needs. Competing priorities of different actors are
resolved through political competition. Different actors wield different
amounts of influence over different issues, and voters get government to do
what they need via their civic institutions, effectively countering the power
of private firms and economic interests.
39. 3. The Structure of Local Government
The Structure of Local Government
Policies Policies &
Influence Firms and
Local Constituency Political Parties
Economic Interests
Votes Money
Local Government
Institutions
Services
Counterparts/
(Preferences)
Participation
Information
Information
(Feedback)
Civil Society
40. Two channels to government responsiveness:
Principal
Diverse, Active society Open, substantive
heterogeneous + rich in organized political
local economy groups competition
Alternative
Encompassing Open, substantive
interest competition of
(firm, social group) ideas and demands
41. The Question: Assume politicians are distributed
normally by ability/effectiveness…
L H
What are the characteristics of a political
system that selects from L vs. H range?