As rapidly increasing demand for electricity day by day Refuse Derived Fuel acts as an alternative source for the production of energy. As well as it also help to reduse landfill area where the municipal solid waste is dumped. Only the non-recycleable material goes to the landfill. Refuse derived fuel can also be used as the secondary fuel for the thermal power plant when with with the pulverized coal.
As rapidly increasing demand for electricity day by day Refuse Derived Fuel acts as an alternative source for the production of energy. As well as it also help to reduse landfill area where the municipal solid waste is dumped. Only the non-recycleable material goes to the landfill. Refuse derived fuel can also be used as the secondary fuel for the thermal power plant when with with the pulverized coal.
Everyone can raise a question that how to prevent an Air pollution and so on. So here is our presentation on Control of Air pollution. So using the technique called adsorption sampling is an interesting one to all of the human beings
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Wastewater treatment technologies for removal of nitrogen and phosphorusRabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Environmental Chemistry
Presentation can help you to understand concept, principle engineering and important factors of landfilling such as component, requirement, microbial activity, landfill gas and leachate generation
Effective Techniques to control gaseous & particulate pollutionShristi Soni
This powerpoint has been made in context to briefly describe about the congtrol methods for gaseous and particulate pollution. This Presentation also briefly describes about the control devices seperately for Gaseous pollution as well as Particulate Pollution.
Hence, this PPT can be very effective way of studying and analysing this Topic
Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur.
Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition.
There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
Treating of flue gases.
DRY METHODS:
Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
Everyone can raise a question that how to prevent an Air pollution and so on. So here is our presentation on Control of Air pollution. So using the technique called adsorption sampling is an interesting one to all of the human beings
Air Quality Sampling and Monitoring: Stack sampling, instrumentation and methods of analysis of SO2, CO etc, legislation for control of air pollution and automobile
pollution
Wastewater treatment technologies for removal of nitrogen and phosphorusRabia Aziz
more chemistry contents are available
1. pdf file on Termmate: https://www.termmate.com/rabia.aziz
2. YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCKxWnNdskGHnZFS0h1QRTEA
3. Facebook: https://web.facebook.com/Chemist.Rabia.Aziz/
4. Blogger: https://chemistry-academy.blogspot.com/
Environmental Chemistry
Presentation can help you to understand concept, principle engineering and important factors of landfilling such as component, requirement, microbial activity, landfill gas and leachate generation
Effective Techniques to control gaseous & particulate pollutionShristi Soni
This powerpoint has been made in context to briefly describe about the congtrol methods for gaseous and particulate pollution. This Presentation also briefly describes about the control devices seperately for Gaseous pollution as well as Particulate Pollution.
Hence, this PPT can be very effective way of studying and analysing this Topic
Sulfur oxides are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, mainly coal and oil, and the smelting of metal ores that contain sulfur.
Emissions of sulfur oxides cause serious impacts on human health and the environment, both directly and as a result of the way they react with other substances in the air.
Sulfur oxides are main precursors of atmospheric acidification, aerosol generation, and acidic dry and wet deposition.
There are many methods available for controlling the emission of SO2. Such as:
extraction of sulfur from fuel oils.
Sulfur reduction within combustion chamber.
Treating of flue gases.
DRY METHODS:
Mainly in industries dry, elevated temperature removal processes are used as cold plume is not formed and problem of handling large amount of slurry in flue gases is avoided.
But there are technical issues resulting in such method making wet method more applicable in industries.
Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
-Alkalized Alumina Process
-Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
-The Reinluft Process
ALKALIZED ALUMINA PROCESS:
Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
It was developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent used : Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)-it is porous form.
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to remove SO2 in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3 + SO2 + ½ O2 → Na2SO4 + Al2SO3
The product of above reaction is then contacted with a reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to produce H2S.
Na2SO4 + Al2O3 + 4H2 → Na2O.Al2O3 + H2S + 3H2O
Sodium Aluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
H2 S and SO2 removal and possible valorizationSerge Vigneron
H2S is a common pollutant in gas and air. This presentation is a review of different techniques to remove H2S ,and possible ways of valorization to sulfuric acid via SO2.
It describes how the Sulfur is removed from the coal and oil. Desulfurisation of coal and oil is very helpful to bring down the sulfur oxide emissions in the air from the industries and power plants.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
2. gaseous compounds SOx includes six different
namely:
SO – Sulfur Monoxide
SO2– SulfurDioxide
SO3– Sulfur Trioxide
SO4– Sulfur Tetroxide
S2O5– Sulfur Sesquioxide
S2O6– Sulfur Heptoxide
SOx Emissions
Most
Significant
3. SO2is
Colorless
Non Flammable
Non Explosive
Suffocating Odor (Threshold value 0.5 ppm)
Highly Soluble in water (70%Acid rain)
Reacts photo-chemically to form SO3, H2SO4
SO2+ H2O → H2SO3(Sulphurous Acid)
SO3+ H2O → H2SO4(SulphuricAcid)
SOx Emissions
4. Natural sources of sulphur dioxide include volcanoes
and hot springs.
Sulphur dioxide is also formed by the oxidation of
hydrogen sulphide (H2S), a toxic gas that smells like
rotten eggs. Hydrogen sulphide is frequently found with
natural gas.
Man-made sources of sulphur dioxide include sour gas
processing, oil production, coal combustion, ore
refining, chemical manufacturing and other fossil fuel
processing and burning.
Sources of SOx Emissions
5. There are six procedures for controlling of SOx emissions.
Natural dispersion by dilution.
UsingAlternate fuels.
Removal of Sulfur by desulphurization.
Control of SOxin the combustion process.
Treatment of flue gas→ Dry Methods &Wet Methods
Control of SOx Emissions
6. The control method is based on natural dispersion at
high elevation so that the ground level concentration
are acceptable.
In India, minimum stack height recommended is 30m.
Height of Chimney H = 14*Q0.3;for Q kg /hr of SOx
emission.
Obsolete method/very less used.
People have now become more conscious about the
atmosphere, environment.
Natural Dispersion by Dilution
7. A switch to natural gas from the conventional high
reduces SOxsulfur fuels like coal & petroleum
emissions.
LNG/PNG are also quiet effective.
Low sulfur containing coals is also an alternative.
Use Alternate Fuel
9. Removal of sulphur from fuels prior to combustion is
theoretically an attractive route.
Sulphur in coal is present in both inorganic and
organic forms. All inorganic sulphur is present in coal
as Iron Disulphide (FeS2).
Washing can reduce the pyritic sulphur content which
also results in the loss of combustible material and may
add 20% to the cost of coal. Organic sulphur is present
in forms of cystin, thiols, sulphides which is uniformly
bound with most of the carbonaceous material and can
be removed only by chemical processing.
Removal of Sulfur from Fuels
10. The term hydro treating is used to describe the process of
the removal of sulphur, nitrogen and metal impurities in
the feedstock by hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst.
Objectives:
Removing impurities, such as sulphur, nitrogen and
oxygen for the control of a final product specification or
for the preparation of feed for further processing.
Removal of metals, usually in a separate guard catalytic
reactor when the organo-metallic compounds are
hydrogenated and decomposed, resulting in metal
deposition on the catalyst pores (e.g. atmospheric residue
desulphurization (ARDS) guard reactor).
Hydro Treating
12. Process Explanation
The liquid feed is mixed with hydrogen and fed into a
heater and the mixture is brought to the reaction
temperature in a furnace and then fed into a fixed bed
catalytic reactor.
The effluent is cooled and hydrogen-rich gas is separated
from the liquid using a high pressure separator.
Before the hydrogen is recycled, hydrogen sulphide can be
removed using an Amine Scrubber.
Some of the recycle gas is also purged to prevent the
accumulation of light hydrocarbons (C1–C4).
The liquid effluent for the reactor is introduced to a
fractionators for product separation.
13. This process can remove both the organic & inorganic
sulfur from coal.
Steps :
Preparation of Slurry (Oil + Anthracene Coal)
Heating at high temperature (450°C)
Filtration of organic & inorganic form from ash.
Evaporation followed by Distillation
Solidification
Hydro-desulphurization of
Coal (Solvent Extraction)
15. In this process slurry of anthracene oil with finely
grounded coal is prepared to which a small amount of
hydrogen is added to prevent repolymerization.
The slurry is then heated at high temperature of 450°C
in order to dissolve coal.
The ash residue consisting of pyritic sulphur and
other minerals is eliminated by pressure filtration.
The coal solution filtrate is sent to flash evaporator
where the light fraction is removed which is followed
by distillation operation to recover solvent.
Process Explanation
16. The hot liquid evaporator residue is cooled to a brittle
solid fuel which can be pulverized.
The product can be liquefied at 250°C which has a
higher heating value than raw coal and contains less
than 1% sulphur.
Process Explanation
17. Flue gas desulfurization aims to reduce sulfur oxides
emissions from the stack gases of the refineries and
power plants to 150-1500 ppm range, for pollution
control.
Classified as Dry Process and Wet Process.
Wet scrubbing processes are effective but the cost of
equipment is very high and difficult to install at
various plants.
Thus Dry Process are much preferred.
Desulphurization of Flue Gas
18. Adsorption of SO2 by metal oxides to from stable
sulphites or sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
Alkalized Alumina Process
Manganese Oxide Process
Adsorption on activated carbon followed by
regeneration and conversion of concentrated SO2 to
sulphuric acid or elemental sulphur.
The Reinluft Process
Dry Process
19. Also called as Cyclic Adsorption Process.
Developed by U.S Bureau of Mines.
Adsorbent :SodiumAluminate (Na2O.Al2O3)
This process uses Sodium Aluminate (Na2O.Al2O3) to
remove SO2in fluidized bed at 315°C.
Na2O.Al2O3+ SO2+ ½ O2→ Na2SO4+ Al2SO3
Alkalized Alumina Process
21. The product of above reaction is then contacted with a
reducing gas such as H2 in a regenerator at 680°C to
produce H2S.
Na2SO4+ Al2O3+ 4H2→ Na2O.Al2O3+ H2S+ 3H2O
SodiumAluminate is recycled back and H2S is sent to
Claus Process for producing Sulphur.
22. Developed by Mitsuibishi Heavy Industries, Japan.
The powdered adsorbent is fed into the reactor
wherein the Manganese Oxide reacts with SO2 to
produce Manganese Sulphate (MnSO4):
MnOx.yH2O + SO2+ ½ (2-x) O2 → MnSO4+ yH2O
Where x ranges from 1.5 to 1.8, and yranges from 0.1
to 1.0.
Manganese Oxide Process
23. The spent adsorbent is regenerated by reacting with
Manganese Sulphate with Air and Ammonia to
produce Ammonium Sulphate:
MnSO4+ 2NH3 + 2H2O + (y-1) H2O + ½ (x-1) O2→
(NH4)2SO4+ MnOx.yH2O
The activated manganese oxide is filtered from the
Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4 Solution and the
filtrate is passed through a crystallizer where
Ammonium Sulphate (NH4)2SO4is Recovered.
25. Reinluft Process (activated
charcoal)
Uses cheap semicoke of peat, carbonized under vacuum at 600°C
as a adsorbent.
The flue gas enters the lower section of the adsorber at 150-
200°C and after partial adsorption of the SO2gas it is withdrawn
and then passed through the cooler where it is cooled to about
110°C.After cooling it is returned to the
upper section of the adsorber and leaves the top of adsorber at
temperature 100°C.
The spent carbon is dropped into a regenerator where it is heated
upto 380-450°C by an inert gas stream which removes the
adsorbed acidic materials and produces SO2 of 10 – 15%
concentration which can be used as a feed gas for contact acid
plant.
26.
27. Absorption of SO2 by to from stable sulphites or
sulphates with subsequent regeneration.
Lime Stone Scrubbing Process (Calsox Process)
Magnesium Oxide Scrubbing Process (Chemico
Process)
Welman Lord Process (Single Alkali Process)
Wet Process
28. Lime Stone Scrubbing (Calsox)
Uses slurry of Lime orLime stone as scrubbing liquid.
Waste gases are first made free from any objectionable
materials like ash in a ash collector and then introduced into
Scrubber.
The flue gas is scrubbed within 5 to 15% slurry of Lime and
Limes stone through which SO2 is absorbed forming
Calcium Sulphate & Sulphite. (CaSO4, CaSO3)
The solids are continuously separated from the slurry and are
discharges into settling pond.
The remaining liquor of pH 6 to 8 is recycled back to the
scrubbing tower after fresh lime or limestone has been added.
29. Lime Stone Scrubbing (Calsox)
Removal Efficiency:
Generally can remove 80-90% of SO2. However if designed
properly can remove upto 99% of SO2.
Removal Efficiency
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2
Ca (OH)2 + CO2→ CaCO3+ H2O
CaCO3+ CO2 + H2O → Ca(HCO3)2
Ca (HCO3)2 + SO2+ H2O → CaSO3.2H2O + 2CO2
CaSO3.2H2O + ½ O2→CaSO4.2H2O
2CaCO3+ 2SO2+ ½ O2→ CaSO3+ CaSO4+2CO2
2CaOH + 2SO + ½ O → CaSO + CaSO+ 2H O
31. Mg Oxide Process (Chemico)
Also known as Chemico Process.
Uses Slurry of Magnesium Oxide to scrub the flue gas in a
Venturi Scrubber.
The flue gas is scrubbed with a slurry of magnesium
oxide in venture scrubber which absorbs SO2and yields
Magnesium Sulphite and Sulphate according to the
following reaction:
MgO + SO2 →MgSO3
MgSO3+ SO2+ H2O → Mg(HSO3)2
Mg(HSO3)2+ MgO → 2MgSO3+ H2O
MgSO3+ ½ O2→MgSO4
32. Mg Oxide Process (Chemico)
The mixed sulphite/sulphate slurry along with
unreacted MgO is separated from the liquid phase in a
Centrifuge and the mother liquor (The liquid remaining
after a substance has crystallized out) is recycled to the
absorber.
The centrifuged wet cake is dried and regenerated in a
calciner.
Carbon is added in the calcining step to reduce any MgSO4
to MgO and SO2:
MgSO4 + ½ C → MgO + SO2+ ½ CO2
MgO is returned to the process, while the concentrated
34. Welman Lord (Single Alkali)
Also known as Single Alkali Process.
Uses Slurry of aqueous solution of sodium sulphite
to scrub the flue gas in a Absorber.
In this process sulphite is converted into bisulphite
as the SO2 from the flue gases is absorbed by saturated
solution of sodium sulphite according to the following
reaction:
Na2SO3+ SO2+ H2O →2NaHSO3
35. Welman Lord (Single Alkali)
The sodium bisulphite formed is led to a double effect
evaporator cum crystallizer where it decomposed into
sodium sulphite at a temperature 100°C. This results in
ejection of SO2and steam.
2NaHSO3 → 100°C → Na2SO3+ SO2+ H2O
Fly ash is removed before the SO2scrubbing to keep the
rate of its accumulation in the scrubbing liquid low. SO2
and water vapour released from the evaporators are
passed into a condenser and the product goes to the
dissolving tank for dissolution of Na2SO3 crystals and
the rich SO2gas is processed.
36. Welman Lord (Single Alkali)
Sodium sulphate is produced in this reaction which is
removed and substituted by an equivalent amount of
NaOH.
Clear solutions of either sodium or ammonia are
excellent absorbers of SO2. The regeneration step can be
carried out a low temperature in liquid system.