Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels. The present work is to demonstrate on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5, 10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at 1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The experimental test were conducted at three various injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The obtained data of above test were compared with base line pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual fuel approach was optimum.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
A Study of diesel engine fuelled with Madhuca Indica biodiesel and its blend...IJMER
The engine emission characteristics of Mahua (Madhuca Indica) biodiesel (Mahua Oil
Methyl Ester) and its blends with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. The engine tests are conducted on a 4-Stroke Tangentially Vertical (TV) single cylinder kirloskar 1500 rpm water-cooled direct injection diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer at different brake power of 1.021133, 2.072299, 3.093431, 4.144597, 5.195763 kw with modified Static Injection Timing of 22° bTDC and standard Nozzle Opening Pressure of 220
bar maintained as constant throughout the experiment under steady state conditions at full load condition. From
the test results, it could be observed that the higher brake power of 5.195763 kw (full load) with nozzle opening
pressure of 220 bar and static injection timing of 22° bTDC gives lower emissions for brake power 5.195763 kw for B0 and B25 when compared to other blends. Also there is significant percentage reduction in NOx emission with brake power of 5.195763 kw for B0 when compared with B100. It could be found that lower in CO, HC emissions with brake power 5.195763 kw for B25 when compared to B0.
Performance Analysis of 4 Stroke Single Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Blend O...IJMER
In current scenario, there are continuously increasing the number of automobiles and
correspondingly increasing the fuel consumption as well as fuel prices. In this regard, biodiesel is
found as an alternative fuel derived from natural fats or vegetable oils and it is considered as an
attractive alternative to replace diesel fuel.
In this work, biodiesel prepared from soya oil by Transesterification process with methyl alcohol.
Processed soya oil is blended with diesel in different proportions as B-10, B-20, B-30, B-40 and B-50.
Thermodynamic analysis of 4stroke single cylinder diesel engine, By using different blends of diesel &
soya oil has been carried out the effect of B-10,B-20,B-30,B-40,B-50 on the Brake Power, Thermal
Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption and Total Fuel Consumption has been absorbed. The
experimental result shows that at B-40, the optimum BTE (12.09), maximum BP (1.221) and minimum
BSFC (0.694)
An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WT...Working as a Lecturer
this ppt for the Dissertation work for the An Experimental Investigation on Performance and Emission Parameters using WTO – Diesel blend with Additives in a Diesel Engine,contain all detail anlysis with result.
Enhancing the Performance & Emission for the Blend of Diesel & Pyrolysis oil ...ijsrd.com
Increase in energy demand, stringent emission norms and depletion of oil resources led the researchers to find alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Many alternate fuels like Alcohols, Biodiesel, LPG, CNG etc. have been already commercialized in the transport sector. In this context, pyrolysis of solid waste is currently receiving renewed interest. The disposal of waste tyres can be simplified to some extent by pyrolysis. The properties of the Tyre pyrolysis oil derived from waste automobile tyres were analysed and compared with the petroleum products and found that it can also be used as a fuel for compression ignition engine. In the present work, blends of Diesel-Tyre pyrolysis oil was used in a diesel engine without any engine modification. The entire work is concentrated to enhance the performance and emission parameters of C.I. engine for the blend of Diesel and pyrolysis oil of tyre. To enhance the performance the effect of supercharging was used. The experiment is carried out on C.I. engine using pure diesel and various blends such as TPO10, TPO20 and TPO30 at normal atmospheric pressure and at different supercharged pressures 1.2 bar, 1.4 bar and 1.6 bar and results were compared. It is observed from the results that at supercharged pressures 1.2 bar and 1.4 bar, the performance parameters like brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption and emission parameters like emission of CO and HC have been improved. But the emission of NOx was not improved as there is rise in peak temperatures of combustion due to supercharging the emission of NOx increases.
A Study of diesel engine fuelled with Madhuca Indica biodiesel and its blend...IJMER
The engine emission characteristics of Mahua (Madhuca Indica) biodiesel (Mahua Oil
Methyl Ester) and its blends with diesel is presented. The thermo-physical properties of all the fuel blends have been measured and presented. The engine tests are conducted on a 4-Stroke Tangentially Vertical (TV) single cylinder kirloskar 1500 rpm water-cooled direct injection diesel engine with eddy current dynamometer at different brake power of 1.021133, 2.072299, 3.093431, 4.144597, 5.195763 kw with modified Static Injection Timing of 22° bTDC and standard Nozzle Opening Pressure of 220
bar maintained as constant throughout the experiment under steady state conditions at full load condition. From
the test results, it could be observed that the higher brake power of 5.195763 kw (full load) with nozzle opening
pressure of 220 bar and static injection timing of 22° bTDC gives lower emissions for brake power 5.195763 kw for B0 and B25 when compared to other blends. Also there is significant percentage reduction in NOx emission with brake power of 5.195763 kw for B0 when compared with B100. It could be found that lower in CO, HC emissions with brake power 5.195763 kw for B25 when compared to B0.
Effect of SC5D Additive on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Karanja and Rapeseed Biodiesel: An Experimental Investigation of Performance...Er Sandeep Duran
In this research work the detailed investigation on performance and combustion characteristics of four stroke single cylinder engine with karanja and rapeseed biodiesel and its blends with diesel (in proportions of 20% and 50% by volume) under various load i.e. at no load, 25%, 50% and full load was assessed. At full load KB50 (karanja biodiesel blend) has been recorded lowest rate of pressure rise. KB20 has lowest
recorded BSFC as compared to all others of biodiesel for all loading condition even than diesel. The RB20 (rapeseed biodiesel blend) recorded maximum BMEP at full load. KB20 was recorded with maximum brake thermal efficiency at full load. So on the basis of performance and combustion parameters KB20 appears to be best alternative fuel than other blends of karanja biodiesel and rapeseed
biodiesel even than diesel.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
Present study evaluates the performance of a compression ignition engine running in dual fuel mode with Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Petroleum Diesel. The LPG was inducted in the engine by Fumigation method at the rate of 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr. Major performance parameters such as Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption etc. were evaluated at different load & different fuel combinations.
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are becoming popular due to their
low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. With this objective,
the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using
rice bran oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of rice
bran biodiesel with diesel (RB20, RB40, RB60, RB80 & RB100) were prepared, analyzed, and compared
the performance and exhaust emission with diesel using 5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine.
The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant
rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the performance of RB20 blend of rice bran oil gives result, that
is near to the diesel and also found that the emission CO, CO2, HC, smoke & NOX of this blend is less
than the diesel.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigation of using kerosene-biodiesel blend as an alternativ...Mustansiriyah University
Researchers are seeking alternative ways to deal with conventional fuels
depletion and global warming. Biodiesel appears as one of the most candidate alternatives
in this regard. The present work deals with biodiesel produced by transesterification of
sunflower oil. The produced biodiesel was further mixed with kerosene to obtain a blend
between new and traditional fuels. The physicochemical properties of the bio-fuel
blended with kerosene have been tested in the laboratory maintaining different ASTM
standards. In this study, blends of biodiesel and kerosene were tested on TQ small engine
test set (TD200). BK60 (biodiesel 60 vol. % and kerosene 40 vol. %), BK45 (biodiesel 45
vol. % and kerosene 55 vol. %), BK30 (biodiesel 30 vol. % and kerosene 70 vol. %) and
BK15 (biodiesel 15 vol. % and kerosene 85 vol. %) were tested. Three mixing speeds
were used in the tests, namely; 1000 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 3000 rpm at constant high load
of 80%. The performance parameters studied included; brake thermal efficiency (BTE)
and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Regarding the emissions, carbon monoxide
(CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were also recorded. Results
showed that the new blends produce higher BTE and lower BSFC than the conventional
kerosene and biodiesel.
A Study of Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine fuelled with neat Diese...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis between neat diesel (petro-diesel) and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) biodiesel has been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. The biodiesel has been produced from raw Hydnocarpus Pentandra oil by transesterification process by adding methanol and base catalyst. The optimum nozzle pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20° bTDC are considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions and better performance. The engine performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with neat diesel and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) (or) Marotti Oil Methyl Ester (MOME) results are compared and presented. From the test results, it could be noted that, neat MOME gives lower emissions such as hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen as compared to neat diesel for all load under steady state condition of the engine.
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
Effect of SC5D Additive on the Performance and Emission Characteristics of CI...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Karanja and Rapeseed Biodiesel: An Experimental Investigation of Performance...Er Sandeep Duran
In this research work the detailed investigation on performance and combustion characteristics of four stroke single cylinder engine with karanja and rapeseed biodiesel and its blends with diesel (in proportions of 20% and 50% by volume) under various load i.e. at no load, 25%, 50% and full load was assessed. At full load KB50 (karanja biodiesel blend) has been recorded lowest rate of pressure rise. KB20 has lowest
recorded BSFC as compared to all others of biodiesel for all loading condition even than diesel. The RB20 (rapeseed biodiesel blend) recorded maximum BMEP at full load. KB20 was recorded with maximum brake thermal efficiency at full load. So on the basis of performance and combustion parameters KB20 appears to be best alternative fuel than other blends of karanja biodiesel and rapeseed
biodiesel even than diesel.
Performance and Emissions Characteristics of a C.I. Engine Fuelled with Diffe...idescitation
In this research work, waste mustard biodiesel-diesel fuel blends as alternative
fuels for diesel engines were studied. An experimental investigation has been carried out to
evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with waste
mustard biodiesel-diesel blends (10%, 15% and 20%) and important fuel properties have
also been determined. The performance parameters analyzed include brake power, brake
thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and exhaust gas temperature whereas
exhaust emissions include unburnt hydrocarbons (UHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and oxides
of nitrogen (NO x). The results of the experiment in each case were compared with baseline
data of diesel fuel. Significant improvements have been observed in the performance
parameters of the engine as well as exhaust emissions. The waste mustard biodiesel-diesel
fuel blends were tested in a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine. Engine
performance and exhaust emissions were measured while the engine running at no, part and
full load condition. This paper investigates the scope of utilizing waste mustard oil blends
with diesel fuel. It concluded that B10 blend of waste mustard biodiesel act as best
alternative fuel among all tested fuel at full load condition. The objective of the present
research was to explore technical feasibility of waste mustard oil in direct injection C.I.
engine without any substantial modifications in the engine design..
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Study of Performance of Different Blends of Biodiesel Prepared From Waste Co...IJMER
The use of biodiesel is rapidly expanding around the world, making it imperative to fully
understand the impacts of biodiesel on the diesel engine combustion process and pollutant formation.
Biodiesel was made by the well-known transesterification process. Waste cottonseed oil was selected for
biodiesel production. Three different blends of biodiesel were prepared i.e. B10, B20 and B30. These three
blends were fuelled in a compression ignition (C.I.) engine. A maximum of 77% biodiesel was produced
with 20% methanol in presence of 0.5% sodium hydroxide. Different parameters for the optimization of
biodiesel production were investigated in the first phase of this study, while in the next phase of the study
performance test of a diesel engine with neat diesel fuel and biodiesel mixtures are to be carried out. The
performance characteristics like brake power (B.P.), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) and brake
thermal efficiency. This performance was then compared with that of petro diesel.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A CONVENTIONAL DIESEL ENGINE RUNNING IN DUAL FUEL M...IAEME Publication
Present study evaluates the performance of a compression ignition engine running in dual fuel mode with Liquefied Petroleum Gas and Petroleum Diesel. The LPG was inducted in the engine by Fumigation method at the rate of 0.094, 0.189 & 0.283 Kg/hr. Major performance parameters such as Brake power, Brake thermal efficiency, Brake specific fuel consumption etc. were evaluated at different load & different fuel combinations.
Combined numerical experimental study of dual fuel diesel engine to discuss t...Shans Shakkeer
It is my m.tech seminar presentation,on the basis of a study carried out by Carmelina Abagnale a, Maria Cristina Cameretti a,Luigi De Simio b, Michele Gambino b, Sabatino Iannaccone b, Raffaele Tuccillo ( Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy b Istituto Motori, C.N.R., Napoli, Italy ) were presented in 68th Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2013, and Published by Elsevier ltd. in 2013
Alcohols are particularly attractive as alternative fuels because they are a renewable resource. Ethanol has been
studied in spark ignition application. However, it is verydifficult to fuel compression ignition engines because of the lowercetane
number, higher latent heat, and otherchemical properties.This paper describes the performance (torque, brake mean effective
pressure, brake horse power, brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption rate) and emission (CO, HC, smoke)
characteristics of ethanol-diesel dual-fuels engine combustion for the homogeneous charge compression ignition engine.
An Experimental Analysis of Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteris...IJMER
The use of biodiesel, the methyl esters of vegetable oils are becoming popular due to their
low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engine. With this objective,
the present work has focused on the performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine using
rice bran oil and its blends with diesel. In this investigation, the blends of varying proportions of rice
bran biodiesel with diesel (RB20, RB40, RB60, RB80 & RB100) were prepared, analyzed, and compared
the performance and exhaust emission with diesel using 5.2 kW Single cylinder, 4stroke diesel engine.
The performance and emission characteristics of blends are evaluated at variable loads and constant
rated speed of 1500 rpm and found that the performance of RB20 blend of rice bran oil gives result, that
is near to the diesel and also found that the emission CO, CO2, HC, smoke & NOX of this blend is less
than the diesel.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigation of using kerosene-biodiesel blend as an alternativ...Mustansiriyah University
Researchers are seeking alternative ways to deal with conventional fuels
depletion and global warming. Biodiesel appears as one of the most candidate alternatives
in this regard. The present work deals with biodiesel produced by transesterification of
sunflower oil. The produced biodiesel was further mixed with kerosene to obtain a blend
between new and traditional fuels. The physicochemical properties of the bio-fuel
blended with kerosene have been tested in the laboratory maintaining different ASTM
standards. In this study, blends of biodiesel and kerosene were tested on TQ small engine
test set (TD200). BK60 (biodiesel 60 vol. % and kerosene 40 vol. %), BK45 (biodiesel 45
vol. % and kerosene 55 vol. %), BK30 (biodiesel 30 vol. % and kerosene 70 vol. %) and
BK15 (biodiesel 15 vol. % and kerosene 85 vol. %) were tested. Three mixing speeds
were used in the tests, namely; 1000 rpm, 2000 rpm, and 3000 rpm at constant high load
of 80%. The performance parameters studied included; brake thermal efficiency (BTE)
and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Regarding the emissions, carbon monoxide
(CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were also recorded. Results
showed that the new blends produce higher BTE and lower BSFC than the conventional
kerosene and biodiesel.
A Study of Performance and Emissions of Diesel Engine fuelled with neat Diese...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis between neat diesel (petro-diesel) and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) biodiesel has been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. The biodiesel has been produced from raw Hydnocarpus Pentandra oil by transesterification process by adding methanol and base catalyst. The optimum nozzle pressure of 250 bar and static injection timing of 20° bTDC are considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions and better performance. The engine performance and emissions of diesel engine fuelled with neat diesel and neat Hydnocarpus Pentandra (Marotti) (or) Marotti Oil Methyl Ester (MOME) results are compared and presented. From the test results, it could be noted that, neat MOME gives lower emissions such as hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen as compared to neat diesel for all load under steady state condition of the engine.
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
Experimental Investigation on Use of Honge(Pongamia) Biodiesel on Multi-cylin...ijsrd.com
Biodiesel is a fatty acid alkyl ester which is renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel which can be derived from any vegetable oil by transesterifiaction process. Biodiesel has become a key source as a substitution fuel and is making its place as a key future renewable energy source. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils are quite promising alternative fuels for diesel engines. Use of vegetable oils in diesel engines leads to slightly inferior performance and higher smoke emissions due to their high viscosity. The performance of vegetable oils can be improved by modifying them through the Transesterification process. In the present work, the performance of single cylinder direct injection diesel engine using honge as fuel was evaluated for its performance, emission and combustion characteristics. The properties of honge thus obtained are comparable with ASTM biodiesel standards. The produced honge biodiesel was tested for their use as a substitute fuel for diesel engine. Tests have been conducted at different varying load of biodiesel, at 60% throttle. The performance parameters elucidated includes brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, torque, also emission characteristics against varying Brake Power (BP) and combustion characteristics against crank angle.
A. Functional composites C. Elastic properties C. Finite element analysis (FEA)IOSR Journals
In the present study, a twin cylinder 4-stroke dual fuel diesel engine is tested using diesel, K10 (10
% neat oil + 90% diesel) and K20 (20% neat oil + 80% diesel) with woody biomass producer gas. The test is
performed using the above test fuels in dual fuel mode at different gas flow rates under a constant load of 10
kW. This work demonstrates the effect of gas flow rates and neat oil blends on performance, emission and pilot
fuel savings of the test engine. It is observed that with increase in gas flow rates for all test fuels, performance
parameters like brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) increases,
whereas brake thermal efficiency decreases. The emission parameters like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and
carbon dioxide values are increases. However, the oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke emission parameters are
decreases with increase in gas flow rates. Similarly, in comparing between liquid fuels, with increase in blend
percentage, BSEC and EGT increases compared to diesel. The BTE is the reverse case of BSEC. In case of
blended fuels, all the above mentioned emission parameters shows lower values compared to diesel. The highest pilot fuel savings occurs in case of diesel, K10 and K20 are. 56%, 54% and 52% respectively at highest gas flow rates.
Performance and emission analysis in four stroke diesel engine using biodiese...IRJASH
In the present world it is essential to find an alternate fuel source due to the increased industrialization and depletion in natural resources. The method of obtaining biodiesel from various sources and blending them with diesel is adopted in many economically developed and developing countries around the world. This paper investigates the utilization of Pongamia Pinnata Methyl Ester (PPME) blends with diesel in CI engine. The performance and emission characteristics of pongamia with diesel with B40 could substitute in the place of pure diesel and be used as an alternate source of fuel in the near future, thus saving the natural resources for the future generation. Performance parameter like brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, mechanical efficiency, brake power is evaluated.
Key words: Biodiesel, Pongamia Pinnata Methyl Ester (PPME), CI engine.
Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with ceramic coated diesel en...eSAT Journals
Abstract Experiments were conducted to determine exhaust emissions in a conventional diesel engine (CE) and ceramic coated low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine [with ceramic coated cylinder head] with different operating conditions [normal temperature and pre-heated temperature] of linseed oil based biodiesel with varied injection timing and injector opening pressure. Exhaust emissions [smoke and oxides of nitrogen]. Smoke levels decreased and NOx levels increased with engine with LHR combustion chamber with biodiesel operation. Advanced injection timing, increase of injector opening pressure preheated biodiesel reduced exhaust emissions from LHR engine with biodiesel operation. Keywords: Alternate Fuels, Vegetable Oils, Biodiesel, LHR engine, Exhaust emissions, Combustion characteristics.
Experimental investigation on exhaust emissions with ceramic coated diesel en...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Investigation on Performance, Emission and Combustion Characteri...ijsrd.com
In this present investigation deccan hemp oil,a non-edible vegetable oil is selected for the on a diesel engine and its suitability as an alternate fuel is examined. The viscosity of deccan hemp oil is reduced first by blending with diesel in 10/90%, 20/80%, 30/70%, 100/0% on volume basis. Performance parameters of brake thermal efficiency, exhaust gas temperature and were determined at various values of brake power (BP) Investigations were carried out to evaluate the performance of a low heat rejection (LHR) diesel engine consisting of air gap insulated piston with 3-mm air gap, with superni (an alloy of nickel) crown and air gap insulated liner with superni insert with different operating conditions of deccan hemp oil based bio diesel with varied injection timing and injection pressure. The effect of void ratio, temperature of catalyst, space velocity on the reduction of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the exhaust of the engines was studied. Exhaust emissions of smoke and oxides of nitrogen (NOx) were determined at various values. For ascertaining the validity of result obtained, pure deccan hemp oil from investigation it has been established that, upto 20% of blend of deccan hemp oil without heating and any engine modification.
Performance and emission characteristics of al2 o3 coated lhr engine operated...eSAT Journals
Abstract Biodiesel is a renewable and environmental friendly alternative fuel which can be used as a substitute for diesel in compression engine. Biodiesel can be prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats. But the application of biodiesel in diesel engine will decrease the engine’s efficiency and increase the specific fuel consumption. Application of ceramic coatings in engine will help to solve these problems. This paper presents the experimental results of mahua oil biodiesel blend in an Al2O3 ceramic coated compression ignition engine. The brake thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen emissions of both diesel and mahua oil biodiesel blend were measured before and after coating and the results are described in this paper. Keywords: Mahua oil, biodiesel, ceramic coating, low heat rejection.
Similar to Effect Injection operating pressure on Hydrogen enriched Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME) blend B20 in a dual fuel DI diesel engine (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
The objective os this study is to present Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Thailand and Vietnam with SLM practices. Farmer’s adoption and investment in SLM is a key for controlling land degradation, enhancing the well-being of society, and ensuring the optimal use of land resources for the benefit of present and future generations (World Bank, 2006; FAO, 2018). And agriculture remains an essential element of lives of many farmers in term of the strong cultural and symbolic values that attach current working generation to do and to spend time for it but not intern of income generating.
Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
Haphazard and low soil fertility, low yielding verities and poor agronomic practices are among the major factors constraining onion production in the central rift valley of Ethiopia. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted in East Showa Zone of Adami Tulu Jido Combolcha district in central rift valley areas at ziway from October 2021 to April 2022 to identify appropriate rate of NPSB fertilizer and planting pattern of onion varieties. The experiment was laid out in split plot design of factorial arrangement in three replications. The main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates and varieties (red coach and red king) significantly (p<0.01) influenced plant height, leaf length, leaf diameter, leaf number and fresh leaf weight, shoot dry matter per plant, and harvest index. Total dry biomass, bulb diameter, neck diameter, average fresh bulb weight, bulb dry matter, marketable bulb yield, and total bulb yield were significantly (p<0.01) influenced only by the main effect of NPSB blended fertilizer rates. In addition, unmarketable bulb yield was statistically significantly affected (p≥0.05) by the blended fertilizer rates and planting pattern. Moreover, days to 90% maturity of onion was affected by the main factor of NPSB fertilizer rate, variety and planting pattern. The non-fertilized plants in the control treatment were inferior in all parameters except unmarketable bulb yield and harvest index. Significantly higher marketable bulb yield (41 t ha-1) and total bulb yield (41.33 t ha-1) was recorded from 300 kg ha-1 NPSB blended fertilizer rate applied. Double row planting method and hybrid red coach onion variety had also gave higher growth and yields. The study revealed that the highest net benefit of Birr, 878,894 with lest cost of Birr 148,006 by the combinations of 150 kg blended NPSB ha-1 with double row planting method (40cm*20cm*7cm) and red coach variety which can be recommendable for higher marketable bulb yield and economic return of hybrid onion for small scale farmers in the study area. Also, for resource full producers (investors), highest net benefit of Birr 1,205,372 with higher cost (159,628 Birr) by application of 300 kg NPSB ha-1 is recommended as a second option. However, the research should be replicated both in season and areas to more verify the recommendations.
Evaluation of In-vitro neuroprotective effect of Ethanolic extract of Canariu...AI Publications
The ethanolic extract of canarium solomonense leaves (ecsl) was studied for its neuroprotective activity. The neuroprotective activity of ECSL was found to have a significant impact on neuronal cell death triggered by hydrogen peroxide (MTT assay) in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Scopolamine, a muscarinic receptor blocker, is frequently used to induce cognitive impairment in laboratory animals. Injections of scopolamine influence multiple cognitive functions, including motor function, short-term memory, and attention. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was evaluated. Using the Morris water maze, the Y maze, and the passive avoidance paradigm, ECSL was found to have a substantial effect on the memory of scopolamine- induced amnesic rats. Our experimental data indicated that ECSL can reverse scopolamine induced amnesia and assist with memory issues.
The goal of neuroprotection is to shield neurons against damage, whether that damage is caused by environmental factors, pathogens, or neurodegenerative illnesses. Inhibiting protein-based deposit buildup, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, as well as rectifying abnormalities of neurotransmitters like dopamine and acetylcholine, are some of the ways in which medicinal herbs have neuroprotective effects [1-3]. This review will focus on the ways in which medicinal herbs may protect neurons.
A phytochemical and pharmacological review on canarium solomonenseAI Publications
The genus Canarium L. consists of 75 species of aromatic trees which are found in the rainforests of tropical Asia, Africa and the Pacific. The medicinal uses, botany, chemical constituents and pharmacological activities are now reviewed. Various compounds are tabulated according to their classes their structures are given. Traditionally canarium solomonense have been used to treat a broad array of illnesses. Pharmacological actions for canarium solomonense as discussed in this review include antibacterial, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.
Influences of Digital Marketing in the Buying Decisions of College Students i...AI Publications
This research investigates the influence of digital marketing channels on purchasing decisions among college students in Ramanathapuram District. The study highlights that social media marketing, online advertising, and mobile marketing exhibit substantial positive effects on purchase decisions. However, email marketing's impact appears to be more complex. Moreover, the study explores how demographic variables like gender and academic level shape these effects. Notably, freshman students display varying susceptibility to specific digital marketing messages compared to their junior, senior, or graduate counterparts. These findings offer crucial insights for marketers aiming to tailor their strategies effectively to the preferences and behaviors of college students. By understanding the differential impacts of various digital marketing channels and considering demographic nuances, marketers can refine their approaches, optimize engagement, and ultimately enhance the effectiveness of their campaigns in targeting this demographic.
A Study on Performance of the Karnataka State Cooperative Agriculture & Rural...AI Publications
The Karnataka State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Limited is the apex bank of all the primary co-operative agriculture and rural development banks in the state. All the PCARD Banks in the state are affiliated to it. The KSCARD Bank provides financial accommodation to the PCARD Banks for their lending operations. In order to quick sanction and disbursement of loans and supervision over the PCARD Banks the KSCARD Bank has opened district level branches. Bank has established Women Development Cell to promote entrepreneurship among women in 2005. The Bank is identifying women borrowers in the rural areas by assigning suitable projects to motivate their self-confidence to lead independent life. Progress made in financing women entrepreneurs women.
Breast hamartoma is a rare, well-circumscribed, benign lesion made up of a variable quantity of glandular, adipose and fibrous tissue. This is a lesion that can affect women at any age from puberty. With the increasingly frequent use of imaging methods such as mammography and ultrasound as well as breast biopsy, cases of hamartoma diagnosed are increasing. The diagnosis of these lesions is made by mammography. The histological and radiological aspects are variable and depend on its adipose tissue content. The identification of these lesions is important in order to avoid surgical excisions. We report radio-clinical and pathological records of breast hamartoma.
A retrospective study on ovarian cancer with a median follow-up of 36 months ...AI Publications
Ovarian cancer is relatively common but serious and has a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to highlight the epidemiological, diagnostic, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects of this malignant pathology managed at the Bejaia university hospital center. This is a retrospective and descriptive study over a period of 3 years (2019 - 2022) carried out on 20 patients who developed ovarian cancer. The average age of the patients was 50 years old, 53.23% of whom were over 45 years old. The CA-125 blood test was positive in 18 out of 20 patients. The tumors were discovered on ultrasound in 87.10% of cases and at laparotomy in 12.90%. Total hysterectomy with bilateral adnexectomy was the most performed procedure (64.52%). The early postoperative course was simple. 15 patients underwent second look surgery (16.13%) for locoregional recurrences. Epithelial tumors were the most frequent histological type (93.55%), including 79% in the advanced stage ( IIIc -IV) and 21% in the early stage (Ia- Ib ). Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered in 80% of patients. With a median follow-up of 36 months, 2 patients were lost to follow-up. The evolution was favorable in 27.42% and in 25.81% deaths occurred late postoperatively. Ovarian cancer is not common but serious given the advanced stages and the high rate of late postoperative deaths which were largely observed in patients deprived of adequate neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy.
More analysis on environment protection and sustainable agriculture - A case ...AI Publications
This study presents a case of tea and coffee crops , esp. environment protection and sustainable agriculture in Son La and Thai Nguyen of Vietnam. Research results show us that The process of having an agricultural product goes through many steps such as planting, planning, harvesting, packing, transporting, storing and distributing. - The State adopts policies to encourage innovation of agricultural production models and methods towards sustainability, adapting to climate change, saving water, and limiting the use of inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. chemicals and products for environmental treatment in agriculture; develop environmentally friendly agricultural models. Our research limitation is that we can expand for other crops, industries and markets as well.
Assessment of Growth and Yield Performance of Twelve Different Rice Varieties...AI Publications
The present investigation entitled “Assessment of growth and yield performance of twelve different rice varieties under north Konkan coastal zone of Maharashtra” was carried out during the kharif season of the year 2021 and 2022 on the field of ASPEE, Agricultural Research and Development Foundation, Tansa Farm, At Nare, Taluka Wada, District Palghar, Maharashtra, India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The twelve varieties namely Zini, Jaya, Dandi, Rahghudya, Govindbhog, Dangi, Gurjari, VNR-7, VNR-8, VNR-9, Karjat-3, and Karjat-5 were replicated thrice. The plant height (cm), number of tillers per plant, number of panicles per plant, number of panicles (m²), and length of panicle (cm) were noted to the maximum with cv. “VNR-7”. The highest number of seeds per panicle, test weight (gm), grain yield (q/ha), and straw yield (q/ha) were recorded with the cv. “VNR-7”. While the lowest number of days to 50% flowering was also recorded with cv. “VNR-7” during the year 2021 and 2022.
Cultivating Proactive Cybersecurity Culture among IT Professional to Combat E...AI Publications
In the current digital landscape, cybercriminals continually evolve their techniques to execute successful attacks on businesses, thus posing a great challenge to information technology (IT) professionals. While traditional cybersecurity approaches like layered defense and reactive security have helped IT professionals cope with traditional threats, they are ineffective in dealing with evolving cyberattacks. This paper focuses on the need for a proactive cybersecurity culture among IT professionals to enable them combat evolving threats. The paper emphasis that building a proactive security approach and culture can help among IT professionals anticipate, identify, and mitigate latent threats prior to them exploiting existing vulnerabilities. This paper also points out that as IT professionals use reactive security when dealing with traditional attacks, they can use it collaboratively with proactive security to effectively protect their networks, data, and systems and avoid heavy costs of dealing with cyberattack’s aftermaths and business recovery.
The Impacts of Viral Hepatitis on Liver Enzymes and BilrubinAI Publications
Viral hepatitis is an infection that causes liver inflammation and damage. Several different viruses cause hepatitis, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. The hepatitis A and E viruses typically cause acute infections. The hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause acute and chronic infections. Hepatitis A causes only acute infection and typically gets better without treatment after a few weeks. The hepatitis A virus spreads through contact with an infected person’s stool. Protection by getting the hepatitis A vaccine. Hepatitis E is typically an acute infection that gets better without treatment after several weeks. Some types of hepatitis E virus are spread by drinking water contaminated by an infected person’s stool. Other types are spread by eating undercooked pork or wild game. Hepatitis B can cause acute or chronic infection. Recommendation for screening for hepatitis B in pregnant women or in those with a high chance of being infected. Protection from hepatitis B by getting the hepatitis B vaccine. Hepatitis C can cause acute or chronic infection. Doctors usually recommend one-time screening of all adults ages 18 to 79 for hepatitis C. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent liver damage. The hepatitis D virus is unusual because it can only infect those who have a hepatitis B virus infection. A coinfection occurs when both hepatitis D and hepatitis B infections at the same time. A superinfection occurs already have chronic hepatitis B and then become infected with hepatitis D. The aim of this study is to find the effect of each type of viral hepatitis on the bilirubin (TB , DSB) , and liver enzymes; AST, ALT, ALP,GGT among viral hepatitis patients. 200 patients were selected from the viral hepatitis units in the central public health laboratory in Baghdad city, all the chosen cases were confirmed as a positive samples , they are classified into four equal group each with fifty individual and with a single serological viral hepatitis type either; anti-HAV( IgM ) , HBs Ag , anti-HCV ,or anti-HEV(IgM ). All patients were tested for; serum bilirubin ( TB ,D.SB ) , AST , ALT , ALP , GGT. Another fifty quite healthy and normal person was selected as a control group for comparison. . Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBVAST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver cell damage than AST, It is relatively specific for hepatocyte necrosis with a marked elevations in viral hepatitis. Liver enzymes and bilirubin changes are more pronounced in HAV, HEV than HCV and HBV.AST and ALT lack some sensitivity in detecting HCV ,HBV and mild elevations of ALT or AST in asymptomatic patients can be evaluated efficiently by considering ,hepatitis B, hepatitis C. ALT is generally a more sensitive indicator of acute liver
Determinants of Women Empowerment in Bishoftu Town; Oromia Regional State of ...AI Publications
The purpose of this study was to determine the status of women's empowerment and its determinants using women's asset endowment and decision-making potential as indicators. To determine representative sample size, this study used a two-stage sampling technique, and 122 sample respondents were selected at random. To analyze the data in this study, descriptive statistics and a probit model were used. The average women's empowerment index was 0.41, indicating a relatively lower status of women's empowerment in the study area. According to the study's findings, only 40.9% of women were empowered, while the remaining 59.1% were not. The probit model results show that women's access to the media, women's income, and their husbands' education status have a significant and positive impact on the status of women's empowerment, while the family size of households has a negative impact. As a result, it is important to enhance women's access to the media and income, promote family planning and contraception, and improve men's educational status in order to improve the status of women's empowerment.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Effect Injection operating pressure on Hydrogen enriched Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME) blend B20 in a dual fuel DI diesel engine
1. International journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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Effect Injection operating pressure on Hydrogen
enriched Karanja Oil Methyl Ester (KOME)
blend B20 in a dual fuel DI diesel engine
Kursam Krishna1
, Bellam Sudheer Prem Kumar 2
, K.Vijaya Kumar Reddy 3
, Ravi Kumar
Kotturi 4
1&4
Research Scholar in Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNT University, Hyderabad, India
2& 3
Professor in Department of Mechanical Engineering, JNT University, Hyderabad, India
Abstract— Anxiety of greenhouse gases and exigency of
conventional fuels is an attractive exploration reneged
to the researchers view, turn towards alternative fuels.
The present work is to demonstrate on performance,
combustion and emission characteristics of 20% Karanja
Methyl Ester (KOME) blend (B20) and hydrogen with 5,
10, and 15 lpm (liters per Minute) of low flow rate on a
dual fuel mode direct injection diesel engine operated at
1500 rpm with rated power output of 3.5 kW. The
experimental test were conducted at three various
injection operating pressure of 200, 220, and 240bar. The
obtained data of above test were compared with base line
pressure of diesel at 200 bars. Higher brake thermal
efficiency, less brake specific fuel consumption, lower
HC, and CO emissions with raised concentration of NOx
were obtained at IOP of 240 bars for B20- hydrogen dual
fuel mode. The current analysis discovered that the IOP
of 240 bars for 15 lpm hydrogen flow rate with B20 dual
fuel approach was optimum.
Keywords— Dual Fuel Engine; Karanja Bio diesel;
Hydrogen; Emissions.
I. INTRODUCTION
Petroleum based fuels are the major sources of energy on
this planet. Combustion of Petroleum based fuels has
creates serious trouble to the environment and the
geopolitical atmosphere of the world. The focal draw
backs on environment by petroleum based fuel
combustion are exhaust pollutants of CO, CO2, Unburned
Hydrocarbons, and Oxides of Nitrogen. With all these
effects collectively generated an interest to fetch for the
clean alternative renewable energy source.
Biodiesel is a significant alternative fuel for mineral
diesel, which can be used directly in existing diesel
engines with little or without any modification. Among
the all non-edible oils Karanja oil is a vital biodiesel
feedstock in context of renewable, because these trees can
grow even in dry areas with poor, marginal, sandy and
rocky soils.V.K. Shahir, C.P.Jawahar, and P.R.Suresh [1]
evaluated comparative study of diesel and biodiesel with
particularly on emissions. Biodiesel can be used in
existing Internal Combustion Engines with or without any
change and compared to conventional diesel fuel a great
reduction in Matter of particulate, Hydrocarbons (HC)
and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions. These effects
caused by a small amount of power lose, rise in fuel
consumption and augment in nitrogen oxide (NOx)
emission. Avinash Kumar Agarwal and K Rajamanohan
[2] conducted an experiment on Karanja oil moreover its
blends and accomplished that Karanja oil blends with
diesel up to 50% (v/v) with preheating and without
preheating would replace diesel for running the CI engine
for less emissions and increased performance. R. Sierens,
and S. Verhelst [3] are done experiment on hydrogen fuel
engine and find that an external mixture formation system
for natural gas, hydrogen, and hythane were increases the
power output of the engine without any danger of back
fire. Carl Wilhelmsson, Per Tunestal and Bengt
Johansson [4] of Operation strategy of a Dual Fuel port
injected heavy duty HCCI Engine with the analysis of
variable geometry turbo charger and observed decreased
NOx emissions. Jacob Wall [5] carried out an experiment
on Enriched Hydrocarbon Combustion and evaluated that
the addition of hydrogen has been shown to decrease the
formation of NOx, CO and unburned hydrocarbons and
also thermal efficiency increased and specific fuel
consumption decreased with addition of hydrogen at low
as of 5-10 % percent. Radu Chiriac and Nicolae
Apostolescu [6] investigations were conducted on
Rapeseed biodiesel blend B20, B20 with hydrogen
addition at 1400 rpm and 2400 rpm of dual fuel engine at
60% load. In this study without hydrogen B20 has
significantly more NOx emissions at all speeds and less
smoke and CO emissions, while combustion of both fuels
nearly equal and with hydrogen enriched to B20 at 60%
load find that higher NOx emission and to lower smoke
and CO emissions. Ahmed Syed, Syed Azam Pasha
Quadri, G Amba Prasad Rao, and Mohd Wajid [7] were
2. International journal of Engineering, Business and Management (IJEBM) [Vol-1, Issue-1, May-Jun, 2017]
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investigated on Mahau oil methyl ester and resulted with
increased brake thermal efficiency, reduced fuel
consumption, and lesser HC, CO and smoke emissions
with increased concentration of NOx were obtained at
250 bar injection pressure for B20-hydrogen dual fuel
mode. The different test fuel properties are shown in
Table I.
The present investigation was carried out on KOME B20
as pilot fuel and hydrogen as supplementary fuel induced
at inlet manifold on dual fuel diesel engine and the
performance, combustion, and emission parameter were
evaluated at various injections operating pressure.
Hydrogen induction theory behind the concept was that
can extend the operation of lean limit, improve ability to
burn capacity, and minimizes duration of burning time.
Table. I: Properties of Test Fuel
Properties Diesel
Hydroge
n
B20
Karan
ja
Density(K
g/m³)
850 0.08 831 885
Calorific
Value(kj/K
g)
44500 119930 42770 40750
Viscosity(g
m/cc)
2.76 … 3.88 5.12
Flash
Point(°C )
76 … 81 161
Pour
Point(°C)
3.1 … 3.1 5.1
Cetane
value
47 … 53 56.65
Acid Value
(mg
KOH/g)
… … … 1.13
Sp.gravity 0.835 0.091 0.844 0.937
II. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND
METHODOLOGY
The experimental analysis carried out on fully computer
based, single cylinder, 4 stroke, water cooled, Dual fuel
DI diesel engine coupled with Eddy current dynamometer
shown in Fig.1, specifications in Table.:II, and
instrumentation data Table 3 all the tests were conducted
at 100 % load with at a speed of 1500 ramp. The
piezoelectric sensor was used to know the cylinder inside
pressure of the engine. The position of the crank shaft was
measure with the help of a digital shaft encoder. The
experimental data developed by using National
Instrument Lab VIEW acquisition system. The
combustion analysis carried out on the averaged value of
100 cycles after the engine reached steady state operation.
In the view of safety measures a special in-house intake
manifold designed to connect flame arrestor, which
prevents the back fire, pre-ignition, pressure rise, and
knock. The cylinder of hydrogen keeps certain distance
from the engine to avoid heat transfer from the engine and
periodic monitoring on hydrogen supply line if any
leakages. Finally the parameters of performance,
combustion and emission characteristics are noted for
analysis. The five gas analyzer MARS MN-5 was used to
record exhaust emissions of engine. The methodology
adopted in the experimental work as follow:
Initial stage: The test was conducted with diesel
fuel in a single fuel mode of operating at constant
speed with 100% load to obtained base line result.
Second stage: The test was performed with B20
fuel with same mode, load, and speed of above and
compared base line result.
Third stage: The test was accomplished at dual
fuel method with B20 and low concentrations of
hydrogen (5, 10, and 15 lpm) supplement to intake
air, the results were evaluated all at 100% load
conditions for three injection operating pressures
of 200, 220, and 240 bar.
Fig.1:Test Engine Line Diagram
Table.I: Engine Specifications
Make Kirloskar AV-1
Rated power 3.7 kW, 1500 rpm
Bore and stroke 80 mm x 110 mm
Compression
ratio
17:1
Cylinder
capacity
553 cc
Dynamometer
Eddy current
dynamometer
Orifice
diameter
20 mm
Fuel Diesel and hydrogen
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Calorimeter Exhaust gas calorimeter
Cooling Water cooled engine
Starting
Hand cranking and auto
start
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this experiment effects of various( 200 , 220, and 240
bar) injection operating pressure (IOP) analyzed with
B20, and B20 with various low percentages of hydrogen
(5, 10, and 15 lpm) at constant speed of dual fuel mode
engine on engine performance, combustion, and
emissions are evaluated at full load.
A. Energy Share
The energy share of Dual fuel injection strategy employed
in this experiment for breakthrough the better premixed
lean combustion. The energy share of a fuel generally
obtains on fuel consumption, heating value of fuel, and
rate of combustion. From the fig.2 shows the variation of
B20 energy share with hydrogen flow rate (5, 10, and 15
lpm) at different injection operating pressure. In this
analysis acknowledged that the energy release rate of B20
was high from 200 to 240 bar of IOP quantified at full
load in all operating conditions. Simultaneously from
figure 3 shows hydrogen flow rates decreases with
increasing pressure. The high pressure fuel injection
causes better mixing of pilot fuel and supplement fuel
which makes complete combustion of B20 mixture. The
energy share percentage of B20 as defined the ratio of
energy of pilot fuel to sum of pilot and supplement fuel in
equation (1), and the equation (2) used to calculate the
percentage of hydrogen share.
Energy of B20=Mass of B20 x Lower heating value of
B20
Energy of Hydrogen=Mass of hydrogen x Lower heating
value of hydrogen
(1)
(2)
Fig.2: B20 energy share (%) with Hydrogen flow rate
(lpm) at different injection operating pressure
Fig.3: Hydrogen energy share (%) with Hydrogen flow
rate (lpm) at different injection operating pressure
B. PERFROMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
Thermal efficiency of Karanja biodiesel blends was more
than pure diesel at all engine operating conditions.
Increasing IOP was more efficient in increasing BTE of
pure diesel in comparison to Karanja biodiesel blends,
which hints that higher injection pressure was more
successful in improving the spray characteristics of fuels
with lower viscosity, which is pure diesel in this case [8,
9] Fig. 4 indicates the variation of brake thermal
efficiency of the engine with injection operating pressures
with respective of pure diesel, B20 and B20 with 5, 10,
and 15 lpm of hydrogen.
Fig.4: Variation Brake Thermal Efficiency with IOP with
100% load
Brake thermal efficiency at IOP of 200, 220, and 240 bar
for pure diesel, B20, B20+5 lpm, B20+10 lpm, and
B20+15 lpm were 22.15-22.25-23.75 % , 23.06-23.19-
24.64 %, 24.16-27.29-25.76 %, 25.69-25.79-26.78 %, and
27.14-27.34-28.94 % obtained at 100 % load. Brake
thermal efficiency of test engine increases with increasing
IOP from 200 to 240 bar, the theory behind this increase
was like that quick vaporization of atomization causes
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significant improvement in air fuel-mixture which
resulted near complete combustion.
Brake specific fuel consumption was directly proportional
to the engine size as engine volume goes down so does
BSFC, which determined as the ratio of fuel flow to brake
power. Fig. 5 illustrated the variation of brake specific
fuel consumption with IOP from IOP for the test fuel of
pure diesel, B20 and B20 with 5, 10, and 15 lpm of
hydrogen. BSFC at 200, 220, and 240bar IOP for pure
diesel, B20, B20+5 lpm, B20+10 lpm, and B20+15 lpm
were 0.40-0.39-0.37 %, 0.38-0.37-0.35%, 0.36-0.35-
0.33%, 0.35-0.33-0.31 %, 0.32-0.31-0.28% at 100% load.
The availability of oxygen content in the Karanja methyl
ester [10] BSFC reduces was lower as compared to that
of diesel fuel due to finer atomization of pilot fuel
droplets and improved mixing of air-fuel [11] compared
to the bigger size droplets formed at low injection
pressure that unhurriedly vaporize.
Fig.5: Variation of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
With different Injection Operating Pressure at 100% load
C. COMBUSTION CHARACTERISTICS
Figure 6, 7, and 8 shows the variation of cylinder pressure
with crank angle at different injection operating pressure
with the fuel of Pure diesel, B20, and B20 with various
hydrogen (5, 10, and 15 lpm) flow rates.
Fig.6: Variation of cylinder pressure with crank angle at
200 bar IOP
Fig.7: Variation of cylinder pressure with crank angle at
220 bar IOP
Fig.8: Variation of cylinder pressure with crank angle at
240 bar IOP
The experiment was validated at 200 bar, the peak
pressure results for pure diesel, B20, B20+5 lpm, B20+10
lpm, and B20+15lpm were 51.77, 51.92, 53.06, 53.88,
and 55.46 % at 100% load. The raise in Peak pressure
with rising of injection operating pressure perhaps
endorsement of small delay period which causes increase
in cylinder temperature turns by fine atomization and
premixed combustion.The rate of peak pressure released
strategy from emancipated during premixed combustion
in the period of delay. The experimental analysis at 100%
load and 240 bar of IOP was generous increase of peak
pressures find with pure diesel , B20, B20+5 lpm,
B20+10 lpm, and B20+15 lpm were 54.44, 54.47, 54.77,
56.22, and 60.99 % bar. The exploration behind the
increment of peak pressure from 200 to 240 bar IOP may
be fewer ignition delay period which helps raise of
cylinder temperature due to proper pre-mixed combustion
and fine atomization [12, 13]
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Fig.9: Variation of Net heat release rate with crank angle
at 200 bar IOP
Fig.10: Variation of Net heat release rate with crank
angle at 220 bar IOP
Fig.11: Variation of Net heat release rate with crank
angle at 240 bar IOP
From Figure 9, 10, and 11 shows the net heat release rate
curves with respect to crank angle at various IOP with the
test fuels of pure diesel, B20 and B20 with hydrogen 5,
10, and 15 lpm flow rate of hydrogen. The base line
pressure of 200 bar, the rate of net heat release for pure
diesel, B20, B20+5 lpm, B20+10 lpm, and B20+15 lpm
of test fuels was 56.58 J/deg CA, 56.66 J/deg CA, 58.31
J/deg CA, 60.17 J/deg CA, and 62.73 J/deg CA quantified
at 100% load. The boost of injection operating pressure
with boosting the NHRR values from 200 to 240 bar and
the maximum pressure values for pure diesel, B20,
B20+5lpm, B20+10 lpm, and B20+15 lpm of hydrogen
was 58.31 J/deg CA, 60.17 J/deg CA, 61.72 J/deg CA,
63.39 J/deg CA, and 68.37 J/deg CA at 100% load. The
dual fuel mode of NHRR was principally depends on the
mixture quality, rate of mass flow and calorific value of
both the liquid and gaseous fuels. The increase of IOP
from 200 to 240 bar pressure with increasing NHRR in
dual fuel mode due to involvement of two fuels with
different characteristics and properties causes
concurrently burned in the cylinder.
D. EMISSION CHARACTERISTICS
The CO emissions release rate curves with respect to IOP
with the test fuels of pure diesel, B20 and B20 with
hydrogen 5, 10, and 15 lpm flow rate of hydrogen as
shown in fig.12. The base line pressure of 200 bar, the
rate of CO emissions release for pure diesel, B20, B20+5
lpm, B20+10 lpm, and B20+15 lpm of test fuels was
0.364 %, 0.294 %, 0.26%, 0.224, and 0.118% at 100%
load.
Fig.12: Variation of various CO emissions with different
IOP at 100% load
The CO emission decreases with increasing pressure from
200 to 240bar pressure and the maximum pressure of CO
values for pure diesel, B20, B20+5lpm, B20+10 lpm, and
B20+15 lpm of hydrogen was 0.302%, 0.205 %, 0.113 %,
0.053 %, and 0.002 % at full load. CO emissions reduce
from IOP of 200 to 240 bar, because of complete
combustion of the smaller droplets
The CO2 emissions release rate curves with respect to
IOP with the test fuels of pure diesel, B20 and B20 with
hydrogen 5, 10, and 15 lpm flow rate of hydrogen as
shown in fig.13. The base line pressure of 200 bar, the
rate of CO2 emissions release for pure diesel, B20,
B20+5 lpm, B20+10 lpm, and B20+15 lpm of test fuels
was 9.91, 9.21, 8.59, 8.07, and 7.69 % at 100% load.
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Fig.13: Variation of various CO2 emissions with different
IOP at 100%load
The CO2 emission decreases with increasing pressure
from 200 to 240bar pressure and the maximum pressure
of CO values for pure diesel, B20, B20+5lpm, B20+10
lpm, and B20+15 lpm of hydrogen was 9.14,8.31, 7.67,
7.01,and 6.25 % at full load. CO2 emissions reduce from
IOP of 200 to 240 bars, because of availability of oxygen
in B20 causes complete combustion of the smaller
droplets.
The NOx emissions release rate curves with respect to
IOP with the test fuels of pure diesel, B20 and B20 with
hydrogen 5, 10, and 15 lpm flow rate of hydrogen as
shown in fig.14. The base line pressure of 200 bar, the
rate of NOx emissions release for pure diesel, B20,
B20+5 lpm, B20+10 lpm, and B20+15 lpm of test fuels
was 350, 820, 971, 1024, and 1150 ppm at 100% load.
The NOx emission increase with increasing pressure from
200 to 240bar pressure and the maximum pressure of
NOx values for pure diesel, B20, B20+5lpm, B20+10
lpm, and B20+15 lpm of hydrogen was 495, 925 , 1019 ,
1117, and 1275 ppm at full load. The NOx emission
increases from IOP of 200 to 240 bars due to rapid rate of
combustion, gas temperature of cylinder high, peak
pressure reached with raised pilot injection pressure.
Fig.14: Variation of various NOx emissions with different
IOP at 100% load
Fig. 15 depicts the changes in HC emissions by varying
injection IOP pressures of 200, 220, and 240 bar with
pure diesel, B20 and B20 with 5, 10, and 15lpm hydrogen
respectively. The base line data pressure of 200 bar, the
rate of HC emissions release for pure diesel, B20, B20+5
lpm, B20+10 lpm, and B20+15 lpm of test fuels was 170,
149, 102 ppm, 120,101 and 70 ppm at 100% load. At less
IOP causes improper atomization HC increases. The HC
emission decrease with increasing pressure from 200 to
240bar pressure and the maximum pressure of HC values
for pure diesel, B20, B20+5lpm, B20+10 lpm, and
B20+15 lpm of hydrogen was 122, 103 , 75 , 52, and 35
ppm at 100% load. HC diminished from IOP of 200 to
240 bar, because of proper mixing of fuel, near complete
combustion and wall temperature of cylinder reduces in
quench layer.
Fig.15: Variation of HC emissions with different IOP at
100 % load
IV. CONCLUSION
The analysis of above experiment was validated
successfully on pilot fuel of B20 and hydrogen
enriched with different concentrations at altered
injection operating pressure. The effects of results
were praised at 200, 220, and 240 bar IOP marked that
240 bar IOP was better pressure for optimum
performance, combustion and low emission. The
conclusions of experimental results were ensure based
on the B20 and B20 with hydrogen for IOP of 240 bar
and compared base line pure diesel performed at 200
bar IOP at 100% load. Brake thermal efficiency of the
engine increases up to 28.94% with 100% load
condition at 240 bar IOP test fuels for B20 with 15
lpm of hydrogen when compared with baseline IOP.
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption decreases with
increasing IOP from 200 to 240 bar with test fuel of
B20 with supplement of hydrogen at 15 lpm of flow
rate. At 240 bar IOP full load BSFC find minimum of
0.28 Kg/kW-hr mean while maximum at base line
IOP.
Inside cylinder pressure and net heat release rate were