Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an emissions control technology that reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx) in diesel exhaust. It works by injecting urea into the exhaust stream, which reacts with NOx in the presence of a catalyst to produce harmless nitrogen and water vapor. The SCR system includes components like a urea tank, injector, and catalyst that work together to lower NOx levels to near zero. While SCR is effective, it also has limitations related to temperature sensitivity and dependency on urea. Exhaust Gas Recirculation is an alternative technology that some argue is simpler and requires less maintenance.
Presentation given by Michael Priestnall of Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd on "Mg(OH)2 (& high-value by-products) from Serpentines & Olivines for scalable low-energy wet-scrubbing of CO2 from ambient air & flue-gas" at the Alternative CCS Pathways Workshop, Oxford Martin School, 26 June 2014
Presentation given by Michael Priestnall of Cambridge Carbon Capture Ltd on "Mg(OH)2 (& high-value by-products) from Serpentines & Olivines for scalable low-energy wet-scrubbing of CO2 from ambient air & flue-gas" at the Alternative CCS Pathways Workshop, Oxford Martin School, 26 June 2014
'Applying carbon capture and storage to a Chinese steel plant.' Feasibility s...Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute has recently published a feasibility study report on applying carbon capture and storage (CCS) to a steel plant in China. Toshiba was commissioned to conduct the study in collaboration with Chinese corporations.
The feasibility suggests that carbon capture in Chinese steel plants is a cost effective means of reducing carbon emissions compared with similar plants around the world. In this webinar, Toshiba presented on the major findings of this feasibility study.
Future carbon capture R&D efforts need to focus on cost reductions in three main areas: materials, processes and equipment. In this webinar Ron Munson, the Institute’s Principal Manager – Capture, gave an overview of the current directions in carbon capture R&D, including development of higher performance solvents, sorbents and membranes; process improvements and intensification; equipment development; and novel equipment designs.
On 16 May 2013, the Global CCS Institute hosted its seventh study meeting in Tokyo. This presentation is by Holger Bietz, the Institute's General Manager, Projects, Financial and Commercial.
With the global drive to reduce the level of NOx and CO2 emissions from diesel engine exhausts, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems with high conversion efficiency will be the key to providing cost effective solutions to the industry. The EU's upcoming regulations for the implementation of PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Equipment) measurements in regard of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) will increase the requirements for the performance of SCR systems: Highest efficiency will be required under a wide range of operating conditions.
Moreover, the industry trend goes to an integration of different functions within the system. The combination of DPF and SCR coated catalyst reduces the weight of the whole system, but has caused several technical challenges that have not yet been fully solved.
The SCR-coated DPF has to stand tightened requirements of robustness and efficiency. Due to fuel saving measures, exhaust gas temperatures become lower, which highly affects the performance and requirements of the system.
- Exchange with international experts on how to incorporate SCR technology with all its various components in existing vehicle platforms
- Hear about the latest innovations in validation and testing and examine methods for sensors, catalysts and OBD functions with regard to DeNOx –technologies
- Discuss with leading specialists on how SCR system space can be optimized and sufficient exhaust system temperatures be achieved without compromising fuel consumption
- Develop strategies on how to best prepare your SCR development strategies for reducing real driving emissions
Discuss pressing topics with e.g. Michael Fischer, Section Leader Powertrain Technology at Honda R&D Europe, Bret Zimmerman, SCR Calibration Senior Engineer at Ford Motor Company or Dr. Thomas Garbe, Team Leader Fuels at Volkswagen AG...
http://bit.ly/SCR2014
1)M.Amulya, AITS ,Rajampet.
2)contents:
Effects of NOX
Introduction to SCR
SCR chemistry
SCR catalysts
Working
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
3)Effects of NOX:
Inhalation of NOX causes respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis and Emphysema
Causes depletion of ozone layer
main reason for occurence of acid rains
reacts of organic chemicals to form harmful components that causes biological mutations.
4)Introduction to SCR:
SCR means Selective Catalytic Reduction
It is the means of converting oxides of Nitrogen to atomic Nitrogen and water.
It meets the standards of US 2010 and EURO VI
leading technology for reducing NOX.
5) SCR chemistry:
6)SCR reductants:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqueous ammonia
urea
SCR catalysts:
Vanadium-based SCR catalyst
Zeolite SCR catalyst
Copper Zeolite(CuZ)
Fe-Zeolite(FeZ)
7)Vanadium based SCR catalyst:
consists of vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide.At higher temp.toxic compounds may release from this and also performance is poor.
Zeolite catalysts:
CuZ and FeZ are preferred due to their outstanding deNOX activity,temperature durability.
8)Catalytic converter:
Reactions in catalytic converter
9)Installation of catalytic converter in vehicles
10)Working of SCR system
11)working
12)comparison of SCR with other technologies in the reduction of NOX
13)Difference in NOX levels before and after NOX
14)Advantages
Does not require any modification in the combustion unit.
Higher NOX reduction is possible.
15)Disadvantages:
Ammonia slip may occur.
Large amounts of reductant and catalyst are required.
16)Conclusion:
The SCR technology is the dominant technology to meet the current and future emission regulations. To meet the current US 2010 and EURO VI Zeolite catalysts are required.
With the increasing emission regulations, it is important to improve and implement SCR technologies
17).Any auestions
18)Thank you
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
NEW TECHNOLOGIES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST SYSTEMS, REVIEWIAEME Publication
The exhaust system is an integral part of an automobile. Components such as Exhaust Manifolds, Connector pipes, X, Y, H Pipes, Oxygen Sensors, Resonators, Catalytic Convertors, Selective Catalytic Reduction and Diesel Particulate Filter techniques have evolved greatly. With
increasingly stringent emission reforms being passed by governments and increasingly stringent performance requirements being demanded of by customers, the importance of this system is increasing dramatically.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). The DEF sets off a chemical reaction that converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), natural components of the air we breathe, which is then expelled through the vehicle tailpipe.
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The chemical reaction is known as "reduction" where the DEF is the reducing agent that reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of CO2. The DEF can be rapidly broken down to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent
'Applying carbon capture and storage to a Chinese steel plant.' Feasibility s...Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute has recently published a feasibility study report on applying carbon capture and storage (CCS) to a steel plant in China. Toshiba was commissioned to conduct the study in collaboration with Chinese corporations.
The feasibility suggests that carbon capture in Chinese steel plants is a cost effective means of reducing carbon emissions compared with similar plants around the world. In this webinar, Toshiba presented on the major findings of this feasibility study.
Future carbon capture R&D efforts need to focus on cost reductions in three main areas: materials, processes and equipment. In this webinar Ron Munson, the Institute’s Principal Manager – Capture, gave an overview of the current directions in carbon capture R&D, including development of higher performance solvents, sorbents and membranes; process improvements and intensification; equipment development; and novel equipment designs.
On 16 May 2013, the Global CCS Institute hosted its seventh study meeting in Tokyo. This presentation is by Holger Bietz, the Institute's General Manager, Projects, Financial and Commercial.
With the global drive to reduce the level of NOx and CO2 emissions from diesel engine exhausts, Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) systems with high conversion efficiency will be the key to providing cost effective solutions to the industry. The EU's upcoming regulations for the implementation of PEMS (Portable Emission Measurement Equipment) measurements in regard of Real Driving Emissions (RDE) will increase the requirements for the performance of SCR systems: Highest efficiency will be required under a wide range of operating conditions.
Moreover, the industry trend goes to an integration of different functions within the system. The combination of DPF and SCR coated catalyst reduces the weight of the whole system, but has caused several technical challenges that have not yet been fully solved.
The SCR-coated DPF has to stand tightened requirements of robustness and efficiency. Due to fuel saving measures, exhaust gas temperatures become lower, which highly affects the performance and requirements of the system.
- Exchange with international experts on how to incorporate SCR technology with all its various components in existing vehicle platforms
- Hear about the latest innovations in validation and testing and examine methods for sensors, catalysts and OBD functions with regard to DeNOx –technologies
- Discuss with leading specialists on how SCR system space can be optimized and sufficient exhaust system temperatures be achieved without compromising fuel consumption
- Develop strategies on how to best prepare your SCR development strategies for reducing real driving emissions
Discuss pressing topics with e.g. Michael Fischer, Section Leader Powertrain Technology at Honda R&D Europe, Bret Zimmerman, SCR Calibration Senior Engineer at Ford Motor Company or Dr. Thomas Garbe, Team Leader Fuels at Volkswagen AG...
http://bit.ly/SCR2014
1)M.Amulya, AITS ,Rajampet.
2)contents:
Effects of NOX
Introduction to SCR
SCR chemistry
SCR catalysts
Working
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
3)Effects of NOX:
Inhalation of NOX causes respiratory diseases such as Bronchitis and Emphysema
Causes depletion of ozone layer
main reason for occurence of acid rains
reacts of organic chemicals to form harmful components that causes biological mutations.
4)Introduction to SCR:
SCR means Selective Catalytic Reduction
It is the means of converting oxides of Nitrogen to atomic Nitrogen and water.
It meets the standards of US 2010 and EURO VI
leading technology for reducing NOX.
5) SCR chemistry:
6)SCR reductants:
Anhydrous ammonia
Aqueous ammonia
urea
SCR catalysts:
Vanadium-based SCR catalyst
Zeolite SCR catalyst
Copper Zeolite(CuZ)
Fe-Zeolite(FeZ)
7)Vanadium based SCR catalyst:
consists of vanadium pentoxide and tungsten trioxide.At higher temp.toxic compounds may release from this and also performance is poor.
Zeolite catalysts:
CuZ and FeZ are preferred due to their outstanding deNOX activity,temperature durability.
8)Catalytic converter:
Reactions in catalytic converter
9)Installation of catalytic converter in vehicles
10)Working of SCR system
11)working
12)comparison of SCR with other technologies in the reduction of NOX
13)Difference in NOX levels before and after NOX
14)Advantages
Does not require any modification in the combustion unit.
Higher NOX reduction is possible.
15)Disadvantages:
Ammonia slip may occur.
Large amounts of reductant and catalyst are required.
16)Conclusion:
The SCR technology is the dominant technology to meet the current and future emission regulations. To meet the current US 2010 and EURO VI Zeolite catalysts are required.
With the increasing emission regulations, it is important to improve and implement SCR technologies
17).Any auestions
18)Thank you
NOx Reduction of Diesel Engine with Madhuca Indica biodiesel using Selective ...IOSR Journals
A comparison analysis for different flow rates of urea-water selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been carried out on a direct injection diesel engine. An optimum nozzle opening pressure of 250 bar and static
injection timing of 20°bTDC is considered because these conditions only were found to give minimum emissions
and better performance. An engine set up with SCR is made to study the influence of SCR on reduction of
emissions from the diesel engine. The volume flow rate of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 ml/minute have been used with a
mixture of 30% urea and 70% water as SCR for the entire experiment. From the test results, it could be noted
that, among all flow rates, the volume flow rate of3 ml/minute gives better performance, combustion and lowest
emissions. Among the blends, B100 gives lowest emissions of smoke density and hydrocarbon as compared to without SCR. But in the presence of SCR, there is a drastic reduction in NOx of 17.81% for B100 as compared
to without SCR at full load condition of the engine
NEW TECHNOLOGIES USED IN AUTOMOTIVE EXHAUST SYSTEMS, REVIEWIAEME Publication
The exhaust system is an integral part of an automobile. Components such as Exhaust Manifolds, Connector pipes, X, Y, H Pipes, Oxygen Sensors, Resonators, Catalytic Convertors, Selective Catalytic Reduction and Diesel Particulate Filter techniques have evolved greatly. With
increasingly stringent emission reforms being passed by governments and increasingly stringent performance requirements being demanded of by customers, the importance of this system is increasing dramatically.
Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) is an advanced active emissions control technology system that injects a liquid-reductant agent through a special catalyst into the exhaust stream of a diesel engine. The reductant source is usually automotive-grade urea, otherwise known as Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF). The DEF sets off a chemical reaction that converts nitrogen oxides into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2), natural components of the air we breathe, which is then expelled through the vehicle tailpipe.
SCR technology is designed to permit nitrogen oxide (NOx) reduction reactions to take place in an oxidizing atmosphere. It is called "selective" because it reduces levels of NOx using ammonia as a reductant within a catalyst system. The chemical reaction is known as "reduction" where the DEF is the reducing agent that reacts with NOx to convert the pollutants into nitrogen, water and tiny amounts of CO2. The DEF can be rapidly broken down to produce the oxidizing ammonia in the exhaust stream. SCR technology alone can achieve NOx reductions up to 90 percent
A major part of the air pollution caused is due to the vehicular emission which is increasing at an alarming rate. The different types of vehicles like car, bus, truck etc. contribute a way as well as play a dominant duty in increasing air pollution. These vehicles find its running source mainly form the extracts of fossil fuels like petrol, diesel. The fuels undergo combustion to generate energy so as to support the vehicle for duty. The incomplete combustion of the fuels in the engine paves a way for production of products like the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and particulate matters. A high emission level is therefore a proved result. For the purpose of forcing the fuel to have efficient combustion and for reduction of the emission levels for reducing air pollution a wide range of processes are applicable. These include improvising engine design, fuel pre-treatment etc. Among these wide ranges of options available catalytic converter is found to be a better way for establishing an efficient combustion in the controller engine of the vehicle. Usage of noble group metal is an effective way for effective combustion like the platinum group metal serves way good for reducing the exhausts. With the help of secondary measures efficiency of the engine is improved as well. The techniques are still under development as because there are some limitations of the catalytic converters which are needed to be dealt with but the application of this technique has better achievement points as well.
Clean Air Zones- big models for big questionsScott Hamilton
Presented at the Scottish Government Air Quality Conference, January 2018.
The presentation shows the results of applying our RapidAir air quality model to calculating high resolution concentrations of NO2 and PM10 for an area containing all of Scotland's cities and most of its major towns.
Aeon Renewables Corporation, formed in 2014, is focused on developing and delivering innovation in the field of emissions reduction in conventional and renewable fuels through breakthroughs in engineered advanced renewable material-based fuel additives.
Emission Characteristics and Performance of Catalytic Converter A Reviewijtsrd
In recent years, several strategies such as fuel treatment, engine modification, EGR and catalytic converter have been introduced to control emissions from vehicles. Catalytic converter equipment is efficient and commonly used. Catalytic converters reduce emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter from internal combustion engines and allow more strict pollution standards to be met. In this study paper different methods and strategies to increase efficiency of catalytic converter is discussed. The efficiency of the catalytic converter is updated according to literature survey improvements in design, shape and content. The hexagonal monolith shape was found to have better mechanical efficiency than the square shape. Catalytic converters based on nickel have cut HC by 40 percent and CO by 35 percent. Nobel metals are toxic and costly, so we can use non noble metals such as Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, etc. Ashish Kumar Soni "Emission Characteristics and Performance of Catalytic Converter: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38176.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/38176/emission-characteristics-and-performance-of-catalytic-converter-a-review/ashish-kumar-soni
Join us at the Wind Turbine Towers Conference to stay competitive by learning advanced #tower concepts and by getting a global perspective of the wind energy sector! Taking place between 27 – 29 August 2019, at Swissôtel in Bremen, Germany. Bitly: http://bit.ly/SS_Wind_Turbine_Towers_Agenda
Be there at the ISO26262 Conference on the 25-28 March 2019 at the Holiday Inn, Munich City Center, Germany. Confirmed speakers from Delphi Technologies, Toyota Research Institute, Texas Instruments. Read the details here: http://bit.ly/2Esno5h
Would you like to know how SOTIF addresses possible hazards caused by intended behavior? Discuss the first draft of the SOTIF standard with international working group members and functional safety experts during the SOTIF Conference. Find out more here: http://bit.ly/SOTIF_Agenda_2019
Daimler, Audi, and Volvo, at Advanced E-Motor - Advanced E-Motor Technology C...Torben Haagh
Preview of the 7th E-Motor Conference 2019 Agenda, taking place at the Hotel Palace Berlin. Get the full Agenda here: http://bit.ly/E-Motor_Agenda_2019
Volkswagen, Ford, and PSA Group - Intelligent Automotive Lighting Agenda 2019Torben Haagh
Have a glimpse of the next years Intelligent Automotive Lighting Conference. Join us on the 20-22 February 2019 at the Hilton Hotel, Mainz. Download the full Agenda here: http://bit.ly/Automotive_Lighting_Agenda_2019
14th International Conference Innovative Seating 2019Torben Haagh
Get an idea of this year's Innovative Seating Conference topic areas. Download the entire Agenda here and join us at the Conference on 18 - 21 February in Düsseldorf. http://bit.ly/InnovativeSeating2019-Agenda
Agenda - Airport Operational Excellence and Automation 2019, Frankfurt Am Ma...Torben Haagh
Have a sneak peak of the latest agenda, with confirmed speakers from Lufthansa, German Aerospace Center, and Athens International Airport. Download the full agenda for free here:
http://bit.ly/Airport_Excellence_Agenda_2019
Agenda: Interior Cabin Innovation for Automated Vehicles 2019Torben Haagh
Learn about the confirmed speakers from BMW, Bentley Motors, PSA Peaugot Citroën, Fiat and Volvo and the interesting topic areas they will talk about. Meet them at the Interior Cabin Innovation Conference in January 2019 in Berlin. http://bit.ly/Interior_Cabins_Agenda2019
First and only technology cutting-edge event in Europe bringing you real cognitive automation use cases from end-users, 12 – 14 March 2019 in Berlin, Germany
Join the event and learn:
• how to deal with unstructured data for better predictive analytics and forecasting
• how to set up an AI or machine learning department with fast results and roll out into the rest of the organization
• how to guarantee Data Readiness, Data Creation and Normalisation
• how to leverage Tensorflow, Keras, Neural Network, Deep learning, and Dataset, for your business success
Meat AI & intelligent robotics experts from YES BANK, UBS, Xing, Alibaba, idealo internet, DHL, Turkcell, Solvay, Unicredit, ieso digital health, Zurich Group, Magic Unicorn Inc., Unbabel, and many more top companies at the Cognitive Automation Conference between 12 - 14 March in Berlin, Germany.
Download the FULL AGENDA to see the entire speaker list, round table sessions, focused workshops and at the following link: http://bit.ly/CognitiveAutomation2019FullAgenda
Präsentation zu Roll-Out Messsysteme Infrastruktur bei EnBWTorben Haagh
In der Präsentation von Herrn Albertsmeyer, Teilprojektleiter ROMI (Roll-Out Messsysteme Infrastruktur) bei Netze BW/EnBW, erfahren Sie, wie der Aufbau der Messsystem-Infrastruktur gelingt. Hier finden Sie die gesamte Präsentation: http://bit.ly/2mGnwDt
Is there potential for robotics in finance and accounting?Torben Haagh
In the presentation, you read about "Robotics in Finance" by Mr. Rode, Project Manager at Allianz. Here you can find the full presentation: http://bit.ly/2DdaNPQ
In der Präsentation des Director General Statistics bei der EZB, lesen Sie mehr über den langfristigen strategischen Ansatz des ESZB bei der Erhebung von Bankdaten. Hier finden Sie die gesamte Präsentation: http://bit.ly/2DkRxnP
Expert interview with Nexans - the 66kV cabling technologyTorben Haagh
Stefaan Mensaert, Product Line Manager Renewables at Nexans gave us the opportunity to talk to him about 66 kV cables, junction boxes and connectors. As an experienced cable manufacturer, he gave us some answers to the following topics:
- Major challenges to overcome in order to deliver 66 kV XLPE insulated submarine cable and the accessories, junction boxes and connectors
- What kind of tests they executed to ensure quality and high performance of 66 kV cabling technology
- Nexans and the Blyth project in the UK
- Future for offshore wind energy 66 kV inter-array cabling
http://bit.ly/2fLLn2c
ENERCON - Energy System Change: Era of Feed-in Tariffs is coming to an endTorben Haagh
Andreas Linder, Grid Integration & SCADA Sales by Enercon gave a presentation about system services by wind energy on last years Digital Data Integration and Management conference.
Have a look at the presentation to get an overview of the following:
- System Change: Status Quo Regulation & projects, examples and rolemodels
- The Energy System: Centralised versus decentralised
- Differentiation minimum requirements versus Services for the Grid
- Control reserve by wind - why not? Status quo - TSOs, IT-Requirements, Regulator
- Advantages and challenges
http://bit.ly/2wDLMe4
Innovative Ansätze im Mahn- und Inkassoprozess - Kundenorientiertes Mahnen in...Torben Haagh
Ralph Rochau, Experte Forderungsmanagement bei der BKW Energie AG gibt Einblicke in drei große Bereiche für innovative Ansätze im Bereich Forderungsmanagement:
- Mahnstrategie/Mahnverfahren
- Kommunikation und Kundenorientierung
- Infrastruktur
Für die komplette Präsentation inklusive der Potenziale und Stolpersteine der einzelnen Bereiche, klicken Sie hier:
http://bit.ly/2qiWLIK
Effizienter mit Kooperationen bei Integra-PartnernTorben Haagh
N-Ergie, enercity & Mainova haben das Projekt „IT-Servicemanagement“ (ITSM) partnerschaftlich umgesetzt - dieses beschreiben und analysieren Frau Dr. Ernst und Herr Lübcke in einer Präsentation, die Sie hier kostenlos herunterladen: http://bit.ly/2n3tIFE
What Could Cause The Headlights On Your Porsche 911 To Stop WorkingLancer Service
Discover why your Porsche 911 headlights might flicker out unexpectedly. From aging bulbs to electrical gremlins and moisture mishaps, we're delving into the reasons behind the blackout. Stay tuned to illuminate the road ahead and ensure your lights shine bright for safer journeys.
Your VW's camshaft position sensor is crucial for engine performance. Signs of failure include engine misfires, difficulty starting, stalling at low speeds, reduced fuel efficiency, and the check engine light. Prompt inspection and replacement can prevent further damage and keep your VW running smoothly.
Learn why monitoring your Mercedes' Exhaust Back Pressure (EBP) sensor is crucial. Understand its role in engine performance and emission reduction. Discover five warning signs of EBP sensor failure, from loss of power to increased emissions. Take action promptly to avoid costly repairs and maintain your Mercedes' reliability and efficiency.
What Does the PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual Message Mean for You...Autohaus Service and Sales
Learn what "PARKTRONIC Inoperative, See Owner's Manual" means for your Mercedes-Benz. This message indicates a malfunction in the parking assistance system, potentially due to sensor issues or electrical faults. Prompt attention is crucial to ensure safety and functionality. Follow steps outlined for diagnosis and repair in the owner's manual.
Comprehensive program for Agricultural Finance, the Automotive Sector, and Empowerment . We will define the full scope and provide a detailed two-week plan for identifying strategic partners in each area within Limpopo, including target areas.:
1. Agricultural : Supporting Primary and Secondary Agriculture
• Scope: Provide support solutions to enhance agricultural productivity and sustainability.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Tzaneen, Thohoyandou, Makhado, and Giyani.
2. Automotive Sector: Partnerships with Mechanics and Panel Beater Shops
• Scope: Develop collaborations with automotive service providers to improve service quality and business operations.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Lephalale, Mokopane, Phalaborwa, and Bela-Bela.
3. Empowerment : Focusing on Women Empowerment
• Scope: Provide business support support and training to women-owned businesses, promoting economic inclusion.
• Target Areas: Polokwane, Thohoyandou, Musina, Burgersfort, and Louis Trichardt.
We will also prioritize Industrial Economic Zone areas and their priorities.
Sign up on https://profilesmes.online/welcome/
To be eligible:
1. You must have a registered business and operate in Limpopo
2. Generate revenue
3. Sectors : Agriculture ( primary and secondary) and Automative
Women and Youth are encouraged to apply even if you don't fall in those sectors.
Why Is Your BMW X3 Hood Not Responding To Release CommandsDart Auto
Experiencing difficulty opening your BMW X3's hood? This guide explores potential issues like mechanical obstruction, hood release mechanism failure, electrical problems, and emergency release malfunctions. Troubleshooting tips include basic checks, clearing obstructions, applying pressure, and using the emergency release.
Symptoms like intermittent starting and key recognition errors signal potential problems with your Mercedes’ EIS. Use diagnostic steps like error code checks and spare key tests. Professional diagnosis and solutions like EIS replacement ensure safe driving. Consult a qualified technician for accurate diagnosis and repair.
The Octavia range embodies the design trend of the Škoda brand: a fusion of
aesthetics, safety and practicality. Whether you see the car as a whole or step
closer and explore its unique features, the Octavia range radiates with the
harmony of functionality and emotion
5 Warning Signs Your BMW's Intelligent Battery Sensor Needs AttentionBertini's German Motors
IBS monitors and manages your BMW’s battery performance. If it malfunctions, you will have to deal with an array of electrical issues in your vehicle. Recognize warning signs like dimming headlights, frequent battery replacements, and electrical malfunctions to address potential IBS issues promptly.
Things to remember while upgrading the brakes of your carjennifermiller8137
Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙦𝙪𝙚 𝙋𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙏𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙞𝙨 𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙛𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙩𝙨. 𝙒𝙚 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙪𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙜𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢 𝙪𝙨.
Over the 10 years, we have gained a strong foothold in the market due to our range's high quality, competitive prices, and time-lined delivery schedules.
Ever been troubled by the blinking sign and didn’t know what to do?
Here’s a handy guide to dashboard symbols so that you’ll never be confused again!
Save them for later and save the trouble!
"Trans Failsafe Prog" on your BMW X5 indicates potential transmission issues requiring immediate action. This safety feature activates in response to abnormalities like low fluid levels, leaks, faulty sensors, electrical or mechanical failures, and overheating.
1. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR):
One Piece of the Tier 4 Emissions Compliance Puzzle
Introduction. Environmental Protection Agency Tier 4 Stage 4 emission compliance standards and
regulations are a complex of policies, rules, and guidelines scheduled for full implementation in the
manufacture and production of “clean diesel” engines for all power unit applications to be deployed in
the United States.
Europe, Canada and Japan have collaborated on emissions compliance standards and regulations in
order to ensure emissions reduction targets for all diesel power are met by all makes and models
across borders, including off-highway (non-road) applications.
As leading manufacturers and marketers of diesel power equipment for their own industrial and
agricultural markets, and as exporters of such equipment, the United States, Europe, Canada and
Japan have made determined investment in research and development programs to bring clean diesel
technology to 21st century markets.
The primary clean diesel technology innovations for emissions control are EGR and SCR systems. Both
systems have emerged as high degree refinements and improvements to traditional EGR and SCR
applications from different sectors of the wide range of commercial diesel applications. Some of the
more prominent commercial EGR applications come from the agricultural, construction, and mining
sectors. SCR applications have been developed over decades of reliable usage in utilities power
generation, locomotive and marine power, and small to mid-sized boiler applications.
The contrast between both systems is an important part of this presentation because it highlights the
development possibilities going forward beyond the fundamentals of meeting emissions standards. As
a first wave challenge to each participating lead country, the emissions compliance efforts have yielded
two effective technologies for controlling particulate and NOx emissions to near-zero levels.
Now comes the ongoing challenge to manufacturers research and development to optimize clean diesel
efficiency in producing near-zero emissions power across the board in all applications deployed at all
levels of the power output ratings (horsepower) curve, both on and off-highway.
Both technologies present challenges unique to their own pedigrees. EGR and SCR technologies are
being adapted to fit new generation power units from as small as a single horsepower to the
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2. gargantuan 750 plus horsepower off-highway engine applications. Each level brings its own design
challenges to ensure operational efficiency and emissions control while incorporating the most current
characteristics of EGR and SCR technologies.
The Purpose of the Report. The purpose of this report is to articulate the scientific, technological,
and applied mechanical concepts of Selective Catalytic Reduction technologies as applied in off-
highway clean diesel power units, in order to contribute to an understanding of Tier 4 compliant
emission control technologies, and the emergent issues surrounding this specific technology relative to
competing compliant technology, the various commercial fields of operation where competing
technologies compete for a) market share, and b) adoption-diffusion primacy as the norm in
environmentally compliant clean diesel technologies.
Scope of the Report. This report makes no claims to present any original research or findings about
SCR technologies, their worth, value or effectiveness, as applied to the off-highway clean diesel
market. This report will use an aggregate approach to the presentation of facts and, where necessary,
expert opinions, about SCR technology as these pertain to off-highway applications.
Conceptual Overview
Nitrogen Oxide as Pollutant. The reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) as a diesel emissions by-
product is the benchmark measurement of emissions reduction technology effectiveness with good
reason.
Nitrogen oxides are progressively lethal pollutants. NOx is a byproduct of diesel combustion. The net
effects of NOx pollution of the surrounding environment center mainly on soil beds and groundwater
deposits across the country.
The general term for NOx pollution is acidification. Acidification of soil has far reaching environmental
impacts. Acidification by NOx saturation disrupts normal soil pH levels.
The disruption of soil pH causes further imbalances. Nutrients for plant, tree and fauna life is disrupted
because the chemical changes in soil alter the availability of nutrients needed for healthy plant life,
both wild and domesticated species. The alteration of the nutrient bed affects animal health. Plants,
trees and fauna upon which animals feed, both wild and domestic, have less nutritional value.
Animal metabolisms adapt to the nutritional degradation over time due to reduced vitamin and mineral
content in the plants they consume, and which are converted to feedstock. Where feed stocks are
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3. concerned, additional supplementation requirements become necessary to sustain livestock
productivity but have residual impacts on human consumers of such livestock.
Where rain water percolates over NOx saturated soils, the effect is a chemical change in organic
mineral compounds. The organic mineral compounds become free metallic compounds. These free
metallic compounds are highly toxic to plant, animal and human life. The compounds leach into
groundwater supplies or remain suspended in soil.
Selective Catalytic Reduction and NOx Pollution Control. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) has
been proven to reduce diesel engine emissions of NOx to near-zero levels. The findings from an
extensive testing program in the United States, Europe, Japan and Canada have all validated SCR’s
effectiveness as a driver of reduced N Ox emissions worldwide. Findings have been generally indicative
of high performance in this regard at all levels of the horsepower rating continuum from single
horsepower off-highway power units through the top horsepower range above 700 horsepower.
SCR is based on principles of applied chemistry. A gas is mixed with a compatible reductant creating a
mixture that physically contacts a catalyst. The original gas is transformed into a different compound.
Whereas the original compound contained harmful pollutants before catalysis, post-catalysis the
compound is an organic compound of zero toxicity to plants, animals and humans.
SCR converts NOx found in untreated diesel emissions or exhaust gases. To convert NOx to its
constituent compounds, a chemical catalytic process is required. The exhaust gases which carry the N
Ox out of the engine must be altered by mixing the compounds with a gaseous reductant. The
reductant reacts with NOx when mixed in precise, metered, gaseous p roportions. The NOx is thus
prepared to bond with the catalyst when it comes into contact.
Diesel exhaust undergoes a chemical alteration as the exhaust stream is infused with the gaseous
reductant as the exhaust is discharged from the combustion chamber. Certain exhaust temperatures
are optimal for the alteration to be effective. The NOx rich exhaust gas, once infused with reductant,
can be absorbed in contact with the catalyst.
The gaseous reductant compound used in new generation diesel engines with SCR emission
technologies is commonly known as “urea.” Urea is a form of nitrate that is a staple of agricultural
fertility compounds which improve, artificially, soil nitrogen levels for crop production.
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4. When urea is suspended in a 32.6% aqueous solution, then injected into the NOx rich exhaust gas
stream as an atomized compound, the new gaseous mixture flows into contact with the catalytic
apparatus. The by-product of the instantaneous reaction is carbon dioxide.
The catalytic reduction process known as SCR transforms NOx compounds into diatomic nitrogen and
water vapor. The catalytic reduction process produces a non-toxic compound from toxic diesel
emissions.
Diesel Particulates. For the purposes of this report the main focus on SCR is N Ox emission
reductions. Off-highway clean diesel power units are held to the same high standard for reducing
particulate emissions. EGR and SCR power units rely on electronically regulated, heat controlled,
absorbent-adsorbent filtration technologies to reduce particulates emitted into the atmosphere. The
particulate filtration systems are part of the after treatment systems in EGR and SCR emission models.
Regeneration systems have been designed to keep filtration clog-free with the increased demands
placed on filters to scrub exhaust gas of particulates to near zero levels. Diesel oxidation catalyst
systems filter carbon and THC emissions by a full 90 per cent.
SCR After Treatment System Components. The SCR after treatment system features an
engineering model involving various components brought together to catalyze toxic engine out N Ox
emissions to near zero levels and to scrub exhaust of suspended particulates to gradually achieve
industry compliance standards by 2015, across the board for all horsepower classification, with Tier 4
Stage 4 emission standards set by the EPA.
Focusing on the NOx emission reductions process, this aspect of the after treatment system is of
paramount focus in this report. The system components developed by Mack Engines are commercially
viable here in the United States, and the diesel off-highway markets of collaborating countries
mentioned throughout this report. These components provide an economical means for describing
how the theory behind SCR is actually applied in a working off-highway power unit.
The components include:
• Diesel Exhaust Fluid Tank
• Diesel Exhaust Fluid Pump
• Diesel Exhaust Fluid Injector
• Selective Reduction Catalyst
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5. Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) Tank. The tank holds the urea solution that will be mixed with the
exhaust stream. In cold temperatures the DEF can gel or wax. The tank is heated, when needed, to
maintain a baseline temperature so as not to effect the optimized exhaust gas temperature and offset
the NOx-urea mixing process. The DEF tank is mounted on the opposite end of the power unit frame as
the fuel tank.
DEF Fluid Pump. The DEF transporting mechanism from tank to injection point is the DEF fluid pump.
This is a low pressure pump optimized to deliver a steady supply of DEF to the DEF injection pump. The
pump is located in close proximity to the DEF tank, with a hose that is laterally connected to the DEF
injector. When the engine is shut down, the pump returns in-line DEF back to the tank.
DEF injector. Engine controls monitor NOx concentration in the exhaust stream. Sensors signal the
DEF injector to send a metered amount of DEF, atomized under pressure, into the exhaust stream.
The heated DEF NOx decomposes the urea into ammonia creating an N3 NOx mix in the time it takes
for the gaseous mixture to travel 2 to 3 meters in the exhaust line.
Selective Reduction Catalyst. On contact with the substrates inside the catalyst unit, the ammonia-
NOx gas mixture is immediately broken down to diatomic nitrogen, N2 and water vapor.
SCR Limitations. SCR also relies on micro-porous materials for its catalytic converters. These
materials can become easily clogged or degraded by compounds such as silicon, ammonia bisulfate,
sulphur compounds and fine particulates. There are also compounds that can actually eat away the
catalytic surface, affecting its porosity.
SCR technology relies upon temperature to ensure proper operation of the gas-based after treatment
system. The system requires tuning in order to ensure the instability of the urea mixture atomizes
properly once it leaves the tank at a cooler temperature than the exhaust environment into which it will
be injected. Inconsistencies will allow NOx emissions to escape unprocessed through the catalytic
converter or the exhaust compounds can clog the converter. There is also the cooler exhaust
temperature on a cold start-up, causing high NOx output.
Competition from Exhaust Gas Recirculation Technology. Proponents of EGR technology see
advantages over SCR systems. First, the EGR system requires far less maintenance because the after
treatment systems do not require 4 to 5 additional components mounted on the basic power unit.
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6. Second, EGT does not require as many temperature sensitive relationships across the system to
manage N Ox emissions. There is no dependence on a “second” fluid to store for engine operation, nor
is there a need to manage a mobile supply of the liquid urea fluid on off-highway sites.
Across the continental United States, there is a readily available and qualified corps of mechanics and
technicians who are trained and familiar with basic EGR technology. Service is readily available,
especially for mobile off-highway applications. It is still not clear as to how the different types and
grades of diesel fuel with their divergent NOx levels will respond across the board to SGR technology.
SGR has traditionally been a marine, locomotive and stationary power source.
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