Dysentery
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Bacillary dysentery, also known as shigellosis, is an acute infectious disease of the intestine caused by dysentery bacilli. The bacilli attach and penetrate the intestinal mucosa, multiplying and releasing endotoxins that cause inflammation, necrosis, and ulceration of the sigmoid colon and rectum. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and tenesmus. There are both acute and chronic forms. Treatment involves antibiotics, rehydration, and controlling symptoms. Prevention focuses on controlling infectious sources, interrupting fecal-oral transmission routes, and vaccinating susceptible populations.
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to down load this presentation from this link
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dysentery.pptx
1. Bacillary dysentery is an acute infectious disease of the intestines caused by Shigella bacteria, which causes diffuse inflammation in the sigmoid colon and rectum. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route.
2. The clinical manifestations include fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea with mucus and blood in the stool. There are three main types: common, mild, and toxic. The toxic type can cause shock and encephalopathy.
3. Diagnosis involves stool examination showing white blood cells, red blood cells and pus cells. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms like fever and seizures. Antibiotics are given depending on culture and sensitivity results.
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Bacillary dysentery (shigellosis
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Place of lesion: sigmoid & rectum
Pathological feature:
diffuse fibrious exudative
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Enteric fever (typhoid fever)
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Typhoid fever is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It remains a global health problem affecting millions annually. The disease spreads through contaminated food or water. Clinical manifestations include sustained fever, gastrointestinal symptoms, and possible complications like intestinal bleeding or perforation. Diagnosis involves blood culture early in illness. Treatment focuses on antibiotics like fluoroquinolones. Supportive care, managing complications, and identifying chronic carriers are also important for controlling typhoid.
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Organisms causing diarrhea & dysentery, shigella spp
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Typhoid
Typhoid fever is an acute communicable disease caused by the Salmonella typhi bacterium. It spreads through ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person. Symptoms include sustained high fever, weakness, stomach pains, and rashes. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood cultures or serological tests. Antibiotics are used to treat the disease, which without treatment can be fatal in 10-30% of cases. Prevention focuses on water sanitation, hygiene education, and typhoid vaccines.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can affect other parts of the body. The disease spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray and microbiological tests. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6-12 months to prevent drug resistance from developing. Prevention strategies include identifying infected individuals and their contacts, testing high-risk groups, and immunizing infants with the BCG vaccine.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria found in soil and animal feces. The bacteria produces an exotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It enters the body through wounds and causes symptoms like lockjaw and muscle stiffness. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin immunoglobulins, and vaccination to prevent future cases.
Food poisoning
Food poisoning is caused by consuming contaminated food or water and leads to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. It can be caused by bacteria like Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus found in foods like meat, eggs and dairy. The document outlines the major causes of food poisoning, high-risk foods to avoid, proper food handling and cooking procedures to prevent contamination, and treatment for those suffering from food poisoning.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria. It is characterized by a pseudomembrane forming in the throat and nasal passages. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include sore throat and fever, with a gray or yellow membrane forming over the tonsils. It is diagnosed clinically and through laboratory isolation of the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics and bed rest, while prevention is through vaccination with the DPT vaccine.
Cholera
Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by sudden onset of severe diarrhea and vomiting leading to rapid dehydration and potentially death if untreated. The disease is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food and spreads easily in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes lost from diarrhea and vomiting. Vaccines are available but most effective prevention strategies involve improving water, sanitation and hygiene.
Bacillary Dysentery
Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by Shigella bacteria, most commonly S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and S. dysenteriae. It is characterized by bloody diarrhea resulting from the bacteria invading the intestinal mucosa. The disease is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and potentially dehydration. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and antibiotics when symptoms are severe. Control relies on proper hygiene, sanitation, and avoiding contact with infected individuals.
Leprosy
Leprosy is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which damages the skin and nerves slowly over many years. It results in skin lesions and deformities that typically affect the cooler areas of the body. The disease is transmitted through prolonged skin contact with infected individuals or droplets from their nasal secretions. Diagnosis involves identifying characteristic skin lesions and nerve thickening, along with detecting acid-fast bacteria in smears or biopsies. Treatment consists of multidrug regimens of antibiotics for 6-12 months depending on the classification of the disease.
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Dysentery
- 2. Definition Acute infectious disease of intestine caused by dysentery bacilli Place of lesion: sigmoid & rectum Pathological feature: diffuse fibrious exudative inflammation Clinical manifestation: fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, tenesmus , stool mixed with blood, mucus & pus. Even companied with marked toxicity and shock,toxic-encepholopthy.
- 3. Etiology Causative organism: dysentery bacilli, genus shigella, gram-stain negative, short rod,non-motile Groups: 4 groups & 50 serotypes - S. Dysenteriae-the most sever - S. Flexnerii-the epidemic group and easily turn to chronic - S. Boydii-tropical and subon - S. sonnei-the most mild
- 4. Etiology Pathogenicity: - virulence (endotoxin) - interotoxin (exotoxin) - invasiveness (attach-penetrate-multiply) Resistance: Strong.1-2week in fruits,vegetable and dirty soil. heat for 60℃ 30 min
- 5. Epidemiology Source of infection: - patients - carriers Route of transmission: fecal-oral route Suceptibility of population:immunity after infection is short and unstead,no cross-immune Epidemic features: - season: summer & fall - Flexneri, Soneii, dysentery - age: younger children
- 6. Pathogenesis Number of bacteria toxicity immunity invasiveness - attachment - penetration - multiplication
- 7. Pathogenesis-common Bacteria intestine Normal bacteria flora sIg A Prevent attaching Penetrate mucus Multiply in epithelia cell & proper lamina endotoxin Endogenous pyrogen fever Inflammation vessel contraction Superficial mucosal in,nec and ulcer Diarrhea mixed with blood & pus, abdominalache
- 8. Pathogenesis-toxic Strong - allergy to endotoxin Demethyl-adrenaline Micro-circulatory failure Shock, DIC, cerebral edema cerebral hernia
- 9. Pathology Site of lesion: entire large bowel-colone, sigmoid & rectum Feature: acute: diffuse fibrinous exudative inflammation, hyperemia, edema, leukocyte infiltration, superficial necrosis chronic: edema, polypoid hyperplasis toxic: endothelial cell of micro-capillary necrosis
- 10. Clinical manifestation Incubation period: 1-2 day, (Hrs. To 7 days) Acute dysentery common type: onset in sudden, shiver, high fever abdominal pain diarrhea:stool mixed with blood, mucus & pus tenesmus, continence
- 11. Clinical manifestation Acute dysentery mild type: caused by S. sonnei low fever or no fever Abdominal pain is mild stool mixed with mucus, without blood & pus diagnosis by isolation bacteria
- 12. Clinical manifestation Acute dysentery: Toxic type: Age: 2 to 7 yrs. Abrupt onset, high fever, Trise to 40oC Listlessness,lethargy,convulsion,coma. circulatory & respiratory collapse diarrhea mild or absent at beginning shock form: septic shock brain form: respiratory failure mixed form
- 13. Clinical manifestation Chronic dysentery: > 2 months Chronic delayed type:diahhrea long-time and repeated Chronic obscure type: acute history in 1 year, no symptoms, stool culture Pos. or sigmoidscopy Acute attack type: same as common acute dysentery
- 14. Laboratory Findings Blood picture: total WBC count increase, neutrophils increase Stool examination: direct microscopic exam.: WBC, RBC, pus cells bacteria culture: Sigmoidoscope: shallow ulcer,scar, polyps
- 15. Differential diagnosis Acute dysentery Amebic dysentery Entameba histolytica stool: reddish brow, like jam flask-shaped ulcer,Amebic trophozoite Enteritis caused by E. Coli, salmonella,viral diarrhea Intussusception: jelly-like stools, abdominal mass and absence of fever
- 16. Differential diagnosis Chronic dysentery Rectal & colonic carcinoma: no cure for long- term,drop of weiht of body non-specific ulcer colitis: no cure for long-term,culture of stool is negetive, sigmoidoscope:hemorrhage, ulcer,lead pipe. Chronic schistosomiasis Japonica a. co ntact with the disease-water b. hepatomegaly and splenomegaly c .founding the ova of schistosomiasis Japonica
- 17. Toxic dysentery Encephalitis B brain form:Japaness B encephalitis a.stool b.CFS-IgM c.slowly d.shock rarely
- 18. Treatment Common dysentery Toxic dysentery general treatment Pathogenic treatment :ofloxine or Amp. Given by IV Synptomatic treatment:Control high fever, convulsion: sub-winter sleep Treatment of shock:same as ECM Treatment of cerebral edema: same as EBC
- 19. Treatment Chronic dysentery General therapy:live,nurishing,diet,avoid overwork,excise. Etiologic therapy: sensitive antibiotics used in turn or combined use;according to results of culture;enema;expectant treatment.
- 20. Prevention • Control the source of infection: until culture negative • Interruptted the route of transmission: method of mainly • Protct the susceptability:F2a-secratory IgA protect 80%-6-12mon • return