Diphtheria
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Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria. It is characterized by a pseudomembrane forming in the throat and nasal passages. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include sore throat and fever, with a gray or yellow membrane forming over the tonsils. It is diagnosed clinically and through laboratory isolation of the bacteria. Treatment involves antibiotics and bed rest, while prevention is through vaccination with the DPT vaccine.
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Corynebacterium diphtheria clinical diagnosis
The provisional diagnosis is faucial diphtheria caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae based on the 4-year old boy's symptoms of fever, sore throat, thick white tonsillar exudate and membrane in the nasopharynx. C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive rod that forms metachromatic granules and colonies on selective media. It produces a toxin that causes local tissue damage and systemic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics, isolation and active immunization with DPT vaccine.
Diphtheria
Details about definition of diphtheria, causative organism, ethiology,signs and symptoms, tratment etc.,
Diphtheria SlideShare by Syed Hamza Zaffar Bukhari
i. Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the throat and nose. It produces a toxin that can damage tissues in the body.
ii. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and a thick gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications can include breathing problems, heart inflammation, nerve damage, and kidney failure.
iii. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that mainly affects the nose and throat. It can cause a thick, gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications may include heart damage, nerve damage, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing. Children are most at risk of contracting diphtheria through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Treatment involves antitoxin to neutralize toxins and antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
20180129 diphtheria
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
1) It is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that was historically a major childhood killer but is now rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination.
2) It remains endemic in developing countries and cases are primarily reported from Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa.
3) Clinical features vary depending on site of infection (respiratory, cutaneous), with respiratory diphtheria being the most severe form and potentially life-threatening due to airway obstruction or systemic toxicity.
4) Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on vaccination according to the WHO Expanded
Tonsillitis syndrome in children. Diphtheria
The document discusses acute tonsillitis and diphtheria. It notes that tonsillitis is a common childhood illness that doctors must distinguish from tonsillitis occurring with other infections. Diphtheria is described as a serious infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that can cause membranes to form and lead to intoxication, cardiovascular and neurological issues if vaccination levels drop below 95%. The document outlines different clinical forms of diphtheria including localized tonsil, pharyngeal and laryngeal forms and discusses diagnosis and treatment with antitoxin serums.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacterium. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets or skin contact. Symptoms include a thick gray coating in the throat that can cause difficulty breathing. The bacteria release toxins that can damage organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria and prevent further toxin production. Vaccines are effective at preventing diphtheria. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from the nose or throat to identify the bacteria.
Diphtheria. Differential diagnostics of Acute tonsillitis
1. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and is characterized by formation of a fibrinous membrane in the throat or on skin.
2. The bacteria produce a toxin that is spread through the bloodstream, affecting organs like the heart, nerves, and adrenal glands.
3. While immunization programs have largely eliminated diphtheria in developed nations, it remains endemic in some parts of the world, with outbreaks occurring when immunization levels drop.
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Corynebacterium diphtheria clinical diagnosis
The provisional diagnosis is faucial diphtheria caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae based on the 4-year old boy's symptoms of fever, sore throat, thick white tonsillar exudate and membrane in the nasopharynx. C. diphtheriae is a gram-positive rod that forms metachromatic granules and colonies on selective media. It produces a toxin that causes local tissue damage and systemic effects by inhibiting protein synthesis. Transmission occurs through respiratory droplets. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics, isolation and active immunization with DPT vaccine.
Diphtheria
Details about definition of diphtheria, causative organism, ethiology,signs and symptoms, tratment etc.,
Diphtheria SlideShare by Syed Hamza Zaffar Bukhari
i. Diphtheria is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the throat and nose. It produces a toxin that can damage tissues in the body.
ii. Signs and symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes in the neck, and a thick gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications can include breathing problems, heart inflammation, nerve damage, and kidney failure.
iii. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets and close contact. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that mainly affects the nose and throat. It can cause a thick, gray membrane in the throat and tonsils. Complications may include heart damage, nerve damage, kidney problems, and difficulty breathing. Children are most at risk of contracting diphtheria through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing. Treatment involves antitoxin to neutralize toxins and antibiotics to kill the bacteria causing the infection. Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent diphtheria.
20180129 diphtheria
This document summarizes information about diphtheria, including:
1) It is an acute infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that was historically a major childhood killer but is now rare in developed countries due to widespread vaccination.
2) It remains endemic in developing countries and cases are primarily reported from Southeast Asia, Eastern Mediterranean, and Africa.
3) Clinical features vary depending on site of infection (respiratory, cutaneous), with respiratory diphtheria being the most severe form and potentially life-threatening due to airway obstruction or systemic toxicity.
4) Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Prevention relies on vaccination according to the WHO Expanded
Tonsillitis syndrome in children. Diphtheria
The document discusses acute tonsillitis and diphtheria. It notes that tonsillitis is a common childhood illness that doctors must distinguish from tonsillitis occurring with other infections. Diphtheria is described as a serious infectious disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that can cause membranes to form and lead to intoxication, cardiovascular and neurological issues if vaccination levels drop below 95%. The document outlines different clinical forms of diphtheria including localized tonsil, pharyngeal and laryngeal forms and discusses diagnosis and treatment with antitoxin serums.
Diphtheria
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacterium. It is transmitted through respiratory droplets or skin contact. Symptoms include a thick gray coating in the throat that can cause difficulty breathing. The bacteria release toxins that can damage organs like the heart, brain, and kidneys. Treatment involves antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria and prevent further toxin production. Vaccines are effective at preventing diphtheria. Diagnosis involves culturing samples from the nose or throat to identify the bacteria.
Diphtheria. Differential diagnostics of Acute tonsillitis
1. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria and is characterized by formation of a fibrinous membrane in the throat or on skin.
2. The bacteria produce a toxin that is spread through the bloodstream, affecting organs like the heart, nerves, and adrenal glands.
3. While immunization programs have largely eliminated diphtheria in developed nations, it remains endemic in some parts of the world, with outbreaks occurring when immunization levels drop.
Adenoiditis
Adenoids are lymph tissue located in the throat that help fight infection. Adenoiditis is an inflammation of the adenoids caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include nasal obstruction, foul breath, voice changes, fever, sore throat, fatigue, earaches, and snoring. Diagnosis involves examining the patient's history, symptoms on physical exam, blood tests, throat cultures, and x-rays. Treatment consists of antibiotics, fever reducers, pain relievers, anti-inflammatories, and sometimes corticosteroids.
Acute Laryngitis and Croup: Diagnosis and Treatment
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Epiglottitis
The document discusses epiglottitis, which is inflammation of the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage in the throat that prevents food from entering the trachea and lungs. Epiglottitis is often caused by bacteria like H. influenzae type B and can block airflow to the lungs, making it potentially life-threatening. Symptoms include fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing, and anxiety. Diagnosis involves laryngoscopy and x-rays. Treatment secures the airway through intubation and provides IV antibiotics and fluids. Prevention involves Hib vaccination for children and general hygiene practices.
Verminous pneumonia by prof m ghanem
This document discusses parasitic pneumonia in sheep caused by nematode infections. Three nematode species can cause the disease: Protostronglylus rufescens, Dictyocaulus filaria, and Muellerius capillaris. D. filaria resides in the bronchi and lays eggs that are coughed up and re-ingested, hatching in the intestines. The larvae migrate to the lungs via blood vessels. Clinical signs include persistent coughing, nasal discharge, rapid breathing, and reduced growth. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and detecting larvae in feces or adult worms in bronchi. Pathology shows worms and exudate in airways. Treatment includes lavamisole, albendazole,
Tonsilitis
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck
Epiglottitis Mrcme
Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues, most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. It presents with a sudden onset of sore throat, fever, drooling, and difficulty swallowing in children ages 1-5 years old. On examination, the epiglottis appears red and swollen, often requiring intubation. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone to treat the infection along with steroids to reduce swelling and prevent the potential need for tracheostomy. HiB vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence of this disease.
Acute Epiglottits (ppt)
This presentation describes the anatomy, aetiology , examination and treatment of acute epiglottits in a simplified form.
:)
Lungworm infection
- Lungworms like Dictyocaulus filaria commonly infect the lungs of sheep and goats, especially lambs aged 4-6 months.
- The life cycle is direct, with larvae surviving in the environment and infecting lambs the following season. Symptoms include coughing and dyspnea.
- Upon examination, lungs may show patches of consolidation and fluid-filled airways. Microscopic examination reveals larvae, eggs, and inflammation in the lungs. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or larvae in feces or through necropsy. Treatment includes anthelmintics like ivermectin and fenbendazole. Control relies on vaccination, deworming and reducing exposure.
Acute epiglottitis
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
5. tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, which are lymphoid tissue located in the throat. It is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. Acute tonsillitis presents with sore throat, fever, and enlarged tonsils. Chronic tonsillitis can develop from repeated acute infections and causes long-term throat irritation. Treatment involves pain relief, increased fluid intake, and antibiotics for bacterial cases. Complications include abscesses, kidney problems, and rheumatic fever if left untreated.
Laryngeal infections
This document discusses laryngeal infections. It begins by introducing laryngitis as an inflammation of the larynx that can be acute or chronic. Acute laryngitis is usually self-limited while chronic lasts over 3 weeks. Causes include vocal misuse, noxious agents, and viruses or bacteria. In children, important acute laryngeal infections are epiglottitis, croup, and bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis. Chronic laryngitis can be caused by repeated acute infections or long-term irritants like smoking. Diagnosis involves examination and investigations depend on the suspected infection. Management involves treating the underlying cause, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and occasionally intubation or tracheostomy
Acute infections of the larynx
This document discusses various causes of laryngeal inflammation including infections of the vocal cords caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other irritants. It describes the clinical features of different laryngeal infections such as laryngitis, epiglottitis, croup and infectious mononucleosis. The management of these conditions involves treatments such as antibiotics, steroids, intubation and vocal rest. Fungal laryngitis is also discussed and diagnosed by laryngoscopy and biopsy.
Management of acute epiglottitis
Acute epiglottitis is an inflammatory condition of the supraglottic structures caused mainly by Haemophilus Influenzae type B. Clinical features include sore throat, dysphagia, odynophagia, dyspnea, stridor and fever. Management involves securing the airway with intubation or tracheotomy in an emergency. Intravenous antibiotics such as ceftriaxone are given to treat the infection. Corticosteroids and racemic epinephrine help reduce swelling. Prolonged intubation may be needed until the patient meets criteria for extubation. Oral antibiotics are prescribed upon stable extubation.
Nursing care of children with acute and chronic infection
The document discusses nursing care of children with acute and chronic infections. It covers topics such as nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and croup. For nasopharyngitis, it describes the types, etiology, clinical features, treatment and complications of acute and chronic nasopharyngitis. For pharyngitis, it discusses clinical features, complications and management. It also discusses the causes, clinical features, advice and treatment for tonsillitis. Finally, it covers the etiology, clinical manifestations, complications and nursing management of croup in children.
Pneumonia in pet animals
Pneumonia in dogs and cats is an inflammation of the lung tissue, usually preceded by bronchitis. It is characterized by fever, coughing, difficulty breathing, and low oxygen levels in the blood. Pneumonia can be caused by viruses, parasites, bacteria, allergens, or fungi. Aspiration pneumonia may also occur secondary to other conditions like megaesophagus.
Clinical signs include rapid breathing, respiratory distress, coughing, fever, nasal discharge, lack of appetite, lethargy, weight loss, and abnormal lung sounds. Diagnosis involves case history, clinical signs, lab tests like a CBC and chest x-rays. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, airway humidification,
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Adenoiditis - easy explanation for nursing students
Adenoids are lymph tissue located in the throat that help fight infections. They are largest in children aged 5 and under, and shrink in adults. Adenoiditis is an inflammation of the adenoids caused by bacterial or viral infection, resulting in symptoms like nasal obstruction, sore throat, and earache. It is diagnosed through examination, tests, and imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes adenoidectomy to remove enlarged adenoids causing breathing issues.
Allergic resp diseases
This document summarizes various allergic respiratory diseases including:
1) Allergic rhinitis characterized by sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge treated with corticosteroids and antihistamines.
2) Allergic asthma characterized by wheezing, coughing, and difficult breathing.
3) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis caused by immune reactions to the fungus Aspergillus presenting with wheezing, cough, and dyspnea.
4) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of organic dusts or parasites presenting with fever, dry cough, and dyspnea relieved by corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and
Laryngeal diseases
This document discusses various laryngeal diseases in dogs and cats. It begins by describing common clinical signs such as coughing, stridor, voice changes, painful swallowing, and dyspnea. It then covers specific diseases including laryngeal malformations, inflammation (laryngitis), edema, abscesses, and paralysis. Laryngitis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections and presents with a dry cough. Laryngeal edema can cause respiratory distress treated with intubation, sedatives, and corticosteroids. Laryngeal paralysis involves failure of the arytenoid cartilage to abduct during inspiration, treated surgically or with steroids. The document provides details on diagnosis and management of these laryngeal conditions
Acute epiglottitis
The document summarizes acute epiglottitis, an inflammatory condition of the supraglottic structures including the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and arytenoids that can cause airway obstruction. It describes the anatomy of the epiglottis, causes including H. influenzae infection, symptoms of sore throat and difficulty swallowing, signs of fever and swelling of the epiglottis, diagnosis through examination and imaging, complications of spread of infection, treatment with antibiotics, steroids, and intubation if needed, and good prognosis with timely treatment but risk of sudden airway obstruction.
Respiratory disease
Strep throat is caused by Group A streptococcal bacteria. It is transmitted through contact with infected saliva or nasal discharge. Symptoms include a sore, red throat with white patches, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis is made via a throat swab test. Treatment is 10 days of antibiotics such as penicillin. Incomplete treatment can lead to complications like rheumatic fever. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes symptoms like cough, fever, difficulty breathing. Bacterial pneumonia is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Risk factors include smoking, weak immune system. Diagnosis is via culture. Treatment is antibiotics like penicillin. Pertussis or whooping
Diphtheria in english
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Adenoiditis
Adenoids are lymph tissue located in the throat that help fight infection. Adenoiditis is an inflammation of the adenoids caused by bacterial or viral infection. Symptoms include nasal obstruction, foul breath, voice changes, fever, sore throat, fatigue, earaches, and snoring. Diagnosis involves examining the patient's history, symptoms on physical exam, blood tests, throat cultures, and x-rays. Treatment consists of antibiotics, fever reducers, pain relievers, anti-inflammatories, and sometimes corticosteroids.
Acute Laryngitis and Croup: Diagnosis and Treatment
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Epiglottitis
The document discusses epiglottitis, which is inflammation of the epiglottis. The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage in the throat that prevents food from entering the trachea and lungs. Epiglottitis is often caused by bacteria like H. influenzae type B and can block airflow to the lungs, making it potentially life-threatening. Symptoms include fever, drooling, difficulty swallowing, and anxiety. Diagnosis involves laryngoscopy and x-rays. Treatment secures the airway through intubation and provides IV antibiotics and fluids. Prevention involves Hib vaccination for children and general hygiene practices.
Verminous pneumonia by prof m ghanem
This document discusses parasitic pneumonia in sheep caused by nematode infections. Three nematode species can cause the disease: Protostronglylus rufescens, Dictyocaulus filaria, and Muellerius capillaris. D. filaria resides in the bronchi and lays eggs that are coughed up and re-ingested, hatching in the intestines. The larvae migrate to the lungs via blood vessels. Clinical signs include persistent coughing, nasal discharge, rapid breathing, and reduced growth. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and detecting larvae in feces or adult worms in bronchi. Pathology shows worms and exudate in airways. Treatment includes lavamisole, albendazole,
Tonsilitis
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, two oval-shaped pads of tissue at the back of the throat — one tonsil on each side. Signs and symptoms of tonsillitis include swollen tonsils, sore throat, difficulty swallowing and tender lymph nodes on the sides of the neck
Epiglottitis Mrcme
Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues, most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. It presents with a sudden onset of sore throat, fever, drooling, and difficulty swallowing in children ages 1-5 years old. On examination, the epiglottis appears red and swollen, often requiring intubation. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone to treat the infection along with steroids to reduce swelling and prevent the potential need for tracheostomy. HiB vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence of this disease.
Acute Epiglottits (ppt)
This presentation describes the anatomy, aetiology , examination and treatment of acute epiglottits in a simplified form.
:)
Lungworm infection
- Lungworms like Dictyocaulus filaria commonly infect the lungs of sheep and goats, especially lambs aged 4-6 months.
- The life cycle is direct, with larvae surviving in the environment and infecting lambs the following season. Symptoms include coughing and dyspnea.
- Upon examination, lungs may show patches of consolidation and fluid-filled airways. Microscopic examination reveals larvae, eggs, and inflammation in the lungs. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or larvae in feces or through necropsy. Treatment includes anthelmintics like ivermectin and fenbendazole. Control relies on vaccination, deworming and reducing exposure.
Acute epiglottitis
Acute epiglottitis is an acute inflammatory condition of the epiglottis and nearby structures like the arytenoids, aryepiglottic folds, and vallecula.It is a life-threatening infection that causes profound swelling of the upper airways which can lead to asphyxia and respiratory arrest.Bacterial etiology is the most common cause of epiglottitis. Soft tissue lateral xray of neck shows thumb sign. Airway management is the main concern of epiglottitis.
5. tonsillitis
Tonsillitis is an inflammation of the tonsils, which are lymphoid tissue located in the throat. It is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections. Acute tonsillitis presents with sore throat, fever, and enlarged tonsils. Chronic tonsillitis can develop from repeated acute infections and causes long-term throat irritation. Treatment involves pain relief, increased fluid intake, and antibiotics for bacterial cases. Complications include abscesses, kidney problems, and rheumatic fever if left untreated.
Laryngeal infections
This document discusses laryngeal infections. It begins by introducing laryngitis as an inflammation of the larynx that can be acute or chronic. Acute laryngitis is usually self-limited while chronic lasts over 3 weeks. Causes include vocal misuse, noxious agents, and viruses or bacteria. In children, important acute laryngeal infections are epiglottitis, croup, and bacterial laryngotracheobronchitis. Chronic laryngitis can be caused by repeated acute infections or long-term irritants like smoking. Diagnosis involves examination and investigations depend on the suspected infection. Management involves treating the underlying cause, antibiotics, corticosteroids, and occasionally intubation or tracheostomy
Acute infections of the larynx
This document discusses various causes of laryngeal inflammation including infections of the vocal cords caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other irritants. It describes the clinical features of different laryngeal infections such as laryngitis, epiglottitis, croup and infectious mononucleosis. The management of these conditions involves treatments such as antibiotics, steroids, intubation and vocal rest. Fungal laryngitis is also discussed and diagnosed by laryngoscopy and biopsy.
Management of acute epiglottitis
Acute epiglottitis is an inflammatory condition of the supraglottic structures caused mainly by Haemophilus Influenzae type B. Clinical features include sore throat, dysphagia, odynophagia, dyspnea, stridor and fever. Management involves securing the airway with intubation or tracheotomy in an emergency. Intravenous antibiotics such as ceftriaxone are given to treat the infection. Corticosteroids and racemic epinephrine help reduce swelling. Prolonged intubation may be needed until the patient meets criteria for extubation. Oral antibiotics are prescribed upon stable extubation.
Nursing care of children with acute and chronic infection
The document discusses nursing care of children with acute and chronic infections. It covers topics such as nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, and croup. For nasopharyngitis, it describes the types, etiology, clinical features, treatment and complications of acute and chronic nasopharyngitis. For pharyngitis, it discusses clinical features, complications and management. It also discusses the causes, clinical features, advice and treatment for tonsillitis. Finally, it covers the etiology, clinical manifestations, complications and nursing management of croup in children.
Pneumonia in pet animals
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Clinical signs include rapid breathing, respiratory distress, coughing, fever, nasal discharge, lack of appetite, lethargy, weight loss, and abnormal lung sounds. Diagnosis involves case history, clinical signs, lab tests like a CBC and chest x-rays. Treatment consists of antibiotics, oxygen therapy, airway humidification,
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Adenoiditis - easy explanation for nursing students
Adenoids are lymph tissue located in the throat that help fight infections. They are largest in children aged 5 and under, and shrink in adults. Adenoiditis is an inflammation of the adenoids caused by bacterial or viral infection, resulting in symptoms like nasal obstruction, sore throat, and earache. It is diagnosed through examination, tests, and imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics, analgesics, and sometimes adenoidectomy to remove enlarged adenoids causing breathing issues.
Allergic resp diseases
This document summarizes various allergic respiratory diseases including:
1) Allergic rhinitis characterized by sneezing, nasal obstruction, and watery discharge treated with corticosteroids and antihistamines.
2) Allergic asthma characterized by wheezing, coughing, and difficult breathing.
3) Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis caused by immune reactions to the fungus Aspergillus presenting with wheezing, cough, and dyspnea.
4) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of organic dusts or parasites presenting with fever, dry cough, and dyspnea relieved by corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and
Laryngeal diseases
This document discusses various laryngeal diseases in dogs and cats. It begins by describing common clinical signs such as coughing, stridor, voice changes, painful swallowing, and dyspnea. It then covers specific diseases including laryngeal malformations, inflammation (laryngitis), edema, abscesses, and paralysis. Laryngitis is usually caused by viral or bacterial infections and presents with a dry cough. Laryngeal edema can cause respiratory distress treated with intubation, sedatives, and corticosteroids. Laryngeal paralysis involves failure of the arytenoid cartilage to abduct during inspiration, treated surgically or with steroids. The document provides details on diagnosis and management of these laryngeal conditions
Acute epiglottitis
The document summarizes acute epiglottitis, an inflammatory condition of the supraglottic structures including the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds, and arytenoids that can cause airway obstruction. It describes the anatomy of the epiglottis, causes including H. influenzae infection, symptoms of sore throat and difficulty swallowing, signs of fever and swelling of the epiglottis, diagnosis through examination and imaging, complications of spread of infection, treatment with antibiotics, steroids, and intubation if needed, and good prognosis with timely treatment but risk of sudden airway obstruction.
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Respiratory disease
Strep throat is caused by Group A streptococcal bacteria. It is transmitted through contact with infected saliva or nasal discharge. Symptoms include a sore, red throat with white patches, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. Diagnosis is made via a throat swab test. Treatment is 10 days of antibiotics such as penicillin. Incomplete treatment can lead to complications like rheumatic fever. Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes symptoms like cough, fever, difficulty breathing. Bacterial pneumonia is commonly caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Risk factors include smoking, weak immune system. Diagnosis is via culture. Treatment is antibiotics like penicillin. Pertussis or whooping
Diphtheria in english
tHESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about CHICKENPOX IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #ASHA,#DIPHTHERIA#ICDS,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE
Diphtheria in english. d
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Diphtheria ppt
This document summarizes information about Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria. It is a gram-positive, non-acid fast, non-motile bacterium. Diphtheria has an incubation period of 3-4 days and is transmitted through droplets, infected skin lesions, or contaminated objects. The toxin produced by C. diphtheriae causes tissue necrosis and can obstruct airways. Symptoms include sore throat, pseudomembrane formation, and difficulty breathing. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics like penicillin or erythromycin. Vaccination through DPT or Tdap is recommended to prevent diphtheria.
Diphtheria ppt
This document summarizes information about Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which causes diphtheria. It is a gram-positive, non-acid fast, non-motile bacterium. Diphtheria has an incubation period of 3-4 days and is transmitted through droplets, infected skin lesions, or contaminated objects. The toxin it produces can cause tissue necrosis and airway obstruction. Symptoms include sore throat and formation of a pseudomembrane. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics like penicillin or erythromycin. Vaccination is the best prevention method through the DPT vaccine series in childhood.
Lecture 10. diphtheria
Diphtheria is an acute toxin-mediated disease caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which are gram-positive, catalase-positive rods. It is characterized by sore throat and an adherent membrane on the tonsils, pharynx, and/or nasal cavity. The membrane firmly adheres to the mucosa and can spread down the bronchial tree, causing respiratory obstruction. Humans are the only reservoir, and it is transmitted through respiratory droplets or direct contact. Treatment involves diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics such as erythromycin. Childhood immunization is the main preventive measure.
Diphtheria_Pertussis_tetanus.pptx
This document provides information on diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. It describes diphtheria as an infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that produces a toxin. Pertussis or whooping cough is caused by Bordetella pertussis bacteria and is characterized by severe coughing fits. Transmission of both diseases occurs through respiratory droplets. Vaccines exist to prevent diphtheria and pertussis. Treatment involves antitoxins for diphtheria and antibiotics to stop toxin production.
Oral Bacterial and Viral Infections for Dental ug students
The document discusses tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Key points include:
- TB most commonly affects the lungs and can spread to other organs like cervical lymph nodes and larynx.
- Clinical signs include fever, weight loss, and cough. Oral lesions are uncommon but can include ulcers or swellings.
- Pathogenesis involves macrophages ingesting TB bacteria which then spread to lymph nodes. This triggers a cell-mediated immune response forming granulomas around infected areas.
- Diagnosis is via smear or culture of clinical samples, tuberculin skin test, radiography showing lesions or calcified lymph nodes. Histopathology shows characteristic case
Pertusis
Pertussis is a highly contagious respiratory infection caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacteria. It is characterized by severe coughing fits that can last for weeks. The bacteria damage the lungs' cilia and airways, causing uncontrollable coughing. It can be diagnosed by culture or clinical presentation. Treatment involves supportive care and antibiotics like azithromycin or erythromycin. Vaccination with DTaP is the best prevention.
Air borne diseases
Airborne diseases can be transmitted via droplets or aerosols inhaled from an infected person. They include viral infections like influenza, measles, and tuberculosis, as well as some bacterial infections. Transmission occurs through direct contact with respiratory droplets or indirect contact with droplet nuclei that remain suspended in the air. Emerging airborne infections of concern include avian influenza, swine flu, SARS, and MERS-CoV. Vaccines exist for many common airborne diseases and public health measures can help control outbreaks.
Diphtheria :- acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, particularly the throat and nose, but can also affect the skin. The hallmark of respiratory diphtheria is the formation of a thick, gray pseudomembrane covering the throat and tonsils, which can cause breathing difficulties and swallowing problems. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and general malaise.
The bacteria produce a toxin that can lead to severe complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), neuropathy, and airway obstruction. Diphtheria is highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
Prevention is primarily through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid, which is part of the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine series given in childhood. Treatment includes administration of diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin, and antibiotics (such as penicillin or erythromycin) to eradicate the bacteria.
Prompt medical attention is crucial to manage diphtheria effectively and prevent severe complications or death.
Diphtheria_Pertussis_tetanus.ppt
This document discusses diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus. It provides information on the causative organisms, transmission, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, treatment, and prevention of each disease. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and spreads through respiratory droplets. It causes a pseudomembrane that can lead to airway obstruction. Pertussis is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is highly contagious, spreading through the respiratory route. It causes a characteristic cough that lasts for months. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable.
Epidemiology of Diphtheria
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It most commonly affects the throat and nose, forming a gray membrane. The toxin can damage organs like the heart. Diagnosis involves culture and the Schick test. Treatment includes diphtheria antitoxin and antibiotics. Contacts are monitored and given prophylactic antibiotics. Immunization with diphtheria toxoid provides protection.
Diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus
Diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus are acute infectious diseases. Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae and presents with a greyish membrane in the throat or on skin. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is caused by Bordetella pertussis and is characterized by paroxysmal coughing fits that can cause vomiting. Both diseases are vaccine-preventable but still occur worldwide. Treatment involves antitoxins, antibiotics, and isolation of cases. Vaccination programs have reduced rates of these diseases significantly in many countries.
Diptheria Final.pptx
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It usually infects the throat causing a gray membrane. The toxin can also damage distant organs. It is spread through respiratory droplets or contaminated objects from cases or carriers. Children aged 1-5 are most susceptible. Immunization with DPT vaccine is effective for prevention.
Diptheria
Bacilli multiply locally in the throat and elaborate an exotoxin responsible for forming a false membrane over the tonsils, pharynx and larynx that cannot be wiped away, as well as congestion, edema or local tissue destruction and toxaemia. The fatality rate is 10% for children under 5 years old.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the gram-positive, non-motile bacteria that causes diphtheria. It produces an exotoxin but does not invade tissues. The exotoxin can affect the heart or nerves. Infection is transmitted via respiratory droplets from cases or carriers, who can remain infectious for 14 to 28 days from onset.
Active immunization
DIPHTHERIA 12032024. TUESDAY.pptx
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria. It produces a toxin that can cause membrane formations in the throat and airway obstruction. Symptoms vary depending on infection site but commonly include sore throat. Complications can include heart and nerve damage from the toxin. Treatment involves antitoxin to neutralize the toxin as well as antibiotics. Vaccination is important to prevent spread.
Respiratory and Intestinal infections
Definition, causative agent, mode of transmission, sign and symptoms and prevention and control of Respiratory infections and Intestinal infections.
Communicable diseases
This document discusses various communicable diseases including their causative agents, modes of transmission, symptoms, and methods of prevention and control. It covers respiratory infections like chickenpox, measles, rubella, mumps, diphtheria, whooping cough, tuberculosis, influenza, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. It provides details on incubation periods, signs and symptoms, and recommends isolation, vaccination, and proper hygiene to prevent spread of these infectious diseases.
Diphtheria 6.pdf
Diphtheria is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae which produces a toxin. It typically affects the throat and respiratory tract, causing a gray or yellow membrane that cannot be wiped away. The toxin can also damage organs like the heart. It is spread through respiratory droplets or contaminated surfaces. Immunization with DPT vaccine is the main preventive measure, with three initial doses and regular boosters recommended. Prompt treatment of cases with antitoxin and antibiotics can help control outbreaks along with isolating patients and treating carriers.
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Oral Bacterial and Viral Infections for Dental ug students
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Diphtheria :- acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria :- acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Typhoid
Typhoid fever is an acute communicable disease caused by the Salmonella typhi bacterium. It spreads through ingestion of food or water contaminated by the feces of an infected person. Symptoms include sustained high fever, weakness, stomach pains, and rashes. Diagnosis is confirmed through blood cultures or serological tests. Antibiotics are used to treat the disease, which without treatment can be fatal in 10-30% of cases. Prevention focuses on water sanitation, hygiene education, and typhoid vaccines.
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It most commonly affects the lungs but can affect other parts of the body. The disease spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze or speak. Diagnosis involves medical history, physical exam, tuberculin skin test, chest x-ray and microbiological tests. Treatment requires a combination of antibiotics taken for at least 6-12 months to prevent drug resistance from developing. Prevention strategies include identifying infected individuals and their contacts, testing high-risk groups, and immunizing infants with the BCG vaccine.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria found in soil and animal feces. The bacteria produces an exotoxin that causes painful muscle spasms. It enters the body through wounds and causes symptoms like lockjaw and muscle stiffness. Treatment involves wound cleaning, antibiotics, antitoxin immunoglobulins, and vaccination to prevent future cases.
Food poisoning
Food poisoning is caused by consuming contaminated food or water and leads to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting. It can be caused by bacteria like Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus found in foods like meat, eggs and dairy. The document outlines the major causes of food poisoning, high-risk foods to avoid, proper food handling and cooking procedures to prevent contamination, and treatment for those suffering from food poisoning.
Dysentery
Bacillary dysentery, also known as shigellosis, is an acute infectious disease of the intestine caused by dysentery bacilli. The bacilli attach and penetrate the intestinal mucosa, multiplying and releasing endotoxins that cause inflammation, necrosis, and ulceration of the sigmoid colon and rectum. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, and tenesmus. There are both acute and chronic forms. Treatment involves antibiotics, rehydration, and controlling symptoms. Prevention focuses on controlling infectious sources, interrupting fecal-oral transmission routes, and vaccinating susceptible populations.
Cholera
Cholera is an acute infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It is characterized by sudden onset of severe diarrhea and vomiting leading to rapid dehydration and potentially death if untreated. The disease is transmitted through ingestion of contaminated water or food and spreads easily in areas with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Treatment focuses on oral rehydration therapy to replace fluids and electrolytes lost from diarrhea and vomiting. Vaccines are available but most effective prevention strategies involve improving water, sanitation and hygiene.
Bacillary Dysentery
Bacillary dysentery is a type of dysentery caused by Shigella bacteria, most commonly S. sonnei, S. flexneri, and S. dysenteriae. It is characterized by bloody diarrhea resulting from the bacteria invading the intestinal mucosa. The disease is transmitted through the fecal-oral route and symptoms include diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, and potentially dehydration. Treatment focuses on fluid replacement and antibiotics when symptoms are severe. Control relies on proper hygiene, sanitation, and avoiding contact with infected individuals.
Leprosy
Leprosy is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which damages the skin and nerves slowly over many years. It results in skin lesions and deformities that typically affect the cooler areas of the body. The disease is transmitted through prolonged skin contact with infected individuals or droplets from their nasal secretions. Diagnosis involves identifying characteristic skin lesions and nerve thickening, along with detecting acid-fast bacteria in smears or biopsies. Treatment consists of multidrug regimens of antibiotics for 6-12 months depending on the classification of the disease.
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Diphtheria
- 1. DIPHTHERIA
- 2. DISCRIPTION Diphtheria is an upper respiratory tract disease characterized by mild fever, sore throat and the formation of a pseudomembrane on the tonsil (s), pharynx, and/or nose. A local lesion develops in the upper respiratory tract and involves necrotic injury to epithelial cells. As a result of this injury, blood plasma leaks into the area and a fibrin network forms which is interlaced with rapidly-growing C. diphtheriae cells.
- 3. CAUSATIVE ORGANISM The disease is caused by the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It is Gram-positive, rod shaped aerobic bacterium which grows mainly on throat, larynx and other portion of URTI.
- 4. MODE OF SPREAD It is spread by droplet infection and through carriers whether sick or healthy. Handling of fomites recently contaminated by nasal or throat secretions also transmit the disease. The droplets containing the bacilli are expelled from the mouth and nose by coughing, sneezing, spitting, speaking and kissing.
- 5. INCUBATION PERIOD Incubation period varies from 2 to 5 days.
- 6. SIGNS AND SYMPTEMS The sick persons experience fatigue, fever, a mild sore throat and problems in swallowing. Infected children have symptoms that include chills, nausea, vomiting and a high fever. There is difficulty in swallowing and patches of grayish and yellow membrane appear over tonsils and throat.
- 9. ‘Bull Neck’
- 10. Skin Lesions
- 11. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of diphtheria is based on both clinical symptoms and laboratory findings. Clinical criteria include upper respiratory tract illness with sore throat, mild fever, and an adherent membrane of the tonsil(s), pharynx, and/or nose. Laboratory criteria include isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from a clinical specimen, or histopathologic diagnosis of diphtheria.
- 12. TREATMENT Advice complete bed rest to the patient to prevent cardiac and other complications. Erythromycin (orally or by injection) for 14 days or Procaine penicillin G given intramuscularly for 14 days. Patients with allergies to penicillin G or erythromycin can use rifampin or clindamycin.
- 13. PREVENTIONAND CONTROL An effective DPT (Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis) in the form of a combination vaccine is available. DPT vaccine is given to all children. Boosters of the vaccine are recommended for adults because the benefits of the vaccine decrease with age; They are particularly recommended for those travelling to areas where the disease has not been eradicated yet.