This document discusses substance abuse and addiction. It defines what a drug is, how drugs can be classified based on their effects on the central nervous system and availability. It describes the four main drug categories: depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, and inhalants. The document then explains the cycle of dependency, including physical and psychological dependency. Physical dependency can be broken in 21 days but psychological dependency can take up to two years to break due to emotional reliance on substances. Resistance and tolerance are also discussed. The effects of addiction span physical, psychological, social, and religious life areas. Benefits of quitting smoking include reduced health risks over time.

2. Dynamics of Substance Abuse What is a Drug?

3. Dynamics of Substance Abuse A Drug is: is a substance that brings about chemical reaction in a person’s PHYSICAL (BODY) , PSYCHE (BRAIN & EMOTIONS) WHY: alters your moods, behavior and thinking

4. Classification Of Drugs Drugs can be classified into two categories: 1. On grounds of CNS effect 2.On grounds of availability

5. WHAT IS CNS (CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM) The central nervous system is that part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord

6. REGARDS TO CNS effect Depressant Substances in this group have a suppressing effect on the CNS such as drowsiness, impaired concentration, and emotional inhibition (alcohol, Dagga, Heroin, Painkillers, Sleeping pills). Stimulants This type of drugs increases the heart rate, in large doses leads to lose of appetite, insomnia, restlessness, and hyperactivity (TIK, Cocaine/Crack, Ecstasy, Nicotine) Hallucinogens The effects of this drugs are mood swings, insomnia, irritation, hallucination, and loss of self-control (LSD, Dagga, TIK) Inhalants These are commonly abused volatile hydrocarbon solvents produced from petroleum and natural gas (glue, thinners, benzene, petrol)

7. Regards to Availability These are commonly, socially acceptable within communities but still have a negative effect on the psychological and physical aspect of a human being. (caffeine, nicotine, OTC, prescription drugs) OTC (over-the–counter) These substances may be obtained from supermarkets, pharmacies, and commonly found in most homes. (cough mixture, cold and allergy medication, painkillers, diet pills) Prescription Substances in this group can only be obtained on a doctors prescription and are usually scheduled. (Pethadine, Pax, Wellconal) Whether drugs are legal or illegal they have a mind altering effect and poses a danger to the body and mind.

8. Cycle of Dependency Understanding addiction in its totality, and what is meant when a person is called an addict. There are two types of dependency that we define including resistance and tolerance.

9. Physical Dependency When a person uses a substance for a very long time, he or she can become dependent on it. The body is dependent on balance, therefore the body adjusts itself to the large amount of substance and cannot function without it. Should the person immediately stop using it, the body will show physical withdrawal symptoms: such as shaking, fits, headaches – babalas, nausea, convulsion)

10. * Physical dependency could be broken in 21 days, because psychology proves that habit formation develops in 21 days.

11. Cycle of Dependency(cont) Psychological Dependency This dependency refers to emotional dependence, where the user has learned either through own experience or observance of others that the drug can artificially change ones feelings. After an emotionally setback, the person does not have to wait a long time to feel better, but have an instant problem solver/quick fix by using his or her substance of choice.

12. Cycle of Dependency(cont) We call these people “because-users”, as they always have many reasons why they use drugs I drink/take drugs because: I'm lonely Have many problems I'm unhappy at home or work I have pains

13. Cycle of Dependency(cont) This person(the addict) must therefore be taught to use other coping skills rather than using drugs or alcohol. This process can take up to two years and it is very clear that it is difficult to break this dependency. It is however not impossible for the is always hope for recovery. If and then the problem(substance abuse) is identified and the addict confirms that he or she needs help and then treatment is given i.e. (rehab)

14. Cycle of Dependency(cont) Resistance/Tolerance Everyone has a natural resistance to chemical substances and reacts differently to the effects thereof. As you pattern of use changes and you drug consumption rises so does your tolerance to the drug rise. The same amount of the drug does not have the same effect anymore. The person gradually uses more to a point where his or her resistance drops quickly so that the person who could, for a long time use large amount of the drug now becomes under the influence for small amounts.

15. EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL /DRUG ADDICTION4 LIFE AREAS Physical Damage to the brain cells, affects all organs: heart, stomach lining, kidney, liver, lungs, and CNS Psychological Aggression, depression, self-hate, anxiety, stress, suicidal tendency Social Poor relationships with friends and loved ones, problems at work, school and/or home, financial problem etc Religious Decrease in moral, ethical standards and values, poor relationship with God, satanism and other occult practices etc

16. Smoking & alcohol drinking Smoking typically precedes other drug use. Among youths who have used both cigarettes and marijuana by the 12th grade, 65 percent smoked cigarettes before marijuana; and 98 percent of those who had used both cocaine and cigarettes smoked cigarettes first. The earlier a person uses tobacco, the more likely they are to experiment with cocaine, heroin or other illicit drugs. Those who start smoking as a child are three times more likely to use marijuana and four times more likely to use cocaine than those who do not smoke as young people.

17. Benefits of quitting smoking Within 20 minutes after you smoke that last cigarette, your body begins a series of changes that continue for years. 20 Minutes After QuittingYour heart rate drops. 12 hours After QuittingCarbon monoxide level in your blood drops to normal. 2 Weeks to 3 Months After QuittingYour heart attack risk begins to drop.Your lung function begins to improve. 1 to 9 Months After QuittingYour coughing and shortness of breath decrease. 1 Year After QuittingYour added risk of coronary heart disease is half that of a smoker. 5 Years After QuittingYour stroke risk is reduced to that of a nonsmoker’s 5-15 years after quitting. 10 Years After Quitting