The modern commercial or office building consists of the HVAC system which is Heating, Ventilation, Air conditioned. In this report, well going to identify the purpose and goals of HVAC system, describe HVAC types, describe HVAC parts and describe how this part works together or its working cycle. outsides to air conditioning there are ventilation systems like ceiling fan, fresh air supply and exhaust fan where ceiling fan is used is used to ventilate the air with rotating blades and exhaust fan is used to displace the inside air to the outside environment, fresh air supply is used to displace the inside air to the outside environment by supplying fresh air from the outside air. And also the design of duct by using the heat load calculations based on that how much amount of air to be carried out to gain the required cooling inside the area is determined and also creating the comfortable zone for the humans. R. Sateesh Kumar | J. Deepak | O. Srinivas | T. Prashanth ""Heat Load Calculations and Duct Design for Commercial Building G+2"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23309.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23309/heat-load-calculations-and-duct-design-for-commercial-building-g2/r-sateesh-kumar
This document discusses duct design and air distribution for air conditioning systems. It describes the key components of an air distribution system including supply and return air ducts and outlets. It classifies ducts as either high or low velocity and notes that low velocity ducts using rectangular shapes are most common. The document discusses factors that influence duct design like aspect ratio, pressure losses, and different duct sizing methods such as velocity reduction, equal friction loss, and static pressure recovery. It concludes with descriptions of air outlets and their typical locations in a room.
what is ventilation?
Functional requirements of a Ventilation system
Natural ventilation
•Mechanical ventilation
Single sided ventilation
Single sided double ventilation
Cross ventilation
Stack effect
Artificial ventilation
What is roof?
Types of roofs
Gable roof
Hip roof
Dutch hip roof
Valley shapes
Design of Chiller for Air Conditioning of Residential Buildingijtsrd
The main objective of the project is to design and draft a fully functional Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditional HVAC system for computer center. From residential to commercial structures such as apartments, laboratories, hospitals, etc..., can be designed with HVAC components. HVAC is used to adjust the comfort level of both ambient temperature and air humidity to feel comfortable in enclosed spaces. As we want the heating, cooling, and ventilating system to perform well, we needed to start with an efficient duct design. In this project, we designed a duct system using the protocols based on ISHRAE Indian Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers and ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers standards. The underlying principle was to design a duct system, which delivers the correct Cubic Feet per Minute CFM air flow to the residential building against the friction created by the ducts and fittings, with the static pressure available from the blower. When there is more surface area exposed to the air flow from the blower, amount of friction will increase and the blower must work more competently to achieve the required air flow. To provide greater air flow by overcoming the friction, radius elbow ducts are used, which provides smooth radius ensuring uniformity of air flow, reduces turbulence which in turn results in very low pressure drop. For Duct design calculations we used AUTO DESK REVIT design software. For space references and calculations, Autodesk Revit plan was taken from the civil department and the position of duct was identified. Based on the obtained Heat Load Calculations and cubic feet per minute are calculated by using E 20 form sheet and by using ISHRAE handbook, duct sizes were design and chiller size was estimated for residential building. Srihari. M | Md. Irshad | K. Mahesh | K. Sai Teja ""Design of Chiller for Air-Conditioning of Residential Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23291.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23291/design-of-chiller-for-air-conditioning-of-residential-building/srihari-m
This document provides an outline on the topic of ventilation. It was prepared by 5 students in the civil engineering branch, guided by Prof. Nilesh Rathod. The outline defines ventilation, discusses the reasons for it and different types including natural and mechanical. It also describes various methods like natural ventilation using windows/doors and mechanical ventilation using fans. Finally, it covers air conditioning systems, how they work by transferring heat and different types like central air conditioning.
This document contains a group assignment case study on the mechanical, fire protection, transportation and electrical systems of PJ Trade Centre in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the building and various systems, as well as sections covering the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems, fire protection systems, mechanical transportation (elevator) systems, and electrical supply systems. The case study aims to analyze and explain the functions of the different building service components and their compliance with local building regulations.
The document provides steps for installing ductwork for HVAC systems. It outlines 10 steps which include consulting building codes, safety precautions, mounting ductwork rings, running duct along planned routes, connecting lengths with collars, cutting duct, wrapping insulation, taping insulation, hooking up registers, and testing airflow. It also describes common ducting materials like flexible non-metallic ducts, sheet metal ducts, fiberglass-lined ducts, and fiberboard ducts as well as components like vibration isolators, takeoffs, stacks, boots, dampers, and smoke dampers.
This document discusses duct design and air distribution for air conditioning systems. It describes the key components of an air distribution system including supply and return air ducts and outlets. It classifies ducts as either high or low velocity and notes that low velocity ducts using rectangular shapes are most common. The document discusses factors that influence duct design like aspect ratio, pressure losses, and different duct sizing methods such as velocity reduction, equal friction loss, and static pressure recovery. It concludes with descriptions of air outlets and their typical locations in a room.
what is ventilation?
Functional requirements of a Ventilation system
Natural ventilation
•Mechanical ventilation
Single sided ventilation
Single sided double ventilation
Cross ventilation
Stack effect
Artificial ventilation
What is roof?
Types of roofs
Gable roof
Hip roof
Dutch hip roof
Valley shapes
Design of Chiller for Air Conditioning of Residential Buildingijtsrd
The main objective of the project is to design and draft a fully functional Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditional HVAC system for computer center. From residential to commercial structures such as apartments, laboratories, hospitals, etc..., can be designed with HVAC components. HVAC is used to adjust the comfort level of both ambient temperature and air humidity to feel comfortable in enclosed spaces. As we want the heating, cooling, and ventilating system to perform well, we needed to start with an efficient duct design. In this project, we designed a duct system using the protocols based on ISHRAE Indian Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers and ASHRAE American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineers standards. The underlying principle was to design a duct system, which delivers the correct Cubic Feet per Minute CFM air flow to the residential building against the friction created by the ducts and fittings, with the static pressure available from the blower. When there is more surface area exposed to the air flow from the blower, amount of friction will increase and the blower must work more competently to achieve the required air flow. To provide greater air flow by overcoming the friction, radius elbow ducts are used, which provides smooth radius ensuring uniformity of air flow, reduces turbulence which in turn results in very low pressure drop. For Duct design calculations we used AUTO DESK REVIT design software. For space references and calculations, Autodesk Revit plan was taken from the civil department and the position of duct was identified. Based on the obtained Heat Load Calculations and cubic feet per minute are calculated by using E 20 form sheet and by using ISHRAE handbook, duct sizes were design and chiller size was estimated for residential building. Srihari. M | Md. Irshad | K. Mahesh | K. Sai Teja ""Design of Chiller for Air-Conditioning of Residential Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23291.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23291/design-of-chiller-for-air-conditioning-of-residential-building/srihari-m
This document provides an outline on the topic of ventilation. It was prepared by 5 students in the civil engineering branch, guided by Prof. Nilesh Rathod. The outline defines ventilation, discusses the reasons for it and different types including natural and mechanical. It also describes various methods like natural ventilation using windows/doors and mechanical ventilation using fans. Finally, it covers air conditioning systems, how they work by transferring heat and different types like central air conditioning.
This document contains a group assignment case study on the mechanical, fire protection, transportation and electrical systems of PJ Trade Centre in Petaling Jaya, Malaysia. It includes an introduction to the building and various systems, as well as sections covering the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems, fire protection systems, mechanical transportation (elevator) systems, and electrical supply systems. The case study aims to analyze and explain the functions of the different building service components and their compliance with local building regulations.
The document provides steps for installing ductwork for HVAC systems. It outlines 10 steps which include consulting building codes, safety precautions, mounting ductwork rings, running duct along planned routes, connecting lengths with collars, cutting duct, wrapping insulation, taping insulation, hooking up registers, and testing airflow. It also describes common ducting materials like flexible non-metallic ducts, sheet metal ducts, fiberglass-lined ducts, and fiberboard ducts as well as components like vibration isolators, takeoffs, stacks, boots, dampers, and smoke dampers.
This document discusses ventilation systems in buildings. It covers various topics related to ventilation including:
- Natural ventilation which uses wind and thermal forces to move air without mechanical systems. Openings are designed to maximize airflow.
- Mechanical ventilation which uses fans to introduce outside air. It includes systems like exhaust fans and balanced systems with both supply and exhaust.
- Design considerations for ventilation include building orientation, layout, window placement and types, and construction details to control infiltration.
- Ventilation standards provide guidelines for minimum airflow rates based on factors like occupant density and building size. Residential buildings often rely more on infiltration to meet ventilation needs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses mechanical ventilation systems used at Kabab Corner in the food court of Infinity Mall in Malad, Mumbai. There is heavy smoke in the room due to cooking kebabs. Two mechanical ventilation systems are used - one provided by the mall and one installed by the restaurant owner - to overcome the heat and smoke. Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using fans and ducts rather than open windows or cracks, improving indoor air quality, comfort, and control of airflow.
Dry pipe sprinkler systems use air-filled pipes so that water only enters when a fire occurs. They contain a dry pipe valve that holds back water until the air pressure drops due to heat from a fire, causing the valve to release water into the pipes and sprinkler heads to douse the fire. Various types of sprinkler heads like upright, pendent, and sidewall are used depending on the building construction and placement, and produce different water distribution patterns. Sprinkler systems also include components like check valves, retard chambers, and water motor gongs to control water flow and sound alarms.
A chilled beam is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room. Heating works in much the same fashion, similar to a steam radiator. There are two types of chilled beams. Some passive types rely solely on convection whilst there is a "Radiant"/convective passive type which cools through a combination of radiant exchange (40%) and convection (60%) which can provide higher thermal comfort levels, while the active type (also called an "induction diffuser") uses ducts to push ("induce") air toward the unit (increasing its heating and cooling capacity).
The chilled beam is distinguishable from the chilled ceiling. The chilled ceiling uses water flowing through pipes like a chilled beam does; however, the pipes in a chilled ceiling lie behind metal ceiling plates, and the heated and cooled plates are the cause of convection and not the pipe unit itself. Chilled beams are about 85 percent more effective at convection than chilled ceilings.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini air cooler. The authors modified an ordinary table fan by adding a copper tube with fins and a cooling chamber. Cold water is circulated through the copper tube using an aquarium pump to reduce the heat in the surrounding environment. The table fan blows air over the copper tube and fins, which increases the cooling effect. The device aims to provide air cooling without high power consumption, benefiting areas with limited access to electricity. It was found to decrease air temperature by 8-10°C through this simple, low-cost modification of a standard table fan.
This document provides guidelines for proper duct installation and sealing. It discusses different types of duct materials like sheet metal, flex duct, and duct board. Key points of duct design include getting ducts inside the building envelope, using sheet metal elbows for tight turns, proper take-off spacing, and sizing return grilles and ducts adequately. Duct sealing is critical using products like mastic, UL181-rated foil tape, or butt tape applied correctly. Pressure balancing between zones can be achieved using transfer grilles or jumper ducts. Following these guidelines helps ensure efficient duct performance and reduced energy costs.
This document summarizes a review paper on the performance of air-cooled condensers under various atmospheric conditions. It discusses how the performance of air-cooled condensers degrades under high ambient temperatures and windy conditions due to reduced heat rejection. Various techniques are explored to improve performance, such as using a hybrid dry/wet dephlegmator at high temperatures, shading from solar radiation, installing wind walls, increasing fan speed, and cleaning fins. Changing the tube geometry from circular to flat tubes inclined at an angle can also enhance heat transfer rates.
A heat pipe is a device that transfers heat using an evaporation-condensation cycle. It works by using a wick structure and working fluid inside a sealed container. Heat is absorbed at the evaporator section, causing the fluid to evaporate. The vapor travels along the container to the condenser section, where it condenses and releases heat. The condensate then returns to the evaporator via capillary action generated by the wick. Common materials for the container include copper, aluminum, and stainless steel. The wick is usually made of felt or metal foam and helps circulate the working fluid, such as water. Heat pipes can efficiently transfer heat over long distances and are used for electronics cooling and in aerospace
A heat pipe is a heat-transfer device that combines the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently manage the transfer of heat between two solid interfaces.
This document provides an overview of heat pipes, including their working principle, key components, types, advantages, and applications. A heat pipe transfers heat using an evaporation-condensation cycle within a sealed container consisting of a working fluid and capillary wick. Heat is absorbed at the evaporator section where the fluid evaporates, transferring heat through the vapor to the condenser section where it condenses, releasing heat and returning via the wick to the evaporator. Heat pipes can transfer heat very efficiently over long distances with minimal temperature difference due to the phase change process. Common applications include electronics cooling, aerospace systems, and industrial heat exchangers.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on heat pipes. It introduces heat pipes and their working principle of transferring thermal energy through latent heat of vaporized working fluid within the heat pipe. It describes the components of heat pipes, requirements for working fluids, types of heat pipes, their applications, and advantages. Heat pipes provide efficient passive heat transfer and are used in electronics cooling, spacecraft, and other applications.
This document describes modular air handling units (AHUs) and their components. It discusses the EU size ranges from 0.2-34 m3/s and their casing, dampers, filters, coils, heat recovery, fans, and silencers. It provides details on materials, performance standards, installation, and maintenance for these various components. The purpose is to outline the technical specifications and options for modular AHUs to assist in selection and documentation.
The document discusses natural ventilation, which supplies and removes air through buildings using two types: wind-driven ventilation and stack effect ventilation without using fans. Wind-driven ventilation uses wind outside to push air through openings while stack effect relies on warm air rising and cooler air falling to circulate air. Natural ventilation is more economic with no maintenance or electricity costs but depends on weather conditions, allowing same temperature air inside. Mechanical ventilation uses fans for consistent air circulation but has higher installation, operation and maintenance expenses.
Finite Volume Analysis of Swirl Flow Diffuser at Variable Swirl Angle and Dif...IJSRD
Floor swirl diffusers used in air-conditioning system would create good air mixing to create indoor air comfort conditions and help in achieving human comfort. The variation in temperature in air conditioning system depends strongly on the flow characteristics produced by the diffuser outlet that vary considerably between different modeling set ups. In corporate sector it is very important to calculate the effect of variation in temperature of diffused air from floor swirl diffuser with and without heat load.The analysis has been performed inside a wooden room of size 4ft x 4ft x 5ft with swirl diffuser models installed at the roof. The variation in temperature of diffused air form floor swirl diffuser at different height and the effect of heat load on temperature variation is determined. This analysis has been performed on three different models of floor swirl diffuser having different slot angles of 7â°, 8â° and 9â°and at different wind velocities i.e. 2, 3, 4,5m/s.
The document discusses heat pipes, which transfer heat using evaporation and condensation. Heat pipes work by having a container filled with a working fluid and wick. Heat is applied at the evaporator, vaporizing the fluid. The vapor moves through the container to the condenser, where it condenses and transfers heat. The condensed liquid is drawn back to the evaporator through capillary action in the wick. Heat pipes can transfer heat much more efficiently than conductive materials alone. They are used for electronics cooling, aerospace applications like satellites, and other applications requiring fast heat transfer over distance.
1. There are several types of HVAC systems an architect can choose from for a project, including window AC units, high wall AC units, cassette/ceiling mounted AC units, split systems, variable refrigerant volume (VRV) systems, and centralized AC systems.
2. A centralized AC system has ducts in each room fitted with a fan coil unit (FCU). Each floor has an air handling unit (AHU) and each building has cooling towers mostly on the roof and chillers mostly in the basement to service the entire building.
3. When comparing air cooled split systems, water cooled split systems, air cooled VRV systems, air cooled screw chillers and water cooled screw chillers for
The document summarizes the ventilation issues in a heritage building in Penang, Malaysia called City Hall. It discusses the types of natural ventilation used historically including single-sided, cross, and stack ventilation. Issues like moisture, salt crystallization, and dust have caused problems for the building over time due to its location by the sea. Recommendations are made to clean mechanical ventilators, construct a wind wall, install exhaust ventilators, and add solar chimneys to improve airflow and address ventilation problems in the heritage structure.
This document discusses ventilation systems and strategies. It begins by explaining the need for ventilation in buildings to remove stale air and bring in fresh air. It then describes different types of ventilation systems including natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation, exhaust ventilation, supply ventilation, balanced ventilation, and energy recovery systems. The document also discusses air conditioning systems like window units, split units, centralized units, and packaged units. It covers the components and cycles of air conditioning systems. Green roofs are also summarized, including their benefits like reducing temperatures and providing stormwater management. Design standards and factors for green roofs are briefly mentioned.
Air Cooled condensers were first introduced in US
power industry in early 1970’s, but only during last 10-15
years number of installations greatly increased largely due to
growing attention being paid to environmental safety. Also,
growing demand for water for both domestic and industrial
use has brought an increased interest in use of Air Cooled
condensers. This is a review paper which studies the
performance of Air-cooled condenser under various operating
conditions it is found that there is degradation in performance
of air cooled condenser under high ambient temperatures and
windy conditions. The heat rejection rate of ACC also depends
on surface condition of fins and thus its performance is
reduced due to external fouling of finned tubes due to weather
conditions and by internal fouling from condensate (Ammonia
corrosion). A Hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator achieves major
enhancement in performance when ambient temperatures are
high. Also shading of condensers is done for air-conditioning
units to mitigate the adverse effect of high ambient
temperatures due to solar radiation. Now a day’s wind walls
are used to reduce the effect of high wind velocity .second
option is to increase the fan speed Fin cleaning plays an
important role in heat rejection. External cleaning improves
air side heat transfer coefficient. In order to improve the
performance of an ACC Flat tubes inclined at some angle to
horizontal can also be used in place of conventional circular
horizontal tubes so that an improvement in heat transfer rate
occurs.
Design and Analysis of an Air Conditioning Duct Using Equal Friction MethodIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of an air conditioning duct system using the equal friction method. It begins with an introduction to central air conditioning systems and the importance of properly designing ductwork to minimize pressure losses and costs while providing optimal indoor air quality and comfort. The document then outlines the specific steps involved in the equal friction duct design method, which involves setting the duct dimensions so that the pressure drop per unit length is equal across all ducts. The rest of the document provides an example application of this method to size ducts for a central air conditioning system serving an area of 72.2 square meters. Tables and calculations are presented to determine the equivalent diameter, dimensions, air flow rates, velocities and pressure losses for each duct section
This document discusses ventilation systems in buildings. It covers various topics related to ventilation including:
- Natural ventilation which uses wind and thermal forces to move air without mechanical systems. Openings are designed to maximize airflow.
- Mechanical ventilation which uses fans to introduce outside air. It includes systems like exhaust fans and balanced systems with both supply and exhaust.
- Design considerations for ventilation include building orientation, layout, window placement and types, and construction details to control infiltration.
- Ventilation standards provide guidelines for minimum airflow rates based on factors like occupant density and building size. Residential buildings often rely more on infiltration to meet ventilation needs.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses mechanical ventilation systems used at Kabab Corner in the food court of Infinity Mall in Malad, Mumbai. There is heavy smoke in the room due to cooking kebabs. Two mechanical ventilation systems are used - one provided by the mall and one installed by the restaurant owner - to overcome the heat and smoke. Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using fans and ducts rather than open windows or cracks, improving indoor air quality, comfort, and control of airflow.
Dry pipe sprinkler systems use air-filled pipes so that water only enters when a fire occurs. They contain a dry pipe valve that holds back water until the air pressure drops due to heat from a fire, causing the valve to release water into the pipes and sprinkler heads to douse the fire. Various types of sprinkler heads like upright, pendent, and sidewall are used depending on the building construction and placement, and produce different water distribution patterns. Sprinkler systems also include components like check valves, retard chambers, and water motor gongs to control water flow and sound alarms.
A chilled beam is a type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool large buildings. Pipes of water are passed through a "beam" (a heat exchanger) either integrated into standard suspended ceiling systems or suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room. Heating works in much the same fashion, similar to a steam radiator. There are two types of chilled beams. Some passive types rely solely on convection whilst there is a "Radiant"/convective passive type which cools through a combination of radiant exchange (40%) and convection (60%) which can provide higher thermal comfort levels, while the active type (also called an "induction diffuser") uses ducts to push ("induce") air toward the unit (increasing its heating and cooling capacity).
The chilled beam is distinguishable from the chilled ceiling. The chilled ceiling uses water flowing through pipes like a chilled beam does; however, the pipes in a chilled ceiling lie behind metal ceiling plates, and the heated and cooled plates are the cause of convection and not the pipe unit itself. Chilled beams are about 85 percent more effective at convection than chilled ceilings.
This document describes the design and fabrication of a mini air cooler. The authors modified an ordinary table fan by adding a copper tube with fins and a cooling chamber. Cold water is circulated through the copper tube using an aquarium pump to reduce the heat in the surrounding environment. The table fan blows air over the copper tube and fins, which increases the cooling effect. The device aims to provide air cooling without high power consumption, benefiting areas with limited access to electricity. It was found to decrease air temperature by 8-10°C through this simple, low-cost modification of a standard table fan.
This document provides guidelines for proper duct installation and sealing. It discusses different types of duct materials like sheet metal, flex duct, and duct board. Key points of duct design include getting ducts inside the building envelope, using sheet metal elbows for tight turns, proper take-off spacing, and sizing return grilles and ducts adequately. Duct sealing is critical using products like mastic, UL181-rated foil tape, or butt tape applied correctly. Pressure balancing between zones can be achieved using transfer grilles or jumper ducts. Following these guidelines helps ensure efficient duct performance and reduced energy costs.
This document summarizes a review paper on the performance of air-cooled condensers under various atmospheric conditions. It discusses how the performance of air-cooled condensers degrades under high ambient temperatures and windy conditions due to reduced heat rejection. Various techniques are explored to improve performance, such as using a hybrid dry/wet dephlegmator at high temperatures, shading from solar radiation, installing wind walls, increasing fan speed, and cleaning fins. Changing the tube geometry from circular to flat tubes inclined at an angle can also enhance heat transfer rates.
A heat pipe is a device that transfers heat using an evaporation-condensation cycle. It works by using a wick structure and working fluid inside a sealed container. Heat is absorbed at the evaporator section, causing the fluid to evaporate. The vapor travels along the container to the condenser section, where it condenses and releases heat. The condensate then returns to the evaporator via capillary action generated by the wick. Common materials for the container include copper, aluminum, and stainless steel. The wick is usually made of felt or metal foam and helps circulate the working fluid, such as water. Heat pipes can efficiently transfer heat over long distances and are used for electronics cooling and in aerospace
A heat pipe is a heat-transfer device that combines the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently manage the transfer of heat between two solid interfaces.
This document provides an overview of heat pipes, including their working principle, key components, types, advantages, and applications. A heat pipe transfers heat using an evaporation-condensation cycle within a sealed container consisting of a working fluid and capillary wick. Heat is absorbed at the evaporator section where the fluid evaporates, transferring heat through the vapor to the condenser section where it condenses, releasing heat and returning via the wick to the evaporator. Heat pipes can transfer heat very efficiently over long distances with minimal temperature difference due to the phase change process. Common applications include electronics cooling, aerospace systems, and industrial heat exchangers.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on heat pipes. It introduces heat pipes and their working principle of transferring thermal energy through latent heat of vaporized working fluid within the heat pipe. It describes the components of heat pipes, requirements for working fluids, types of heat pipes, their applications, and advantages. Heat pipes provide efficient passive heat transfer and are used in electronics cooling, spacecraft, and other applications.
This document describes modular air handling units (AHUs) and their components. It discusses the EU size ranges from 0.2-34 m3/s and their casing, dampers, filters, coils, heat recovery, fans, and silencers. It provides details on materials, performance standards, installation, and maintenance for these various components. The purpose is to outline the technical specifications and options for modular AHUs to assist in selection and documentation.
The document discusses natural ventilation, which supplies and removes air through buildings using two types: wind-driven ventilation and stack effect ventilation without using fans. Wind-driven ventilation uses wind outside to push air through openings while stack effect relies on warm air rising and cooler air falling to circulate air. Natural ventilation is more economic with no maintenance or electricity costs but depends on weather conditions, allowing same temperature air inside. Mechanical ventilation uses fans for consistent air circulation but has higher installation, operation and maintenance expenses.
Finite Volume Analysis of Swirl Flow Diffuser at Variable Swirl Angle and Dif...IJSRD
Floor swirl diffusers used in air-conditioning system would create good air mixing to create indoor air comfort conditions and help in achieving human comfort. The variation in temperature in air conditioning system depends strongly on the flow characteristics produced by the diffuser outlet that vary considerably between different modeling set ups. In corporate sector it is very important to calculate the effect of variation in temperature of diffused air from floor swirl diffuser with and without heat load.The analysis has been performed inside a wooden room of size 4ft x 4ft x 5ft with swirl diffuser models installed at the roof. The variation in temperature of diffused air form floor swirl diffuser at different height and the effect of heat load on temperature variation is determined. This analysis has been performed on three different models of floor swirl diffuser having different slot angles of 7â°, 8â° and 9â°and at different wind velocities i.e. 2, 3, 4,5m/s.
The document discusses heat pipes, which transfer heat using evaporation and condensation. Heat pipes work by having a container filled with a working fluid and wick. Heat is applied at the evaporator, vaporizing the fluid. The vapor moves through the container to the condenser, where it condenses and transfers heat. The condensed liquid is drawn back to the evaporator through capillary action in the wick. Heat pipes can transfer heat much more efficiently than conductive materials alone. They are used for electronics cooling, aerospace applications like satellites, and other applications requiring fast heat transfer over distance.
1. There are several types of HVAC systems an architect can choose from for a project, including window AC units, high wall AC units, cassette/ceiling mounted AC units, split systems, variable refrigerant volume (VRV) systems, and centralized AC systems.
2. A centralized AC system has ducts in each room fitted with a fan coil unit (FCU). Each floor has an air handling unit (AHU) and each building has cooling towers mostly on the roof and chillers mostly in the basement to service the entire building.
3. When comparing air cooled split systems, water cooled split systems, air cooled VRV systems, air cooled screw chillers and water cooled screw chillers for
The document summarizes the ventilation issues in a heritage building in Penang, Malaysia called City Hall. It discusses the types of natural ventilation used historically including single-sided, cross, and stack ventilation. Issues like moisture, salt crystallization, and dust have caused problems for the building over time due to its location by the sea. Recommendations are made to clean mechanical ventilators, construct a wind wall, install exhaust ventilators, and add solar chimneys to improve airflow and address ventilation problems in the heritage structure.
This document discusses ventilation systems and strategies. It begins by explaining the need for ventilation in buildings to remove stale air and bring in fresh air. It then describes different types of ventilation systems including natural ventilation, mechanical ventilation, exhaust ventilation, supply ventilation, balanced ventilation, and energy recovery systems. The document also discusses air conditioning systems like window units, split units, centralized units, and packaged units. It covers the components and cycles of air conditioning systems. Green roofs are also summarized, including their benefits like reducing temperatures and providing stormwater management. Design standards and factors for green roofs are briefly mentioned.
Air Cooled condensers were first introduced in US
power industry in early 1970’s, but only during last 10-15
years number of installations greatly increased largely due to
growing attention being paid to environmental safety. Also,
growing demand for water for both domestic and industrial
use has brought an increased interest in use of Air Cooled
condensers. This is a review paper which studies the
performance of Air-cooled condenser under various operating
conditions it is found that there is degradation in performance
of air cooled condenser under high ambient temperatures and
windy conditions. The heat rejection rate of ACC also depends
on surface condition of fins and thus its performance is
reduced due to external fouling of finned tubes due to weather
conditions and by internal fouling from condensate (Ammonia
corrosion). A Hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator achieves major
enhancement in performance when ambient temperatures are
high. Also shading of condensers is done for air-conditioning
units to mitigate the adverse effect of high ambient
temperatures due to solar radiation. Now a day’s wind walls
are used to reduce the effect of high wind velocity .second
option is to increase the fan speed Fin cleaning plays an
important role in heat rejection. External cleaning improves
air side heat transfer coefficient. In order to improve the
performance of an ACC Flat tubes inclined at some angle to
horizontal can also be used in place of conventional circular
horizontal tubes so that an improvement in heat transfer rate
occurs.
Design and Analysis of an Air Conditioning Duct Using Equal Friction MethodIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and analysis of an air conditioning duct system using the equal friction method. It begins with an introduction to central air conditioning systems and the importance of properly designing ductwork to minimize pressure losses and costs while providing optimal indoor air quality and comfort. The document then outlines the specific steps involved in the equal friction duct design method, which involves setting the duct dimensions so that the pressure drop per unit length is equal across all ducts. The rest of the document provides an example application of this method to size ducts for a central air conditioning system serving an area of 72.2 square meters. Tables and calculations are presented to determine the equivalent diameter, dimensions, air flow rates, velocities and pressure losses for each duct section
This document is a report on cooling towers submitted by a group of 5 chemical engineering students at the Gujarat Technological University. It provides an introduction to cooling towers, describing their main components and functions. It discusses the key parameters for evaluating cooling tower performance, including range, approach, effectiveness, cooling capacity, and evaporation loss. The primary goal of cooling towers is to reject heat from cooling water circuits into the atmosphere through evaporation.
Study the factors on which efficiency of cooling tower can be critically accl...IJERA Editor
Water cooling is widely used in many industrial processes to control heat removal from a hot material surface.
In order to control the temperature distributions, a deeper understanding more accurate estimation of spray heat
transfer rates is needed. In a new technique combining experiment and computational modeling developed for
water cooling. It is better to understand the heat transfer mechanisms from the combustion gases to the cooling
water and then from the cooling water to the environment. To meet this need a logic tree is developed to provide
guidance on how to balance and identify problems within cooling system and schedule appropriate maintenance.
Fluid dynamics, Thermodynamics and Heat transfer are involved in developing a cooling system model and the
operation is familiar to the general operating companies. There will be the comparison and parametric
investigation of the cooling system model in the logic tree and the results are summarized as tables and charts.
The objective is to identify the several ways of improving efficiency of cooling tower. In this study we are doing
the comparison ofsome calculations regarding the cooling tower.
Ijri te-03-011 performance testing of vortex tubes with variable parametersIjripublishers Ijri
Conventional refrigeration system is a type of refrigeration systems which are costly; noisy, harmful gases released from a machine based on application of this type of system and it is required more maintenance. So, we need to go for unconventional refrigeration systems like vortex tube refrigeration system, which produce less vibrations and which require less maintenance and which are noiseless. It is required for our mechanical engineers to look for enhancing the performance of such vortex tubes. So as a part of my project work, I have chosen various sizes of vortex tubes and test their performances for finding out optimum performance. We will be testing the performance of vortex tubes with different ‘l/d’ ratios and different cold fractions, with different pressures and different nozzle sizes.
Development and Performance of Solar based Air WasherIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the development and performance of a solar-powered air washer. It aims to address drawbacks of existing air washers by making it fully solar-powered using a blower, pumps, heating/cooling coils, and reservoir. The system uses water and air to remove dust and particles for cleaning purposes while maintaining the ideal temperature. It is more cost-efficient and compact than traditional air washers. The document reviews several existing studies on related technologies and provides details on the components involved in the solar-powered air washer system, including heating/cooling coils, nozzles, pumps, blowers, reservoirs, filtering plates, and a vapor compression cycle.
We know that the present air conditioning system produces cooling effect by refrigerants like Freon, Ammonia. Using this refrigerants can get maximum output but one of the major disadvantages is harmful gas emission and global warming. This problem can be overcome by using thermoelectric modules Peltier effect air conditioner and their by protecting the environment. The present paper deals with the study of Thermoelectric air conditioner using different modules is discuss Thermoelectric cooling systems have advantages over conventional cooling devices, such as compact in size, light in weight, high reliability. High reliability as there is no moving parts. Mr. Parag Singhal | Tarun Chaudhary | Shardul Kumar Vijay | Tauheed Akhtar | Vaibhav | Ravin Singh ""Thermoelectric Air Conditioning"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23509.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23509/thermoelectric-air-conditioning/mr-parag-singhal
Retrofitting of Academic Building by Energy Efficient TechniquesIRJET Journal
This document discusses retrofitting an academic building with energy efficient techniques to reduce energy consumption. It proposes modifying the building orientation, installing an earth air heat exchanger, solar chimney, and green roof. Retrofitting an institutional building with white glazed roof tiles, double pane windows, and energy efficient electrical equipment like LED lights and fans is estimated to cut energy usage by 25-30% over 50 years. Specific techniques are outlined to passively heat and cool indoor air using the earth's stable subsurface temperature and solar power without mechanical systems.
IRJET- Fabrication and Performance Analysis of Refrigeration Type Desert ...IRJET Journal
This document describes the fabrication and performance analysis of a refrigeration type desert cooler. It discusses the various components of the cooler, including the fan, compressor, PVC pipes, pump, evaporative pads, copper coil, capillary tube, and condenser. The cooler works by using a refrigeration system to cool water in a reservoir, which is then pumped through evaporative cooling pads to further lower the temperature of air passing through the pads. This allows the desert cooler to provide cooler air than a conventional cooler and can be an alternative to air conditioners in dry climates.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of an air-cooled condenser for low pressure steam condensation. Key findings include:
- Mass flow rate of condensed steam decreases with decreases in steam pressure and temperature difference.
- While capacity is sometimes limited by ambient conditions, air-cooled condensers are still preferable to traditional steam surface condensers due to water availability and environmental issues.
- Previous studies have examined the effects of ambient conditions like temperature and wind velocity on the performance of air-cooled condensers. Fins and changes to tube geometry have been used to improve performance.
IRJET- Analysis & Testing Of Vortex Tube By Optimization Of MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses research into optimizing the material of a vortex tube to improve its efficiency. A vortex tube produces hot and cold air streams from a single source of compressed air without any moving parts. The researchers analyzed the cooling and heating effects, temperature differences, and coefficient of performance (COP) under different operating conditions. They found that modifying the vortex tube design could significantly improve its performance for applications like industrial cooling. The experiment results aimed to maximize output and COP.
Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Buildingijtsrd
Earlier the use of air conditioning for comfort purpose was considered to be expensive, but now a day, it has been a necessity for all human beings. Window air conditioners, split air conditioners are used in small buildings, offices etc. But, when the cooling load required is very high such as big buildings, multiplex, multi story buildings, hospitals etc. centralized unit central air conditioners used. The central ACs systems are installed away from building called central plant where water or air is to be cooled. This cooled air not directly supplied to the building rooms. When the cooled air cannot be supplied directly from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be cooled, then the ducts are provided. The duct systems carry the cooled air from the air conditioning equipment for the proper distribution to rooms and also carry the return air from the room back to the air conditioning equipment for recirculation. When ducts are not properly designed, then it will lead to problem such as frictional loss, higher installation cost, increased noise and power consumption, uneven cooling in the cooling space. For minimizing this problem, a proper design of duct is needed. Equal friction method is used to design the duct, which is simple method as compared with the other design methods. These work gives the combination of theoretical and software tool to provide a comparative analysis of the duct size. It also gives the comparison between rectangular duct and circular duct. M. Pruthvi Raj | K. Prashanth Reddy | Mussan Shankar Reddy | B. Kranthi Kumar ""Design of an Air Distribution System for a Multi Storey Office Building"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23319.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23319/design-of-an-air-distribution-system-for-a-multi-storey-office-building/m-pruthvi-raj
This document discusses duct systems used for heating and cooling large commercial buildings. It outlines general design rules for ductwork, such as minimizing sudden direction changes and maintaining an aspect ratio close to 1. The objectives are to characterize energy losses in commercial building duct systems and develop methods to measure those losses. Properly designed duct systems provide benefits like adequate airflow, less equipment size/costs, better indoor air quality, and higher energy efficiency. Common duct materials include galvanized metal, aluminum, fiberglass, and flexible duct. Instruments like velometers and pitot tubes are used to measure air velocity and pressure. Insulation is important to limit temperature differences between the inside and outside of ducts.
This document discusses duct systems used for heating and cooling large commercial buildings. It outlines general design rules for ductwork, such as minimizing sudden direction changes and maintaining an aspect ratio close to 1. The objectives are to characterize energy losses in commercial building duct systems and develop methods to measure those losses. Properly designed duct systems provide benefits like adequate airflow, less equipment size/cost, better indoor air quality, and higher energy efficiency. Common duct materials include galvanized metal, aluminum, fiberglass, and flexible duct. Instruments like velometers and pitot tubes are used to measure air velocity and pressure. Insulation is important to limit temperature differences between the inside and outside of ducts.
This document provides details about a group assignment to study the mechanical ventilation, air conditioning system, fire protection system, mechanical transportation system, and electrical supply system of PJ Trade Centre. It includes an introduction to the building, objectives and requirements of the project, as well as the table of contents outlining the various systems that will be analyzed in the report. The first section discusses the mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems used at PJ Trade Centre, including the components and types of air conditioning systems installed.
Design and demonstration of heat pipe based waste heat recovery systemIRJET Journal
This document describes the design and demonstration of a heat pipe-based waste heat recovery system. Key points:
- Heat pipes allow for highly efficient heat transfer over long distances with minimal temperature loss through the evaporation and condensation of a working fluid inside a sealed pipe.
- The authors designed and built a heat recovery system using 10 copper heat pipes fitted with aluminum fins to transfer heat from a hot air source to a cooler air sink.
- Testing showed the heat pipes could transfer heat with a temperature difference of only 2-3°C over a length of 150mm, much better than a comparable copper pipe.
- The heat recovery system achieved efficiencies up to 62% at recovering heat from a
This document provides an overview of cooling tower components and design. It describes the basic components of cooling towers including frames, fill materials, cold water basins, drift eliminators, air inlets, louvers, nozzles, and fans. It also discusses different types of cooling towers, factors that affect performance like wet bulb temperature, and efficient system operation through water treatment and use of efficient fans. The equipment used in this project includes a fan, DC centrifugal pump, sump, and tank. The fan and pump are powered by a DC motor.
IRJET- Duct Designing in Air Conditioning System and its Impact on System Per...IRJET Journal
This document discusses duct design in air conditioning systems and its impact on system performance. It begins with an introduction explaining how duct systems are used to distribute cooled air from central air conditioning equipment to rooms when direct distribution is not possible. Improper duct design can lead to issues like increased friction loss, installation costs, noise, power consumption, and uneven cooling. The document then reviews several other studies that examined topics like air leakage from ducts, methods to minimize leakage and related energy losses, and different duct design optimization methods. It emphasizes the importance of proper duct design for minimizing costs and issues related to air distribution.
Abstract Chimneys are very important structures for the emission of poisonous gases in power plants. After realising the urgent need to
restrict the pollution levels, chimney height is being rapidly increased. So most of the chimneys are tall slender structures which
fail due to wind excitation The present study discusses the dynamic behaviour of tall chimneys. Reinforced concrete chimney of
275m high, which is located in warora, Maharastra is taken for the present study. The objective of this project is to study the
change in the stress pattern due to presence of flue holes and also to carry out the influence of along wind and across wind effects
on the height of chimney for different wind speed and location. The analyse of chimney is carried out by developing a three
dimensional model created with plate elements using STADD Pro. The stress concentrations in the flue duct in the chimney have
been studied.
Keywords: Tall Slender, Warora, Maharastra, Flue Holes, STADD Pro, Stress Concentration
Similar to Heat Load Calculations and Duct Design for Commercial Building G 2 (20)
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23309 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1254
air to the outside as well as circulation of air within the
building.
CLASSIFICATION OF DUCTS
Supply air duct – The duct which supplies the conditioned
air from the air conditioning equipment to the space to be
cooled is called supply air duct.
Return air duct – The duct which carries the reciprocating
air from the conditioned space back to the air conditioning
equipment is called return air duct.
Fresh air duct – The duct which carries the outside air is
called fresh air duct
Low pressure duct – When the static pressure in the ductis
less than 50 mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be a low
pressure duct.
Medium pressure duct - When the static pressure in the
duct is up to 150 mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be a
medium pressure duct
High pressure duct - When the static pressure in theductis
from 150-250 mm of water gauge, the duct is said to be a
high pressure duct.
Low velocity duct – When the velocity of air in the duct is
up to 600 m/min, the duct is said to be a low velocity duct.
High velocity duct - When the velocity of air in the duct is
more than 600 m/min, the duct is said to be a high velocity
duct.
DUCT MATERIAL
The ducts are usually made from galvanized iron sheet
metal, aluminum sheet metal or black sheet. The most
commonly used duct material in the air conditioning system
is galvanized sheet metal, because the zinc coating of this
metal prevents rusting avoids the cost of painting. The sheet
thickness of galvanized iron duct varies from 0.55 mm to1.6
mm. The aluminum is used because of its lighter weight and
resistance to moisture. The black sheet metal is always
painted unless they withstand high temperature.
Now a day, the use of non-metal ducts has increased. The
resin bounded glasses areused becausethey arequitestrong
and easy to manufacture according to the desired shape and
size. They are used in low velocity application less than 600
m/min and for a static pressure below 5 mm of water gauge.
Sometimes cement asbestos duct also used forunderground
air distribution. The wooden duct may be used in places
where moisture content in the air is not very large.
Duct System
APPLICATION
1. Air pollution control equipment’s
2. HVAC ducting
3. Powder transportation industry
4. Cement plants
5. Wastewater Treatment Plants
6. Petrochemical Plants
7. Laboratory Exhaust Glass and Metal Foundries
8. Clean Rooms
9. Plating & Metal Finishing
10. Facilities Pulp and Paper Industry, Marine Exhaust
Systems Food Processing Facilities
11. Marine Exhaust Systems
12. Food Processing Facilities etc..
DUCT SHAPE
Circular/round duct For a definite cross-sectionalareaand
mean air velocity, a circular duct has less fluid resistance
against air flow than other ducts. It also has better stiffness
and strength. The longitude-seamed round ducts and spiral
duct are used in commercial buildings. The main drawback
of round ducts over the other duct is the more space
required during installation
Circular Duct
Rectangular duct
Rectangular duct takes less space as compared to the round
duct. It can be easily fitted where space is less. Rectangular
ducts are less stiff than circular ducts, and also easily
fabricated. the air leakage in joint of rectangular ducts has a
greater percentage than other ducts joint. The rectangular
ducts are generally used in low-pressure systems
Rectangular Duct
Flat oval duct
Flat oval ducts have a shape between round and rectangular
cross-sectional shown in Fig. 1.1. Flat oval duct have the
benefits of both the rectangular and the round ductwith less
large-scale air disorder and a lesser depth of spacerequired.
These ducts are easy to fit and also have lesser air leakage.
Flat Oval Duct
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23309 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1255
Flexible duct
Flexible ducts are used to connect the key duct to the
incurable (terminal) box. Their plasticity and ease of
elimination allow separation and rearrangement of the
incurable (terminal) devices. These ducts are made of
numerous-ply polyester film reinforced by a helical steel
wire core. From an economical point of view, the circular
ducts are preferable because the circular shape can carry
more air in less space. This means that less duct material,
less duct surface friction, and less insulation is required.
Also, the circular ducts have less friction drop than the
rectangular ducts.
Flexible Duct
FAN COIL UNIT (FCU)
A fan coil unit (FCU) is a device consisting of a cooling or
heating coil and fan. It is a part of the heating ventilationand
air conditioning system used to circulate the cold water into
the room. In FCU no need to ductwork and it is used to
govern the temperature in the region where it is fitted. It is
controlled by either physically or by a regulator.
Fan Coil Unit
Fan coil units (FCU) are normally used in places where
economic installations are desired such as storage rooms,
loading docks and corridors. In high-rise buildings, fan coils
may be arranged, situated one above the another from floor
to floor and all interrelated by the same tubing loop. FCUs
are an admirable delivery apparatus for hydraulic chiller
boiler systems in large housing and light profitable
applications. In these applications the FCUs are mounted in
bathroom ceilings and can be used to provide infinite
comfort zones - with the facility to turn off vacant areas of
the building to save energy.
Advantages of FCU
There are some advantages with the FCU which are given
below:
The system requires onlypipinginstallationwhich takes
up less space than all-air duct systems.
FCU is available in many sizes, including with a self-
finish galvanized steel chassis or a painted casing.
Sound level in fan coil unit low and zones can be
individually controlled.
FCU is very efficient and energy consumption is less.
Control and maintenance of FCU is also easy.
Disadvantages
The FCU requires more maintenance than "all air"
systems, and the maintenance work is performed in
occupied areas.
Interior zones may require separate ducts to deliver
outside (ventilation) air.
AIR HANDLING UNIT (AHU)
Air handling unit (AHU), is a device used to circulate the air
as part of a heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning(HVAC)
system. An air handling unit is usually a bigmetalboxhaving
a blower, chambers, heating or cooling elements, dampers
and sound attenuators. AHUgenerally connecttoaductwork
ventilation system that allocates the cooled air through the
house or rooms and takings it to the AHU.
Air Handling Unit
AIR HANDLING COMPONENTS
Filters
Air filter is used in the AHU in order to deliver clean dirt-free
air to the house occupants. This air filter is generally placed
leading in the air handling unit in ordertoretain alltheother
apparatuses clean. Depending upon the grade of filtration
required, air filters will be organized in two or more
successive banks with a coarse-grade section filterprovided
opposite of a fine-grade bag filter.
Heating or cooling elements
Air handlers need to deliver cooling, heating, or both to
variation the supply air temperature, and humidity level
contingent on the position and requirement. Such
conditioning is delivered by a heat exchanger coil. Such coils
may be direct or indirect in relationtothemediumproviding
the cooling or heating effect.
Humidifier
Humidification is habitually essential in colder weathers
where nonstop warming will make the air drier, resulting in
uncomfortable air quality. Generally evaporative type
humidifier is used.
Blower or fan
Air handlers generally employ a big blower, which is driven
by an AC generation electric motor to transfer the air. The
blower runs at a constant speed. Flow rate of air can be
controlled by inlet blades or outlet dampers on the fan.
Numerous blowers are used in big commercial AHU,
normally placed at the end of the air handling unit and the
opening of the source ductwork.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23309 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1256
DESIGN
This project gives the fundamental principles of duct or air
distribution system design for a multi-story building. There
are mainly three types of duct sizing method namely
1. equal friction method
2. modified friction method (static regain method)
3. velocity reduction method.
Now a days, the use of manual duct calculator is normal and
computer aided duct design is becoming more popular. Also
understanding the friction chart is veryimportanttousethis
manual duct calculator, because these are thefoundationsof
the other methods. This will provide the necessary
knowledge to the duct design error and overcome to the
errors.
For designing a proper duct system, it is necessary to
estimate cooling load which is used to selectthezoneand air
flow rate that the duct system distributes. Once the air flow
rate is determined, the duct system component can be
placed. This includes the supply and returns diffusers and
decides to air handling unit (AHU) or fan coil unit (FCU) is
good for that space.
GENERAL RULES FOR DUCT DESIGN
1. Air should be conveyed as directly as possible to
economize on power, material and shape.
2. Sudden change in direction should be avoided.
3. Air velocities in ducts should be within the permissible
limits to minimize losses.
4. Rectangular ducts should be made as nearly square as
possible. This will ensure minimum ducts surface. An
aspect ratio of less than 4:1 should be maintained.
5. Damper should be provided in each branch outlet for
balancing the system.
DUCT DESIGN CRITERIA
Many factors are considered when designing a duct system.
They are as follows
1. Space availability
2. Installation cost
3. Air friction loss
4. Noise level
5. Duct heat transfer and airflow leakage.
Space Availability
The sizing of a duct depends on the space available in the
building. Ceiling plenums, duct chases, obstruction likewalls
and beam dictate the size of duct to be used, irrespective of
the size at a least cost. At the time of design, the duct
coordination is required to avoid sprinkler piping, power
and light fixtures. For this, header duct and runouts are
easier to locate. Larger the trunk and branch ducts greater
the coordination required with equally large piping.
Installation Cost
While designing, the duct installation cost is very important.
This includes size of ducts, type of material used, number
and complexity of the duct fitting and height of the site
conditions impacting duct installation labor. Use least no of
fitting as possible to lower the installation cost.
Air Friction Loss
Air friction loss is affected mainly by the duct sizeand shape,
the material used, fittings used. According to ―Carrier
Handbook‖ round galvanized sheet metal has the lowest
friction loss per meter, while the flexible ductwork has the
highest friction loss per meter. The quality of fitting has a
direct effect on the overall pressure drop of a duct system,
smooth and efficient fitting with a low turbulencereduce the
duct system air pressure drop. A direct route using round
duct with less fitting and size changes can havealessfriction
loss in comparison with the similar size rectangular system
with a longer route and size changes at each branch duct.
Noise Level
The modern AC systems require control of noise level below
a particular level in addition to the control of humidity,
temperature and air velocity of excessivenoisewhich causes
uncomfortable feeling. The equipment as blowers,
humidifiers, motors and many others contributenoisetothe
air conditioned space. The air passing through the ductsand
grills also create noise.
Heat Transfer and Leakage
Ductwork that runs through very warm or cold areas can
suffer heat gain or loss that effectively reduce thecapacityof
the cooling and heating equipment, result in occupant
discomfort and higher operating cost. Leakage in duct also
affects the capacity of cooling equipment and may create
odors.
MODELLING
AUTODESK REVIT SOFTWARE
The original software was developed by Charles River
Software, founded in 1997, renamed Rivet Technology
Corporation in 2000, and acquired by Autodesk in 2002.The
software allows users to design a building and structureand
its components in 3D, annotate the model with 2D drafting
elements, and access building information from thebuilding
model’s database. Rivet is 4D BIM capable with tools to plan
and track various stages in the building's lifecycle, from
concept to construction and later maintenance and/or
demolition.
There are many categories of objects ('families' in Rivet
terminology), which divide into three groups:
System Families, such as walls, floors, roofs and ceilings
which are built inside a project
Loadable Families / Components, which are built with
primitives (extrusions, sweeps,etc.) separatelyfromthe
project and loaded into a project for use
In-Place Families, which are builtin-situ withinaproject
with the same toolset as loadable components.
SOME OF THE SHORTCUTS USED IN THE SOFTWARE
CL [COLUMN STRUCTURAL COLUMN]:- Addsavertical load-
bearing element to the building model.
CM [PLACE A COMPONENT]:- Place a component.
DR [DOOR]:- Adds a door to the Building model.
GR [GRID]:- Places column grid lines in the building design.
LL [LEVEL]:- Places a level in view.
RM [ROOM]:- Creates a room bounded by model elements
and separation lines.
RP [REFERENCE PLANE]:- Creates a reference plane using
drawing tools.
RT [TAG ROOM; ROOM TAG]:- Tags the selected room.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23309 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1257
SB [FLOOR: FLOOR: STRUCTURAL] Adds structural floors to
a building model.
WA [WALL;WALL:WALL:ARCHITECTURAL]:-Creates anon-
bearing wall or a structural wall in the building model.
WN [WINDOW]:- Places a window in a wall or skylight in a
roof.
CM PLACE A COMPONENT / Place a component.
DI ALIGNED DIMENSION / Creates an aligned dimension.
FR FIND/REPLACE / Find and replace.
GPMODEL GROUP:CREATE GROUP;DETAIL GROUP:CREATE
GROUP / Creates a group of elements.
LI MODEL LINE; BOUNDARY LINE; REBAR LINE / Places a
new line.
LL LEVEL / Places a level in view.
MD MODIFY / Enters selection mode to select elements to
modify.
PP or CTRL-1 or VP PROPERTIES; TOGGLE PROPERTIES
PALETTE / Toggles the Properties palette.
RP REFERENCE PLANE / Creates a reference plane using
drawing tools.
TX TEXT / Adds text.
EXPERIMENTATION
STEPS FOR CALCULATING LOAD FACTORS
Step1
Finding the Location, Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet Bulb
Temperature, Relative Humidity, SpecificHumidityandDew
Point Temperature
Step 2
Glass
i. Radiation
Q= µxAxΔT ii. Transmission Q= UxAxΔT
u=coefficient of heat transfer and µ=transparency factor
Step 3
Walls Q= UxAxΔT
Step 4
Roof
Q= UxAxΔT
Step 5
Ceiling/Floor
Q= UxAxΔT
Step 6
Portions Q= UxAxΔT Step 7
Equipments Q=Wx4.16
Step 8
PEOPLE= BTU/hr person x no of people
Step 9
Infiltration
Q=CFMx1.08 (Sensible)xA
Q=CFMx0.68 (Latent)xA
Step 10
Ventilation
Q=CFMx1.08 ( Sensible)
Q=CFMx0.68 (Latent)
Air Change Cfm= (VxNACPH)/60
where NACPH= no of air changes per hour
Step 11
Sum Of Sensible
Heats=Glass+Wall+Roof+Floor/Ceiling+Portion+Equipment
+People+Infiltration+Ventilation
Step 12
Effective Sensible Heat =Total Sensible Heat x10% of Total
Sensible Heat
Step 13
Sum Of Latent Heat=people+ infiltration+ ventilation
Step 14
Effective Latent Heat= Total latent Heat x5% of Total latent
Heat
Step 15
Ton Of Refrigeration= (Effective sensible heat+ Effective
latent heat)/12000
Step 16
Sensible Heat AT Heat Engine= CFMx1.08xA
Latent Heat AT Heat Engine= CFMx0.68xA
Step 17
Effective Sensible Heat Factor=(Effective sensible heat+
Effective latent heat)/ Effective sensible heat
Step 18
Cfm= Effective sensible heat factor/Apparatus dew point x
(BF)
Where Bf= By Pass Factor
CALCULATION FOR DUCT SIZE/DIMENSION
1. First find out the air flow rate i.e. dehumidified air and
cooling load.
2. Based on cooling load select AHU or FCU which is to be
installed. For FCU there is no need to duct system. If
AHU then calculate the duct dimension.
3. Select initial velocity
4. Duct area =air flow rate / velocity
5. Select duct size/dimension also Equivalent duct
diameter.
6. Then initial friction rate is determined by using friction
chart, on the basis of air quantity and equivalent duct
diameter or velocity of air.
7. Then initial friction rate is determined by using friction
chart, on the basis of air quantity and equivalent duct
diameter or velocity of air.
RESULTS
DUCT SIZE
To design the duct for Commercial building calculation of
cooling load and air flow rate is done. By taking some
suitable velocity (from Table 6.1), considering noise factor
main duct area is calculated. Based on these duct area, the
duct size is find out for the rectangular duct as well as round
duct. The cooling load, dehumidified air flow,ductsizeforall
room is given in below
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID - IJTSRD23309 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 3 | Mar-Apr 2019 Page: 1258
Calculation for the building
CONCLUSION
The following conclusion summarizes the design work
presented in this thesis:-
1. The duct design for commercial building is done, by
using equal friction method. All values are comparable
with duct software called ductulator.
2. The calculated value of frictional is less or near as
calculated by software. Due to less valueof friction drop,
duct diameter is increased but loss in total pressure (i.e.
static pressure, velocity pressure) can be avoided.
3. Due to increased duct diameter the use of damper may
be decreased.
4. Also the circular duct can carry more air in less space,
because of that, less duct material, less duct surface
friction and less insulation is required.
5. Pressure loss in duct fitting can be minimized by proper
design the elbow shape.
REFERENCE
[1] G. S. Sharma and B. Sharma. ―Duct designing in air
conditioning system and its impact on system
performance‖ .VSRD International Journal of
Mechanical, Automobile and Production Engineering.
[2] R. Whalley, A. A. Ameer. ―Heating, ventilation and air
conditioning system modeling‖. Building and
Environment.
[3] Tengfang T. Xu, Francois R. Carrie, Darryl J Dicker off,
William J. Fisk. ―Performance of thermal distribution
systems in large commercial building‖. Building and
Environment.
[4] C. Aydin, B. Ozerdem. Air leakage measurement and
analysis in duct systems. Energy and Buildings.