This document discusses common defects that can occur during dyeing and printing of textiles. It describes two main methods for adding color to fabrics - dyeing and printing. Dyeing involves applying color evenly throughout the fabric using dye solutions, while printing uses localized application of dyes or pigments in a paste form to create patterns. Common dyeing defects include uneven color, crocking, stains and softener marks. Printing defects can result from faulty processes or fabric imperfections, and include issues like misprints, uneven color, water marks, misregistration and bleeding of dyes. Potential causes and remedies are provided for many of the typical defects.

1. DYEING & PRINTING
DEFECTS
By
Dipali Rathod
Induja R
Tejas Krishna

2. • Textiles are usually coloured to make them
attractive or for functional reasons.
• There are two ways of adding colour to a
textile substrate.
- Dyeing
- Printing

3. Dyeing
• Dyeing is employed to give an all-over shade
to the fabric.
• Coloration of Dyeing involves the use of Dye
Stuff.

4. Common Causes of Defects
• The material is not well prepared for dyeing
and printing.
• Water Quality not Proper.
• Due to Shortcomings in making Dyeing
Solution.
• Due to Shortcomings in the dye machinery

5. Barre
Causes Remedies
Temperature variations Maintaining suitable
dyeing temperature,
chemicals and carriers.
Density Variation in
material
Relaxing material before
dyeing.
Difference in filling yarn
size
Material comprised of
fibres of different origins
In woven fabrics, a horizontal band of off- shaded yarn
extending from selvedge to selvedge.

6. Shade variation
Causes Remedies
Incorrect dye
combinations
Select correct dye
Changes in dyeing
parameters
Carry out lab test
Dyes build up due to
chemicals used
Maintain consistent
dyeing conditions
Stirring dye consistently
before adding
It refers to colour that exactly doesn’t match
the standard of the prepared sample.

7. Shade bar
Causes Remedies
Improper scouring Proper scouring
Padding roller defect Consistent dye
process parameters
Incorrect dyeing
temperature and time
• It is variation in colour tone either horizontally or
vertically

8. Colour crocking
Causes Remedies
Inadequate soaping at the
end of dyeing cycle
Proper soaping at the end of
dyeing cyle
Inconsistent dyed process Proper scouring
Fabric imperfection Using correct dyes according
to the fabric
Improper scouring Consistent dyeing process
parameters
The colour of the dyed fabric rubs off or transfers to the
other fabric surfaces.

9. Dye stains
Causes Remedies
Improper scouring Proper Scouring
Inadequate dye stuff mixing Consistent dye mixing
The fabric may be stained due to various reasons such as
foreign material caught while dyeing.

10. Softener marks
Causes Remedies
Softeners not properly
dissolved in water
Through scouring of the grey
fabric
Uniform softener dissolving
Choosing correct softener as
per the fabric
This is due to softener used in dyeing.

11. Cloudy Dyeing
Causes Remedies
Inadequate pre trearment Select optimum chemicals & condition.
Channeling due irregular winding Pay attention to winding.
Too much foam in dye bath Use antifoam ex: anti mussl
Wrong dyeing programme Optimum dyeing process.
Appearance of patchy effect ion a fabric,

12. White spots
Causes Remedies
Improper scouring Proper scouring
Choosing wrong dye mix Using correct dye according to
the fabric
Colour not dissolved consistent Consistent colour mixing
Time and temperature of dyeing
incorrect
Consistent dyeing process
parameters
The fabric is characterised by a white spot

13. Printing
• Printing can be defined as localized
application of dye or pigment in a paste form
to generate a pattern or design in the fabric.
• It is also called localized dyeing.

14. Printing Defects
• Printing defects may result from:
-Faulty or improper printing procedures.
-Faults or improper preparation of fabric
prior to printing.
-Imperfections in the material being
printed.

15. Print distortion
• Due to hanging thread.
• The pattern of the print breaks where hanging thread
appears.
Causes Remedies
Improper loose thread trimming prior to
printing
Ensure proper thread trimming before the
process starts

16. Air bubbles
Frames not properly roughened, adhesive not evenly
applied causing bubbles on the surface
Causes Remedies
Improper apply of
adhesive
Check with adhesive
Improper frame
alignment
Check the frame before
bulk start

17. Misprint/ Absence of Print
Due to following reason:
- The print is not as per the design required.
- The outlines and the colors in the design are not aligned
properly.
- There is an absence of print at a particular spot.
Causes Remedies
Wrong dyeing recipe Choosing appropriate
leveling agents
Wrong leveling agent Uniform dye recipe
throughout
Incorrect dye
combinations in lots
Through scouring
Improper scouring of
grey fabric
Consistent process
parameters

18. Uneven print
• In the printed fabric the design at one place is bold
as required, while at other place the same is hazy,
light and unclear.

19. Uneven print
Causes Remedies
Uneven pressure on the printing rollers Ensure even pressure on the printing
rollers and the doctor table
Uneven diameter of the printing roller Central drum lapping should be set
evenly
Defective doctor blade or uneven
pressure applied on the doctor blade
Ensure the printing roller’s dimension is
even throughout
Use of defective printing table

20. Blurred or Dark Patches
• Print has a tint, bold or dull space.
• Unwanted blotch or bar in printed fabric results in
blurred patch.
Causes Remedies
Improper grey fabric
scouring
Ensure proper scouring
Printing roller and doctor
blade not properly cleaned
before printing
Properly clean the
machine, roller and doctor
blade before a new lot
printing starts
Wrong alignment of the
doctor blade
Ensure proper blade
alignment

21. Water Mark
• An unwanted ripple effect/ light mark produced on
the fabric.
Causes Remedies
Improper grey fabric scouring Ensure proper scouring
Contamination of water in the
tint
Prevent contamination with
water on the padding mangle,
which leads so reduce dye liquor
concentration

22. Misfits
• Out of Registration print or the incorrect alignment
of the print leading to overlapping of colors or
patterns in the final print.
Causes Remedies
Improper alignment of the printing
screens
Ensure proper alignment of the printing
screens

23. Wicking/Flushing
• Printed area bleeding out on the unprinted area on
the fabric causing a shadow effect around the print.
Causes Remedies
Residual salts being left in the fabric post
resin finishing
Ensure proper scouring
Improper fabric scouring and preparation

24. Bleeding
• A printed motif blurs and as a result the outline of
design appears unclear.
Main Causes
• Too low viscosity of color paste
• Too high concentration of dye stuff in print paste
• The amount of color paste printed or amount of
hygroscopic agent used is too large.

25. Blebbiness
• A Part of printed surface became blebby with a rough
appearance like that of sharkskin.
Main Causes
• Unsuitability of color paste viscosity
• Screen mesh
• Uneven adhesion

26. Double Printing
• Designs printed are a little off.
Main Cause:
• Disfigures designs
• Poor engraving
• Poor cloth Adhesion

27. Stain by Friction
• Staining occurs since the motif touches something
when it is not dried and is scuffed after all.

28. Uneven Printing due to Crease
• Non Printed areas appear because of crease on fabric
• This is caused by crease on fabric, bad end stitches,
too much tension during adhesion.

29. Reference
• http://vasantkothari.com/content/view_presentatio
n/252/12-Printing-Defects
• http://stitchdiary.com/classify-fault-defects-due-
dyeing-printing-defects/
• http://vasantkothari.com/content/view_presentatio
n/237/20-Dyeing-Defects