Duty theory is a deontological ethical theory that focuses on morality of duties and obligations. It originated from Greek philosophy and was developed by several philosophers including Samuel Pufendorf, John Locke, and Immanuel Kant. Kant emphasized acting in accordance with a single moral duty or categorical imperative to treat people as ends in themselves, never merely as a means. More recently, W.D. Ross proposed that there are several prima facie duties that can sometimes conflict, including fidelity, reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence, self-improvement, and nonmaleficence.

2. Rose Azriana

3. -Utaya Devi

4. -MohdNizam

6. John Locke (17th century)

7. Immanuel Kant ( 1724- 1804)

10. Absolute duties are of three sorts:

11. avoid wronging others,

12. treat people as equals, and

14. Rights and duties are related in such a way that the rights of one person implies the duties of another person

15. Example :- if I have a right to payment of $10 by Smith, then Smith has a duty to pay me $10. This is called the correlativity of rights and duties.

17. Second, they are universal as they do not change from country to country.

18. Third, they are equal in the sense that rights are the same for all people, irrespective of gender, race, or handicap.

21. mandates an action, irrespective of one’s personal desires, such as “You ought to do X.”

24. Reparation: the duty to compensate others when we harm them

25. Gratitude: the duty to thank those who help us

26. Justice: the duty to recognize merit

27. Beneficence: the duty to improve the conditions of others

28. Self-improvement: the duty to improve our virtue and intelligence

29. Nonmaleficence: the duty to not injure others