The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Fly ash (FA) and Quarry sand (QS) are some among the solid wastes generated by industry. The Quarry sand is one such material which can be used to replace sand as fine aggregate. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of natural sand (NS) with Quarry sand and partial replacement of cement with FA can be an economic alternative. This research is carried to study the effect of replacement of sand by Quarry sand and cement by fly ash with using admixture in concrete, especially in reference to permeable voids development, compressive strength, leaching of Ca(OH)2 in curing water and RCPT at 28, 56 and 90 days of age. A M25, M30, M40 Grade concrete were chosen for research. The mix design was carried out and three combinations were chosen, first combination using 100% Natural sand and 100% cement ( treated as controlled mix).In second combination 100%Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand and cement remains100%. In third combination 30% cement is replaced by Fly ash and 45% Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand (treated as critical mix). These were chosen from 30 combinations of variable % of Natural sand and Quarry sand and fly ash. The study is aim at understanding the performance of critical mix in reference to controlled mix and concrete containing 100% quarry sand. It is observed that if quarry and is used for concrete then suitable percentage natural sand and fly ash must be added to achieve desired compressive strength and performance of concrete.
An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Quarry Dust as fine Aggregat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using quarry dust as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The study found that replacing up to 50% of fine aggregate with quarry dust resulted in higher compressive strength compared to normal concrete. However, strength decreased with replacements over 50%. Using quarry dust can help reduce the environmental impacts of waste dust while also addressing the shortage of natural sand. The results indicate that quarry dust is a suitable replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document presents research on the compressive strength of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) blended cement concrete cured in different sulphate environments. Concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of cement with BLA were cured in water and sulphate solutions of varying concentrations for 21 and 28 days. Testing found that BLA concrete strengths generally increased with higher sulphate concentrations and longer curing times compared to plain cement concrete. Replacement of 10% cement with BLA produced the highest strengths. The results indicate BLA concrete has improved sulphate resistance and could be suitable for use in sulphate environments where early strength is not critical.
Experimental Study on use of Crushed Rock Powder as Partial Replacement for F...IJMTST Journal
Concrete is commonly used building material, and it is extensively used, hence this project is aimed to
reduce the use of natural sand by using crushed rock powder(CRP) as a replacement for fine aggregate in
concrete .Thereby reducing the exhaustion on natural sand. The project involves the process in which fine
aggregate in concrete is replaced by CRP at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% replacement. Grade of concrete M25 is
selected for the project. The project includes determination of compressive strength and split tensile strength
at the ages of 7 days and 28 days. The strength properties of concrete with CRP replacement are compared
with that of Normal Concrete (NC) which does not contain CRP.
Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand A Reviewijtsrd
As a result of ban on natural sand obtained from river there is deficiency of fine aggregate used in construction industry. As a replacement for the river sand the crushed stone sand is used nowadays. In this paper a effort is made to summaries the findings done by various researches and conclusive statement is made about till date study carried in regards of crushed stone sand. Prof. Dr. M. B. Chougule | Mr. A. L. Mulla "Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31052.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31052/strength-and-durability-aspects-of-crushed-stone-sand-a-review/prof-dr-m-b-chougule
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
IRJET- Flexural Behaviour of RCC Beam with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggreg...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RCC) beams with partial replacement of natural river sand with manufactured sand (M-sand) as fine aggregate. Three RCC beam sections were tested: under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced. Beams were cast with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement of natural sand with M-sand. Compressive strength cubes were also cast to determine the maximum replacement level. The beams were tested under two-point loading to examine their flexural behavior, load carrying capacity, cracking patterns, and deflection. The results were compared to analyze the behavior and performance of beams made with M-sand versus natural sand. The objective was
This document summarizes the geotechnical characteristics of copper mine tailings from a case study of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine in Iran. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine properties like grain size distribution, plasticity, density, shear strength, and permeability. The tailings were found to be relatively coarse with 45% passing the #200 sieve. Testing also examined properties of materials processed using hydrocyclones. Relationships between consolidation coefficient, shear strength and permeability with other parameters were investigated. The findings provide useful data for designing and analyzing the stability of tailings dams.
An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Quarry Dust as fine Aggregat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using quarry dust as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The study found that replacing up to 50% of fine aggregate with quarry dust resulted in higher compressive strength compared to normal concrete. However, strength decreased with replacements over 50%. Using quarry dust can help reduce the environmental impacts of waste dust while also addressing the shortage of natural sand. The results indicate that quarry dust is a suitable replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document presents research on the compressive strength of bamboo leaf ash (BLA) blended cement concrete cured in different sulphate environments. Concrete cubes with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% replacement of cement with BLA were cured in water and sulphate solutions of varying concentrations for 21 and 28 days. Testing found that BLA concrete strengths generally increased with higher sulphate concentrations and longer curing times compared to plain cement concrete. Replacement of 10% cement with BLA produced the highest strengths. The results indicate BLA concrete has improved sulphate resistance and could be suitable for use in sulphate environments where early strength is not critical.
Experimental Study on use of Crushed Rock Powder as Partial Replacement for F...IJMTST Journal
Concrete is commonly used building material, and it is extensively used, hence this project is aimed to
reduce the use of natural sand by using crushed rock powder(CRP) as a replacement for fine aggregate in
concrete .Thereby reducing the exhaustion on natural sand. The project involves the process in which fine
aggregate in concrete is replaced by CRP at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% replacement. Grade of concrete M25 is
selected for the project. The project includes determination of compressive strength and split tensile strength
at the ages of 7 days and 28 days. The strength properties of concrete with CRP replacement are compared
with that of Normal Concrete (NC) which does not contain CRP.
Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand A Reviewijtsrd
As a result of ban on natural sand obtained from river there is deficiency of fine aggregate used in construction industry. As a replacement for the river sand the crushed stone sand is used nowadays. In this paper a effort is made to summaries the findings done by various researches and conclusive statement is made about till date study carried in regards of crushed stone sand. Prof. Dr. M. B. Chougule | Mr. A. L. Mulla "Strength and Durability Aspects of Crushed Stone Sand: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31052.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/31052/strength-and-durability-aspects-of-crushed-stone-sand-a-review/prof-dr-m-b-chougule
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
IRJET- Flexural Behaviour of RCC Beam with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggreg...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on the flexural behavior of reinforced concrete (RCC) beams with partial replacement of natural river sand with manufactured sand (M-sand) as fine aggregate. Three RCC beam sections were tested: under-reinforced, balanced, and over-reinforced. Beams were cast with 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% replacement of natural sand with M-sand. Compressive strength cubes were also cast to determine the maximum replacement level. The beams were tested under two-point loading to examine their flexural behavior, load carrying capacity, cracking patterns, and deflection. The results were compared to analyze the behavior and performance of beams made with M-sand versus natural sand. The objective was
This document summarizes the geotechnical characteristics of copper mine tailings from a case study of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine in Iran. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine properties like grain size distribution, plasticity, density, shear strength, and permeability. The tailings were found to be relatively coarse with 45% passing the #200 sieve. Testing also examined properties of materials processed using hydrocyclones. Relationships between consolidation coefficient, shear strength and permeability with other parameters were investigated. The findings provide useful data for designing and analyzing the stability of tailings dams.
An Experimental Study on Effects of Quarry Dust as Partial Replacement of San...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effects of replacing natural sand with quarry dust in concrete mixtures. Various concrete mixtures with 10-60% replacement of sand with quarry dust were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that 50% replacement of sand with quarry dust provided higher compressive strengths than normal concrete. Workability tests also showed that concrete with quarry dust was more workable than plain concrete. The study concluded that quarry dust can be effectively used as a partial replacement for natural sand in concrete.
An Experimental Study on uses of Quarry Dust to Replace Sand in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This study experimentally tested the compressive strength of concrete with varying replacements of sand by quarry dust from 0% to 100%. M20 and M25 concrete grades were tested at 7 and 28 days with 50% replacement showing maximum strength. At this replacement level, the compressive strength was above the recommended value even after strength loss from high temperatures. Therefore, the study concludes that quarry dust can be utilized as a partial replacement for river sand in concrete, providing higher strength when used at 50% replacement.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides a bonafide certificate for a project report on the study of mechanical properties of eco-friendly economic concrete. It certifies that the project was conducted by three students, M.Vineeth, Y.Boopathi, and P.Murali, in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree from Kongu Engineering College. The project investigated replacing natural aggregates with steel slag aggregates and M-sand to produce more sustainable concrete. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity of concrete mixes with varying replacement levels.
This document describes a study that investigated stabilizing residual soils from Orukim, Nigeria using river sand and cement. River sand content was varied from 10-70% and cement content was varied from 2-10% to mix with the residual soils. Laboratory tests like modified proctor compaction and CBR tests were conducted on the mixtures. Cement stabilization produced higher CBR values ranging from 70-127% compared to river sand stabilization which ranged from 66-90%. Models were developed to predict CBR values of the stabilized residual soils at different levels of stabilization. The hydration products of cement were found to increase bonding between soil particles, reducing plasticity and improving strength.
The document summarizes a study on the properties of concrete with coconut shells used to replace coarse aggregates. Control concrete and concretes with 10-20% coarse aggregate replacement with coconut shells were tested. Properties investigated included compressive strength, split tensile strength, density, water absorption and moisture migration. Results showed that density, workability and strengths decreased with increased coconut shell replacement. However, permeability, absorption and moisture migration increased. Concrete with both coconut shells and fly ash showed similar properties to concrete with just coconut shells.
This document discusses a study on the effect of using Sudanese aggregates and supplementary cementitious materials like silica fume and fly ash to produce high strength concrete. Hundreds of concrete specimens with different mixtures of local materials, silica fume, fly ash, and water-cement ratios were tested to determine compressive strength and workability. The results showed that local Sudanese materials can be used to successfully produce concrete with a compressive strength of 80 MPa when combined with supplementary cementitious materials. Water-cement ratio had an inverse relationship with compressive strength. Silica fume improved short and long-term concrete properties while fly ash inversely affected 28-day strength. The study aims to provide insights for producing
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Sand with Sawdust in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents research on partially replacing sand with sawdust in concrete mixtures. Sawdust was used to replace sand at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast and tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength generally decreased as the sawdust replacement ratio increased. However, satisfactory strength results were obtained at a 5% sawdust replacement ratio for compressive and split tensile strength tests, and at a 10% replacement ratio for flexural strength tests. Using sawdust in concrete provides benefits like lighter weight
Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly ash in Concrete Mix DesignIRJET Journal
This document discusses the partial replacement of cement with fly ash in concrete mix design. It begins with an abstract stating that concrete is an important construction material and that adding other materials can change its properties. The document then discusses how fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used to partially substitute cement. When used in concrete, fly ash improves strength properties while requiring less energy to produce than ordinary Portland cement. The document provides details on fly ash classification, properties, advantages of using fly ash in concrete, and provides an example mix design showing the reduced quantities of cement, water and fine aggregate needed when partially substituting cement with fly ash.
Strength variation of opc saw dust ash composites with percentage saw dust ashAlexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of varying percentages of saw dust ash (SDA) replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the compressive strengths of concrete, sandcrete, and soilcrete composites over time. The key findings were:
1) Compressive strengths at early ages (3-21 days) were lower than the control but increased and became comparable or higher than the control at later ages (50-90 days) due to the pozzolanic reaction of the SDA.
2) For concrete, 5-25% SDA replacement achieved 90% or more of the control strength and was suitable for reinforced concrete, while 25-40% and 45-50% were suitable for
IRJET-Study on Strength and Durability Aspects of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders to replace cement. Various mix designs were tested with different ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the geopolymer concrete cubes increased with an increasing percentage of GGBS in the mix. The highest compressive strength of 66MPa was observed for a mix with a 60% fly ash and 40% GGBS ratio. Additionally, sorptivity tests found that geopolymer concrete has lower water absorption than traditional concrete, indicating better durability. The study demonstrates that geopolymer concrete
This document discusses a study on stabilizing expansive soil using coal ash. Some key points:
1. Expansive soils cause damage to structures due to swelling and shrinkage from moisture changes. Stabilization is commonly used to control this.
2. The study examines using coal ash, an industrial waste, to stabilize clay soil. Samples were cured at liquid limit for up to 28 days.
3. Results found plasticity decreased over time, permeability increased, and shear strength improved with curing period. Using coal ash made the soil more suitable for construction.
4. The study concludes coal ash is effective in reducing plasticity and swelling, and increasing permeability and strength of expansive soil.
Use of Granite Waste as Partial Substitute to Cement in ConcreteIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing cost of construction materials there is a need to curtail the same by using cheaper substitutes. In this investigation Granite Slurry (GS) was used as partial substitute in proportions varying from 5% to 20% by weight to cement in concrete and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. It was observed that substitution of 10% of cement by weight with GS in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength to 48 N/mm2 compared to 35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 10% substitution with GS increasing the tensile strength to 3.6N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 10% GS replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength to 4.6 N/mm2compared to a 3.2 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 20% substitution with GS is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available GS is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Bond Strength and Flexural Strength of Concrete ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the bond strength and flexural strength of concrete using fly ash, copper slag, and recycled aggregate. It begins with an introduction on the use of industrial byproducts and waste materials in concrete to address sustainability issues. A literature review summarizes previous research showing that partial replacement of cement with fly ash, fine aggregate with copper slag, and coarse aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate can improve concrete properties. The document then describes the materials used in the study, including their properties. It presents a control concrete mix design and concludes by stating the study will examine the effect of adding copper slag, fly ash, and recycled aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete.
Study on Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Expansive SoilQuarry Dust Mixesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
This document presents a literature review on the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural sand in self-compacting concrete. Several studies that investigated properties of self-compacting concrete made with manufactured sand are summarized. The studies found that workability and strength were generally maintained when replacing up to 30-50% of natural sand with manufactured sand. Higher replacement levels led to reduced strengths. Other studies examined using other materials besides manufactured sand as partial replacements for natural sand, such as seashells, recycled concrete aggregates, and waste tire rubber. Overall, the literature shows that manufactured sand and other materials can partially replace natural sand in self-compacting concrete with minimal effects on properties.
This document presents a study on the use of waste foundry sand as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Five concrete mixes were tested with fine aggregate replaced by foundry sand at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixes at curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that concrete with 30% replacement of fine aggregate with foundry sand achieved comparable strengths to normal concrete in all tests. Therefore, the study concluded that 30% replacement of fine aggregate with foundry sand provides an economic and environmentally friendly concrete mix.
This document is a thesis submitted by Mohammed Riyaz Raja to partially fulfill the requirements for a Master's degree in structural engineering. The thesis investigates replacing sand with stone dust in concrete. It examines the effect of partial and full replacement of sand with stone dust on the compressive and split tensile strengths of M20 and M40 grade concrete. It also studies the effect of adding fly ash to concrete with partial replacement of sand with stone dust. The experimental program includes testing concrete cubes and cylinders to determine the optimum replacements of sand with stone dust and fly ash.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE FOR REPLACEMENT OF SAND B...IAEME Publication
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has consequently increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation stone dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. The effect of water cement ratio on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with fully replacement of natural sand by stone dust was investigated. Concrete mix design of M40 grade was done according to Indian standard code (IS: 10262).The main
objective of the present investigation is two cements are selected Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) - 43 grade to evaluate the possibilities of using stone dust as a replacement by fine aggregate along with super plasticizers at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% by weight of cement
Strength Study of copper slag & Fly Ash With Replacement Of Aggregate's In Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using industrial byproducts like fly ash and copper slag to replace aggregates in concrete for road construction. The study aims to address issues with excessive sand usage by finding sustainable alternatives. Concrete samples of different grades were produced by replacing natural sand with copper slag at varying percentages. The samples were tested for load carrying capacity and flexural strength. The results showed that concrete with 100% copper slag replacement performed similarly to normal concrete, indicating that copper slag can successfully replace sand in concrete for roads. The document also reviews several other studies on using industrial wastes in construction and their findings.
An Experimental Study on Effects of Quarry Dust as Partial Replacement of San...IRJET Journal
This study experimentally investigated the effects of replacing natural sand with quarry dust in concrete mixtures. Various concrete mixtures with 10-60% replacement of sand with quarry dust were tested for compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that 50% replacement of sand with quarry dust provided higher compressive strengths than normal concrete. Workability tests also showed that concrete with quarry dust was more workable than plain concrete. The study concluded that quarry dust can be effectively used as a partial replacement for natural sand in concrete.
An Experimental Study on uses of Quarry Dust to Replace Sand in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This study experimentally tested the compressive strength of concrete with varying replacements of sand by quarry dust from 0% to 100%. M20 and M25 concrete grades were tested at 7 and 28 days with 50% replacement showing maximum strength. At this replacement level, the compressive strength was above the recommended value even after strength loss from high temperatures. Therefore, the study concludes that quarry dust can be utilized as a partial replacement for river sand in concrete, providing higher strength when used at 50% replacement.
Utilization Of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) In Concrete By Partial Replacemen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document provides a bonafide certificate for a project report on the study of mechanical properties of eco-friendly economic concrete. It certifies that the project was conducted by three students, M.Vineeth, Y.Boopathi, and P.Murali, in partial fulfillment of their Bachelor of Engineering degree from Kongu Engineering College. The project investigated replacing natural aggregates with steel slag aggregates and M-sand to produce more sustainable concrete. Tests were conducted to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of rupture, and modulus of elasticity of concrete mixes with varying replacement levels.
This document describes a study that investigated stabilizing residual soils from Orukim, Nigeria using river sand and cement. River sand content was varied from 10-70% and cement content was varied from 2-10% to mix with the residual soils. Laboratory tests like modified proctor compaction and CBR tests were conducted on the mixtures. Cement stabilization produced higher CBR values ranging from 70-127% compared to river sand stabilization which ranged from 66-90%. Models were developed to predict CBR values of the stabilized residual soils at different levels of stabilization. The hydration products of cement were found to increase bonding between soil particles, reducing plasticity and improving strength.
The document summarizes a study on the properties of concrete with coconut shells used to replace coarse aggregates. Control concrete and concretes with 10-20% coarse aggregate replacement with coconut shells were tested. Properties investigated included compressive strength, split tensile strength, density, water absorption and moisture migration. Results showed that density, workability and strengths decreased with increased coconut shell replacement. However, permeability, absorption and moisture migration increased. Concrete with both coconut shells and fly ash showed similar properties to concrete with just coconut shells.
This document discusses a study on the effect of using Sudanese aggregates and supplementary cementitious materials like silica fume and fly ash to produce high strength concrete. Hundreds of concrete specimens with different mixtures of local materials, silica fume, fly ash, and water-cement ratios were tested to determine compressive strength and workability. The results showed that local Sudanese materials can be used to successfully produce concrete with a compressive strength of 80 MPa when combined with supplementary cementitious materials. Water-cement ratio had an inverse relationship with compressive strength. Silica fume improved short and long-term concrete properties while fly ash inversely affected 28-day strength. The study aims to provide insights for producing
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Sand with Sawdust in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents research on partially replacing sand with sawdust in concrete mixtures. Sawdust was used to replace sand at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% by weight. Concrete cubes, beams, and cylinders were cast and tested for compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength generally decreased as the sawdust replacement ratio increased. However, satisfactory strength results were obtained at a 5% sawdust replacement ratio for compressive and split tensile strength tests, and at a 10% replacement ratio for flexural strength tests. Using sawdust in concrete provides benefits like lighter weight
Partial Replacement of Cement by Fly ash in Concrete Mix DesignIRJET Journal
This document discusses the partial replacement of cement with fly ash in concrete mix design. It begins with an abstract stating that concrete is an important construction material and that adding other materials can change its properties. The document then discusses how fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used to partially substitute cement. When used in concrete, fly ash improves strength properties while requiring less energy to produce than ordinary Portland cement. The document provides details on fly ash classification, properties, advantages of using fly ash in concrete, and provides an example mix design showing the reduced quantities of cement, water and fine aggregate needed when partially substituting cement with fly ash.
Strength variation of opc saw dust ash composites with percentage saw dust ashAlexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of varying percentages of saw dust ash (SDA) replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the compressive strengths of concrete, sandcrete, and soilcrete composites over time. The key findings were:
1) Compressive strengths at early ages (3-21 days) were lower than the control but increased and became comparable or higher than the control at later ages (50-90 days) due to the pozzolanic reaction of the SDA.
2) For concrete, 5-25% SDA replacement achieved 90% or more of the control strength and was suitable for reinforced concrete, while 25-40% and 45-50% were suitable for
IRJET-Study on Strength and Durability Aspects of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the strength and durability properties of geopolymer concrete using fly ash and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as binders to replace cement. Various mix designs were tested with different ratios of fly ash to GGBS. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the geopolymer concrete cubes increased with an increasing percentage of GGBS in the mix. The highest compressive strength of 66MPa was observed for a mix with a 60% fly ash and 40% GGBS ratio. Additionally, sorptivity tests found that geopolymer concrete has lower water absorption than traditional concrete, indicating better durability. The study demonstrates that geopolymer concrete
This document discusses a study on stabilizing expansive soil using coal ash. Some key points:
1. Expansive soils cause damage to structures due to swelling and shrinkage from moisture changes. Stabilization is commonly used to control this.
2. The study examines using coal ash, an industrial waste, to stabilize clay soil. Samples were cured at liquid limit for up to 28 days.
3. Results found plasticity decreased over time, permeability increased, and shear strength improved with curing period. Using coal ash made the soil more suitable for construction.
4. The study concludes coal ash is effective in reducing plasticity and swelling, and increasing permeability and strength of expansive soil.
Use of Granite Waste as Partial Substitute to Cement in ConcreteIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing cost of construction materials there is a need to curtail the same by using cheaper substitutes. In this investigation Granite Slurry (GS) was used as partial substitute in proportions varying from 5% to 20% by weight to cement in concrete and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. It was observed that substitution of 10% of cement by weight with GS in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength to 48 N/mm2 compared to 35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 10% substitution with GS increasing the tensile strength to 3.6N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 10% GS replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength to 4.6 N/mm2compared to a 3.2 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 20% substitution with GS is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available GS is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Bond Strength and Flexural Strength of Concrete ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the bond strength and flexural strength of concrete using fly ash, copper slag, and recycled aggregate. It begins with an introduction on the use of industrial byproducts and waste materials in concrete to address sustainability issues. A literature review summarizes previous research showing that partial replacement of cement with fly ash, fine aggregate with copper slag, and coarse aggregate with recycled concrete aggregate can improve concrete properties. The document then describes the materials used in the study, including their properties. It presents a control concrete mix design and concludes by stating the study will examine the effect of adding copper slag, fly ash, and recycled aggregate on the mechanical properties of concrete.
Study on Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Expansive SoilQuarry Dust Mixesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
This document presents a literature review on the use of manufactured sand as a replacement for natural sand in self-compacting concrete. Several studies that investigated properties of self-compacting concrete made with manufactured sand are summarized. The studies found that workability and strength were generally maintained when replacing up to 30-50% of natural sand with manufactured sand. Higher replacement levels led to reduced strengths. Other studies examined using other materials besides manufactured sand as partial replacements for natural sand, such as seashells, recycled concrete aggregates, and waste tire rubber. Overall, the literature shows that manufactured sand and other materials can partially replace natural sand in self-compacting concrete with minimal effects on properties.
This document presents a study on the use of waste foundry sand as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Five concrete mixes were tested with fine aggregate replaced by foundry sand at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixes at curing periods of 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that concrete with 30% replacement of fine aggregate with foundry sand achieved comparable strengths to normal concrete in all tests. Therefore, the study concluded that 30% replacement of fine aggregate with foundry sand provides an economic and environmentally friendly concrete mix.
This document is a thesis submitted by Mohammed Riyaz Raja to partially fulfill the requirements for a Master's degree in structural engineering. The thesis investigates replacing sand with stone dust in concrete. It examines the effect of partial and full replacement of sand with stone dust on the compressive and split tensile strengths of M20 and M40 grade concrete. It also studies the effect of adding fly ash to concrete with partial replacement of sand with stone dust. The experimental program includes testing concrete cubes and cylinders to determine the optimum replacements of sand with stone dust and fly ash.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF THE CONCRETE FOR REPLACEMENT OF SAND B...IAEME Publication
The demand of natural sand in the construction industry has consequently increased resulting in the reduction of sources and an increase in price. In such a situation stone dust can be an economical alternative to the river sand. The effect of water cement ratio on fresh and hardened properties of concrete with fully replacement of natural sand by stone dust was investigated. Concrete mix design of M40 grade was done according to Indian standard code (IS: 10262).The main
objective of the present investigation is two cements are selected Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) & Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC) - 43 grade to evaluate the possibilities of using stone dust as a replacement by fine aggregate along with super plasticizers at a dosage of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% & 2.0% by weight of cement
Strength Study of copper slag & Fly Ash With Replacement Of Aggregate's In Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using industrial byproducts like fly ash and copper slag to replace aggregates in concrete for road construction. The study aims to address issues with excessive sand usage by finding sustainable alternatives. Concrete samples of different grades were produced by replacing natural sand with copper slag at varying percentages. The samples were tested for load carrying capacity and flexural strength. The results showed that concrete with 100% copper slag replacement performed similarly to normal concrete, indicating that copper slag can successfully replace sand in concrete for roads. The document also reviews several other studies on using industrial wastes in construction and their findings.
The document describes an experimental study on using quarry dust as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Various tests were conducted on materials like specific gravity and water absorption. Concrete mixes were prepared by replacing fine aggregate with quarry dust at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% proportions. Specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength at 7 and 14 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased up to 20% replacement of quarry dust, with the highest strength achieved at 10% replacement after both 7 and 14 days of curing.
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
This document summarizes research on using foundry sand as a partial replacement for natural sand in concrete. It reviews 14 research papers that studied the effects on properties of fresh and hardened concrete like strength, durability and workability. Most studies found that replacing up to 20-30% of natural sand with foundry sand resulted in higher compressive and tensile strengths compared to normal concrete, while workability decreased as replacement increased due to fine particles in foundry sand. Water absorption generally increased with higher replacement. However, all studies concluded that concrete with foundry sand partial replacement can be suitable for structural or nonstructural uses. Further research is needed to study concrete with 100% replacement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Study on self-Compacting Concrete Using Portland Slag Cement with Partial R...IJERA Editor
Concrete plays a vital role as a construction material in the world. In the present scenario, waste materials from various industries are added to the mix. Over 400 million tons of waste materials are being produced by various industries every year. Foundries successfully recycle and reuse the sand many times in a foundry. When the sand can no longer be reused in the foundry, it is removed from the foundry and is termed as Foundry sand. Foundry sand production is nearly 6 to 10 million tons annually. There is a possibility of substituting natural fine aggregate with waste foundry sand which offers technical, economic and environmental advantages which are of great use in the construction sector. The construction industry is now slowly becoming aware of the environmental issues and other sustainable development issues for cement and concrete industries. It is looking for the ways and means to develop building products, which will increase the life span and quality. This thesis presents an experimental investigation on strength aspects like compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of Self Compacting Concrete (SSC) containing an industrial waste foundry sand. It is used as fine aggregate in varying proportions, replacing the fine aggregate with foundry sand as percentages of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%. For this green SCC, all SCC tests are performed as per EFNARC guidelines i.e. slump flow, L-box, V funnel and T50 tests are carried out.
“EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH AND...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies on the use of sewage sludge ash (SSA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Key findings include:
- SSA can replace up to 10-15% of cement without significantly reducing concrete's mechanical properties. SSA concrete showed improved strength in some studies.
- SSA modifies the pore structure of concrete, reducing absorptivity and permeability.
- Pre-treatments like drying, grinding, or calcining SSA can improve its properties as a cement replacement and affect the workability and strength of concrete.
- Using SSA in concrete provides an environmentally-friendly way to dispose of sewage waste while creating a usable construction material.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ON USE OF FLY ASH PELLETS IN CONCRETE IN PLACE OF GRANITE AGG...Ijripublishers Ijri
A construction industry plays vital role in India which leads into the economic developments. The materials like fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate are used to prepare cement concrete which are easily available natural resources in our
country, but now there is high demand in materials which have gone to a high scenario.
The quantity of fly ash produced from thermal power plants in India is approximately 80 million tons each year, and its
percentage utilization is less than 10%. Majority of fly ash produced is of Class F type. During the last few years, some
cement companies have started using fly ash in manufacturing cement, known as ‘Pozzalanic Portland cement. It mainly
concentrated on replacement of cement with fly ash but production of artificial aggregate with fly ash helps in utilizing
large volume of fly ash in concrete. The world is much interested in this part recently due to this large scale utilization
which also reduces environmental pollution and dwindling of natural resources.
Study on mechanical properties of concrete with industrial wasteseSAT Journals
Abstract
Utilization of Industrial waste, construction waste, agriculture waste, commercial waste etc... In concrete plays a vital role in minimizing the disposal problems. Over 300 million tons of industrial wastes are being produced per annum by chemical and agricultural process in India. These materials poses problems of disposal, health hazards and aesthetic problem. Hypo Sludge (HS) is a waste material produced from paper industry that can used as a cement replacement material in concrete since the lime content in the sludge is large. Copper slag is a waste material produced from copper manufacturing process and this can be used as a replacement material for fine aggregate (sand) since the particle size similar to sand. During the present study, an attempt had been made to study the mechanical properties of concrete in which Hypo sludge and Copper slag were as a replacement material for cement and fine aggregate respectively. Replacement percentage used during this study were 10%, 20% and 30% of Hypo sludge for cement. Fine aggregate was replaced with 30%, 40% and 50% of Copper slag. Compressive strength of cubes were found on 7th, 28th and 56th days. Split tensile strengths of the cylinders were found on 28th and 56th days. Flexural strengths of prism specimens were found on 28th day. It has been found that usage of Hypo sludge and Copper slag as a replacement material has beneficial effects on the Mechanical properties of concrete.
Keywords: Hypo sludge, Copper slag, Compressive strength, Split tensile strength, Flexural strength.
Partial replacement of cement with rejected lime from industryIRJET Journal
This study examines partially replacing cement with rejected lime powder from industry in concrete. Lime concrete cubes were made with 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement by weight of lime. Compressive strength tests on the cubes at 7 and 28 days found that 10% lime replacement increased strength compared to normal concrete, but higher replacements of 20% and 30% decreased strength. The optimal lime content was determined to be 10% replacement, as strength was highest at this level both early and later. The purpose of the study was to investigate using an industrial waste product of lime to reduce the environmental impact of cement production.
To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates wi...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag CS while coarse aggregates was replaced by recycled concrete aggregate RCA from demolished structure. Both the fine and coarse aggregate were replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and hardened Concrete. Slump test was conducted to determine the workability of the various design concrete mix. Compressive strength and split tensile strength were determined at 7, 28 days of curing. The results indicate that workability decreases slightly with increase in Copper Slag percentage, though workability for the sample were within the prescribed limit for M25 concrete. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of CS alone while a reverse trend in observed for increasing percentage of RCA in the sample. The synergistic effect of CS and RCA on the designed sample concrete revealed that the percentage of CS is the more decisive factors than the percentage of RCA in deciding the performance of the concrete in terms of compressive and tensile strength. The outcomes of this research work showed that Copper slag and recycled concrete aggregate can be effectively used in structural concrete as a replacement of fine aggregate sand and coarse aggregate respectively. Futher, it substantiate towards sustainable construction approach because of its dual advantage of controlling menace of solid waste disposal along with its subsequent environmental pollution and increasing the cost efficiency and carbon efficiency of the product. Achal Jain | Er Nitin Thakur "To Study the Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Aggregates with Industrial and Construction Waste" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29835.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/29835/to-study-the-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-aggregates-with-industrial-and-construction-waste/achal-jain
An Experimental Investigation on Self Compacting Concrete with Artificial Fin...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on the properties of self-compacting concrete that uses artificial fine aggregate as a replacement for natural fine aggregate. The study tested different mixtures with cement replaced by fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin. The concrete mixtures were tested for workability, mechanical properties like compressive strength, and durability properties like water absorption and acid resistance. The results showed that the artificial fine aggregate concrete mixtures met workability standards and had improved strength and durability compared to natural aggregate concrete.
Study of Macro level Properties of SCC using GGBS and Lime stone powderIJERD Editor
The document summarizes a study on the use of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and limestone powder to replace cement in self-compacting concrete (SCC). Tests were conducted on SCC mixes with 0-50% replacement of cement with GGBS and 0-20% replacement with limestone powder. The results showed that replacing 30% of cement with GGBS and 15% with limestone powder produced SCC with the highest compressive strength of 46MPa, meeting fresh property requirements. The study concluded that this ternary blend of cement, GGBS and limestone powder can improve SCC properties while reducing costs.
Fly Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete and Durability Study o...IJERD Editor
This document presents research on the use of fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Concrete cubes were produced with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% cement replacement by fly ash. The cubes were cured in water as well as 1%, 3%, and 5% sulfuric acid solutions. Compressive strength was tested at 28, 60, and 90 days. Results showed that cubes with 10% fly ash replacement had the highest strength when cured in water and acid solutions. Fly ash concrete also demonstrated improved durability in acidic environments compared to normal concrete. In general, fly ash concrete performed better with increasing curing time and showed potential to enhance concrete durability.
The corrosion in reinforcing steel is the most detrimental effect on endangering the structural behaviour of steel in
concrete. This present study focuses on predicting the corrosion behaviour of concrete in which Manufactured Sand (MSand)
is used as a partial replacement for natural sand. To retain the natural resource such as natural sand an attempt is
made in this research by partially replacing the natural sand with M-Sand. Experimental and numerical investigation has
been carried out for three different levels of corrosion 5%, 10% and 25% to define mild, medium and severe exposure
condition. National Bureau of Standard (NBS) beams have been casted and analysed for thecorrosion performances of steel
that is embedded in concrete by accelerated corrosion technique for concrete of grade M40 replaced with 60%
manufactured sand for river sand which is found optimum. From the experimental investigation, it has been observed that
there is adecline in the load carrying capacity of NBS RC beams due to reinforcement corrosion. Numerical investigation
was made with concrete modelled as solid 65 element and reinforcement modelled as Link 8 elements by ANSYS software
using finite element method.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REP...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that partially replaces cement and coarse aggregates in concrete with coconut shell ash and plastic wastes, respectively, to evaluate the impact on mechanical properties. Concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were produced with 0-32% cement replacement by coconut shell ash and 0-48% coarse aggregate replacement by plastic wastes. The specimens were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing to determine properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Test results showed that partial replacement can produce concrete with mechanical properties within acceptable limits, indicating potential for use of agricultural and plastic wastes in concrete production to improve sustainability.
Study on Partial replacement of CAnewFA.pptxharishg6783
The document describes an experimental study on the strength properties of concrete with partial replacements of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate. Coarse aggregate was replaced with laterite stone at levels of 3%, 6%, 9% while fine aggregate (sand) was replaced with waste ceramic powder at 10%, 15%, 20%. Concrete cubes were cast and tested for compressive strength at 28 days. The optimum replacement levels were analyzed considering the mechanical properties and strength requirements of concrete. The study aims to utilize waste ceramic and laterite materials to develop eco-friendly concrete and reduce the usage of natural resources.
The document summarizes a literature review on self-compacting concrete (SCC). It lists 16 research papers on SCC, providing the title, authors, year published, journal/publisher, methodology used, and main outcomes for each. The majority of the papers studied the fresh and hardened properties of SCC mixtures containing supplementary cementitious materials like fly ash, slag, or mineral admixtures. Common tests included measuring flowability, passing ability, and compressive strength. Most found that partial replacement of cement with these materials can improve the properties of SCC, though higher replacement rates may negatively impact strength.
The document provides a literature review on the properties of concrete with fractional replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. It discusses 3 main points:
1) Several studies have shown that replacing natural coarse aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates can reduce the compressive strength of concrete, but treating recycled aggregates with water and acid can improve strengths.
2) Other studies found that replacing sand with copper slag as a fine aggregate and using recycled concrete aggregates as coarse aggregates can increase compressive strength up to 30% replacement.
3) The literature review concludes that compressive strength generally increases with higher quality recycled aggregates and copper slag, and workability increases with more copper slag. Strengths are also improved by the hardness of recycled aggregates and copper slag.
Similar to durability aspects in reference to permeable voids and leaching of calcium hydroxide (20)
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
durability aspects in reference to permeable voids and leaching of calcium hydroxide
1. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.2.8 ISSN: 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 130
Durability Aspects in Reference to Permeable
Voids and Leaching of Calcium Hydroxide in
Concrete with Quarrysand and Flyash
R. S. Deotale1
, Dr. A. M. Pande2
1
Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering College, Wanadongari,
Nagpur, India
2
Director, R&D, YCCE & Professor Civil Engg. Department,Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering College,
Wanadongari, Nagpur, India
Abstract— The concrete industry is constantly looking for
supplementary cementitious material with the objective of
reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Fly ash (FA) and
Quarry sand (QS) are some among the solid wastes
generated by industry. The Quarry sand is one such
material which can be used to replace sand as fine
aggregate. To overcome from this crisis, partial
replacement of natural sand (NS) with Quarry sand and
partial replacement of cement with FA can be an economic
alternative. This research is carried to study the effect of
replacement of sand by Quarry sand and cement by fly ash
with using admixture in concrete, especially in reference to
permeable voids development, compressive strength,
leaching of Ca(OH)2 in curing water and RCPT at 28, 56
and 90 days of age.
A M25, M30, M40 Grade concrete were chosen for
research. The mix design was carried out and three
combinations were chosen, first combination using 100%
Natural sand and 100% cement ( treated as controlled
mix).In second combination 100%Natural sand is replaced
by Quarry sand and cement remains100%. In third
combination 30% cement is replaced by Fly ash and 45%
Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand (treated as critical
mix). These were chosen from 30 combinations of variable
% of Natural sand and Quarry sand and fly ash. The study
is aim at understanding the performance of critical mix in
reference to controlled mix and concrete containing 100%
quarry sand. It is observed that if quarry and is used for
concrete then suitable percentage natural sand and fly ash
must be added to achieve desired compressive strength and
performance of concrete.
Keywords— Cement, Fly ash (FA), Quarry sand (QS),
Natural sand, compressive strength, permeable voids,
RCPT.
I. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is the most widely used construction material in
civil engineering industry because of its high structural
strength, stability and durability. Recent technological
developments have shown that these materials can be used
as valuable inorganic and organic resources to produce
various useful value-added products. Researches on
incorporating industrial waste products into potential
construction material to produce sustainable concrete have
been on the rise in recently. Fly ash (FA), Quarry sand are
such industrial waste products. The researchers focused on
using Fly ash and Quarry sand as possible replacement for
conventional cement and natural sand. However FA have
been investigated as supplementary mineral admixtures in
concrete. Quarry sand has been used as a replacement
material for Natural sand (fine aggregates). Sustainability
has become more and more imperative all over the world,
especially in the production of concrete. The global
consumption of natural sand is to high due to extensive use
in concrete. Utilization of these materials for sustainable
concrete which contributes to reduction of environmental
pollution as the production of conventional construction
materials such as cement and natural sand could be reduced.
Substantial energy and cost saving can result when
industrial by-product are used as partial replacement for the
energy intensive portland cement. The purpose of this
research to study the effect of Fly ash and Quarry sand on
workability, compressive strengths, permeable voids, pH
and Leaching of and Fly ash and comparative reduction in
the cost of cement and Natural sand .The detailed
experimental investigation is come to study the effect of
replacement of cement by Fly ash and Natural sand (Fine
aggregate) by Quarry sand.
In this research we prepared specimen of cubes for
compressive strength test, pH, and leaching test and beams
for permeable voids test. Three samples for each set of
percentage have been taken for conducting test and average
of results are taken. The samples were tested at the age of 28
days and 56 days 90,180 days. The test on hardened
concrete are compressive strength test as per IS: 516-1959,
Methods of sampling and test for Quick lime and hydrated
2. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.2.8 ISSN: 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 131
lime as per IS 1514:1990, permeable voids test as per
ASTM C642-97.
M. G. Shaikh and S. A. Daimi [1] studied comparison about
natural sand and artificial sand with dust, by checking
durability properties through the measurement of permeable
voids, water absorption, acid attack and chloride
permeability test as well as compressive strength test.
Assan Tajik Ghashghaei, Abolfazl Hassani [2] presented a
study evaluating the relationship between porosity and
permeability coefficient for pervious concrete. Jayeshkumar
Pitroda, Dr F S Umrigar [3] concluded that when excess
water in concrete is evaporated, it leaves voids inside the
concrete element creating capillaries which are directly
related to the concrete porosity and permeability. G. Roa-
Rodriguez, W. Aperador, A. Delgado [4] analyzed the role
of chlorides in causing corrosion in the alkali-activated slag
(AAS) concrete, its mechanism of action, the critical
threshold on. Rapid Chloride Permeability test (RCPT) was
conducted to measure the chloride permeability; relative
permeability (RP) and the AC resistivity were measured on
concrete as per the guidelines of ASTM C1202. T. de
Larrarda, F. Benboudjemaa, J.B. Colliata, J.M. Torrentib, F.
Deleruyelle [5], A simplified model for calcium leaching in
concrete is presented. It is based on the mass balance
equation for calcium in the porous material. An Cheng, Sao-
Jeng Chao and Wei-Ting Lin, [6] Leaching of calcium ions
increases the porosity of cement-based materials,
consequently resulting in a negative effect on durability
since it provides an entry for aggressive harmful ions,
causing reinforcing steel corrosion. This study investigates
the effects of leaching behaviour of calcium ions on the
compression and durability.
Sreekantan P, George Mathew [7] discussed about the
influence of presence of higher percentage of fine particles
in quarry sand on the mechanical properties of high strength
concrete containing fly ash and it is studied that, the higher
percentage of fine particles in quarry sand does not affect
significantly the engineering properties of high strength
concrete when river sand is replaced with 50% quarry sand
along with a 25% replacement of cement with fly ash.
Chandramouli K. Srinivasa Rao P., Seshadri Sekhar T.,
Pannirselvam N. and Sravana P. [8] the present
experimental investigation. The rapid chloride permeability
tests were conducted for a period of 90, 180, 365 and 720
days. The test results show that the addition of glass fibres
exhibit better performance. Caijun Shi, Dr. Burlington, [9]
studied the virtual a measurement of electrical conductivity
of concrete, which depends on both the pore structure
characteristics and pore solution chemistry of concrete.
They also studied the effects of several factors, such as
cement composition, replacement of cement with
supplementary cementing materials and inclusion of
aggregate, on the electrical conductivity or RCPT results of
hardened cement mortars and concrete. Prakash Joshi and
Cesar Chan [10] performed Rapid Chloride Permeability
Test by monitoring the amount of electrical current that
passes through a sample 50 mm thick by 100 mm in
diameter in 6 hours (see schematic). The sample is typically
cut as a slice of a core or cylinder. A voltage of 60V DC is
maintained across the ends of the sample throughout the
test. One lead is immersed in a 3.0% salt (NaCl) solution
and the other in a 0.3M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution.
The Objectives and scope of present study are –
1. To understand compressive stress development in
concrete mixes containing natural sand, quarry sand
and combination containing fly ash as third ingredient.
2. To understand the development of permeable voids at
28, 56, 90 days in above combinations.
3. To understand the leaching of calcium hydroxide in
curing water at various ages and co-relating it with
compressive strength development and formation of
permeable voids.
4. To confirm and compare the test results obtained for
permeable voids with the rapid chloride permeability
test.
II. MATERIALS USED
The materials used in experimental investigation include:
A. Cement
Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43 grade was used in
which the composition and properties is in compliance with
the Indian standard.
B. Aggregate
Good quality river sand was used as a fine aggregate
conforming to Zone - II of IS: 383- 1970. It have fineness
modulus of 2.735, specific gravity of 2.66 and water
absorption 1% and Quarry sand from sidheshwar quarry
plant Pachgaon, Nagpur, conforming to Zone- II of IS: 383-
1970. It has fineness modulus of 2.85 , specific gravity of
2.91 and water absorption 2.5%. The coarse aggregate
passing through 20 mm and retained on 10 mm sieve is used
in research. Its specific gravity is 2.85 and water absorption
0.8%.
C. Fly ash
In the present investigation Class F Fly Ash from Koradi
Thermal Power Station, Nagpur was used as cement
replacement material. The properties of fly ash are
conforming to IS 3812-1981 of Indian Standard
Specification for Fly Ash for use as Pozzolana and
Admixture. Specific gravity of 2.216.
D. Superplasticizer
AC-PLAST-BV 430(Apple Chemie, Nagpur) as a high
range water reducing admixture for obtaining a workable
mix was used in research, Strength increased 0.20 and
Specific gravity 1.14
3. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.2.8 ISSN: 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 132
III. EXPERIMENTATION
3.1 Permeable voids Test -
This test method covers the determination of density,
percent absorption, and percent voids in hardened concrete.
This test method is useful in developing the data required
for conversions between mass and volume for concrete. It
can be used to determine performance with specifications
for concrete and to show differences from place to place
within a mass of concrete. The sample consist of any desired
shape or size, except that the volume of each portion shall
be not less than 800gm and each portion is free from
observable cracks, fissures or shattered edges. In this
research permeable voids test is carried out for each sample
as per ASTM C 642-97. Fig. 1 indicates samples and
procedure used for this test.
3.2 Leaching of Calcium Hydro oxide - Ca(OH)2
In this research leaching of calcium hydroxide is carried out
for each sample as per IS 1514:1990. The leaching process
means, when solid compound in the concrete are dissolved
by water and then transported away, either due to
concentration gradients (diffusion) or by the flow of water
(convection). The external or capillary pressure may cause
water to flow. When material dissolves from the concrete,
water will carry away the loose parts and the concrete and
will become weaker. If percolating water is soft, the
leaching effect on the concrete will be strong. The water
diffuses into the concrete and dissolves hydration products
(and aggregate, if it is easily soluble). Dissolved material
will diffuse out of the concrete to the bulk of pure water in
the curing water. This is a slow leaching process. If water
also percolates through the concrete due to pressure
gradients, the water will reach much more internal area of
soluble products. The dissolved material will also be carried
away by the flow of water and out of the concrete. This can
be a rapid leaching process; depending on how fast the
water is percolated through the concrete and how much
internal area the water will meet on its way. Leaching is the
name of the whole process of dissolving and transporting
substances out of the concrete. Samples were kept in
separate containers, curing water was analysed at 28, 56 and
90 days, fig. 2 indicates the samples for leaching test.
Leaching effects
When solid material is leached, the porosity will increase
and the amount of OH" -ions will decrease in the pore
solution and in the pore walls. When the porosity increases,
the water permeability will increase and the leaching
process will accelerate. When the porosity increases, the
strength will also decrease.
3.3 Rapid Chloride Permeability Test
The rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT) - ASTM
C1202. These standards specify the rating of chloride
permeability of concrete based on the charge passed through
the specimen during six hours of testing period. Dry
concrete is a semi-conductor or insulator. Electrical
conductivity of water saturated concrete depends on not
only the pore structure and but also the chemistry of pore
solution. The transport of chloride ions has little to do with
the chemistry of pore solutions, but many factors such as
cement composition, aggregate, concrete mixing
proportions, use of supplementary cementing materials,
chemical additives, etc. can have very significant effects on
the concentration of conductive ions in the pore solution.
RCPT has been used to evaluate the chloride permeability of
hardened cement concretes made with special cements or
supplementary cementing materials
Procedure of Rapid chloride permeability test
According to ASTM C1202 test, a water-saturated, 50 mm
thick, 100 mm thick diameter concrete specimen is
subjected to a 60 v applied DC voltage for 6 hours using the
apparatus and the cell arrangement is shown in Figure. In
one cell container is fill with 3.0% NaC1 solution and in
the other container is with 0.3 Normal NaOH solution.
The total charge passed is determined and this is used to rate
the concrete according to the criteria included as Table 1.
Procedure of Rapid chloride permeability test
According to ASTM C1202 test, a water-saturated, 50 mm
thick, 100 mm thick diameter concrete specimen is
subjected to a 60 v applied DC voltage for 6 hours using the
apparatus and the cell arrangement is shown in Figure. In
one cell container is fill with 3.0% NaC1 solution and in
the other container is with 0.3 Normal NaOH solution.
The total charge passed is determined and this is used to rate
the concrete according to the criteria included as Table 1.
IV. OBSERVATIONS BASED ON
EXPERIMENTATION
1) Compressive strength gain in critical mix containing
45%Q.S+55%N.Sand30%F.A. is found similar to that
of controlled mix containing 100% Natural sand. The
gain of compressive strength in case of concrete
containing 100% quarry sand is much lower than
other two mixes. This clearly indicate that the gain of
compressive strength compromised by using quarry
sand can easily be compensated by using fly ash of
adequate quantity (as indicated by fig. 3 to fig. 5)
2) Development of permeable voids at various ages is
much higher in case of mix containing 100% Quarry
sand as fine aggregate and that in critical mix lies in
between mix containing100% Quarry sand and 100%
Natural sand. This confirms that the fly ash is resulting
in pore refinement; this is indicated in fig. 6 to fig. 8.
3) Leaching of calcium hydroxide in curing water is
lower for the critical mix as indicated by fig. 9 to fig.
11. This justifies that the fly ash is reacting with
calcium hydroxide to form secondary C-S-H and thus
helping gain of compressive strength and pore
4. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.2.8 ISSN: 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 133
refinement properties. The RCPT results as indicated
in fig. 12 to fig. 14 justify the result obtained using
permeable voids test.
4) To understand the similarities in compressive strength
development and permeable voids development graphs
indicated in fig. 16 to fig. 17 are drawn. The trends
shown in this figure by controlled concrete mix and
critical mix are fairly similar at 28 days , 56 days, 90
days of age while the trend shown by mix containing
100% quarry sand .is significantly different.
5) It has been observed that when 100% natural sand
replaced by Quarry sand, compressive strength
decreases, since water absorption of quarry sand is
more than natural sand, which decreases workability
and compressive strength. It is observed that when
natural sand is replaced by 45% quarry sand and
cement replaced by 30% fly ash at initial stage
compressive strength is lower than compressive
strength of controlled concrete and it increases as the
age increases and it is due to secondary hydration.
(Refer fig. 3, fig. 4 and fig.5)
6) Permeable voids are decreasing with age of curing.
Permeable voids (pores) get dissolved as curing
period increases due to secondary hydration which
increases density. When 100% natural sand is replaced
by quarry sand internal voids (pores) increases. Fly
ash reduces the pores. (Refer Fig. 6, fig. 7 and fig. 8)
7) It is found that, the strength of concrete increases with
decrease in permeable voids.
8) The amount of Leaching of Cementious material like
Calcium Hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is decreases with
increasing curing period. It is also observed from
comparison of permeable voids, leaching of Ca(OH)2,
It is also observed that extraction (leaching) of
Ca(OH)2 is decreasing from lower grade to higher
grade of concrete.
V. CONCLUDING REMARK
Many past researchers have been figuring out the use of
quarry sand as replacement of natural sand in concrete. The
major stress are in past researches are in water requirement
and compressive strength. However the present research
point out towards carrying out test such as Determination of
permeable voids at various ages, RCPT result in addition to
compressive strength. It is recommended that when quarry
sand is used as fine aggregate fly ash must be added to
desired proportion to give the performance of concrete
containing quarry sand to be similar to that of containing
100% Natural sand. The studies like leaching of calcium
hydroxide in curing water gives a new dimension the
parameter leading to compressive strength in understanding
the parameters leading to compressive stress development
and voids development in concrete.
REFERENCES
[1] M. G. Shaikh and S. A. Daimi , “Durability studies of
concrete made by using artificial sand with dust and
natural sand” International Journal of Earth Sciences and
Engineering, Vol.4,pp.823-825, 2011.
[2] Hassan Tajik Ghashghaei, Abolfazl Hassani,
“Investigating the Relationship between Porosity and
Permeability Coefficient for Pervious Concrete
Pavement by Statistical Modelling”, Scientific Research
Publishing,p.p. 29 February 2016.
[3] Jayeshkumar Pitroda, Dr F S Umrigar, “Evaluation of
Sorptivity and Water Absorption of Concrete with
Partial Replacement of Cement by Thermal Industry
Waste (Fly Ash)”, International Journal of Engineering
and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 2, Issue
7,p.p 2277-3754, 7, January 2013.
[4] G. Roa-Rodriguez, W. Aperador, A. Delgado,
“Resistance to Chlorides of the Alkali-Activated Slag
Concrete,International Journal of Electrochemical
science, p.p. 282 – 291, 15 November 2013.
[5] T. de Larrarda, F. Benboudjemaa, J.B. Colliata, J.M.
Torrentib, F. Deleruyelle, “Concrete calcium leaching at
variable temperature: experimental data and numerical
model inverse identification”, Computational Materials
Science, p.p. April 19, 2010.
[6] An Cheng, Sao-Jeng Chao and Wei-Ting Lin, “Effects
of Leaching behaviour of Calcium Ions onCompression
and Durability of Cement-Based Materialswith Mineral
Admixtures”, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research,
Atomic Energy Council, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 325,
Taiwan, p.p. 1996-1944,24 April 2013.
[7] Sreekantan P, George Mathew, “Influence of quarry
sand on the properties of high strength concrete
containing low calcium fly ash”, American Journal of
Engineering Research, Vol.2, pp.26-31, 2013.
[8] Chandramouli K., Srinivasa Rao P., Seshadri Sekhar T.,
Pannirselvam N.and Sravana P., “Rapid chloride
permeability test for durability studies on glass fibre
reinforced concrete”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, p.p. 1819-6608.
[9] Caijun Shi, Dr., Burlington, “Another look at the Rapid
Chloride Permeability Test (ASTM C1202).
[10] Prakash Joshi and Cesar Chan, “Rapid Chloride
Permeability Testing”, AMEC Earth & Environmental
Ltd. in Burnaby.
[11] IS 383: 1970Specification for fine and coarse
aggregate from natural sources for concrete
[12] IS 1514:1990 Methods of test for Leaching test
[13] ASTM C642-97 methods of test permeable voids test
[14] ASTM C1202 Rapid Chloride Permeability
5. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.2.8 ISSN: 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 134
Table.1:
Charge passed
(coulombs)
Chloride Ion
penetrability
>4000 High
2000-4000 Moderate
1000-2000 Low
100-1000 Very low
<100 Negligible
RCPT ratings (per ASTM C1202)
Table.2: Compressive Strength, Permeable Voids and Leaching of Ca(OH)2 in curing water
Identification
Symbol
Mix Type Comp. strength in MPa Permeable Voids in % Leaching of Ca(OH)2 in
mg/L
28
Days
56
Days
90
Days
28 Days
56
Days
90
Days
28
Days
56
Days
90
Days
M25 -B
M25 (100%
N.S.+100%C)
26.33 28.50 30.40 15.60 14.95 13.27 30.24 25.20 13.40
M25-G
M25 (100%
Q.S.+100%C)
19.55 24.00 25.27 25.17 22.17 21.06 34.43 28.70 16.20
M25-D3
M25 (70%C&30%FA
+55%NS&45%QS)
28.33 29.70 31.70 17.76 16.68 15.29 30.08 23.20 9.60
M30-B
M30 (100%
N.S.+100%C)
35.55 36.25 37.25 9.89 9.11 8.89 29.24 23.70 12.34
M30-G
M30 (100%
Q.S.+100%C)
21.30 26.22 28.17 16.09 14.07 13.17 33.19 27.60 15.87
M30-D3
M30(70%C&30%FA+55
%NS&45%QS)
33.33 36.00 37.20 15.10 13.49 12.22 28.31 21.60 8.60
M40-B
M40 (100%
N.S.+100%C)
40.22 44.12 46.12 8.33 7.29 7.21 28.43 22.80 11.00
M40-G
M40 (100%
Q.S.+100%C)
25.10 28.00 29.51 11.84 11.74 10.31 32.47 28.70 14.50
M40-D3
M40 (70%C&30%FA
+55%NS&45%QS)
41.77 46.88 49.10 9.81 9.28 9.02 27.67 20.70 6.90
Table.3: (Rapid Chloride Penetration Test Results on selected samp
Identification
Symbol
Mix Type RCPT Charge
(Columbs Passed)
28 days
RCPT Charge (Columbs
Passed)
90 days
M-25 -B M25 (100% N.S.+100%C) 1285 1100
M25-G M25 (100% Q.S.+100%C) 1534 1450
M25-D3
M25 (70%C&30%FA
+55%NS&45%QS)
1372 1280
M30-B M30 (100% N.S.+100%C) 1332 1060
M30-G M30 (100% Q.S.+100%C) 1445 1350
M30-D3
M30(70%C&30%FA+55%N
S&45%QS)
1364 1200
M40-B M40 (100% N.S.+100%C) 1307 980
M40-G M40 (100% Q.S.+100%C) 1320 1020
M40-D3
M40 (70%C&30%FA
+55%NS&45%QS)
1113 1100
6. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.2.8 ISSN: 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 135
Fig. 1: Samples for Permeable Voids Test Fig. 2: Samples kept for determination of
leaching of Ca(OH)2
Fig. 3: Compressive strength of M25 concrete Fig. 4: Compressive strength of M30 concrete
Fig. 5: Compressive strength of M40 concrete Fig. 6: Permeable Voids in M25 concrete
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Comp.StrengthinMPa
Age in Days
CompressiveStrength Development -
M25 Grade Concrete
M25B(Controlled Mix) M25-G M25-D3 (Critical Mix)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Comp.StrengthinMPa
Age in Days
CompressiveStrength Development -
M30 Grade Concrete
M30-B(Controlled Mix) M30-G M30-D3 (Critical Mix)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0 20 40 60 80 100
Comp.StrengthinMPa
Age in Days
CompressiveStrength Development -
M40 Grade Concrete
M40-B (Controlled Mix) M40-G M40-D3 (Critical Mix)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
PermeableVoidsin%
Age in Days
Developmentof Permeable Voids at
VariousAges - M25 Grade Concrete
M25B(Controlled Mix) M25-G M25-D3 (Critical Mix)
7. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.2.8 ISSN: 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 136
Fig. 7: Permeable Voids in M30 grade concrete Fig. 8: Permeable Voids in M40 grade concrete
Fig. 9. Leaching of Ca(OH)2 in M25 concrete Fig. 10. Leaching of Ca(OH)2 in M30 concrete
Fig.11: Leaching of Ca(OH)2 in M40 concrete Fig. 12: Rapid Chlorid permeability for
M25 Grade concrete
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
PermeableVoidsin%
Age in Days
Developmentof PermeableVoids at
VariousAges - M30 Grade Concrete
M30-B(Controlled Mix) M30-G M30-D3 (Critical Mix)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
20 40 60 80 100
LeachingQuantityofCa(OH)2
Age in Days
Leaching of Ca(OH)2 in Curing Waterat
Various Ages - M25 Grade Concrete
M25B(Controlled Mix)
M25-G
M25-D3 (Critical Mix)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
20 40 60 80 100
LeachingQuantityofCa(OH)2
Age in Days
Leaching of Ca(OH)2 in Curing Waterat
Various Ages - M30 Grade Concrete
M30-B(Controlled Mix)
M30-G
M30-D3 (Critical Mix)
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
20 40 60 80 100
LeachingQuantityofCa(OH)2
Agein Days
Leaching ofCa(OH)2in Curing Waterat Various
Ages-M40GradeConcrete
M40-B (Controlled Mix)
M40-G
M40-D3(Critical Mix)
1285
1534
1372
1100
1450
1280
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
M25-B
M25-G
M25-D3
Chargepassed(Coulombs)
Mix Types
Comparison of RCPTResults
28Days 90Days
8. International Journal of Civil, Mechanical and Energy Science (IJCMES) [Vol-3, Issue-2, Mar-Apr, 2017]
https://dx.doi.org/10.24001/ijcmes.3.2.8 ISSN: 2455-5304
www.ijcmes.com Page | 137
Fig. 13: Rapid Chlorid permeability for
M30 Grade concrete
Fig.14: Rapid Chlorid permeability for
M40 Grade concrete
Fig. 15: Effect of permeable voids on copressive
strength after 28 days curing
Fig. 16: Effect of permeable voids on copressive
strength after 56 days curing
Fig. 17: Effect of permeable voids on copressive
strength after 90 days curing
1332
1445
1364
1060
1450
1200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
M30-B
M30-G
M30-D3
Chargepassed(Coulombs)
Mix Types
Comparison of RCPT Results
28 Days 90Days
1307
1320
1113
980
1020
840
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
M40-B
M40-G
M40-D3
Chargepassed(Coulombs)
MixTypes
Comparison of RCPT Results
28 Days 90 Days
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
18 23 28 33 38 43
PereableVoidsat28Days
Compressive Strength at 28 Days og Age
Comp. Strength Vs Perm Voids - At 28 Days of Age
Controlled Mix Quarry sand Mix Critical Mix
0
5
10
15
20
25
18 28 38 48 58
PereableVoidsat28Days
Compressive Strength at 28 Days og Age
Comp. Strength Vs Perm Voids - At 56 Days of Age
Controlled Mix Quarry sand Mix Critical Mix
0
5
10
15
20
25
18 28 38 48 58
PereableVoidsat28Days
Compressive Strengthat 28 Days og Age
Comp. StrengthVsPerm Voids- At 90 Daysof
Age
ControlledMix Quarry sand Mix CriticalMix