This document summarizes the geotechnical characteristics of copper mine tailings from a case study of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine in Iran. Laboratory tests were conducted to determine properties like grain size distribution, plasticity, density, shear strength, and permeability. The tailings were found to be relatively coarse with 45% passing the #200 sieve. Testing also examined properties of materials processed using hydrocyclones. Relationships between consolidation coefficient, shear strength and permeability with other parameters were investigated. The findings provide useful data for designing and analyzing the stability of tailings dams.
durability aspects in reference to permeable voids and leaching of calcium hy...IJCMESJOURNAL
The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Fly ash (FA) and Quarry sand (QS) are some among the solid wastes generated by industry. The Quarry sand is one such material which can be used to replace sand as fine aggregate. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of natural sand (NS) with Quarry sand and partial replacement of cement with FA can be an economic alternative. This research is carried to study the effect of replacement of sand by Quarry sand and cement by fly ash with using admixture in concrete, especially in reference to permeable voids development, compressive strength, leaching of Ca(OH)2 in curing water and RCPT at 28, 56 and 90 days of age. A M25, M30, M40 Grade concrete were chosen for research. The mix design was carried out and three combinations were chosen, first combination using 100% Natural sand and 100% cement ( treated as controlled mix).In second combination 100%Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand and cement remains100%. In third combination 30% cement is replaced by Fly ash and 45% Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand (treated as critical mix). These were chosen from 30 combinations of variable % of Natural sand and Quarry sand and fly ash. The study is aim at understanding the performance of critical mix in reference to controlled mix and concrete containing 100% quarry sand. It is observed that if quarry and is used for concrete then suitable percentage natural sand and fly ash must be added to achieve desired compressive strength and performance of concrete.
1. The document presents the shear strength characteristics of a low-lime Class F fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum through unconfined compression and triaxial tests.
2. Addition of small amounts of gypsum (0.5-1%) along with lime (4-10%) enhanced the shear strength of the modified fly ash within short curing periods of 7-28 days.
3. The cohesion of the Class F fly ash increased up to 3,150% with addition of 10% lime and 1% gypsum after 28 days of curing.
This study examined the effect of partially replacing cement with fly ash in recycled aggregate concrete. Recycled coarse and fine aggregates were used. Cement was replaced with fly ash at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Concrete mixtures were prepared with and without an air-entraining agent. Tests were conducted to determine compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity. Results showed that 10% cement replacement with fly ash provided optimal properties for both recycled aggregate concrete and air-entrained recycled aggregate concrete. The addition of an air-entraining agent improved workability and freeze-thaw resistance.
This document summarizes a laboratory investigation of clay samples from Rivers State, Nigeria for use in drilling mud preparation. Three clay samples were collected from different locations and tested for rheological and wall building properties. The results showed the native clay samples were unsuitable for drilling mud compared to standard bentonite. The clay samples were then treated with additives like bentonite, NaOH, and quick trol. This improved some properties like pH, viscosity and gel strength but filtration loss and cake thickness still did not meet API standards. Further testing is needed to determine if the treated clay samples could be suitable for drilling mud with additional refinements.
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Sand by Quarry Du...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on the effects of partially replacing sand with quarry dust in concrete. Several concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100% replacement of sand with quarry dust. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the concrete generally decreased as the replacement level increased, though 20% replacement achieved slightly higher compressive strength than the control mix. The modulus of elasticity also decreased with higher replacement levels but remained within specifications. The study concluded that quarry dust can replace up to 20% of sand as a suitable alternative with minimal effects on strength properties.
Design construction and behavior of bored cast in situ concreteLữ Phát
This document summarizes the design, construction, and performance of bored cast-in-place concrete piles that were used as the foundation for a wastewater treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand. 402 piles were constructed, with diameters of 1500mm and 1000mm. The piles were designed to a maximum working load of 1000 tons and 500 tons respectively, with a safety factor of 2.5. Initial pile designs targeted a toe depth of 60m, but load tests on pilot piles showed failure before the design load. Piles were then redesigned with a toe depth of 55m and base grouting. Load tests on production piles showed acceptable performance per the design. Some piles exhibited higher settlements than expected. Construction faced challenges from wet conditions
durability aspects in reference to permeable voids and leaching of calcium hy...IJCMESJOURNAL
The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplementary cementitious material with the objective of reducing the solid waste disposal problem. Fly ash (FA) and Quarry sand (QS) are some among the solid wastes generated by industry. The Quarry sand is one such material which can be used to replace sand as fine aggregate. To overcome from this crisis, partial replacement of natural sand (NS) with Quarry sand and partial replacement of cement with FA can be an economic alternative. This research is carried to study the effect of replacement of sand by Quarry sand and cement by fly ash with using admixture in concrete, especially in reference to permeable voids development, compressive strength, leaching of Ca(OH)2 in curing water and RCPT at 28, 56 and 90 days of age. A M25, M30, M40 Grade concrete were chosen for research. The mix design was carried out and three combinations were chosen, first combination using 100% Natural sand and 100% cement ( treated as controlled mix).In second combination 100%Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand and cement remains100%. In third combination 30% cement is replaced by Fly ash and 45% Natural sand is replaced by Quarry sand (treated as critical mix). These were chosen from 30 combinations of variable % of Natural sand and Quarry sand and fly ash. The study is aim at understanding the performance of critical mix in reference to controlled mix and concrete containing 100% quarry sand. It is observed that if quarry and is used for concrete then suitable percentage natural sand and fly ash must be added to achieve desired compressive strength and performance of concrete.
1. The document presents the shear strength characteristics of a low-lime Class F fly ash modified with lime alone or in combination with gypsum through unconfined compression and triaxial tests.
2. Addition of small amounts of gypsum (0.5-1%) along with lime (4-10%) enhanced the shear strength of the modified fly ash within short curing periods of 7-28 days.
3. The cohesion of the Class F fly ash increased up to 3,150% with addition of 10% lime and 1% gypsum after 28 days of curing.
This study examined the effect of partially replacing cement with fly ash in recycled aggregate concrete. Recycled coarse and fine aggregates were used. Cement was replaced with fly ash at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%. Concrete mixtures were prepared with and without an air-entraining agent. Tests were conducted to determine compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity. Results showed that 10% cement replacement with fly ash provided optimal properties for both recycled aggregate concrete and air-entrained recycled aggregate concrete. The addition of an air-entraining agent improved workability and freeze-thaw resistance.
This document summarizes a laboratory investigation of clay samples from Rivers State, Nigeria for use in drilling mud preparation. Three clay samples were collected from different locations and tested for rheological and wall building properties. The results showed the native clay samples were unsuitable for drilling mud compared to standard bentonite. The clay samples were then treated with additives like bentonite, NaOH, and quick trol. This improved some properties like pH, viscosity and gel strength but filtration loss and cake thickness still did not meet API standards. Further testing is needed to determine if the treated clay samples could be suitable for drilling mud with additional refinements.
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Sand by Quarry Du...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation on the effects of partially replacing sand with quarry dust in concrete. Several concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100% replacement of sand with quarry dust. The compressive strength and split tensile strength of the concrete generally decreased as the replacement level increased, though 20% replacement achieved slightly higher compressive strength than the control mix. The modulus of elasticity also decreased with higher replacement levels but remained within specifications. The study concluded that quarry dust can replace up to 20% of sand as a suitable alternative with minimal effects on strength properties.
Design construction and behavior of bored cast in situ concreteLữ Phát
This document summarizes the design, construction, and performance of bored cast-in-place concrete piles that were used as the foundation for a wastewater treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand. 402 piles were constructed, with diameters of 1500mm and 1000mm. The piles were designed to a maximum working load of 1000 tons and 500 tons respectively, with a safety factor of 2.5. Initial pile designs targeted a toe depth of 60m, but load tests on pilot piles showed failure before the design load. Piles were then redesigned with a toe depth of 55m and base grouting. Load tests on production piles showed acceptable performance per the design. Some piles exhibited higher settlements than expected. Construction faced challenges from wet conditions
The document summarizes research on a blast hole slotting system that aims to reduce coal loss and dilution during coal mining blasts. A field trial at a mine site demonstrated that blast holes slotted with the system had 58% less fragmentation below the blast hole toe compared to unslotted holes. This indicates the slots help direct fractures radially and protect the underlying coal seam. Further testing is still needed to directly quantify the system's ability to reduce coal loss in cast blasting situations. The research provides promising results that the slotting technology could improve coal recovery while maintaining fragmentation in open cut coal mining.
An Experimental Study on Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate Concrete Modified With Na...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study on concrete made with 100% replacement of natural aggregates with sintered fly ash aggregates. Various mixes were tested with partial replacement of cement (11%) with silica fume, slag, and fly ash, along with additions of nano aluminum oxide (Al2O3) at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of the replaced cement. Specimens were cast and tested for properties such as compressive strength and mode-II fracture behavior. The aim was to develop a more sustainable concrete by utilizing industrial waste materials and improving mechanical properties with nano additions.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Concrete with Replacement of Fine Aggreg...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates using granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Various concrete mixtures were prepared with 0%, 20%, 50%, 70%, and 90% replacement of sand with GBFS. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixtures were then tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that GBFS can partially replace sand in concrete, with strengths comparable to the control mixture depending on the replacement level. Using GBFS provides benefits of reducing environmental impacts from sand mining and disposal of industrial waste slag.
1. The document discusses the behavior of low rank high moisture coal stored in small stockpiles under controlled ambient conditions. Laboratory tests were conducted on coal samples from Indonesia to analyze properties like moisture content, calorific value, and reactivity.
2. Small-scale stockpile tests showed that natural drying can significantly reduce coal moisture content over time. However, rainfall negatively impacts the drying process. Staging the coal by size and sheltering stockpiles enhances moisture loss.
3. Analysis methods like XRD, FTIR, and TGA provided insights into the coal's amorphous structure and functional groups, which influence its moisture holding capacity. Understanding these relationships can help optimize stockpile management and drying.
Soil Stabilization Study by using Steel Slagijtsrd
The growing needs for fully furnished highways in the developed countries has led engineers to search for the durable cost effective measure for roadway construction. The basic necessity for suitable base course for roads is an important aspect in construction. The paper aims at utilizing the common waste materials for the improvement of roads. One such material that was analyzed in the paper for the execution of road work is the steel slag which is furnished in tones in the steel factories across the country. The use of the material is found to have improved the sub grade properties of soil to a good extent. Nitesh | Sumesh Jain "Soil Stabilization Study by using Steel Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25189.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25189/soil-stabilization-study-by-using-steel-slag/nitesh
This document summarizes research on the effects of different curing methods on the properties of geopolymer concrete. Several studies investigated how compressive strength is affected by curing temperature and duration using oven curing at temperatures ranging from 40-120°C for 6-24 hours. Higher curing temperatures and longer durations generally increased compressive strength. Other parameters examined included water-to-binder ratio, fly ash fineness, alkaline activator concentration, and curing of specimens. The document reviews multiple investigations on developing optimized mixes for geopolymer concrete.
Effect of iron ore tailing on the properties of concreteAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated using iron ore tailings (IOT) as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. Tests were conducted with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of sand with IOT. Results showed that workability decreased with higher replacement levels due to the fineness of IOT. The 28-day compressive strength was only slightly lower when replacing 20% of sand with IOT compared to the control mix. The tensile strength was also similar between the 20% replacement and control mixes. Therefore, replacing up to 20% of sand with IOT provides sufficient strength for use in concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
Effects of Mechanical Properties on Unconventional Concrete Where Coarse Aggr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This project is regarding the investigation on compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of unconventional concrete using waste material. The material used in this project is palm oil clinker and it has been used to replace conventional coarse aggregate in concrete. The main objective of this research is to support the usage of waste product which helps to reduce the usage of conventional construction materials that are decreasing in terms or quantity and increasing in terms of price. The rate at which extinction of natural resources and pollution is increasing day by day is becoming alarming. The pollution of the environment in causing irreparable damage to the earth and it can be avoided by the usage waste materials which can be easily obtained. Other than that, factors affecting the mechanical properties of concrete are studied throughout the literature review. This has been done in order to combine information gained into this research and provide a better solution for palm oil clinker concrete. The various tests were performed on five different types of concrete mix with different percentage of palm oil clinker as a coarse aggregate replacement. This is to study the characteristic of palm oil clinker in concrete and as well as the changes that it makes in the strength of concrete. From the result obtained, due to its water absorbing characteristic, size and shape, palm oil clinker increase the bonding between aggregate by filling in the voids. Furthermore palm oil clinker enables internal curing which allows concrete strength to be higher. It has reduced the porosity of concrete, which means it has increased the strength of concrete. Lastly, palm oil clinker as coarse aggregate replacement in concrete has a major impact in the future of construction industry by drastically increasing the strength of concrete as well as the eradication of waste.
Strength variation of opc saw dust ash composites with percentage saw dust ashAlexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of varying percentages of saw dust ash (SDA) replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the compressive strengths of concrete, sandcrete, and soilcrete composites over time. The key findings were:
1) Compressive strengths at early ages (3-21 days) were lower than the control but increased and became comparable or higher than the control at later ages (50-90 days) due to the pozzolanic reaction of the SDA.
2) For concrete, 5-25% SDA replacement achieved 90% or more of the control strength and was suitable for reinforced concrete, while 25-40% and 45-50% were suitable for
Study on Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Expansive SoilQuarry Dust Mixesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document summarizes a study on the properties of concrete with coconut shells used to replace coarse aggregates. Control concrete and concretes with 10-20% coarse aggregate replacement with coconut shells were tested. Properties investigated included compressive strength, split tensile strength, density, water absorption and moisture migration. Results showed that density, workability and strengths decreased with increased coconut shell replacement. However, permeability, absorption and moisture migration increased. Concrete with both coconut shells and fly ash showed similar properties to concrete with just coconut shells.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
1. The document discusses using copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Copper slag is an industrial byproduct generated during copper production.
2. The author reviews past studies that found copper slag can improve the strength and durability of concrete when used to replace up to 50% of fine aggregate. Properties like compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack were enhanced.
3. However, replacing fine aggregate with more than 50% copper slag resulted in weaker concrete due to increased voids and microcracks in the material. The document concludes that copper slag is a viable partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Quarry Dust as fine Aggregat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using quarry dust as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The study found that replacing up to 50% of fine aggregate with quarry dust resulted in higher compressive strength compared to normal concrete. However, strength decreased with replacements over 50%. Using quarry dust can help reduce the environmental impacts of waste dust while also addressing the shortage of natural sand. The results indicate that quarry dust is a suitable replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
Analytic Formulae for Concrete Mix Design Based on Experimental Data Base and...CSCJournals
This document presents research on developing analytic formulae and artificial neural network models for concrete mix design and behavior prediction. 64 concrete mixes were tested with different cement types, contents, water contents, and fine/coarse aggregate ratios. Mix properties like slump and compressive strength at various ages were measured to create a database. Analytic formulae were developed for mix design based on the database. Artificial neural network models were also developed to simulate mix properties and predict behavior for different mix proportions and ages not tested experimentally. The neural network models could help reduce experimental effort and costs while maintaining accuracy. In conclusion, experimental data and numerical modeling techniques were utilized to better understand properties of new cement types and support concrete mix design and behavior prediction.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Cement Material in Ethiopia: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on partially replacing cement with alternative materials in concrete production in Ethiopia. It summarizes 10 previous studies that investigated replacing cement with various waste materials like bagasse ash, coffee husk ash, termite hill clay powder, animal bone powder, corncob ash, banana leaf ash, quarry dust, and groundnut shell ash. The studies found that compressive strength generally increased with curing time but decreased as the replacement amount increased. Most found optimal replacement rates of 5-15% depending on the material, above which strength decreased. Overall, the studies indicate that various agricultural and industrial wastes have potential to partially replace cement in concrete in Ethiopia.
Experimental investigation was carried out to establish the feasibility of unprocessed stone
dust as fine aggregate in place of river sand which has become a scarcity now-a-days, by casting
cube and determining the compressive strength for the two grades of concrete M15 and M20. The
result obtained are compared with conventional concrete. It is concluded that compressive strength at
28 days of unprocessed stone dust used as fine aggregate in concrete gives 35% higher strength for
M15 and 4% for M20 grade concrete when compared to the reference concrete. The split tensile
strength of unprocessed stone dust concrete is 2.98 N/mm2
and 3.25 N/mm2
for M15 and M20 grade
respectively where as the reference concrete is 2.58 N/mm2
and 3.18 N/mm2
only. This investigation
has demonstrated that the unprocessed stone dust is equally good as fine aggregate like river sand
and hence can be used in making concrete
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of high volume fly ash concrete. Five concrete mixes were designed with Portland cement replaced by fly ash at 20%, 30%, 40%, and 60%. Testing showed that workability increased with higher fly ash content. Compressive strength generally decreased with more fly ash but remained suitable for normal construction. Flexural strength was highest with 20-30% fly ash replacement. Splitting tensile strength decreased as fly ash increased but all mixes met requirements for road construction. Hydration products like calcium hydroxide formed in less quantity with higher fly ash content due to pozzolanic reactions.
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Chỉ với một nguồn kinh phí rất tiết kiệm, Quý khách hàng cùng công ty Phan Đăng có thể giúp mang tên tuổi, hình ảnh và thông điệp sản phẩm của mình tới đối tượng khách hàng mục tiêu. Hợp tác với Phan Đăng chính là bạn đã gửi trọn niềm tin vào một địa chỉ tin cậy nhất để phát triển thương hiệu một cách nhanh chóng và hiệu quả trong một môi trường văn hóa bền vững.
Kính chúc thương hiệu sản phẩm của Quý doanh nghiệp sẽ ngày một lớn mạnh khi hợp tác cùng Công ty Phan Đăng - phadanco
The document summarizes research on a blast hole slotting system that aims to reduce coal loss and dilution during coal mining blasts. A field trial at a mine site demonstrated that blast holes slotted with the system had 58% less fragmentation below the blast hole toe compared to unslotted holes. This indicates the slots help direct fractures radially and protect the underlying coal seam. Further testing is still needed to directly quantify the system's ability to reduce coal loss in cast blasting situations. The research provides promising results that the slotting technology could improve coal recovery while maintaining fragmentation in open cut coal mining.
An Experimental Study on Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate Concrete Modified With Na...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study on concrete made with 100% replacement of natural aggregates with sintered fly ash aggregates. Various mixes were tested with partial replacement of cement (11%) with silica fume, slag, and fly ash, along with additions of nano aluminum oxide (Al2O3) at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% of the replaced cement. Specimens were cast and tested for properties such as compressive strength and mode-II fracture behavior. The aim was to develop a more sustainable concrete by utilizing industrial waste materials and improving mechanical properties with nano additions.
IRJET- Experimental Investigation on Concrete with Replacement of Fine Aggreg...IRJET Journal
The document experimentally investigates using granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Various concrete mixtures were prepared with 0%, 20%, 50%, 70%, and 90% replacement of sand with GBFS. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength of the concrete mixtures were then tested at 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that GBFS can partially replace sand in concrete, with strengths comparable to the control mixture depending on the replacement level. Using GBFS provides benefits of reducing environmental impacts from sand mining and disposal of industrial waste slag.
1. The document discusses the behavior of low rank high moisture coal stored in small stockpiles under controlled ambient conditions. Laboratory tests were conducted on coal samples from Indonesia to analyze properties like moisture content, calorific value, and reactivity.
2. Small-scale stockpile tests showed that natural drying can significantly reduce coal moisture content over time. However, rainfall negatively impacts the drying process. Staging the coal by size and sheltering stockpiles enhances moisture loss.
3. Analysis methods like XRD, FTIR, and TGA provided insights into the coal's amorphous structure and functional groups, which influence its moisture holding capacity. Understanding these relationships can help optimize stockpile management and drying.
Soil Stabilization Study by using Steel Slagijtsrd
The growing needs for fully furnished highways in the developed countries has led engineers to search for the durable cost effective measure for roadway construction. The basic necessity for suitable base course for roads is an important aspect in construction. The paper aims at utilizing the common waste materials for the improvement of roads. One such material that was analyzed in the paper for the execution of road work is the steel slag which is furnished in tones in the steel factories across the country. The use of the material is found to have improved the sub grade properties of soil to a good extent. Nitesh | Sumesh Jain "Soil Stabilization Study by using Steel Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25189.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/25189/soil-stabilization-study-by-using-steel-slag/nitesh
This document summarizes research on the effects of different curing methods on the properties of geopolymer concrete. Several studies investigated how compressive strength is affected by curing temperature and duration using oven curing at temperatures ranging from 40-120°C for 6-24 hours. Higher curing temperatures and longer durations generally increased compressive strength. Other parameters examined included water-to-binder ratio, fly ash fineness, alkaline activator concentration, and curing of specimens. The document reviews multiple investigations on developing optimized mixes for geopolymer concrete.
Effect of iron ore tailing on the properties of concreteAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated using iron ore tailings (IOT) as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. Tests were conducted with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of sand with IOT. Results showed that workability decreased with higher replacement levels due to the fineness of IOT. The 28-day compressive strength was only slightly lower when replacing 20% of sand with IOT compared to the control mix. The tensile strength was also similar between the 20% replacement and control mixes. Therefore, replacing up to 20% of sand with IOT provides sufficient strength for use in concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Partial...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation on steel fiber reinforced concrete with partial replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand. Cubes, cylinders, prisms, and L-shaped specimens of M30 grade concrete with 50% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand and 1% steel fibers were cast and tested at 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate mechanical properties. The tests included compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, shear strength, and the effect of high temperatures. The study aims to compare the mechanical performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete with manufactured sand to normal concrete.
Effects of Mechanical Properties on Unconventional Concrete Where Coarse Aggr...paperpublications3
Abstract: This project is regarding the investigation on compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of unconventional concrete using waste material. The material used in this project is palm oil clinker and it has been used to replace conventional coarse aggregate in concrete. The main objective of this research is to support the usage of waste product which helps to reduce the usage of conventional construction materials that are decreasing in terms or quantity and increasing in terms of price. The rate at which extinction of natural resources and pollution is increasing day by day is becoming alarming. The pollution of the environment in causing irreparable damage to the earth and it can be avoided by the usage waste materials which can be easily obtained. Other than that, factors affecting the mechanical properties of concrete are studied throughout the literature review. This has been done in order to combine information gained into this research and provide a better solution for palm oil clinker concrete. The various tests were performed on five different types of concrete mix with different percentage of palm oil clinker as a coarse aggregate replacement. This is to study the characteristic of palm oil clinker in concrete and as well as the changes that it makes in the strength of concrete. From the result obtained, due to its water absorbing characteristic, size and shape, palm oil clinker increase the bonding between aggregate by filling in the voids. Furthermore palm oil clinker enables internal curing which allows concrete strength to be higher. It has reduced the porosity of concrete, which means it has increased the strength of concrete. Lastly, palm oil clinker as coarse aggregate replacement in concrete has a major impact in the future of construction industry by drastically increasing the strength of concrete as well as the eradication of waste.
Strength variation of opc saw dust ash composites with percentage saw dust ashAlexander Decker
This study investigated the effect of varying percentages of saw dust ash (SDA) replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) on the compressive strengths of concrete, sandcrete, and soilcrete composites over time. The key findings were:
1) Compressive strengths at early ages (3-21 days) were lower than the control but increased and became comparable or higher than the control at later ages (50-90 days) due to the pozzolanic reaction of the SDA.
2) For concrete, 5-25% SDA replacement achieved 90% or more of the control strength and was suitable for reinforced concrete, while 25-40% and 45-50% were suitable for
Study on Geotechnical Properties of Stabilized Expansive SoilQuarry Dust Mixesiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document summarizes a study on the properties of concrete with coconut shells used to replace coarse aggregates. Control concrete and concretes with 10-20% coarse aggregate replacement with coconut shells were tested. Properties investigated included compressive strength, split tensile strength, density, water absorption and moisture migration. Results showed that density, workability and strengths decreased with increased coconut shell replacement. However, permeability, absorption and moisture migration increased. Concrete with both coconut shells and fly ash showed similar properties to concrete with just coconut shells.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MUD MORTAR IN COMPARISON WIT...civej
Mud is a versatile material which finds application in construction industry as mud blocks for wall
construction, mud mortar for binding and plastering and as tiles for flooring and roofing. It is universally
accepted as an environment friendly and user friendly material for construction from time immemorial. The
state of Kerala, where nature imprints its heritage witnessed numerous mud constructions in the form of
traditional buildings, ancient palaces and monumental buildings irrespective of the size of the buildings
and status of the owners. Yet its utilization as a construction material has come down drastically over a
past few decades with the advent of cement and concrete. In a state like Kerala, where there is ample
scope for procuring mud, it is high time that its potential as building material has been fully utilized. The
potential of mud as a sustainable building material has been overviewed by the same authors in the first
phase of investigation. As the second phase experimental work was conducted to compare the properties of
mud mortar with conventional mortars so as to check the feasibility of using mud as mortar. The effect of
stabilizers such as cow dung, cement and lime on raw mud has been studied in this paper. This paper also
checks the effect of fibres on the durability of reinforced mud mortar.
1. The document discusses using copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Copper slag is an industrial byproduct generated during copper production.
2. The author reviews past studies that found copper slag can improve the strength and durability of concrete when used to replace up to 50% of fine aggregate. Properties like compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack were enhanced.
3. However, replacing fine aggregate with more than 50% copper slag resulted in weaker concrete due to increased voids and microcracks in the material. The document concludes that copper slag is a viable partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
An Experimental Study on Compressive Strength of Quarry Dust as fine Aggregat...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on using quarry dust as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. The study found that replacing up to 50% of fine aggregate with quarry dust resulted in higher compressive strength compared to normal concrete. However, strength decreased with replacements over 50%. Using quarry dust can help reduce the environmental impacts of waste dust while also addressing the shortage of natural sand. The results indicate that quarry dust is a suitable replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
Analytic Formulae for Concrete Mix Design Based on Experimental Data Base and...CSCJournals
This document presents research on developing analytic formulae and artificial neural network models for concrete mix design and behavior prediction. 64 concrete mixes were tested with different cement types, contents, water contents, and fine/coarse aggregate ratios. Mix properties like slump and compressive strength at various ages were measured to create a database. Analytic formulae were developed for mix design based on the database. Artificial neural network models were also developed to simulate mix properties and predict behavior for different mix proportions and ages not tested experimentally. The neural network models could help reduce experimental effort and costs while maintaining accuracy. In conclusion, experimental data and numerical modeling techniques were utilized to better understand properties of new cement types and support concrete mix design and behavior prediction.
“Experimental studies on the characteristics properties of concrete produced ...AjeetPanedakatti
Concrete is the most widely used man-made construction material in the world and is consumed second only to water on this planet. It is obtained by mixing the cementitious materials, water and aggregates in the required proportions. However, the various required performance attributes of concrete including strength, workability, dimensional stability and durability, often impose contradictory requirements on the mix parameters to be adopted, there by rendering the concrete mix design a very difficult task.
The increase in global warming has resulted a wide range of change in earth’s temperature, the source being emission of carbon dioxide gas from the production process of cement. Use of naturally available pozzolanic waste materials (fly ash & granite powder) as a partial substitute of OPC cement in mortar mix has seen a wide potential in the utilization of these waste material and also enhancing the properties of mortar mix and thus reducing the environment impact caused by manufacturing of cement. In this study the effect of using fly ash & granite powder is used as a partial substitute of ordinary port-land cement and to reduce the cost of the cement.
An investigation was conducted to determine the suitability of using fly ash (bi-product from thermal power plant) and waste granite powder as partial replacement for cement for concrete production. Apart from the control concrete sample which had 100% cement all the other samples were treated to 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% replacement of cement with flyash and granite powder. Concrete cubes of 150mmx150mmx150mm, cylinders of 150mm diameter and 300mm height, beams of 100mmx100mmx500mm were made with the various proportions of cement, sand and coarse aggregates in a mix ratio of 1:2.2:3, water -cement ratio of 0.50 and cured over 28 days. The results of compressive strength tests show that the strength of the concrete cubes with varying amounts of cement and fly ash and granite powder changed marginally. This was interpreted to mean that the partial replacement of cement with fly ash and granite powder up to 20% in concrete results in about 1.4% increase in the strength of the concrete. The compressive strength of concrete cubes is 33N/mm2, flexural strength of concrete beams is 5.10 N/mm2 and split tensile strength of concrete cylinder is 2.34 N/mm2 for 20% replacement.
IRJET- Partial Replacement of Cement Material in Ethiopia: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document reviews research on partially replacing cement with alternative materials in concrete production in Ethiopia. It summarizes 10 previous studies that investigated replacing cement with various waste materials like bagasse ash, coffee husk ash, termite hill clay powder, animal bone powder, corncob ash, banana leaf ash, quarry dust, and groundnut shell ash. The studies found that compressive strength generally increased with curing time but decreased as the replacement amount increased. Most found optimal replacement rates of 5-15% depending on the material, above which strength decreased. Overall, the studies indicate that various agricultural and industrial wastes have potential to partially replace cement in concrete in Ethiopia.
Experimental investigation was carried out to establish the feasibility of unprocessed stone
dust as fine aggregate in place of river sand which has become a scarcity now-a-days, by casting
cube and determining the compressive strength for the two grades of concrete M15 and M20. The
result obtained are compared with conventional concrete. It is concluded that compressive strength at
28 days of unprocessed stone dust used as fine aggregate in concrete gives 35% higher strength for
M15 and 4% for M20 grade concrete when compared to the reference concrete. The split tensile
strength of unprocessed stone dust concrete is 2.98 N/mm2
and 3.25 N/mm2
for M15 and M20 grade
respectively where as the reference concrete is 2.58 N/mm2
and 3.18 N/mm2
only. This investigation
has demonstrated that the unprocessed stone dust is equally good as fine aggregate like river sand
and hence can be used in making concrete
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical properties of high volume fly ash concrete. Five concrete mixes were designed with Portland cement replaced by fly ash at 20%, 30%, 40%, and 60%. Testing showed that workability increased with higher fly ash content. Compressive strength generally decreased with more fly ash but remained suitable for normal construction. Flexural strength was highest with 20-30% fly ash replacement. Splitting tensile strength decreased as fly ash increased but all mixes met requirements for road construction. Hydration products like calcium hydroxide formed in less quantity with higher fly ash content due to pozzolanic reactions.
Ispirazioni di stile per il tuo matrimonioAmbroso srl
Idee e stili per le decorazoni di nozze classiche, country o esotiche. Sfoglia lo stile giusto per il tuo matrimonio o per quello che stai organizzando
Công ty Phan Đăng rất vui lòng được hợp tác xây dựng và phát triển thương hiệu sản phẩm của Quý doanh nghiệp thông qua các chương trình hỗ trợ như:
* Tổ chức sự kiện, hội thảo, hội nghị, tổ chức các hoạt động xúc tiến thương mại. Các chương trình PR, truyền thông quảng bá thương hiệu cho Công ty hoặc cho từng sản phẩm riêng.
* Tư vấn, cung cấp các dịch vụ hỗ trợ quảng bá thương hiệu:
+ Thực hiện roahshow, activation, sampling, lauching sản phẩm mới...
+ Nhận in ấn, phát tờ rơi, treo băng rôn, banner, poster
+ Cung cấp các đội cổ động, PG, PB, Models, nhóm múa, vũ đoàn…Với đội ngũ chuyên nghiệp, hơn 200 nhân viên được đào tạo tốt, quản lý chặt chẽ, thường xuyên tham gia các sự kiện lớn.
* Thực hiện các cuộc điều tra, khảo sát thị trường, tìm hiểu nhu cầu và thu thập ý kiến người tiêu dùng nhằm đưa ra những số liệu khảo sát cụ thể, giúp Quý doanh nghiệp có được các số liệu cần thiết để hoàn thiện và phát triển sản phẩm của mình cũng như đưa ra chiến lược marketing phù hợp.
* Nhận viết và đăng các bài viết giới thiệu doanh nghiệp, sản phẩm, các tin bài PR cho các tổ chức, cá nhân có nhu cầu trên các phương tiện truyền thông và tại website: http://phadanco.com
* Hoạt động dã ngoại Team Building gắn kết tinh thần đồng đội, nâng cao văn hóa công ty, tăng kỹ năng, hiệu quả của các hoạt động, làm việc nhóm.
Chỉ với một nguồn kinh phí rất tiết kiệm, Quý khách hàng cùng công ty Phan Đăng có thể giúp mang tên tuổi, hình ảnh và thông điệp sản phẩm của mình tới đối tượng khách hàng mục tiêu. Hợp tác với Phan Đăng chính là bạn đã gửi trọn niềm tin vào một địa chỉ tin cậy nhất để phát triển thương hiệu một cách nhanh chóng và hiệu quả trong một môi trường văn hóa bền vững.
Kính chúc thương hiệu sản phẩm của Quý doanh nghiệp sẽ ngày một lớn mạnh khi hợp tác cùng Công ty Phan Đăng - phadanco
Qué significa ser sobresaliente revista palabra año 8, no. 42 2007Luis Ruiz Alvarez
Este documento discute el significado de ser sobresaliente. Argumenta que la sobresalencia resulta de la interacción entre factores genéticos, ambientales y educativos, en lugar de ser determinada por un solo factor. También define a los individuos sobresalientes como creadores que innovan en un campo específico a través de dominio del campo, perseverancia e ideas originales. Finalmente, discute que la inteligencia es solo un factor secundario para definir la sobresalencia, en lugar de ser el factor determinante.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang membangun persepsi diri yang baik melalui penampilan, sikap, aktivitas kerja, dan hasil kerja yang memuaskan. Faktor-faktor tersebut dapat mempengaruhi persepsi orang lain terhadap diri seseorang. Selain itu, memiliki wawasan yang luas dan kemauan untuk berubah dapat membantu membangun persepsi positif.
1) GPM is a bike rental service that will donate clean water based on miles ridden, focusing on large university campuses.
2) Users can easily rent bikes through an app or kiosks, with low fees. Revenue comes from ads on bikes/stations and user fees.
3) The service aims to provide affordable transportation while incentivizing clean water donations and exercise through competitive elements and promotions.
1) El documento discute dos paradigmas sobre la discapacidad: uno que la ve como una condición biológica individual, y otro que la concibe como una relación social entre las capacidades de una persona y las barreras en su contexto.
2) Tradicionalmente se ha justificado la discriminación de personas con discapacidad a través de discursos religiosos, médicos y psiquiátricos que los veían como no humanos.
3) Actualmente hay un debate entre estas concepciones, siendo crucial definir si la discapacidad es un atributo natural o
This document provides details of a family trip to New Zealand, including travel itinerary, lodging, costs, and attractions to visit in Wellington, Whakatane and Akaroa. The itinerary includes flights from Malaga to Wellington, and return, with internal flights and buses between Wellington, Whakatane and Akaroa. Specific hotels are booked in each location. Total cost of flights, lodging, transportation, attractions and food is estimated at 10,250€. Key attractions highlighted for each city include botanical gardens and museums in Wellington, beaches and wildlife encounters in Whakatane, and historic sites and gardens in Akaroa.
Công ty Phan Đăng nhận tổ chức sự kiện
Tổ chức lễ khai trương
Tổ chức lễ động thổ, lễ khánh thành nhà máy
Tổ chức lễ tất niên, tân niên, hội nghị khách hàng, lễ thành lập Cty.
Công ty Phan Đăng nhận cung cấp lao động thời vụ
Giới thiệu lao động phổ thông
The document discusses the field of ergonomics, which is defined as the relationship between humans and various aspects of their work. It covers both the scientific and technological aspects of ergonomics. The scientific aspects include anatomy, physiology, psychology and how work environments impact humans. The technological aspects include systems, workspace, and environmental design to optimize safety and efficiency based on human factors. The goal of ergonomics is to adapt jobs and workplaces to fit human abilities and limitations.
Effects of surcharge loads on liquefaction parameters of pond ash improved wIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the effects of surcharge loads on liquefaction parameters of pond ash improved with stone-sand columns. Laboratory tests were conducted on a shake table to measure pore water pressure development in pond ash samples with and without stone-sand column reinforcement under varying levels of surcharge loads. It was found that inclusion of stone-sand columns and application of surcharge loads increased the liquefaction resistance of pond ash, as indicated by a reduction in maximum excess pore water pressure ratios. Higher surcharge loads provided greater improvement to liquefaction resistance.
Rock Melting: A Specialty Drilling System for Improved Hole Stability in Geot...swilsonmc
A Los Alamos National Laboratory team is actively reevaluating a
drilling system that uses electrically-heated graphite, or molybdenum
penetrators to melt a hole as it is slowly pushed through rock. The
primary result of a rock melting penetrator is to form molten material
that consolidates into a rugged glass lining, thus preventing hole
collapse and minimizing the potential for cross-flow and lost
circulation. Drilling fluid requirements are reduced or eliminated,
and the penetrator does not rotate.
Laboratory bench tests are being coupled with time-dependent
thermomechanical models to understand the physics of the process
and adapt rock melting to a variety of field environments.
The potential geothermal drilling applications include a wellbore seal
in lieu of intermediate casing particularly in areas of lost circulation
or borehole wall collapse. Additionally, by modifying the penetrator
tool, the system could be designed to melt through a stuck pipe or
bit, thereby eliminating cementing and redrilling. Modification of the
rock melting drill to allow injection of reagents and thinners into the
melt to increase penetration rates, and enhance glass liner properties
is also under investigation.
Strength Study of copper slag & Fly Ash With Replacement Of Aggregate's In Co...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on using industrial byproducts like fly ash and copper slag to replace aggregates in concrete for road construction. The study aims to address issues with excessive sand usage by finding sustainable alternatives. Concrete samples of different grades were produced by replacing natural sand with copper slag at varying percentages. The samples were tested for load carrying capacity and flexural strength. The results showed that concrete with 100% copper slag replacement performed similarly to normal concrete, indicating that copper slag can successfully replace sand in concrete for roads. The document also reviews several other studies on using industrial wastes in construction and their findings.
This document describes a study that investigated stabilizing residual soils from Orukim, Nigeria using river sand and cement. River sand content was varied from 10-70% and cement content was varied from 2-10% to mix with the residual soils. Laboratory tests like modified proctor compaction and CBR tests were conducted on the mixtures. Cement stabilization produced higher CBR values ranging from 70-127% compared to river sand stabilization which ranged from 66-90%. Models were developed to predict CBR values of the stabilized residual soils at different levels of stabilization. The hydration products of cement were found to increase bonding between soil particles, reducing plasticity and improving strength.
Effect of deep chemical mixing columns on properties of surrounding soft clay...AltinKaradagli
This study examines an alkaline material for improving soft clay soil. A series of tests, including unconfined compression strength, pH, undrained shear strength, electrical conductivity, and microstructural analysis, were conducted.
The document summarizes a study that used a direct shear box test to determine the shear strength characteristics of rockfill material from the Beas River in India. Rockfill samples of varying particle sizes from 1-12.5 mm were tested under normal pressures from 1-2 kg/cm2. The results showed that shear strength, as indicated by the angle of shearing resistance, increased as particle size decreased at a given void ratio. However, shear stress generally decreased with increasing particle size. A direct shear box with internal dimensions of 30x30x12 cm was used to test the rockfill samples based on standard methodologies for such tests.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Stability analysis of overburden internal dump material of amlohri opencast c...Dr. Sachin Sharma
This document summarizes a study on the stability analysis of overburden internal dump material at Amlohri opencast coal mine in India. Shear strength tests were conducted on dump and interface materials to determine parameters. Stability analyses using Fellenius and Bishop's methods were performed for various dump height and slope combinations considering groundwater, seismicity, and coal barriers. Factors of safety between 1.05-1.10 and 1.20 were found to be safe and economical for 80m and 50m high dumps respectively based on a stipulated factor of 1.2. The study provides optimum dump geometry for safe slope design at the mine.
The document summarizes research on manufacturing ultra-light ceramsite from slate waste in Shangri-la, China. Key findings include:
1) Through orthogonal experimentation, the optimal production parameters were determined as preheating at 300°C for 25 minutes and sintering at 1230°C for 20 minutes.
2) Analysis showed sintering temperature had the greatest influence on physical properties of the ceramsite, followed by sintering time, preheating temperature, and preheating time.
3) The optimal ceramsite had a bulk density of 729 kg/m3, water absorption of 5.1%, and expansion ratio of 50%, meeting standards for ultra-light cerams
Behavior of Black Cotton Soil with Addition of Copper Slag and Steel SlagIRJET Journal
The document discusses the behavior of black cotton soil when reinforced with copper slag and steel slag. Black cotton soil was collected from Kadapa District, India and treated with varying percentages of copper slag and steel slag individually. Compaction, unconfined compression, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were conducted on the untreated and treated soil samples. The results showed that with the addition of copper slag and steel slag, the maximum dry density increased and optimum moisture content decreased for the treated soil samples compared to the untreated soil. The unconfined compression strength and CBR values increased for the treated soil samples with curing time indicating an improvement in the engineering properties of the black cotton soil.
Interrelationships between Characteristic Lengths of Local Scour Holedrboon
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on local scour of noncohesive sediments downstream of a horizontal rigid apron. The experiments were carried out in a rectangular flume with 9m length, 0.5m width and 0.6m height which includes an alluvial test reach of 1.65m length and 0.2m depth at the end of the apron. Two types of uniform sediment with median diameters of 0.73mm and 1.85mm were used in the experiments. Time variations of the maximum scour depth was measured for some experiments. It was found that the scour hole does not reach the equilibrium state even after 48 hours. However, after the first 12 hours, the rate of extension of the maximum scour depth is found to be less than 0.001 cm/min. Although the scour profile seems to be three dimensional in nature, it was found that there is a geometrical similarity between the scour holes in all of the experiments. Variations of the characteristic lengths of the scour hole such as the maximum scour depth, dsm, the maximum extension of hole, L0, and the dune height, hd, are related to each other. Nondimensional graphs and formulas are suggested to determine the variation of these parameters in different conditions.
Slurry wear properties of pump lining materialsJunaid Masoodi
The document summarizes the results of tests conducted to study the slurry wear properties of elastomeric lining materials for pumps. Thirteen materials were initially tested under various conditions using a slurry jet device. Polyurethane, fluid elastomer and rubber showed good wear resistance compared to metals. Additional tests on these three materials examined the effects of jet velocity, impingement angle, particle size and concentration on wear rate. The tests showed the fluid elastomer and rubber had much lower wear rates than polyurethane or stainless steel. Wear rate increased with velocity and concentration but was affected by impingement angle and particle size.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ON USE OF FLY ASH PELLETS IN CONCRETE IN PLACE OF GRANITE AGG...Ijripublishers Ijri
A construction industry plays vital role in India which leads into the economic developments. The materials like fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate are used to prepare cement concrete which are easily available natural resources in our
country, but now there is high demand in materials which have gone to a high scenario.
The quantity of fly ash produced from thermal power plants in India is approximately 80 million tons each year, and its
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large volume of fly ash in concrete. The world is much interested in this part recently due to this large scale utilization
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Feasibility of Copper Slag – Fly Ash Mix as a Road Construction Material IDES Editor
In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the
feasibility of copper slag – fly ash mix for use in subbase
course of the flexible pavements. A number of cylindrical test
specimens (38 mm diameter and 76 mm height) were prepared
with raw materials such as copper slag and fly ash in different
proportions. These samples were cured at a temperature of
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chamber for different curing period of 0, 7, 14 and 28 days.
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content and curing period on the above geotechnical properties
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1) Dissolved oxygen levels decreased the most in basalt and over longer storage times.
2) pH levels increased the most after two weeks storage and were highest in basalt.
3) Turbidity increased greatly after one week, particularly in dolomite.
4) Electrical
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10.1007 s10706 007-9132-9
1. ORIGINAL PAPER
Geotechnical Characteristics of Copper Mine Tailings:
A Case Study
Abolfazl Shamsai Æ Ali Pak Æ
S. Mohyeddin Bateni Æ
S. Amir Hossein Ayatollahi
Received: 23 June 2005 / Accepted: 22 June 2007 / Published online: 18 July 2007
Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2007
Abstract Waste management issue in mining
industry has become increasingly important. In this
regard, construction of tailings dams plays a major
role. Most of the tailings dams require some kinds of
remedial actions during their operational lifetime,
among which heightening is the most common. In the
first stage of the remedial provisions for Sarcheshmeh
Copper Complex tailings dam in Iran, it has been
decided to use hydrocyclone method to provide
suitable construction material due to the high cost
associated with using borrow materials for heighten-
ing of the dam. To undertake this project a series of
laboratory experiments was performed to determine
the copper ‘original tailings’ and ‘cycloned materials’
geotechnical characteristics to evaluate the applica-
bility of the cycloned materials for construction
purposes. Different laboratory experiments were
conducted to determine the grain-size distribution,
Atterberg limits, specific gravity, maximum density,
shear strength parameters, consolidation coefficient,
and hydraulic conductivity. The results were com-
pared with those of similar mines to check whether
they follow the trends observed in other copper
tailing materials elsewhere. Variation of the cohesion
and internal friction angle versus different compac-
tion ratios were studied in order to determine realistic
shear strength parameters for tailing dam stability
analysis. In this study, using oedometer test, a mild
linear relation between void ratio and the consolida-
tion coefficient has been found for tailings materials.
By considering the effects of void ratio and weight of
passing sieve #200 materials, a new relationship is
proposed that can be used for estimating the copper
slimes hydraulic conductivity in seepage analysis of
tailings dams.
Keywords Copper tailings Á Geotechnical
characteristics Á Hydrocyclone Á Sar-chesh-meh
copper mine
1 Introduction
A common environmental issue associated with the
mineral industries is the disposal of a huge mass of
tailing materials regularly produced from their
A. Shamsai
Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran
e-mail: shamsai@sharif.edu
A. Pak (&)
Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of
Technology, Azadi Avenue, Tehran 11365-9313, Iran
e-mail: pak@sharif.edu
S. M. Bateni
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA,
USA
e-mail: smbateni@mit.edu
S. A. H. Ayatollahi
Science and Research Unit, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
123
Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602
DOI 10.1007/s10706-007-9132-9
2. processing operations. Historically, mining industries
do not have a good reputation because of releasing
their waste materials to the surrounding environment.
Tailings dams as a practical solution have played an
important role in protecting valuable soil and water
resources from contaminated slurries. Tailings dams
are considered the largest man-made structures in the
world. They are generally comprised of three types of
materials: (1) factory sediments (2) mine tailings (3)
deposited materials. Normally, considerable bodies of
water may be stored behind tailings dams, so dam
failure can cause disastrous damages to lives, prop-
erties, and the surrounding environment. Hence
design, construction, and operation of these dams
call for a high level of care in engineering practice.
Vick (1983) has provided a comprehensive reference
to tailings dam literature in various fields. He has
described the differences between tailings embank-
ments and classical water retention-dams from a
geotechnical standpoint. Soil instability problems
associated with tailings dams building on sensitive
clays were studied by Capozio et al. (1982). Klohn
(1981) has presented an overview of the geotechnical
studies required for design of tailings dams. Mittal
and Morgenstern (1975) presented the design param-
eters for copper mines tailings dams. They demon-
strated that average hydraulic conductivity for sand
tailings is best predicted by the well-known Hazen’s
formula. A full research was performed on copper
mine sands and slimes properties by Volpe (1975).
His studies on tailing’s geotechnical parameters such
as specific gravity, void ratio and dry density showed
that the average tailings hydraulic conductivity
decreases with increasing fines content (percent
passing sieve #200). Not many researches are con-
ducted on the effect of fine particles on tailing
characteristics. Aubertin et al. (1996) have done
laboratory investigations on hydraulic conductivity
of homogenized hard rock tailings and discussed the
effect of void ratio and grain size on the tailings’
coefficient of hydraulic conductivity. Matyas et al.
(1983) expressed compressibility of tailings in terms
of void ratio, vertical effective stress and D50 value.
They evaluated the effect of void ratio on tailings
permeability and shear strength.
In this paper, first the results of the experiments
conducted for determining the grain size distribution,
Atterberg’s limits, specific gravity, dry density, and
shear strength parameters of Sarcheshmeh copper
mine tailing materials are described and the results
are compared with those of other copper mines, in
order to investigate the applicability of the results and
routines recommended in the literature for copper
mine tailings. Then, variation of consolidation coef-
ficient, shear strength, and hydraulic conductivity of
copper tailings have been studied in detail, and their
relations to other parameters have been investigated.
Finally, the importance of the findings in tailings dam
design procedure is emphasized.
2 Sar-chesh-meh Copper Mine
Iran is known to have the rank 16th among the
world’s copper producers (Edelstein 2003). The
country’s largest copper mine is located at Sar-
cheshmeh, Kerman province which belongs to the
National Iranian Copper Industries Company (NIC-
ICO). Sarcheshmeh tailings dam has been built and
utilized since 1984. This dam is, in fact, a conven-
tional earth dam with a catchment area of 180 km2
,
design flood discharge of 800 m3
/s, the average
runoff volume of 10 · 106
m3
/year, the height of
75 m and the crest length of 1100 m. Each day
40000 tons of solid material enters the reservoir.
Based on previous investigations, one ton of this
waste material would fill 0.8 m3
of the reservoir
volume (Askari et al. 1994). By 1994 discharged
sediments had filled nearly 55 · 106
m3
of the
reservoir’s free volume and with this rate, the
reservoir was expected to be filled up in a time
between 5 years and 7 years (Askari et al. 1994). In
order to maintain the Sarcheshmeh copper mine
operating, heightening of dam was the normal choice.
Increasing dam height from 75 m (elevation 2010 m)
to 90 m (elevation 2025 m) can enhance the reservoir
volume to about 120 · 106
m3
. For achieving a
sound design and a reliable construction, the geo-
technical properties of the deposited copper tailings
had to be carefully examined.
3 Sar-chesh-meh Copper Tailings Geotechnical
Characteristics
Geotechnical characteristics of Sarcheshmeh original
mine tailings as well as the properties of hydrocy-
clone underflow coarse grained materials were
592 Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602
123
3. determined during a series of laboratory experiments.
These characteristics consisted of grain size distribu-
tion, plasticity index (PI), liquid limit (LL), specific
gravity (Gs), in-place density, pulp density, maximum
dry density (cdmax
), optimum moisture content (wopt),
consolidation coefficient (Cv), hydraulic conductivity
(k), and shear strength parameters, including cohesion
(C) and internal friction angle (U). Results reported
herein, are generally the average values of three tests.
3.1 Grain Size Distribution
3.1.1 Original Tailings Material
In this research, 154 laboratory samples for gradation
test and 30 for hydrometry test of Sarcheshmeh whole
tailings (including slimes) were selected. The tests
were conducted according to D422-63 (ASTM
1991a1). Figure 1 illustrates the grain size distribu-
tion curve of Sarcheshmeh tailing materials com-
pared to those of some other copper mines.
Sarcheshmeh tailings gradation curve fall within the
range of Michigan whole tailings (Girucky 1973) and
Philipines whole tailings (Salazar and Gonzales
1973). In general the whole tailings are relatively
coarse, with about 45% passing the sieve #200 (P200)
on average, depending on grinds milling size of the
extracted minerals.
3.1.2 Hydrocycloned Under-flow Materials
Grain size distribution of the cycloned under-flow
particles depends on the feeding material, hydrocy-
clone pressure, initial slurry density and the possi-
bility of adding water to the process. The first
processing stage was performed using a Krebs-D20B
hydrocyclone module and the second using a Krebs-
D26B module. They were carried out with an
exerting pressure of 0.7 atm over 90% of under-flow
materials consisted of particles >74 l. The system
efficiency as the ratio of the final cycloned solids
weight to the initial solids weight, was calculated
about 24%. Grain size distribution curves of pro-
cessed (cycloned) as well as unprocessed (whole)
tailings materials are depicted in Fig. 2. Unified soil
classification system categorizes the processed mate-
rial within SP group.
3.2 Atterberg’s Limits
Generally tailings consist of two parts: finer and
coarser than 0.074 mm (sieve No. 200). The former
part is called ‘tailings slimes’ and the latter ‘sand
tailings’. Sand tailings are usually non-plastic; how-
ever, slimes tailings may exhibit low plasticity. The
plastic properties of Sarcheshmeh tailings slimes
have been determined and compared with those of
Mittal and Morgenstern (1976) and Volpe (1979)
(Table 1). An average LL of 29 and plasticity limit of
6 were derived from 30 laboratory tests conducted
according to the procedure described in D4318-84
(ASTM 1991c). For evaluating the activity (A),
Skempton relation is used:
A ¼ ðPI)=C ð1Þ
in which, PI is plasticity index and C is percent finer
than 0.074 mm.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.00010.0010.010.1110100
Grain size - millimeters
ahtreniftnecrePn
Mittal and Morgenstern, 1976
(British Colombia - slimes)
Volpe, 1979
U.S. - average slimesSalazar and
Gonzales, 1973
(Philippines -
whole tailings)
Sarcheshmeh, 2002
(Iran - whole tailings)
Klohn and
Maartman, 1973
(British Colombia
whole tailings)
Girucky, 1973
(Michigan - whole tailings)
Volpe, 1979
(Average whole tailings, 10
U.S. deposits)
Fig. 1 Comparison of
Sarcheshmeh whole tailings
grain size distribution with
those of other copper mine
materials
Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602 593
123
4. 3.3 In-place Dry Density and Specific Gravity
Specific gravity tests carried out according to D854-
58 (ASTM 1991b) showed that Sarcheshmeh mate-
rials stand at the upper limit of Volpe (1979) results
and appear to have heavier grains. According to this
study, the in-place void ratio ranges from 0.4 to 1.0.
In-place dry density depends primarily on the specific
gravity, type of tailings (sands or slimes), and clay
content. It was tested and measured to be 1.78 ton/m3
(Table 2).
3.4 Maximum Dry Density and Optimum Water
Content
For determining maximum dry density and its
corresponding optimum moisture content, AASHTO
standard method for compaction has been employed
on 25 samples. The tests have yielded a maximum
dry density of 1.8 ton/m3
in optimum water content
(OMC) of 14.18%. These values are in agreement
with those of Aubertin et al. (1996) on hard rock
tailings where they reported a range of 13.0 to 15.2%
for (OMC) corresponding to cdmax
from 1.75 ton/m3
to
1.83 ton/m3
.
3.5 Pulp Density
The common method for determining solid concen-
tration in water is measuring the ‘pulp density’,
which is defined as follows:
Pulp density ¼
Net weight of solid materials
Total weight
Average experimental values show a pulp density
of 0.3 which was consistent with the value stated by
IRCOLD (1998) for tailings pulp density.
3.6 Shear Strength Parameters
In the course of this study four standard laboratory
tests were carried out for determining shear strength
parameters of 150 specimens, namely:
(1) Dry and fast direct shear test
(2) Saturated and slow direct shear test
(3) Consolidated – Undrained triaxial test (CU)
(4) Consolidated – Drained triaxial test (CD)
It should be noted that although unsaturated
conditions may prevail in the body of the tailing
dams, for the sake of comparison between shear
strength parameters of processed and unprocessed
tailings, it was decided to use the standard CU and
CD test in fully saturated conditions.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.001 0.01 0.1 1
Size (mm)
)%(gnissaP
Final hydrocyclone product
Finer envelope (Unprocessed)
Coarser (Unprocessed)
Fig. 2 Processed and unprocessed grain size distribution curve
Table 1 Atterberg limits of copper tailings slimes
Location Liquid limit % Plasticity index % Activity Source
Western U.S. 40 (Avg.) 13 (Avg.) Not reported Volpe (1979)
British Columbia 0–30 0–11 Not reported Mittal and Morgenstern (1976)
Sarcheshmeh, Iran 26–39 4–12 0.4–1.0 Present study
Table 2 Dry density and specific gravity of copper tailings
Tailings type Gs e cd (ton/m3
) Reference
Sands 2.6–2.8 0.6–0.8 1.59–1.79 Volpe (1979)
Slimes 2.6–2.8 0.9–1.4 2.68–2.07 Volpe (1979)
Sands and
slimes
2.79 0.4–1.0 1.78 Present study
594 Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602
123
5. 3.6.1 Unprocessed Material
Variation of cohesion (C) with relative compaction
(Rc) in dry and saturated conditions is illustrated in
Fig. 3. In direct shear tests, the cohesion varies within
the range of 0.1–0.24 kg/cm2
with some irregulari-
ties, apparently due to experimental errors. While in
the triaxial tests, the cohesion shows a strong
increasing trend with the relative compaction.
In Fig. 4, within the whole compaction ratio
domain, the difference between different tests results
for internal friction angle is demonstrated. Lower
values of internal friction angle obtained from direct
shear tests for lower compactions levels, compare to
triaxial consolidated tests, are considerable.
3.6.2 Processed Material
Figure 5 indicates that cohesion of cycloned materi-
als within the entire domain of compaction ratio is
very low and <0.2 kg/m2
. In dry direct shear test, the
cohesion varies from 0.07 kg/m2
to 0.15 kg/m2
,
while in saturated direct shear test the variation is
from 0.02 kg/m2
to 0.07 kg/m2
. Measured values of
cohesion in CU test are greater than the other test
results where the effects of pore pressure in undrained
shearing have caused such differences. Due to the
obtained low values for cohesion, the processed
materials were considered cohesionless.
Figure 6 depicts the processed tailings internal
friction angle versus compaction ratio.
As can be seen the internal friction angle of the
processed material shows a monotonic variation with
increasing relative compaction in all the tests con-
ducted in this study.
3.6.3 Comparison of Shear Strength Parameters
Void ratio is calculated in terms of relative compac-
tion (Rc ¼ cd
cmax
) to make a comparison with previous
results in other copper mines. The formula is as
follows:
e ¼
Gscx
Rccd max
À 1 ð2Þ
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Relative compaction (Modified AASHTO) %
mc/gk(noisehoC2
)
Dry direct shear Sat.direct shear
CU CD
Fig. 3 Unprocessed tailings cohesion versus compaction ratio
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Relative compaction (Modified AASHTO)%
)geD(elgnanoitcirflanretnI
Dry direct shear Sat.direct shear
CU CD
Fig. 4 Unprocessed tailings internal friction angle versus
compaction ratio
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Relative compaction (Modified AASHTO %)
mc/gk(noisehoC
2
)
Dry direct shear
Sat. direct shear
CU
CD
Fig. 5 Processed tailings cohesion versus compaction ratio
Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602 595
123
6. As shown in Table 3, the undrained strength (CCU)
for whole tailings varies between 0.3 kg/cm2
and
0.97 kg/cm2
. An average value of 0.65 would be
acceptable for design purposes. For slimes, a cohe-
sion value of 0 has been recommended (which is
mostly referred to CD test results) as a confident
design parameter value.
For a better comparison, variation of CU friction
angle versus compaction ratio for unprocessed and
processed materials is shown in Fig. 7.
The compaction ratio of 90% is the value in which
the friction angle difference between processed and
unprocessed materials came about 24%. Therefore in
using cycloned material, in construction of a stable
embankment during heightening of the dam, the
minimum compaction ratio should be 90%.
Based upon the shear strength experiments, vari-
ation of C and U with relative compaction Rc, are
plotted and the equations of the best fitted curves to
the experimental values are shown in Table 4. The C
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Relative compaction (Modified AASHTO %)
)geD(elgnanoitcirflanretnI Dry direct shear
Sat. direct shear
CD
CU
Fig. 6 Processed tailings internal friction angle versus compaction ratio
Table 3 Internal friction angle and cohesion values
Material Initial void ratio (e0) Friction angle (U) Cohesion, CCU (kg/cm2
) Source
Copper tailings, all types – 13–18 0–0.98 Volpe (1979)
Copper beach sands 0.7 19–20 0.34–0.44 Wahler (1974)
Copper slimes 0.6 14 0.64 Wahler (1974)
Copper slimes 0.9–1.3 14–24 0–0.2 Wahler (1974)
Copper whole tailings 0.5–1.1 8 –29 0.30–0.97 Present study
Copper slimes 0.5–1.1 24–37 0.08–0.21 Present study
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 105
Relative compaction (Modified AASHTO %)
)geD(elgnanoitcirflanretnI
Processed
Unprocessed
Fig. 7 Variation of CU internal friction angle versus compac-
tion ratio
596 Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602
123
7. and U functions are valid for copper whole tailings
and cycloned materials within the range 72% and
102% of Rc variation.
3.7 Consolidation Coefficient
In order to determine the coefficient of consolidation,
and permeability of materials, odometer tests were
conducted (D2435-80, ASTM 1991d). Tailings mate-
rial in initial dry densities of 1.23, 1.32, 1.51 and
1.88 g/cm3
corresponding to relative compactions of
66%, 72%, 82%, and 102%, respectively were
subjected to consolidation test.
The available data suggests that the coefficient of
consolidation (Cv) is generally between 10À3
and
0.1 cm2
/s for beach sand deposits (Volpe 1979). The
values obtained for Sarcheshmeh tailings
(5 · 10À3
cm2
/s) were typical for fine tailings, which
matches with the investigations by Guerra (1973),
Mittal and Morgenstern (1976), Haile and Kerr (1989)
and Santos et al. (1992). For slimes, Cv is generally
about 10À4
–10À2
cm2
/s, in the same range of typical
natural clays. Reported data from the literature for both
sands and slimes tailings are summarized in Table 5.
It should be noted that unlike natural clays,
however, Sarcheshmeh slimes do not reveal a strong
dependency on the value of initial void ratio e0. Data
reported by Mittal and Morgenstern (1976) and others
are compared to those of this research as illustrated in
Fig. 8. Generally, for all materials, Cv shows an
increasing trend with void ratio, like the behavior
usually seen with natural clays at void ratios corre-
sponding to stresses in the range of the preconsolida-
tion pressure. But as shown in Fig. 8, Cv value of
Sarcheshmeh slimes tested for a range of initial void
ratios between 0.3 and 1.1, did not change considerably
from 0.01 cm2
/s. A curve fitting procedure shows that
a linear regression (e0 = 63.814 Cv) is best fitted to
experimental data with a R2
value of 0.905. This
relation can be used as an empirical, yet valid, formula
for estimating Cv for Sarcheshmeh tailings.
Variation of Cv versus total stress is depicted in
Fig. 9, where each curve represents Cv values for a
specific dry density. Apart from the jumps observed
at stress levels lower than 1.0 kg/cm2
, the rest of the
curves show a mild declining trend of Cv with respect
to the total stress increase.
3.8 Hydraulic Conductivity
As mentioned in Sect. 3.7, tailings materials with
initial dry densities of 1.23, 1.32, 1.51 and 1.88 g/cm3
corresponding to relative compaction of 66%, 72%,
82%, and 102% respectively were subjected to
consolidation (oedometer) test. The coefficients of
permeability were estimated using equation
k ¼ Cv Á mv Á cw ð3Þ
The value of mv has been kept constant in calcula-
tion of coefficient of permeability. Same as what is
illustrated in Fig. 9, variation of k with the total stress
for samples with different relative compactions is
depicted in Fig. 10. As shown, k has a decreasing trend
with respect to total stress. But this decreasing trend
becomes milder for total stresses >3.0 kg/cm2
.
Illustrated in Fig. 11, the average values of k for
Sarcheshmeh whole tailings have been compared to
that of other copper mines. The range between 10À8
and 10À7
explains the existence of more fine grains in
this mine comparing to data reported by other
sources.
Table 4 Curve fitted functions of cohesion and internal friction angle in terms of relative compaction (Rc%)
Test Unprocessed materials Processed materials
Dry and fast direct shear C = À.2.1 Rc
2
+ 3.8 Rc À 1.5 C = 0
U = 103.8 Rc À 61.6 for Rc > 59% U = 99.8 Rc À 60.7 for Rc > 67%
Saturated and slow direct shear C = 0.15 C = 0
U = 77 Rc À 48.1 for Rc > 62% U = 79.8 Rc À 37.9 for Rc > 47.5%
Consolidated drained (CD) C = 2.2Rc À 1.3 for Rc > 55% C = 0
U = 25.7 Rc + 2.6 U = 63.4 Rc À 22.5 for Rc > 40%
Consolidated undrained (CU) C = 2.7 Rc À 1.7 for Rc > 63% C = 0
U = 39 Rc À 4.7 for Rc > 12% U = 58.8 Rc À 14.7 for Rc > 25%
Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602 597
123
8. According to the valuable results obtained during
consolidation tests, it was intended to carry out an
investigation about the k value by comparing the
calculated hydraulic conductivities with the values
estimated from previous studies. In this procedure
some famous formulas such as Hazen (1892), Koze-
ny–Carman modified by Mbonimpa et al. (2002), and
Bates and Wayment (1967) were considered. The
value of k given by the Hazen’s relation (1892) was
initially proposed for uniform loose sand and had been
often used to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of
tailings (Mittal and Morgenstern 1975; Mabes et al.
1977; Volpe 1979; Fell et al. 1993). In the geotech-
nical field this equation is usually written as follows:
k ¼ c2D2
10 ð4Þ
where k is given in cm/s and D10 is in cm, c2 is
considered a material constant. As suggested by
various authors (e.g. Loudon 1952; Vick 1983), a
Table 5 Typical values of coefficient of consolidation (Cv)
Material type Cv (cm2
/s) Source
Copper beach sands 3.7 · 10À1
Volpe (1979)
Copper slimes 1.5 · 10À1
Volpe (1979)
Copper slimes 10À3
–10À1
Mittal and Morgenstern (1976)
Copper whole tailings 5 · 10À3
–2 · 10À2
Present study
Copper slimes 10À2
Present study
0.00
0.01
0.10
1.00
0 0.5 1 1.5
Initial void ratio (e0)
mc(vC
2
)gk/
a b
c d
e f
g h
Fig. 8 (a) Copper slimes: Mittal and Morgenstern 1976. (b)
Copper sands: Mittal and Morgenstern 1976 (c) Copper slimes:
Unpublished. (d) Sarcheshmeh slimes: Present study, (e–h)
Sarcheshmeh whole tailings: Initial dry density = 1.23, 1.32,
1.51, 1.88 g/cm3
0.001
0.01
0.1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Stress (kg / cm
2
)
mc(vC
2
)gk/
Dry density = 1.23 (g / cm3)
Dry density = 1.32 (g / cm3)
Dry density = 1.51 (g / cm3)
Dry density = 1.88 (g / cm3)
Fig. 9 Variation of Cv versus total stress for different initial
dry densities
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0
Total stress ( kg / cm
2
)
)s/mc(K
Dry density =1.23 (g/cm3)
Dry density =1.32 (g/cm3)
Dry density =1.51 (g/cm3)
Dry density =1.81 (g/cm3)
Fig. 10 Hydraulic conductivity versus total stress in oedom-
eter test for different initial dry densities
598 Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602
123
9. value of 100 is adopted here. It should, however, be
recognized that the c2 value can vary between 60 and
150 approximately, depending upon grain-size
distribution (Kova´cs 1981). Probably the best
known expression for k is the one developed by
Kozeny (1927), based on flow through open tabular
channels. Later, Carman (1937, 1956) introduced the
concept of hydraulic radius to represent the geometric
characteristics of the pore system. The equation
referred to as Kozeny–Carman equation is as follows:
k ¼
c1g
lwqwD2
r
1
S2
e3
ð1 þ eÞ
ð5Þ
In the above equation, c1 is a material parameter,
lw is the water kinematic viscosity in (Pa s), qw is the
water density in (kg/m3
), S is the specific surface, Dr
is the average relative density of solid grains, g is the
gravitational acceleration and e is the void ratio.
The surface characteristic function was defined by
Chapuis and Montour (1992), Chapuis and Aubertin
(2003) and finally represented as two sets of useful
formulas for granular and plastic soils respectively by
Mbonimpa et al. (2002):
kG ¼ CG
cw
lw
e3þx
ð1 þ eÞ
C1=3
U
D2
10 ð6Þ
kP ¼ CP
cw
lw
e3þx
ð1 þ eÞ
1
q2
s w2v
L
ð7Þ
in which CG = 0.1, CU is the Coefficient of unifor-
mity, CP = 5.6 g2
/m4
, x in Eq. 6 is 2 and v in Eq. 7 is
1.5, qs is solid grain density in (kg/m3
), cw water unit
weight in (KN/m3
), lw water viscosity in (Pa s) and
wL is defined as LL in percent. Here, the results are
controlled by Eq. 6 for low plasticity and low
cohesion materials of Sarcheshmeh tailings (PL = 4–
12).
Another formula is shown in Eq. 8 below, which
was specifically developed for tailings at the U.S.
Bureau of Mines (Bates and Wayment 1967).
k ¼ ½expð x1 þ x2 lnðeD10Þ þ x3 lnðeÞ lnðCUÞ
þ x4ðeCUÞ þ x5ðD10D50ÞŠ
ð8Þ
The following values for the constants have been
proposed: x1 = 11.02, x2 = 2.912, x3 = À0.085, x4 =
0.194, x5 = À56.49. This equation was based upon
over 100 infiltration tests results, for void ratios
between 0.52 and 1.08, D10 values between
0.003 mm and 0.105 mm, D50 values between
0.060 mm and 0.24 mm, and CU values between 2
and 22.
In most of the equations mentioned above, the
value of k depends on two major factors: grain size
and void ratio. Most researchers (e.g. Goldin and
Rasskazov 1992; Sperry and Pierce 1995; Venka-
taraman and Rao 1998) have focused on including
the effect of grain size in their equation with a
specific representative particle size (such as D10,
D50, etc.). In this paper the authors have proposed
that the percentage finer than sieve #200 (P200) be
taken into account as a new parameter to replace the
grain size.
The percentage finer than sieve #200 (P200) distin-
guishes the characteristics of soil, whether it is
cohesive or non-cohesive. This parameter can replace
other soil parameters such as grading and plasticity in
the formulas. Therefore, nine samples of Sarcheshmeh
whole tailings were chosen in which by adding or
subtracting the value of passing sieve No. 200,
desirable specimen for consolidation test were pre-
pared. After carrying out 9 tests for P200 = 55, 60, 65,
70, 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95% (Fig. 12), values of k for
different void ratios were determined indirectly
through consolidation odometer test results. The
relation between k value and the void ratio can be
stated as follows:
1.0E-09
1.0E-08
1.0E-07
1.0E-06
1.0E-05
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5
Void ratio (e)
)s/mc(ytivitcudnocciluardyhegarevA
Copper slimes (Mittal & Morgenstern, 1976)
Cycloned copper sands (Mittal & Morgenstern, 1976)
Copper-zinc slimes
Copper sands, P200 = 35 % (Volpe, 1979)
Sarcheshmeh (2005)
Fig. 11 Variation of hydraulic conductivity coefficient with
void ratio
Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602 599
123
10. k ¼ 0:09 Â 10À0:08P200
e2:8
e þ 1
ð9Þ
The above relation has been obtained by curve-
fitting to the experimental results (with R2
value of
0.984) which represents a simplified Kozeny–Carman
type equation. Despite the simplicity of this equation,
it has a limitation on P200 to be over 50%. However,
it gives k values for a wide range of void ratios
between 0.3 and 1.1. The results of the proposed
formula have been checked by comparing to the
results of other relations for Sarcheshmeh whole
tailings. The parameters used in the analysis were
selected according to the following set of data:
D10 = 0.00164 mm, CU = 30, P200 = 75%,
D50 = 0.03 mm. As it is realized from Fig. 13, Hazen
(Eq. 4), as a basic equation in this field, does not
depend on the void ratio. Hence, it yields an average
value for all tailings. The k value in the formula
presented by the authors varies from 3.72 · 10À9
cm/
s to 8.65 · 10À8
cm/s as lower and upper bounds of
Hazen formula, while Hazen equation gives a con-
stant value of 2.69 · 10À8
cm/s for different material
size grading. The Eq. 6, in which a modified version
of Kozeny–Carman equation has been presented,
shows the closest correlation with the proposed
formula and the measured data. This relevance
appears the best for k values 1.2 · 10À6
. For void
ratios 0.6 the difference between two formulas
increases but they still demonstrate a good level of
consistency.
For the sake of comparison, it can easily be shown
that all the above equations are particular forms of the
following general expression:
k ¼ f
ex1
ð1 þ eÞx2
ð10Þ
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Void ratio (e)
)s/mc(K
P200=50 P200=55 P200=60
P200=65 P200=70 P200=75
P200=80 P200=85 P200=90
Fig. 12 Experimental test data on hydraulic conductivity of
tailings specimen with P200 varying from 50% to 90%
1.E-10
1.E-09
1.E-08
1.E-07
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Void ratio (e)
)s/mc(k
Hazen (1892)
Kozeny-Carman Modified Aubertin (1927)
Bates and Wayment (1967)
Measured (This study)
Calculated (This study)
Fig. 13 Validation of the proposed formula for coefficient of
permeability
Table 6 Typical values for x1 and x2 power parameters of k-e
equations
x1 x2 References
2 0 Terzaghi (1943)
3 0 Chardaballas (in Kova´cs 1981)
2 1 Goldstein (1938); de Wiest (1969)
3 1 Carman (1956)
4.55 0 De Campos et al. (1994)
3.8 1 Stone et al. (1994)
4.79 0 Aubertin et al. (1993)
5.16 1 Aubertin et al. (1996)
5 1
2.8 1 Present study
600 Geotech Geol Eng (2007) 25:591–602
123
11. The typical values of parameters x1 and x2 are
presented in Table 6.
4 Conclusions
A series of geotechnical experiments has been
conducted on the whole tails and cycloned materials
of Sarcheshmeh copper mine in order to investigate
the suitability of these materials for construction of
phase two of the Sarcheshmeh tailings dam. The
geomechanical characteristics of these materials are
compared to those of some similar copper mines
elsewhere. Based on the obtained results the follow-
ing conclusions can be drawn:
1. The average values of geotechnical parameters of
Sarcheshmeh copper mine fall within the param-
eters obtained from other copper mines. This
indicates that the relationships proposed for
copper mine tailings can be used for heightening
of Sarcheshmeh tailings dam.
2. A linear relation between the void ratio and
consolidation coefficient has been observed in
Sarcheshmeh slimes. However, slope of the line
is very flat (almost nil) as opposed to the similar
relations observed in other copper mines.
3. A new relation for estimating hydraulic conduc-
tivity is proposed which looks attractive for its
simplicity and also for its new physical repre-
sentation. This equation could advantageously
replace some of the empirical formulae that have
been used in the past and can be applied for quick
estimation of k value for seepage analysis in the
preliminary design phase of copper mine tailings
dams.
Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge
National Iranian Copper Industries Company (NICICO) for
providing useful data.
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