- What is battery
- Purpose of battery
- Battery Classification
- Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Process
- Lead Acid Battery Component and Construction
- Lead Acid Battery Standard
- Grid Casting Machine
- Grid and small part
- Mixing
- Positive and Negative Active Material
- Pasting
- Curing and Drying
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
- Corrosion Layer 1 and 2
- Soaking
- Formation
- Tank Formation and Washing
- Container Formation
- Concept of Tank Formation Program
- Inert Gas Oven
- Enveloping
- Assembling
- Equilibrium Cell Voltage of the lead acid battery
- Pourbaix Diagram
- Chemical Reaction (Charging and Discharging)
- Battery Container and Cover
- Accessories
- Safety Labeling
- Sulfuric Acid
A feasible way towards safer, better-performing batteries?
Conventional Li-ion battery technologies, based on flammable liquid electrolytes, are continuously improving. However, faster progress towards greater safety, higher performance, and better cost reduction is desired. A next-generation battery technology like solid-state battery, which uses solid electrodes and solid electrolytes, could potentially satisfy these objectives.
More information on : https://www.i-micronews.com/batteries-energy-mgmt/product/solid-state-battery.html
State of Charge Vs Depth of Discharge
Battery Indicator
Safety Label
Lead Acid Battery Standard Performance
The difference between Conventional Batteries, Hybrid Batteries and MF Batteries
Lagging cells in lead acid batteries
Cycling
Lead-Acid Cell and Battery Troubles and Their Remedies
Water Loss in VRLA
Premature Capacity Loss in VRLA
References
- Corrosion Layer 1 and 2
- Soaking
- Formation
- Tank Formation and Washing
- Container Formation
- Concept of Tank Formation Program
- Inert Gas Oven
- Enveloping
- Assembling
- Equilibrium Cell Voltage of the lead acid battery
- Pourbaix Diagram
- Chemical Reaction (Charging and Discharging)
- Battery Container and Cover
- Accessories
- Safety Labeling
- Sulfuric Acid
A feasible way towards safer, better-performing batteries?
Conventional Li-ion battery technologies, based on flammable liquid electrolytes, are continuously improving. However, faster progress towards greater safety, higher performance, and better cost reduction is desired. A next-generation battery technology like solid-state battery, which uses solid electrodes and solid electrolytes, could potentially satisfy these objectives.
More information on : https://www.i-micronews.com/batteries-energy-mgmt/product/solid-state-battery.html
This presentation includes all the information regarding polymer batteries, lithium polymer batteries. Including animations and transitions this PowerPoint presentation is enough for you to understand all about Polymer batteries and cells.
A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell.
Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry. Production of Lead Acid Storage Battery
India Lead Acid Battery market is projected to reach $ 7.6 billion by 2023.
The battery which uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost.
Lead acid batteries are used as a power source for vehicles that demand a constant and uninterruptible source of energy. Just about every vehicle today does. For example, street motorcycles need lights that operate when the engine isn’t running. They get it from the battery. Accessories such as clocks and alarms are battery-driven.
See more
https://bit.ly/32DTdBB
https://bit.ly/32F9SVm
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lead_Acid_Battery_(Maintenance_Free), #Lead_Acid_Battery, #Lead_Acid_Rechargeable_Battery, Lead Acid Battery Applications, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacture, Battery Manufacturing Process, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Battery Production, Project Profile on Lead Acid Storage Batteries, #Manufacture_and_Assembly_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Manufacturing Process of Lead Acid Battery, Battery Manufacturing, Process for Making of Lead Acid Battery, Lead Battery Manufacturing, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Batteries, Lead-Acid Battery Production Business, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Production/Assembly, Lead Storage Batter, Lead Battery Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant, Battery Manufacturing Plant, #Cost_of_Setting_up_Battery_Manufacturing_Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Process Pdf, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Cost, How to make Lead Acid Battery, Lead Acid Battery Plant Project Report, How to Make Battery in Factory, Battery Manufacturing Process, How to Start a Battery Manufacturing Business, What will be the Cost for Starting Lead Battery Manufacturing Unit? Starting a Battery Manufacturing Business, Start a Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lead Acid Battery Making Process, Lead Acid Battery Industry, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacturing_Industry, Lead–acid battery, Project Report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Feasibility report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Free Project Profile on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry
it's a presentation to illustrate:
What is the battery?
When did the story of battery begin?
Types of the battery
How much do batteries weigh?
What does mAh mean in a battery?
Battery Technical Specifications
How to make automatic battery charger?
How do we improve the battery charging speed?
batteries in the future
SEMINAR TOPIC IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ON FUEL CELLS. SHORT AND BRIEF PRESENTATION ON FUEL CELLS. The presentation consists for preview till conclusion and is meant for minor projects submission by engineering students.
Failure Modes of Lead Acid Battery described in detail.
Advantages of Sodium Sulfate Lr grade Powder & Tablets.
Sodium Sulfate LR Grade is a battery life saver which prevents battery by early premature failure It is used in electrolyte of free flooded conventional lead acid & VRLA batteries. By adding common ions (Sulfate Ions) to the acid electrolyte reaction, it will increase the sulfuric acid concentration and hard ions of lead Sulfate will soluble so fast, so that the specific gravity increases up to a level in all cells of lead acid batteries.How Sodium Sulfate Tablets Work In Lead Acid Batteries?
Sodium Sulfate are highly water soluble salts and they dissociate in water, producing Sulfate ions. Concentration of these salts have been kept at such level that conductivity is high and this helps electrical current to pass through it.
The addition of sodium Sulfate provides an inventory (excess) of Sulfate ion that are available for more conductance. the growth of larger crystals, called hard Sulfate occurs by a dissolution precipitation process when the battery is in a discharged condition.
Sulfate ions are common in both charge and discharge reactions. The reaction is also known as double Sulfate theory. During discharge lead Sulfate builds up and becomes insulating material, thereby increasing internal resistance of the cell / battery. If another common conducting ion like dissociated sodium Sulfate accepts charge of the cell / battery. Whenever a solution of an ionic substance comes into contact with another ionic compound with a common ion, the solubility of the ionic substance decreases significantly. In case of Charging When Na2SO4 is added as additive in acid electrolyte, then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 decrease.
On the other hand in case of discharging : When Na2SO4 is added as additive to in an electrolyte medium Diluted Sulphuric acid then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 increase.
According to famous scientist, Lechatelier & his hypothesis that, when a chemical reactants are at equilibrium, the addition of more of one of the ions from another compound will shift the composition to the left, reducing the concentration of other ion and effectively reducing the solubility of the solid to maintain the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate Sulfate into lead Sulfate, it will increases the concentration of Sulfate ions in Lead Sulfate, So that Formation of Sulfuric acid will be more faster to attend the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate ions as electrolyte additive into lead acid batteries, the cell reaction becomes faster for the production of Lead Sulfate in case of discharging and sulfuric acid in case of charging.
For More Information Whatsapp me on +91 9326816467
This presentation includes all the information regarding polymer batteries, lithium polymer batteries. Including animations and transitions this PowerPoint presentation is enough for you to understand all about Polymer batteries and cells.
A lithium-ion battery (sometimes Li-ion battery or LIB) is a member of a family of rechargeable battery types in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging. Li-ion batteries use an intercalated lithium compound as one electrode material, compared to the metallic lithium used in a non-rechargeable lithium battery. The electrolyte, which allows for ionic movement, and the two electrodes are the constituent components of a lithium-ion battery cell.
Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry. Production of Lead Acid Storage Battery
India Lead Acid Battery market is projected to reach $ 7.6 billion by 2023.
The battery which uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called a lead acid battery. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost.
Lead acid batteries are used as a power source for vehicles that demand a constant and uninterruptible source of energy. Just about every vehicle today does. For example, street motorcycles need lights that operate when the engine isn’t running. They get it from the battery. Accessories such as clocks and alarms are battery-driven.
See more
https://bit.ly/32DTdBB
https://bit.ly/32F9SVm
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#Lead_Acid_Battery_(Maintenance_Free), #Lead_Acid_Battery, #Lead_Acid_Rechargeable_Battery, Lead Acid Battery Applications, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacture, Battery Manufacturing Process, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Battery Production, Project Profile on Lead Acid Storage Batteries, #Manufacture_and_Assembly_of_Lead_Acid_Battery, Manufacturing Process of Lead Acid Battery, Battery Manufacturing, Process for Making of Lead Acid Battery, Lead Battery Manufacturing, #Production_of_Lead_Acid_Batteries, Lead-Acid Battery Production Business, #Lead_Acid_Battery_Production/Assembly, Lead Storage Batter, Lead Battery Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant, Battery Manufacturing Plant, #Cost_of_Setting_up_Battery_Manufacturing_Plant, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Plant Cost, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Process Pdf, Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Cost, How to make Lead Acid Battery, Lead Acid Battery Plant Project Report, How to Make Battery in Factory, Battery Manufacturing Process, How to Start a Battery Manufacturing Business, What will be the Cost for Starting Lead Battery Manufacturing Unit? Starting a Battery Manufacturing Business, Start a Battery Manufacturing Plant, Lead Acid Battery Making Process, Lead Acid Battery Industry, #Detailed_Project_Report_on_Lead_Acid_Battery_Manufacturing_Industry, Lead–acid battery, Project Report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Feasibility report on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry, Free Project Profile on Lead Acid Battery Manufacturing Industry
it's a presentation to illustrate:
What is the battery?
When did the story of battery begin?
Types of the battery
How much do batteries weigh?
What does mAh mean in a battery?
Battery Technical Specifications
How to make automatic battery charger?
How do we improve the battery charging speed?
batteries in the future
SEMINAR TOPIC IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ON FUEL CELLS. SHORT AND BRIEF PRESENTATION ON FUEL CELLS. The presentation consists for preview till conclusion and is meant for minor projects submission by engineering students.
Failure Modes of Lead Acid Battery described in detail.
Advantages of Sodium Sulfate Lr grade Powder & Tablets.
Sodium Sulfate LR Grade is a battery life saver which prevents battery by early premature failure It is used in electrolyte of free flooded conventional lead acid & VRLA batteries. By adding common ions (Sulfate Ions) to the acid electrolyte reaction, it will increase the sulfuric acid concentration and hard ions of lead Sulfate will soluble so fast, so that the specific gravity increases up to a level in all cells of lead acid batteries.How Sodium Sulfate Tablets Work In Lead Acid Batteries?
Sodium Sulfate are highly water soluble salts and they dissociate in water, producing Sulfate ions. Concentration of these salts have been kept at such level that conductivity is high and this helps electrical current to pass through it.
The addition of sodium Sulfate provides an inventory (excess) of Sulfate ion that are available for more conductance. the growth of larger crystals, called hard Sulfate occurs by a dissolution precipitation process when the battery is in a discharged condition.
Sulfate ions are common in both charge and discharge reactions. The reaction is also known as double Sulfate theory. During discharge lead Sulfate builds up and becomes insulating material, thereby increasing internal resistance of the cell / battery. If another common conducting ion like dissociated sodium Sulfate accepts charge of the cell / battery. Whenever a solution of an ionic substance comes into contact with another ionic compound with a common ion, the solubility of the ionic substance decreases significantly. In case of Charging When Na2SO4 is added as additive in acid electrolyte, then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 decrease.
On the other hand in case of discharging : When Na2SO4 is added as additive to in an electrolyte medium Diluted Sulphuric acid then the concentration of Sulfate ion increases, so that the solubility of PbSO4 increase.
According to famous scientist, Lechatelier & his hypothesis that, when a chemical reactants are at equilibrium, the addition of more of one of the ions from another compound will shift the composition to the left, reducing the concentration of other ion and effectively reducing the solubility of the solid to maintain the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate Sulfate into lead Sulfate, it will increases the concentration of Sulfate ions in Lead Sulfate, So that Formation of Sulfuric acid will be more faster to attend the equilibrium.
By Adding Sodium Sulfate ions as electrolyte additive into lead acid batteries, the cell reaction becomes faster for the production of Lead Sulfate in case of discharging and sulfuric acid in case of charging.
For More Information Whatsapp me on +91 9326816467
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND TRACTION. process of electro-deposition-...Jobin Abraham
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND TRACTION. process of electro-deposition-clearing, operation, deposition of metals, polishing and buffing. PREPARED BY: JOBIN ABRAHAM.
Rapid industrializations and urbanizations were produces very huge amounts of
waste water and effluents during various unit operations and the processes. It seems to
huge burden to manage to supply the sufficient quantity of water and also very difficult
to manage the waste water and its effluents, and it may lead to increasing of cost and
maintenance of the ETP’s. In this contest this present study attempt was done for
reduction of total water consumption and to recovery of Nickel and Copper metals from
the waste water effluents coming from electroplating industry were analyzed by Nickel
Recovery Units and Copper Recovery Units, The metals, which are casted from
aluminum wheel. The recovery units, which has a rinse bath – 1, rinse bath - 2, drag
out bath, copper plating bath and cartridge filter, carbon filter , copper recovery. It
was found that, after following of Nickel & Copper recovery systems, total water
consumption is drastically reduced, sludge generation also reduced and also effluent
generation in both the cases of nickel and copper were also reduced
The automotive industry has traditionally been at the forefront of engineering applications for fiber laser systems. The new demands made by the breakthrough of e-mobility has placed even more requirements on fiber lasers in reducing costs, improving performance, and creating new composite materials and components.
Read on to learn more about how fiber lasers support the inevitable breakthrough of e-mobility
Using Steel In Solar Racking and MountingJMCSteelGroup
When it comes to solar installations, steel provides a number of advantages that you may not already know. Steel supplier Wheatland Tube and racking manufacturer Patriot Solar Group detail the latest in steel-working knowledge and how best to apply the metal in solar racking and mounting.
BSS_M alternative to Batteries in Automotive EVs Vikki Choudhry
AN ALTERNATIVE TO LEGACY BATTERIES THAT IS;
- Equivalent Performance to Lithium Ion
- Half the Price of Lithium Ion
- Approximately 1/10 the cost per cycle of operation of lead acid
- 1/3 the Mass and Volume of lead acid & 4 to 5 times life span
- Approximately half the mass and volume of Lithium Ion
- Completely Fire resistant
- Made from 100 % Recycle-able and Abundant low cost materials : ZINC & NICKEL
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
3. Lead Manufacturing Process
Mining the ore
Concentrating the ore
Flotation
Filtering
Roasting the ore
Blasting
Refining
Costing
Pb contains several metal impurities such
as Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Sn, As, and Sb, which have
to be removed. The final purification is carried
out by electrolytic rafination using massive cast
Pb anodes. This procedure yields a cathodic
deposit with 99.99% Pb. It can be further
purified electrochemically to obtain Pb with
impurities level below 1 ppm.
K Maksymiuk, J Stroka, and Z Galus,
University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
6. Lead Mining in Indonesia
DI. Aceh (K. Beureung, K. Isep, Pasir Putih, Lokop)
Sumatera Utara (Bululaga, Nias, Sihajo, Nusa Bargot, Muara Soma, Ulu Aek Paneme Estella,
Paguran Si Ayu, Bukit Pionggu, Malilir, G. Marisi, Sidingin)
Sumatera Barat (Sumpu, Balung, Batang Bio, Bata Menjulur, Lubuk Selasih, S. Talang, S. Pagu,
Bulangsi, Tepan, Mangani, G. Arum)
Bengkulu (S. Ipuh Panjang, G. Batu bertulis, Aer Penejun, Aer Saleh, Aer Piatu, Aer Bagus,
Tabak Tempilang, Aer Anget, Aer Limpure, Cepei, Aer Kidurung, Aer Loh, Muara Impu Tanah,
Lebong Simpang, Lebong Donok, Lebong Sulit, Lebong Kandis, Simau, Tumbang Sawah)
Sumatera Selatan (S. Tuboh, Aer Kukus, Aer Seri, Bukit Lajah, Kikim Besar)
Lampung (Rajabasa, G. Rantai)
Bangka Belitung (Tanjung Pandan, Membalong, Dendang, Gantung, Manggar, Kelapa Kampit)
Banten (Cirotan, Cikotok, Panggarangan)
Jawa Barat (G. Parang, G. Sawal, Tasikmalaya, Cianjur)
Jawa Timur (Janglot, Dawuhan, Kedungpring, Tegalrejo, Domasan, Kalitelu, Kasinan,
Brungkah, Batu Ulu)
Kalimantan Barat (Mandoe, Bengkayang, S. Samarayak)
Kalimantan Tengah (Sampit)
Kalimantan Timur (S. Mara)
Sulawesi Selatan (Sasak, Masupu, Bobohan)
Nusa Tenggara Barat (Lentek Desa Rembitan)
Nusa Tenggara Timur (Hulu W. Rango, Omesuri, Laibunggi, Ujung Selatan Bag. Barat P. Sumba,
Worgilip-Prabur, Maikawada, Taneman, Kuneman, Mamenang, Pido, Taramen, Wakapsir)
7.
8.
9. What is battery ?
Battery does not store electricity, but rather it stores a series of chemical,
through a chemical process electricity is produced.
Basically, two different type of lead in an acid mixture react to produce an
electrical pressure called voltage.
This electrochemical reaction changes chemical energy to electrical
energy and is the basis for all automotive batteries
(Kevin R Sullivan, Professor of Automotive Technology Skyline College)
10. The purpose of battery ?
(Kevin R Sullivan, Professor of Automotive Technology Skyline College)
The battery supplies electricity when the :
ENGINE IS OFF
Electricity from the battery is used to operate the lighting, accessories, or
other electrical systems when the engine is not running
ENGINE IS STARTING
Electricity from the battery is used to operate the starter motor and to
provide current for the ignition system during engine cranking. Starting
the car is the battery’s most important function.
ENGINE IS RUNNING
Electricity from the battery may be needed to supplement the charging
system when the vehicle’s electrical load requirements exceed the
charging system’s ability to produce electricity. Both the battery and the
alternator supply electricity when demand is high.
11. Batteries
Primary or Secondary
(Kevin R Sullivan, Professor of Automotive Technology Skyline College)
Primary Cell
The chemical reaction totally destroy one of the
metals after a period of time, primary cells can not
be recharged. Small batteries such as flashlight
and radio batteries are primary cell.
Secondary Cell
The metal plates and acid mixture change as the
battery supplies voltage. As the battery drains the
metal plates become similar and the acid strength
weakens. This process is called discharging. By
applying current to the battery in the reverse
direction, the battery materials can be restored,
thus recharging the battery. This process is called
charging. Automotive lead acid batteries are
secondary cells and can be recharged.
15. Lead Acid Batteries
Starting, Lighting, and
Ignition (SLI)
Consumer automotive
applications
Marine applications
Other applications
Other automotive
applications
Motive Lead Acid (MLA)
Heavy Duty vehicle
applications
Mining applications
Railroad applications
Other applications
Stationary Lead Acid
(SLA)
Telecommunication
applications
Data Communication
applications
Utility applications
Emergency Lighting
applications
Security applications
Other applications
Lead Acid Battery Market : Market Segmentation (World 2001,
source : Frost and Sullivan)
16. VRLA Batteries
Pure Lead Grid
Lead Acid Battery families of flooded and VRLA Batteries, grid alloys and application field
Standard Calcium
Starting, Lighting, and
Ignition (SLI)
Motive Lead Acid (MLA)
Stationary Lead Acid
(SLA)
Standard Antimony
Standard Calcium Low
Antimony
Low Antimony
Flooded Batteries
18. Lead Acid Battery Component
MOLL
Ion permeable and resistant to H2SO4,
O2 and H2 attack
19. Lead Acid Battery Standard
- JIS Standard (Japanese Industrial Standards)
JIS D5301-2006
- DIN Standard (Deutsches Institut für Normung", meaning
"German institute for standardisation)
DIN EN 50342-1
- SNI Standard (Standar Nasional Indonesia)
SNI 0038:2009
- IEC (Electrical Characteristics)
IEC 60095-1 : 2006
IEC 60095-2 : 2006
- GSO Standard (GCC Standardization Organization)
GSO 35/2007
- SLS Standard (Sri Lanka Standard)
SLS 1126 Part 1 : 2004
- SAE Standard (Society of Automotive Engineers)
SAE J240
- EN Standard (European Standard)
EN 61429
20. Starting Lighting Ignition (SLI) Lead Acid Battery Construction
NGS INDOBATT INDUSTRI PERMAI
Positive Pole/terminal
Negative Pole/terminal Dop
Polypropylene
Container
Polypropylene Cover
Lead Connector
Plate strap
Positive Plate PbO2 wrapped
in separator
Fiber glass mat
Micro porous
Separator
Negative Plate Pb
22. Grid – Enveloping – Separator & Fiberglass mat
Grid Enveloping Separator & glass mat
23. Grid Casting Machine - Wirtz
Wirtz Automotive Gravity Casting Machine
Wirtz Continuous Grid Casting System Wirtz Continuous Grid Punching System For
Positive Plates
24. Grid and small part
Center Lug Grid Side Lug Grid
The battery capacity is increased because of the
increase in surface area. More plate surface area
means the battery can deliver more current
25. LEAD ALLOY
• The grids makes an important part of the storage cell which act as support
for the active materials of plates and conduct the electric current developed.
It also plays an important role in maintaining uniform current distribution
throughout the mass of the active material.
• Grids must be mechanically proof and positive grid must be corrosion proof
(Petr Krivik & Petr Baca). Corrosion converts lead alloy to lead oxides with
lower mechanical strength and conductivity.
• Grids are made from Lead Alloys (Pure Lead will be too soft), it is used Pb-
Ca or Pb-Sb with mixture of additives as Sn, Cd, Se, that improve corrosion
resistance and make higher mechanical strength.
• Grid corrosion is highly increased
26. Grid Casting Machine - Wirtz
Grid Size Capacity Production
Wirtz Automotive Gravity
Casting Machine
Trim Width: 4.250” (108mm)
min to 6.735” (161mm) max
Lug to lug: 7.375” (187mm)
min to 13.625” (346mm) max
Grid Thickness: 0.040”
(1.02mm) min to 0.188”
(4.77mm) max
Speeds up to 18 casts per
minute. One operator, (3)
machines, up to 35,000 grids
per (8) hour shift.
Wirtz Continuous Grid Casting
System
Maximum Casting
Width: Depends on Concast
System.
Grid Design: Per customers
specifications
Thickness: Per customer
specifications (+/- 0.0125mm)
Production speeds up to 75
feet per minute (23 meters
per minute), dependent on
alloy, grid design, thickness,
and other parameters.
Wirtz Continuous Grid
Punching System For Positive
Plates – Conpunch CP-13200
Maximum Product
Width: 11.81 in. (300mm)
Grid Design: Per customers
specifications
Thickness: Per customer
specifications
Production speeds up to 250
stroked per minute,
dependent on strip alloy, grid
design, thickness, and other
parameters.
28. Mixing
SOVEMA Blade Type Mixer
1,000 KG
Mixing Tank
Lead Oxide Silo
Water Tank
Act as lubricant producing lighter paste
Acid Tank
Expand the paste and giving it great
porosity, supplies a necessary binding
cement so the dry plate can be
handled without loss of material
Grinding and surface
oxidation to pure
lead ingots
Pasting line Flash Drying Oven
29. Mixing Positive Active
Material
Negative Active
Material
Lead Powder Lead Powder
Durafloc Durafloc
Water Water
Sulfuric Acid Sulfuric Acid
Barium Sulfate
Sodium Lignosulfonate
Expander
Stearic Acid
Processes on the Pb/PbO2/PbSO4 electrode in H2SO4 solution
Oxygen evolution at PbO2 electrode
Lead Oxide
31. Alpha & Beta PbO
It depends on H2SO4/LO ratio (LO is the oxidized lead powder), temperature, additives and time of mixing. It
has been established that the paste is a non-equilibrium system consisting of crystalline basic lead sulfates
and oxides, and amorphous sulfate-containing components. Depending on the temperature of preparation
pastes with the following compositions are obtained :
At to<60oC
H2SO4/LO ratio up to 12%. The paste contains 3PbO.PbSO4.H2O (3BS) + tet-PbO + orthorhombic-PbO + Pb.
Maximum content of 3BS is obtained at 10% H2SO4/LO.
Over 8% H2SO4/LO ratio, mostly PbO.PbSO4 (1BS) is formed.
At to>70oC
H2SO4/LO ratio up to 7%. The paste contains 4PbO.PbSO4 (4BS) + tet-PbO + orthorhombic-PbO + Pb.
Maximum content of 4BS is obtained at 6.5% H2SO4/LO. At beginning of mixing 3BS and orthorhombic-PbO
are formed first. Then (3BS) + tet-PbO + orthorhombic-PbO react and 4BS is formed. 4BS nucleation is the
slowest process. It depends strongly on temperature. In the presence of surface active additive(s)
(expander(s)) 4BS and orthorhombic-PbO are not formed at all.
H2SO4/LO ratio between 7% and 12%. The paste contains 3BS + 1BS + tet-PbO + orthorhomb-PbO.
With time of stirring 3BS crystals grow up to 2-4 μm in size and 4BS ones reach sizes of up to 20-50 μm.
32. PASTING
Pasting Machine
Chemical of active material resistant to
H2SO4 solution
+-
Basic lead sulfates are formed during
this stage
Flash Drying Oven
The evaporation of water gives a desirable porosity
If too much water is evaporated during the rather short
period of flash drying, cracks will occur in the material (R
Wagner, MOLL Accu Elsevier 2009)
34. PASTING
3BS was observed to be dominant when pasting was carried out at lower
peak temperature (Int J Electrochem Sci Vol 6, 2011).
The initial reaction of sulfuric acid with lead oxide (equation 1) leads to
normal lead sulfate and heat evolution. Under the influence of excess lead
oxide and water this is not stable, so converts into basic sulfate, either tribasic
(2) or tetrabasic (3) according to
PbO + H2SO4 ↔ PbSO4 + H2O (1)
PbSO4 + 3PbO ↔ 3PbO.PbSO4 (2)
PbSO4 + 4PbO ↔ 4PbO.PbSO4 (3)
Tribasic sulfate is crystallized as small needles with high specific surface and
formed, roughly speaking, below 70 oC.
Tetrabasic sulfate forms more bulky crystals at temperatures above 70 oC.
(Lead Acid Battery Formation Techniques – Digatron)
36. 3BS Vs 4BS (R Wagner, MOLL Accu Elsevier 2009)
3BS 4BS Mixed
Shorter battery
cycle life
Crystal much larger therefore the formation is much
more difficult and longer. It means that either lower
initial capacity has to be accepted or significantly
longer formation time is needed.
Formation efficiency than just 4BS
Reacts relatively
fast to lead
sulfate
Reacts at first mainly to 1BS and afterward some of
it much more slowly to lead sulfate
Higher Capacity It gives more robust crystalline structure which
reduce the shedding of positive material during
cycling resulting in a better cycling performance.
This is particularly important for positive plates with
Lead – Calcium grid alloys.
Cycling performance than just 3BS
Crystal smaller
therefore the
formation is
more easy and
shorter
Action to reduce 4BS :
- Control process parameters of the curing process
so that smaller 4BS crystals appear.
- Add certain chemicals to the paste that would limit
the growth of the 4BS crystal.
- Using two step curing program (first step at 70
Deg C in just a few hours, second step at 50 Deg C
High formation
efficiency, Lead
Dioxide content
> 90%
Low formation efficiency, Lead Dioxide content <
80%
Lead dioxide content < 90%
37. Curing and Drying
Pallets with plates are placed in a high humidity chamber and left to cure at
35 ⁰C for 48-72 h. During the curing process, lead in the paste is oxidized, the basic lead
sulfates re-crystallize and the plates are then dried to moisture content <0.5% (Pavlov 109).
The amount of the basic sulfates depends on the paste recipe or more precisely on the
amount of sulfuric acid added during mixing. The portion of 4BS depends on the
temperature of the curing process. This compound will not appear as long as the
temperature is kept below 70 ⁰C (R Wagner, MOLL Accu Elsevier 2009)
Controlled the temperature, humidity and duration of the process
(R Wagner, MOLL Accu Elsevier 2009)
38. • Curing and drying of plates for lead acid batteries can be managed to become tetra
basic or tri basic lead sulfate depending on the process parameters (Dr Nitsche)
• Higher surface area would accelerate the process of acid diffusion into the plate and
within it, thereby improving the high rate performance of battery (Int J Electrochem Sci Vol 6,
2011).
• The surface area (sq m/g) get reduced with increasing Acid/Oxide ratio (Lead
Sulphates bulkier than PbO).
• The temperature is responsible for the composition of cured plates, such plates cured
at high temperature (more than 70oC) resulting in mainly tetrabasic lead sulphate
4PbO. PbSO4 (4BS) behave markedly different to those cured at low temperature
having only tribasic lead sulphate 3PbO. PbSO4. H2O (3BS)(11,12). The surfaces are
of active material and depend on curing temperature, as the suitable temperature in
curing process is around (56-65oC)(13) (Bakhtiar Kakil Hamad, R Wagner, MOLL Accu Elsevier
2009). While the reduction in surface area with increase in curing temperature can be
attributed to the growth of 3BS/4BS. The higher Peak Temperature and Curing
Temperature have shown a similar effect.
• 3BS yields higher capacity and 4BS provides higher cycle life.
• Paste morphology is looked at from view point of crystal type 4BS/3BS crystal growth
specially its length (um), phase distribution and packing intensity.
• Temperature above 60 oC should be avoided in the production of positive plates i.e.
paste preparation, curing and drying (Dr. Reiner Kiessling, Lead Acid Battery Formation
Techniques)
39. Composition of the cured material (R Wagner, MOLL Accu Elsevier 2009 ) :
- Basic lead sulfates (3BS : 3PbO.PbSO4 or 4BS : 4PbO.PbSO4)
- Lead Oxide (α-PbO)
- Small percent of free lead (Pb)
- Monobasic lead sulfate (1BS : PbO.PbSO4)
- Lead Carbonate/Hydrocerussite (Pb3(CO3)2(OH)2)
- β-PbO
After curing and drying, parameter should be checked are :
- Remaining free lead content
- Moisture content
- Lead carbonate
- Density
- Porosity
- Pore size distribution
- BET surface
- Ratio 3BS and 4 BS
41. CURING
R Wagner, MOLL Accu Elsevier 2009
Curing
Temperature
Crystal Size
Crystal
Structure (X-
Ray)
Pore Diameter
(μm)
BET Surface
(m2g-1)
High Large 4BS 6-11 0.3-0.4
Medium Large/Small 4BS + 3BS 0.7-0.8 0.9-1.0
Low Small 3BS 0.4-0.6 1.2-1.3
Characteristic data of the cured plate
BET : Brunauer Emmett and Teller