The document discusses first-pass effects, which refers to the metabolism of drugs in the liver and gut before they reach systemic circulation. It describes the theory behind first-pass effects and the various systems like digestive enzymes, bacterial enzymes, and hepatic enzymes that can metabolize drugs and affect bioavailability. It also discusses methods to estimate bioavailability and prevent or take advantage of first-pass effects. Evaluation techniques include in silico, physicochemical, in vitro, in situ, and cell-based methods like the Caco-2 cell model.
SUSTAINED RELEASE (SR) & CONTROL RELEASE.pptxRAHUL PAL
Sustained-release medications are usually labeled with “SR” at the end of their name. These medications prolong the medication's release from a tablet or capsule so that you'll get the medication's benefits over a longer period of time.
CR = controlled release, SR = sustained release, ER = extended release, IR = immediate release. *
SUSTAINED RELEASE (SR) & CONTROL RELEASE.pptxRAHUL PAL
Sustained-release medications are usually labeled with “SR” at the end of their name. These medications prolong the medication's release from a tablet or capsule so that you'll get the medication's benefits over a longer period of time.
CR = controlled release, SR = sustained release, ER = extended release, IR = immediate release. *
Methods For Assesment Of Bioavailability Anindya Jana
Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
Bioavailability studies are important in the Primary stages of development of a suitable dosage form for a new drug entity, determination of influence of excipients, patient related factors & possible interaction with other drugs on the efficiency of absorption, development of new formulations of the existing drugs, control of quality of a drug product during the early stages of marketing in order to determine the influence of processing factors, storage & stability on drug absorption
Bioavailability (BA) studies play a major role in the drug development phase for both new drug products and their generic equivalents, and thus attract considerable attention globally. There are several approaches to assess BA and each regulatory authority has its own regulations/guidance for conducting BA studies before approving generic products for marketing in their country. Therefore, a thorough understanding is required of these BA concepts and basic regulatory considerations for conducting BA studies. This article briefly reviews the BA concepts, approaches, designs, and conducting and analysis of data obtained.
INTRODUCTION
• Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
• Results in 100% bioavailability as the absorption process is bypassed.
• The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extra vascular route is usually less than one (i.e. F<100%).> Oral > Rectal > Topical.
A systematic approach to ensure bioavailability of pharmaceutical products:
BIOAVAILABILITY
It the degree to which, or the rate at which, a medication or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the targeted place in the body. Bioavailability can be influenced by inactive ingredients (see Excipients) in the drug such as additives that prevent the medication from dissolving in the stomach. If a medication that is intended to be taken on an empty stomach is taken instead with food, this can also change the absorption rate and affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient
BIO AVAILABILITY FRACTION (F):
Bio available fraction it refers to the fraction of administered dose that enters the systemic circulation.
*100
United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)The establishment of a rational relationship between a biological property, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced by a dosage form, and a physicochemical property or characteristic of the same dosage form.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definitionIVIVC is a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in vitro property of a dosage form and a relevant in vivo response. Generally, the in vitro property is the rate or extent of drug dissolution or release while the in vivo response is the plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed.
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS, ONE COMPARTMENT OPEN MODEL IV BOLUS, IV INFUSION, EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION, WAGNER NELSON METHOD, METHOD OF RESIDUALS
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content/guidelines require for biowaiver application.
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
Content is up to date & true to my belief.
Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
Protein Binding of Drugs by Dr. Sanaullah AslamSanaullah Aslam
Your Feedback will be highly appreciated regarding "Protein Binding by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam". In this presentation protein binding of drugs is discussed in such a way that it could be easily understood by students of healthcare system.
Methods For Assesment Of Bioavailability Anindya Jana
Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
Bioavailability studies are important in the Primary stages of development of a suitable dosage form for a new drug entity, determination of influence of excipients, patient related factors & possible interaction with other drugs on the efficiency of absorption, development of new formulations of the existing drugs, control of quality of a drug product during the early stages of marketing in order to determine the influence of processing factors, storage & stability on drug absorption
Bioavailability (BA) studies play a major role in the drug development phase for both new drug products and their generic equivalents, and thus attract considerable attention globally. There are several approaches to assess BA and each regulatory authority has its own regulations/guidance for conducting BA studies before approving generic products for marketing in their country. Therefore, a thorough understanding is required of these BA concepts and basic regulatory considerations for conducting BA studies. This article briefly reviews the BA concepts, approaches, designs, and conducting and analysis of data obtained.
INTRODUCTION
• Bioavailability means the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety is absorbed from a drug product and becomes available at the site of action. For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
• Results in 100% bioavailability as the absorption process is bypassed.
• The absolute bioavailability of a drug, when administered by an extra vascular route is usually less than one (i.e. F<100%).> Oral > Rectal > Topical.
A systematic approach to ensure bioavailability of pharmaceutical products:
BIOAVAILABILITY
It the degree to which, or the rate at which, a medication or other substance is absorbed or becomes available at the targeted place in the body. Bioavailability can be influenced by inactive ingredients (see Excipients) in the drug such as additives that prevent the medication from dissolving in the stomach. If a medication that is intended to be taken on an empty stomach is taken instead with food, this can also change the absorption rate and affect the bioavailability of the active ingredient
BIO AVAILABILITY FRACTION (F):
Bio available fraction it refers to the fraction of administered dose that enters the systemic circulation.
*100
United State Pharmacopoeia (USP)The establishment of a rational relationship between a biological property, or a parameter derived from a biological property produced by a dosage form, and a physicochemical property or characteristic of the same dosage form.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) definitionIVIVC is a predictive mathematical model describing the relationship between an in vitro property of a dosage form and a relevant in vivo response. Generally, the in vitro property is the rate or extent of drug dissolution or release while the in vivo response is the plasma drug concentration or amount of drug absorbed.
1. Measurement of Bioavailability:
Direct and indirect methods may be used to assess drug bioavailability. The in-vivo bioavailability of a drug product is demonstrated by the rate and extent of drug absorption, as determined by comparison of measured parameters, e.g., concentration of the active drug ingredient in the blood, cumulative urinary excretion rates, or pharmacological effects.
For drug products that are not intended to be absorbed into the bloodstream, bioavailability may be assessed by measurements intended to reflect the rate and extent to which the active ingredient or active moiety becomes available at the site of action.
The design of the bioavailability study depends on the objectives of the study, the ability to analyze the drug (and metabolites) in biological fluids, the pharmacodynamics of the drug substance, the route of drug administration, and the nature of the drug product.
Pharmacokinetic and/or pharmacodynamic parameters as well as clinical observations and in-vitro studies may be used to determine drug bioavailability from a drug product.
1.1. Pharmacokinetic methods:
These are very widely used and based upon the assumption that the pharmacokinetic profile reflects the therapeutic effectiveness of a drug. Thus these are indirect methods. The two major pharmacokinetic methods are:
The major pharmacokinetic methods are:
Plasma / blood level time profile.
o Time for peak plasma (blood) concentration (t max)
o Peak plasma drug concentration (Cmax)
o Area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve (AUC)
Urinary excretion studies.
o Cumulative amount of drug excreted in the urine (Du)
o Rate of drug excretion in the urine (dDu/dt)
o Time for maximum urinary excretion (t)
C. Other biological fluids
1.2. Pharmacodynamic methods:
IT involves direct measurement of drug effect on a (patho) physiological process as a function of time. Disadvantages of it may be high variability, difficult to measure, limited choices, less reliable, more subjective, drug response influenced by several physiological & environmental factors.
They involve determination of bioavailability from:
Acute pharmacological response.
Therapeutic response.
1.3. In-vitro dissolution studies
Closed compartment apparatus
Open compartment apparatus
Dialysis systems.
1.4. Clinical observations
Well-controlled clinical trials
INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOKINETIC MODELS, ONE COMPARTMENT OPEN MODEL IV BOLUS, IV INFUSION, EXTRAVASCULAR ADMINISTRATION, WAGNER NELSON METHOD, METHOD OF RESIDUALS
In this presentation I have mentioned whatever the possible relevant content/guidelines require for biowaiver application.
Citation Is done at the end of slide.
Content is up to date & true to my belief.
Thanks & Best Regards.
Anurag Pandey
B.Pharm (FACULTY OF PHARMACY, INVERTIS UNIVERSITY)
M.Pharm (INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, NIRMA UNIVERSITY)
Email :- anurag.dmk05@gmail.com
Protein Binding of Drugs by Dr. Sanaullah AslamSanaullah Aslam
Your Feedback will be highly appreciated regarding "Protein Binding by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam". In this presentation protein binding of drugs is discussed in such a way that it could be easily understood by students of healthcare system.
The phenomenon of complex formation of drug with protein is called as Protein drug binding. The proteins are particularly responsible for such an interaction. A drug can interact with several tissue components.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence
Bioavailability-
Whenever a drug is given by oral route it has to go through certain pathway to reach the systemic circulation. Eg. If 100 mg drug is given orally, and if 80 mg is absorbed and 20 mg gets excreted then 80 mg absorbed drug reaches liver through portal system. In liver it gets metabolized, here if 30 mg gets metabolized by the liver 50 mg reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged from. But Bioavailability is expressed in mg it has to be expressed in fraction. So Bioavailability is basically the fraction of unchanged from of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route.
As the drug given by intravenous route reaches directly into the systemic circulation. So the Bioavailability of drug given i.v is 100 %. % Bioavailability can be calculated as- Area under the curve (AUC oral)/ (AUC i.v) *100.
Bioavailability depends on both the rate and extent of absorption.
Rate of absorption depends on- site of adminstration and the drug formulation.
Extent (amount) of absorption depends on- route of drug administration
Factors affecting absorption and Bioavailability-
Pharmaceutical and pharmacological factors:
Pharmaceutical factors include- particle size, crystal from, salt form, water of hydration, Nature of excipients and adjuvants, degree of ionisation.
Pharmacological factors- gastric emptying & g.i mobility, g.i diseases, food and other substances, first-pass effect, Drug-drug interaction, pharmacogenetics, miscellaneous factors like route of administration, area of absorbing surface, state of circulation at site of absorption.
Whenever a drug is given orally it has to go through certain pathway to reach systemic circulation.
E.g out of 100 mg drug given orally if 80 mg gets absorbed & 20 gets excreted. 80 mg of absorbed drug then reaches the liver through portal vein. Liver is highly saturated with enzymes so it doesn't allow the drug to pass freely through it without metabolizing certain amount of drug. . So if 30 mg of absorbed drug gets metabolized in the liver remaining 50 mg of drug reaches the systemic circulation in the unchanged form. But Bioavailability is never expressed in mg it is always expressed in fraction. So Bioavailability is basically the fraction of unchanged from of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation following administration by any route.
Whenever drug is given intravenously 100% drug reaches the systemic circulation in an unchanged form. So the Bioavailability of the drug given intravenously is 100%, while that of the drug given orally is < 100%
Bioavailability of a drug depends on the rate and extent of absorption.
Rate of drug administration is determined by: site of drug administration and drug formulation.
Extent (amount) of drug absorption is determined by: route of drug administration.
Factors affecting drug absorption and Bioavailability- There are various pharmaceutical and pharmacological factors that affect the drug absorption.
FIRST PASS METABOLISM:-
The drug given orally first pass through GI wall and then reaches the liver through portal system. The drug can also be metabolized in the gut wall CYP3A4 enzyme which is a substrate for P-gp {P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an active transporter which pumps drug out of the gut wall cells back into the gut lumen against the concentration gradient.) Normally, drug enters the intestinal lumen by passive diffusion (i.e along the concentration gradient). But P-gp causes drug efflux or drug wastage (i.e against the concentration gradient); The amount of drug that disappears contribute first pass metabolism. But first pass metabolism occur in LIVER > INTESTINE.
Some amount of drug while passing through the liver gets metabolized in the liver for the first time before reaching the systemic circulation this known as first pass metabolism.
Bioequivalence- it as comparison of 2 different brand products of a same drug.
E.g. if Drug company X designs a new drug - (BRANDED DRUG) it gets patency for suppose 20 yrs. So that no other company can legally copy this drug. But once the patency expires any other company can legally copy this drug (GENERIC DRUG) but requires approval by FDA. and FDA asks for BIOEQUIVALENCE certificate (i.e it checks if the compound produced by other company is equivalent to that of BRANDED DRUG.) It has to prove that amount as well as rate of absorption is similar. No company can copy the drug 100% as it is. therefore the acceptable range is +/- 20-25%. The drug can be chemically, pharmaceutically, Therapeutically & clinically equivalent.
Thank you
Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of how the body interacts with administered substances for the entire duration of exposure (medications for the sake of this article). This is closely related to but distinctly different from pharmacodynamics, which examines the drug's effect on the body more closely.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
2. FIRST-PASS EFFECTS
The topics under this phenomenon are:
Theory
Systems that effect pre-systemic metabolism
of a drug
Estimation of bio-availability
Prevention
Beneficial effects
3. THEORY
The first-pass effect is a phenomenon of drug metabolism in which the
concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic
circulation.
eg: Imipramine, Morphine , Propranolol, Diazepam, Cemitidine etc.
The indication of first-pass effect is the diminished drug concentration
or complete absence of drug in the plasma after oral administration.
The first-pass effect may leads to inactivation or activation of a drug.
6. DIGESTIVE
ENZYMES
• These are present in gut fluids
intestinal and pancreatic secretions
• These include hydrolases which
hydrolyse ester drugs like
chloramphenicol palmitate to active
chloramphenicol
• And peptidases which split amide
linkages and inactive protein or
polypeptide drugs. In order to avoid
this peptide drugs are delivered to
colon which lack peptidases
7. BACTERIAL
ENZYMES
• Microflora are present scantily in
stomach and small intestine and are
rich in colon hence most orally
administered drugs are unaffected by
these enzymes
• Sulfasalazine is converted to
sulfapyridine and 5-aminosalicylate by
the microbial enzymes of colon
• Intestinal microflora hydrolyse
conjugates of drugs that are actively
secreted via bile and the free drugs are
reabsorbed into blood eg: glucuronides
of digoxin and oral contraceptives
8. GUT WALL
ENZYMES
• They are present in stomach, small
intestine and colon
• Alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme
which is present in stomach mucosa
inactivates ethanol
• Sulphation of ethanol oestradiol and
isoprenaline by intestinal enzymes
• Colonic mucosa contains both
phase-l and phase-ll enzymes but
only the enzymes of proximal small
intestine are most active
9. HEPATIC
ENZYMES
• The liver contains both phase-l and
phase-ll enzymes
• This is the major site of metabolism
of most orally given drugs
• Highly metabolized drugs in this are
Isoprenaline, Nitroglycerin,
Diltiazem, Nefidepine, Lidocaine,
Morphine etc..
10. ESTIMATION OF BIOAVAILABILITY
Absolute bioavailability:
• For an orally administered drug that is chemically stable in
the gastrointestinal tract and is 100% systemically absorbed
(F = 1), the area under the plasma drug concentration
curve, AUC∞
0, oral, should be the same when the same drug
dose is given intravenously, AUC∞
0, IV.
• Therefore, the absolute bioavailability (F) may reveal evidence
of drug being removed by the liver due to first-pass effects
as follows
oraliv
ivoral
DAUC
DAUC
F
11. Liver extraction ratio:
• There are many other reasons for a drug to have a reduced
F value, the extent of first-pass effects is not very precisely
measured from the F value
• The liver extraction ratio (ER) provides a direct
measurement of drug removal from the liver after oral
administration of a drug.
ER=(Ca-Cv)/Cv
C a is the drug concentration in the blood entering the liver
C v is the drug concentration leaving the liver
12. Relationship b/w F and ER
• Sampling of drug from the hepatic portal vein and artery is
difficult so the following relationship between bioavailability and
liver extraction enables a rough estimate of the extent of liver
extraction
F=1-ER-F’’
F” is the fraction of drug removed by nonhepatic process
F is the fraction of bioavailable drug
• If F” is considered negligible then the equation is as follows
F=1-ER then
ER=1-F
13. PREVENTION:
• We can avoid first pass effect by choosing alternative routes
of administration like suppositories, I.V, I.M, inhalational
aerosol and sublingual
• Because they allow drug to be absorbed directly into
systemic circulation
• Prevention is taken only for drugs that are destroyed by the
first-pass effect
14. BENIFICIAL EFFECTS:
• Prodrugs like codeine(methylmorphine) are converted from
inactive form to pharmacologically active form morphine
• Aspirin a prodrug which is inactive is converted to active
salicylic acid by esterase's in liver
• Sulphasalzine an inactive form converted to sulphapyridine
and active 5-aminosalicylate
15. METHODS FOR STUDYING DRUG
ABSORPTION
Classification :
In silico methods
Physicochemical methods
In vitro methods
In situ methods
16. IN SILICO METHODS
• In silico methods predict intestinal permeability on the basis
of drug characteristics or descriptors, such as lipophilicity,
H-bonding capacity, molecular size, polar surface area, and
quantum properties.
• One of the most famous is the Rule of five by Lipinski et al
• This approach predicts low permeability or solubility when
the following cut-offs are exceeded:
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1. There are more than five H-bond donors (expressed as the sum of OHs
and NHs).
2. The molecular weight MW is over 500.
3. The log P is over 5 (P is the drug 1-octanol/water partition coefficient).
4. There are more than 10 H-bond acceptors (expressed as the sum of Ns
and Os).
5. Compound classes that are substrates for biological transporters are
exceptions to the rule.
• The Rule of five has the advantages of being simple, easy to interpret,
and fast to compute even if, as other similar approaches [80], it does
not take into account the interactions between drug properties
18. PHYSICOCHEMICAL METHODS
• Dressman et al. propose to incorporate various basic drug
physicochemical properties into a unique parameter, the
absorption potential (AP), defined by
AP=log(PFun/D0), D0=X0/CsVL
• P is the drug 1-octanol/water partition coefficient, Fun is the
fraction of drug not ionized at pH 6.5, Cs is the aqueous
solubility of not ionized species at 37 C, VL is the volume of
water taken with the dose (it is usually set = 250 ml), X0 is
the drug dose, and D0 is dose number.
19. IN VITRO METHODS
• In vitro techniques when compared to vivo methods they do
not account for the effect of physiological factors such as
gastric emptying rate, gastrointestinal transit rate,
gastrointestinal pH, etc
In vitro strategies :
1.Animal tissue methods :
a)Everted gut technique
b)Intestinal sheets
c)Isolated membrane vesicles
2.cell based methods : Caco-2 cell method
21. EVERTED GUT TECHNIQUE
• It is aimed to determine intestinal wall permeability on the
basis of drug transport across the membrane from the donor
drug solution to the receiver environment
• This technique implies fixing the intestinal tract on the left
side of a ‘‘U’’ glass capillary connected to a cylindrical glass
vessel. In this disposition, intestinal mucosa faces the donor
environment while the serosal side faces the receiver
environment.
• This model is ideal for studying the absorption mechanism of
drugs since both the passive and active transport can be
studied.
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• The whole preparation is maintained at 370
C and shaken
mildly.
• At predetermined time intervals the sac is removed and the
concentration of drug in the serosal liquid is determined.
• The advantage of this configuration consists in a wide donor
volume and a small receiver volume so that drugs
accumulate faster.
• The drawbacks of this technique are the lack of active blood
and nerve supply that can lead to a rapid loss of viability
and tissue damage due to intestine everting.
23. INTESTINAL SHEETS
• Involves the isolation of the intestinal tissues, cutting it into
strips of appropriate size and clamping it on a suitable
device so that the donor and receiver environments are
separated by a flat intestinal membrane.
• Tissue permeability is evaluated resorting to drug
concentration increase in the receiver environment (that is
in contact with the intestine serosal side).
• Lack of blood and nerve supply, rapid loss of tissues viability,
changes in morphology and functionality represent main
drawbacks of this approach.
24. ISOLATED MEMBRANE VESICLES
• Membrane vesicles can be prepared from either intestinal
scrapings or isolated enterocytes
• They allow studying drug and nutrient transport at the
cellular level (brush border as well as basolateral side), they
are ideal for mechanistic absorption studies and for the
isolation and identification of transporter proteins
• One of the most important advantages of vesicles over the
everted gut and intestinal sheets approaches is the very
small amount of drug required.
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• In addition, the possibility of vesicles cryopreservation
permits storing them for a long time.
• Conversely, it is practically impossible to isolate pure brush
border membrane vesicles (or basolateral vesicles) without
the contamination with the other type of vesicles.
• Vesicles isolation process often implies transporter proteins
and enzymes getting damaging.
26. CELL BASED METHODS
• some of the most commonly used cell models we can mention
Caco-2 (human/colon; epithelial), HT-29 (human/colon;
epithelial), T-84 (human/colon; epithelial), MDCK (canine/kidney;
epithelial), and LLC-PK1 (porcine/kidney; epithelial).
• Caco-2, is human colon adenocarcinoma undergoing spontaneous
enterocytic differentiation leading to a monolayer (on a
semipermeable porous filter) where cell polarity and tight
junctions are well established.
• In addition, as they do not produce mucus, permeability
evaluation is altered by the absence of the diffusive resistance
offered by mucus
• Finally, it is worth mentioning that Caco-2 cell model accounts
only for passive drug transport
27. IN SITU METHODS
• These methods simulates the in vivo conditions for drug absorption
and are based on perfusion of a segment of GIT by drug solution
and determination of amount of drug diffused through it.
• The most important advantage of in situ methods compared to the
in vitro techniques consists in intact blood and nerve supply.
• Accordingly, this methodology is highly accurate for predicting the
permeability of passively transported compounds, while the use of a
scaling factor is recommended for predicting permeability of
carrier-mediated compounds
• Classification :
1)Doluisoi method
2)Single pass perfusion technique
29. DOLUISIO METHOD
• In this method, the upper and lower parts of the small
intestine of anaesthetised and dissected rat are connected by
means of tubing to syringes of capacity 10 – 30 ml.
• After washing the intestinal segment with normal saline, the
syringe is filled with a solution of radiolabelled drug and a
non-absorbable marker which is used as an indicator of
water flux during perfusion.
• Part of the content of the syringe containing drug is
delivered to the intestinal segment which is then collected in
the second syringe and analysed for drug.
31. SINGLE PASS PERFUSION TECHNIQUE
• It is generally considered superior to the Doluisio method
giving better control of the hydrodynamics and increased
surface area
• The drug solution is perfused continuously (via an infusion
pump) down a set length of intestine through the
duodenalend cannula and perfusate collected from the ileal-
end cannula, at flow rates of between 0.1 and 0.3 ml/min.
• The samples collected at outflow are assayed for drug
content.