This document discusses drug absorption, including definitions, mechanisms, and factors influencing absorption. It covers three main mechanisms of absorption - transcellular, paracellular, and endocytosis. Pharmaceutical factors like solubility and dosage forms as well as patient factors like age, disease states, and gastrointestinal contents can impact drug absorption. Non-oral routes of administration like buccal, rectal, pulmonary provide advantages over oral routes by bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and liver metabolism, allowing for more rapid and complete drug absorption.

1. DRUG ABSORPTION
Prepared By
Girijesh Kumar Pandey
M.Pharm. (Pharmaceutics)

2. Contents
• Definitions of Absorption
• Mechanism of Drug Absorption
– Transcellular
– Paracellular
– Endocytosis
• Factors affecting drug absorption
– Pharmaceutical factors
– Patient factors
• Non per os routes
– Summary of drugs absorption from various non invasive
routes
– Advantages of Non per os routes

3. Drug Absorption: Definition
• Goodman and Gilman define absorption
reasonably clearly:
"Absorption is the movement of a drug from its
site of administration into the central
compartment ...and the extent to which this
occurs"
• Rang and Dale, with even greater brevity:
"Absorption is defined as the passage of a drug
from its site of administration into the plasma"

4. Drug Absorption: Definition
• Specific definition in chemistry:
"Absorption is the physical phenomenon of
one substance's atoms, molecules or ions
entering a bulk phase, be it solid liquid or
gaseous".
• General Definition:
“Movement of unchanged drug from site of
administration to systemic circulation”.

5. Drug Absorption: Introduction
• Absorption is very important aspect of
pharmacokinetic study of drug
• Knowledge of absorption helps us to decide
route of administration
• Knowledge of absorption gives us idea about
bioavailability of drug which in turn helps us in
deciding dose
• Pharmaceutical industry utilises knowledge of
absorption to prepare different formulation

6. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Mechanism of drug absorption:

7. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Transcellular / Intracellular transport
– Passage across GI epithelium
• 1. Passive transport process
• 2. Active transport process
• Paracellular / Intercellular transport
– Transport through junctions between GI epithelium
• Pore Transport
• Vesicular / Corpuscular transport
– Transport of substances within vesicles into cells
• 1. Pinocytosis
• 2. Phagocytosis

8. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Passive diffusion
– Non – Ionic diffusion
– Major process for absorption of 90% of drugs
– Driving force- Concentration or electrochemical
gradient
– It follows Fick’s first law of diffusion Drug molecules
diffuse from region of higher concentration to one
lower concentration until equilibrium is attained and
that the rate of diffusion is directly proportional to
concentration gradient across membrane
dQ/dt = K (CGIT-C)

9. Mechanism of drug absorption

10. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Pore transport
– Convective transport , bulk flow or filtration
– Responsible for transport of molecules into cells
– Driving force- hydrostatic force or osmotic
differences across membrane
– Important in absorption of low molecular weight
{<100 daltons} low molecular size , chain like
linear compounds molecular weight up to 400
daltons

11. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Ion-pair transport
– Penetration of membrane by forming reversible
neutral complexes with endogenous ions of GIT (
mucin ) ; Example propranolol with oleic acid

12. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Carrier mediated transport:
Carrier (component of membrane) binds
reversibly or non covalently with solute
molecules and complex traverses to other side
of membrane
– 1. Carriers – Unidirectional
– 2. Structure specific
– 3. Capacity limited

13. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Specialized transport- carrier transport

14. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Facilitated diffusion
– Carrier mediated
transport operates down
the concentration gradient
(downhill transport)
– Driving force –
Concentration Gradient
– No energy expenditure
Example vitamin B12

15. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Active transport
– Requires energy in the form of ATP Primary active
transport Requires direct energy
– Types -1} Ion transporters Transporting ion in or
outside the cell Example ATP driven ion pump is
proton pump
– 2} ABC [ATP binding cassette] transporters
Responsible for transporting small foreign molecules
out of the cells ( exsorption )
– Example P – glycoprotien multidrug resistance protein
ABC transporters in brain capillaries

16. Mechanism of drug absorption

17. Mechanism of drug absorption
– Secondary active transport No direct energy
requirement
– 1] Symport ( co – transport) Transport of both
molecules in same direction Example H+ coupled
peptide transporter (PEPT1) implicated in
intestinal transport of beta lactam antibiotics
– 2] Antiport (counter – transport) Movement of
molecules in opposite direction Example expulsion
H+ using Na+ gradient in kidneys

18. Mechanism of drug absorption
• Endocytosis
– Minor transport mechanism involving engulfing
extracellular materials within segment of cell
membrane to form a saccule or vesicle then pinched
of intracellularly
– Drug or compound not required to be aqueous
solution to get absorbed Example cellular uptake of
macromolecular nutrients like fats ,starch, oil soluble
vitamins A,D,E and K
• 1] Phagocytosis (cell eating)
• 2] Pinocytosis (cell drinking)

19. Factors influencing drug
absorption
• Pharmaceutical factors
– Physicochemical properties
• 1. Drug solubility and dissolution rate
• 2. Particle size and effective surface area
• 3. Polymorphism and amorphism
• 4. Pseudopolymorphism
• 5. Salt form of drug
• 6. Lipophilicity of drugs
• 7. pKa of drug and GI pH
• 8. Drug stability
• 9. Stereochemical nature

20. Factors influencing drug
absorption
– Dosage form and pharmaceutical ingredients
• 1. Disintegration time
• 2. Dissolution time
• 3. Manufacturing variables
• 4. Pharmaceutical ingredients
• 5. Nature and type of dosage form
• 6. Product age and storage conditions

21. Factors influencing drug
absorption
• Patient related factors
– 1. Age
– 2. Gastric emptying time
– 3. Intestinal transit time
– 4. Gastrointestinal pH
– 5. Blood flow through GIT
– 6. Gastrointestinal contents
– 7. Presystemic metabolism
• Luminal enzymes
• Gut wall enzymes
• Bacterial enzymes
• Hepatic enzymes
– Disease States

22. Non per os routes
• Buccal/sublingual
• Rectal
• Topical
• Intramascular
• Subcutanious
• Pulmonary
• Intranasal
• Intraoccular
• Vaginal

23. Non per os routes
• NON PER OS Means other than oral routes
which by passes the GIT and reaches to
systemic circulation.
• One of the major advantages of administering
drugs by non-invasive transmucosal (&
transdermal) routes such as nasal, buccal,
rectal, etc. is that greater systemic availability
is attainable

24. Summary of drugs absorption from
various non invasive routes

25. Advantages of Non per os routes
• Absorption of drug is rapid
• Directly reaches the systemic circulation
• Avoid the GI degradation and/or hepatic
metabolism
• Easy to administered
• Shows the more bioavailability than oral route

26. References
• Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics - A treatise
2nd Edition by D. M. Brahmankar and Sunil B. Jaiswal,
Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
• https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-
exam/required-
reading/pharmacokinetics/Chapter%201.3.0/drug-
absorption-brief-summary
• https://www.slideshare.net/virajshinde9659/absorptio
n-of-drugs-83455173
• https://www.slideshare.net/SuvartaMaru1/absorption-
of-drugs-from-non-per-os-extravascular-administration