Colon drug delivery and approaches can target drugs specifically to the colon through various pH sensitive, time controlled, or microbially triggered mechanisms. Drugs suitable for colon targeting include those for inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, protein/peptide delivery, and infectious diseases. Approaches include pH sensitive polymer coatings, time controlled systems, microbially triggered delivery using enzymes, and novel approaches like pressure controlled, osmotic controlled, pulsincap, and port systems. Evaluation involves in vitro dissolution and degradation testing as well as in vivo parameters like drug delivery index and animal studies.
This PPt Help Students For Improving Their Konwledge about Colon Drug Delivery. In this PPt I Covered All Essential Points About Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System.
Introduction to colon drug delivery,Anatomy n physiology of colon,Factors affectind colon DDS,Limitations,Advantages,Approches to colon DDS,Evaluation of CDDS
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
This PPt Help Students For Improving Their Konwledge about Colon Drug Delivery. In this PPt I Covered All Essential Points About Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System.
Introduction to colon drug delivery,Anatomy n physiology of colon,Factors affectind colon DDS,Limitations,Advantages,Approches to colon DDS,Evaluation of CDDS
Introduction
Anatomy and physiology of lungs
Advantage and disadvantage of Pulmonary Drug Delivery system.
Aerosols , propellants & container types.
Current technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
New technologies for pulmonary drug delivery.
Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Aerosols & PDDS.
Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat conditions of the airways, delivering locally acting drugs directly to their site of action.
Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drugs directly to their site of action reduces the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentrations in the systemic circulation may also reduce side-effects.
The drugs which are administered by pulmonary route are not only for lungs delivery but it goes to systemic circulation and produce the effect where it is desired through out the body. For Eg. A product containing ergotamine tartrate is available as an aerosolized dosage inhaler for the treatment of migraine & Volatile anesthetics, including, halothane, are also given via the pulmonary route.
Used for inhalation and topical aerosols .
Manufactured by impact extrusion process.
Light in weight, less fragile, Less incompatibility due to its seamless nature.
Greater resistance to corrosion .
Pure water and pure ethanol cause corrosion to Al containers.
Added resistance can be obtained by coating inside of the container with organic coating like phenolic , vinyl or epoxy and polyamide resins.
This presentation involves the information about Modified-Release Drug Products, Targeted Drug Delivery Systems and Biotechnological Products in Pharmaceutics
Introduction, Anatomy of colon, Advantage of colon drug delivery system, Disadvantage of colon drug delivery system, Factors influencing CDDS, Approaches of CDDS, Evaluation of CDDS
This presentation involves the information about Modified-Release Drug Products, Targeted Drug Delivery Systems and Biotechnological Products in Pharmaceutics
Introduction, Anatomy of colon, Advantage of colon drug delivery system, Disadvantage of colon drug delivery system, Factors influencing CDDS, Approaches of CDDS, Evaluation of CDDS
Targeted drug delivery into the colon is highly desirable for local treatment of a variety of bowel diseases such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, amoebiasis, colonic cancer, local treatment of colonic pathologies, and systemic delivery of protein and peptide drugs, NSAIDs, steroids.
The colon is believed to be a suitable absorption site for peptides and protein drugs for the following reasons; (i) less diversity, and intensity of digestive enzymes, (ii) less proteolytic activity of colon mucosa than that of small intestine.
CRITERIA: Drugs used for local effects in colon against GIT diseases.
Drugs poorly absorbed from upper GIT.
Drugs for colon cancer.
Drugs that degrade in stomach and small intestine.
Drugs that undergo extensive first pass metabolism.
Drugs for targeting.
Gastro retentive drug delivery systems by shubham patilShubham Patil
General Discussion on Drug delivery System specially focused on Gastro-Retentive. I've covered various types and theories & understandably prepared this presentation for everyone who reads it.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Colon Specific Drug Delivery System: Basics and Approaches
1. COLON DRUG DELIVERY &
APPROACHES
SWAPNIL N. JAIN
(Assistant Professor, JES’s COP, Nandurbar)
1
2. Contents
Introduction
Rational for the development of CDDS
Drugs suitable for colon targeting
Approaches for The colon targeting
Evaluation parameters
Conclusion
References
2
4. 4
The role of digestive system is to break down complex
molecules, derived from ingested food, into simple ones for
absorption into the blood or the lymph.
This process occurs in five main phases, within defined
regions of the gastrointestinal system-
• ingestion (mouth);
• fragmentation (mouth and stomach);
• digestion (stomach and small intestine);
• absorption (small and large intestine);
• elimination of waste products (large intestine).
5. Anatomy of colon
It is the lowermost part of
gastrointestinal
tract.
It is divided into four parts
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
The human large intestine
is about 1.5m (5ft) in length.
Introduction
Fig 1. Anatomy of colon
5
9. 9
Functions of colon
1)Creation of a suitable environment for the growth of
colonic microorganisms.
2) Storage reservoir of fecal contents.
3) Expulsion of the contents of the colon at a suitable
time and
4) Absorption of water and Na+
from the lumen,
concentrating the fecal content, and secretion of K+
and HCO3
-
.
10. 10
Objectives
(a) To reduce dosing frequency.
(b) To delay delivery to the colon to achieve high local
concentrations in the treatment of diseases of the
distal gut.
(c) To delay delivery to a time appropriate to treat
acute phases of disease (chronotherapy).
(d) To deliver to a region that is metabolically less
hostile, e.g., to facilitate absorption of acid and
enzymatically labile materials, especially peptides.
11. 11
Factors affecting drug absorption from the colon:
1)Physical characteristics of drug (pKa, degree of
ionization, etc.)
2)Colonic residence time as dictated by
gastrointestinal tract motility
3)Degradation by bacterial enzymes and byproducts
4)Selective and non-selective binding to mucus
5)Use of chemical absorption enhancers, enzyme
inhibitors, or bioadhesives
12. Rational for the development of colon targeted
drug delivery systems
Drugs are available directly at the target site
Less enzymatic activity
Lesser amount of dose is required
Bypass initial first pass metabolism
Local and systemic treatment
Proteins and peptides delivery
Reduced gastric irritation (e.g. NSAIDS)
Limitations
Establishment of an appropriate dissolution testing system
Bioavailability of drug may be low
Rate limiting step for poor soluble drugs
12
13. Drugs suitable for colon targeting
1. In the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
e.g., Sulphasalazine, Osalazine, Mesalazine
2. In the treatment of colonic cancer
e.g., 5- fluorouracil, Doxorubicin, Methotrexate
3. Proteins and peptides drug delivery
e.g., Calcitonin, Insulin, Erythropoietin
4. To treat infectious diseases like Ameobiasis
e.g., Metronidazole, Albendazole
5. To treat Rheumatoid arthritis, Nocturnal asthma, Angina,
Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis, etc.
13
14. 14
Strategies
1.Variable pH conditions throughout the GIT
2.Colonic microflora produce a variety of enzymes
that are not present in the stomach or the small
intestine
3.The relatively constant transit time in the small
intestine of approximately 3–4 h
4.Another strategy relies on the strong peristaltic
waves in the colon that lead to a temporarily
increased luminal pressure.
15. Approaches For The Colon targeting
1.Primary approaches for colon targeting
I. pH sensitive polymer coating
II. Time controlled system
III. Microbially triggered drug delivery
Polysaccharide based approach
Prodrug approach
15
16. 2. Novel approaches for colon targeting
I. Pressure controlled drug delivery system
II. Osmotic controlled drug delivery to colon
III. Pulsincap system
IV. Port system
16
17. l. pH sensitive polymer coating
Region pH
Ascending colon 6.4
Transverse colon 6.6
Descending colon 7.0
at colon pH
pH sensitive polymer
Drug core
Drug release
Important parameters
- Selection of the appropriate polymers
- Solubility at different pH environments
Primary approaches for colon targeting
17Fig 2. Drug release
19. ll. Time controlled system
In these systems the release of the drug is decided by the transit time.
This system is useful for synchronous delivery of a drug either at preselected time
or at a preselected site.
Fig3. Time controlled system
The formulation is comprised of 3
parts:-
1) a central core containing drug
and swelling excipients.
2) an inner semi-permeable
polymer membrane.
3) an outer enteric-coating which
dissolves at or above pH 5.5
19
20. lll. Microbially triggered drug delivery
The colonic bacteria are predominately anaerobic in nature and secrete
enzymes that are capable of metabolizing substrates that escape the
digestion in the upper GI tract.
On reaching the colon, their is degradation of the polymer backbone by
enzyme resulting in drug release.
Table: Enzymes in colon
20
21. The hydrogels contain acidic co-monomers and enzymatically degradable
azo-aromatic cross-links.
In the acidic pH of stomach, the gels have a low degree of swelling.
In colon, the gels reach a degree of swelling making the cross-links
accessible to enzymes.
Azo hydrogels
21
22. Polysaccharide based approach
The polysaccharides are assessed to remain intact in physiological
environment of stomach and small intestine.
As they reach colon they are acted upon bacterial polysaccharidases
and results in degradation of the matrices.
e.g., Amylose, Pectin, Chitosan, Dextran, Guar gum, etc.
These are broken down by the colonic microflora to simple saccharides,
so these fall into the category of “generally regarded as safe” (GRAS).
22
23. Prodrug approach
A prodrug is a pharmacologically inactive derivative of a parent molecule
that requires some form of transformation in vivo to release the active drug
at the target site.
Generally, a prodrug is successful as a colon drug carrier if it is
hydrophilic and bulky to minimize absorption from the upper GIT, and is
converted into more lipophilic in colon for absorption.
Limitation- It is not a very versatile approach as its formulation depends
upon the functional group available on the drug moiety for chemical
linkage.
23
24. l. Pressure controlled drug delivery system
As a result of peristalsis, higher pressures are encountered in the
colon, and which forms the basis for this system.
Drug release occurs due to the disintegration of a water-insoluble
polymer capsule because of pressure in the lumen of the colon.
The thickness of the polymer membrane is the critical factor for the
disintegration of the formulation.
Novel approaches for colon targeting
24
25. ll. Osmotic controlled drug delivery to colon
It can be single osmotic unit or may incorporate as many as 5-6 units, each
4mm in diameter.
It can maintain a constant release rate for up to 24 h in the colon.
25
Fig 4. OROS- CT
26. lll. Pulsincap system
It consists of non disintegrating half capsule body filled with drug content
sealed at the opened end with the hydrogel plug, which is covered by water
soluble cap.
Polymers used for hydrogel plug are HPMC, PVA etc.
Fig. Pulsincap system
26
29. Evaluation
1. In vitro
a) Dissolution testing
b) Enzymatic degradation testing
2. In vivo
a) Drug delivery index
= Relative colonic tissue exposure to drug
Relative amount of drug in blood
b) Animal studies
c) γ-Scintigraphy – to investigate GI performance of a formulation
29
30. Marketed Formulations
30
Drug Trade
name
Company
name
Therapeutic use
Mesalamine Mesacol Sun Pharma Ulcerative colitis
Osalazine Dipentum UCB Pharma Ulcerative colitis
Sulphasalazine Sazo Wallace Ulcerative colitis
Balsalazide Intazide Intas Ulcerative colitis
Diphenoxylate
HCl+ Atropine
sulphate
Lomotil RPG Life Mild ulcerative colitis
Mebeverine Colospa Solvay Irritable bowelsyndrome
Hydrocortisone
acetate
Entofoam Cipla Ulcerative colitis
31. Conclusion
This system is of prime importance in the treatment of diseases and
disorders related to colonic region.
This drug delivery requires establishment of appropriate evaluation
parameters.
The discontinuity in physiological parameters along the GI tract governs
few mechanisms to be incorporated to produce colon specific drug release.
There is a need to identify appropriate approach, which will be safe,
effective, less expensive with minimum fluctuation in drug release.
31
32. References
1) Chourasia M. K., Jain S. K., (2003), Pharmaceutical Approaches to Colon Targeted
Drug Delivery System, In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 33-66.
2) Krishnaiah Y. S. R., Styanarayana S., (2000), Colon specific drug delivery systems.
In: Jain N. K., ed. Advances in Controlled and Novel Drug Delivery. New Delhi, India:
CBS Publishers and Distributors, 89-119.
3) Kothawade P. D., Gangurde H. H., Surawase R.K., Wagh M.A., Tamizharasi S.,
Conventional and Novel Approaches for Colon Specific Drug Delivery: A Review. In : e-
Journal of Science and Technology, 33-56.
4) Patel A., Bhatt N., (2011), Colon Targeted Drug Delivery System: A Review System,
In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bioscientific Research, 37- 49.
5) Singh B.N., Kim K.H., In: Swarbrick J, Boylan JC., ed. (2002), Encyclopedia of
Pharmaceutical Technology, New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc, 886-909.
32
33. 6) Kumar K. V., Sivakumar T., Mani T., (2011), Colon Targeting Drug Delivery System:
A review on recent approaches, In: International Journal of Biomedical Sciences, 11-
19.
7) Mehta T. J., Patel A.D., (2011), Need of Colon Specific Drug Delivery System:
Review on Primary and Novel Approaches, In: International Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research and Development, 134-153.
8) Patel N., Patel J., (2008), Novel Pharmaceutical Approaches For Colon-Specific
Drug Delivery: An Overview. In: Journal of Pharmacy Research, 2-10.
9) Prasanth V.V., Jayaprakash. R., Colon Specific Drug Delivery Systems: A Review
on Various Pharmaceutical Approaches. In: Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical
Science, 163-169.
33