This document provides an overview of the development of automobile technology and four-wheel steering systems. It discusses the early experiments with steam-powered vehicles in the 18th century and the introduction of internal combustion engines in the early 19th century. The document then focuses on different types of four-wheel steering systems, including mechanical, hydraulic, and electro-hydraulic systems. It explains the components and operation of an actual 4WS system and discusses the advantages of 4WS such as improved maneuverability, stability, and handling.
The method described in this presentation is just one way of pulling the build off, mostly based on what my team did. There is no doubt that there might be better ways. The purpose of this presentation was for the newbies to see how the various mechnicals come together, their relative proportions, sizes, positions, layouts, etc.
Also, I shall carry out corrections and revisions from time to time, so that more information can be passed on effectively to successive BAJA aspirants.
Team Traxion'15 - Virtual Baja 2015 PresentationDhamodharan V
Traxion'15 is the official SAE collegiate team of Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, which participated in "SAE Virtual Baja 2015" held at Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad.
This document summarizes a class seminar on car crash testing. It discusses how crash tests are conducted by driving vehicles into barriers at high speeds and using crash test dummies equipped with sensors. The standard types of crash tests are frontal, side impact, and offset tests. Safety systems like seatbelts and airbags help absorb the kinetic energy during impacts. Crash test ratings provide probabilities of injury based on test outcomes. While crash testing has improved safety, the document notes that mandatory crash testing and safety standards are still lacking in India.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
This document provides an overview of Team Vega, a student formula team from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida. It describes the vehicle design including dimensions, materials used, analysis conducted, suspension geometry, steering, brakes, engine and powertrain selection and specifications. It also includes information on the project timeline, costs, facilities and an overview of the key vehicle specifications.
This document discusses disk brakes, including their history, types, advantages, and how they work. Disk brakes use friction pads that squeeze a metal disk attached to the wheel hub to slow rotation. There are two main types - opposed piston brakes, which use pistons on both sides of the disk for even pressure, and floating caliper brakes, which use a piston on the inner side to push the caliper and outer pad against the disk. Disk brakes are more efficient than drum brakes as they dissipate heat better and maintain performance longer under stress.
This document discusses methods for determining the location of a vehicle's center of gravity. It describes using scales to find the horizontal X-Y position and raising one end of the vehicle to measure the height (hcg). Formulas are provided to calculate the percentage of weight at each corner and axle. An example is shown for a C3 Corvette. Longitudinal load transfer during acceleration and braking is also examined, with equations to calculate the change in front and rear axle loads based on acceleration force, vehicle dimensions and specifications. Diagrams and step-by-step workings are presented for a example acceleration calculation.
This document provides an overview of the development of automobile technology and four-wheel steering systems. It discusses the early experiments with steam-powered vehicles in the 18th century and the introduction of internal combustion engines in the early 19th century. The document then focuses on different types of four-wheel steering systems, including mechanical, hydraulic, and electro-hydraulic systems. It explains the components and operation of an actual 4WS system and discusses the advantages of 4WS such as improved maneuverability, stability, and handling.
The method described in this presentation is just one way of pulling the build off, mostly based on what my team did. There is no doubt that there might be better ways. The purpose of this presentation was for the newbies to see how the various mechnicals come together, their relative proportions, sizes, positions, layouts, etc.
Also, I shall carry out corrections and revisions from time to time, so that more information can be passed on effectively to successive BAJA aspirants.
Team Traxion'15 - Virtual Baja 2015 PresentationDhamodharan V
Traxion'15 is the official SAE collegiate team of Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering, Sriperumbudur, which participated in "SAE Virtual Baja 2015" held at Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad.
This document summarizes a class seminar on car crash testing. It discusses how crash tests are conducted by driving vehicles into barriers at high speeds and using crash test dummies equipped with sensors. The standard types of crash tests are frontal, side impact, and offset tests. Safety systems like seatbelts and airbags help absorb the kinetic energy during impacts. Crash test ratings provide probabilities of injury based on test outcomes. While crash testing has improved safety, the document notes that mandatory crash testing and safety standards are still lacking in India.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
This document provides an overview of Team Vega, a student formula team from JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida. It describes the vehicle design including dimensions, materials used, analysis conducted, suspension geometry, steering, brakes, engine and powertrain selection and specifications. It also includes information on the project timeline, costs, facilities and an overview of the key vehicle specifications.
This document discusses disk brakes, including their history, types, advantages, and how they work. Disk brakes use friction pads that squeeze a metal disk attached to the wheel hub to slow rotation. There are two main types - opposed piston brakes, which use pistons on both sides of the disk for even pressure, and floating caliper brakes, which use a piston on the inner side to push the caliper and outer pad against the disk. Disk brakes are more efficient than drum brakes as they dissipate heat better and maintain performance longer under stress.
This document discusses methods for determining the location of a vehicle's center of gravity. It describes using scales to find the horizontal X-Y position and raising one end of the vehicle to measure the height (hcg). Formulas are provided to calculate the percentage of weight at each corner and axle. An example is shown for a C3 Corvette. Longitudinal load transfer during acceleration and braking is also examined, with equations to calculate the change in front and rear axle loads based on acceleration force, vehicle dimensions and specifications. Diagrams and step-by-step workings are presented for a example acceleration calculation.
An active suspension system uses sensors, an electronic control unit, actuators and adjustable shocks/springs to actively adjust the suspension based on driving conditions like wheel speed, braking, and acceleration. It improves ride control, reduces body roll, and provides better handling, safety and passenger comfort compared to conventional passive suspension systems. However, active suspension systems are more complex and expensive than traditional systems.
Roof Crush Analysis For occupant safety and ProtectionPratik Saxena
Optimization for Roof Crush Analysis under section FMVSS-216. Performed this test on the passenger’s side using Hypermesh and LS-Dyna placed the dummy (Hybrid III 50th percentile), seat, seat belt and side airbag on passenger’s side to perform the analysis. Performed optimization to reduce the chances of injury.
This tutorial introduces the basics of using Lotus Suspension Analysis. It describes how to start the application, create a new front double wishbone suspension model using default parameters, and manipulate the graphical 3D view. Basic functions like displaying results graphs, animating the suspension kinematics, and saving files are also covered to help users get started with the software.
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism.
The document discusses vehicle aerodynamics and the forces involved. It introduces concepts like drag, lift, and side forces caused by air flow over a moving vehicle. Drag opposes the vehicle's motion and is made up of skin friction, induced, and pressure drag. Lift and side forces can cause rolling, pitching, and yawing moments. The key aerodynamic forces of drag, lift, and side forces are defined using equations that relate them to air density, velocity, vehicle area, and coefficient values. Reducing aerodynamic drag improves fuel efficiency and vehicle design.
¿Cuándo cambiar tus discos de freno? ¿Cómo hacerlo? ¿Necesitan tus discos de freno un cambio? Todos estos consejos y más con nuestro experto en mecánica. Descubre todos los secretos para poder realizar el mantenimiento y el recambio de las piezas de tu coche tú mismo. En esta presentación: las discos de freno.
The combined braking system (CBS) links the front and rear brakes on a motorcycle or scooter, applying both brakes when either brake lever is pressed. The CBS uses an equalizer to distribute braking force between the front and rear wheels simultaneously for more effective and safer braking. CBS provides benefits for inexperienced riders by reducing braking distances and improving stability, but is not suitable for experienced riders or high-performance motorcycles. While ABS is a more advanced safety system, CBS is a cheaper option for low-cost vehicles.
1. The document outlines the design specifications and rules for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) racing competition. It includes requirements for dimensions, materials, driver safety, speeds, and allowed pre-fabricated parts.
2. Detailed specifications are provided for the vehicle's 10HP engine, roll cage made of chromoly steel, dimensions, weights, double wishbone front and rear suspension systems, rack and pinion steering, disc brakes, and 4-speed transmission.
3. Performance targets include minimum weight, desirable traction, maximum gradeability, reduced rolling resistance, and optimized braking. 2D drawings and 3D models illustrate the vehicle design.
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF FOUR WHEEL STEERED MULTI- UTILITY VEHICLEDelwin CK
This document describes the design and fabrication of a four-wheel steered multi-utility vehicle. The vehicle uses four-wheel steering to improve maneuverability in tight spaces compared to conventional rear-wheel follow systems. It also includes a scrap collecting mechanism using magnets. Design calculations were performed for components like chains, bevel gears, and spur gears to analyze stresses. An Ackerman steering mechanism is used to prevent tire slip when turning. The overall goal is to create a low-cost, user-friendly vehicle for industrial applications like floor cleaning and scrap collection.
Vehicle Body Engineering Bus Body DetailsRajat Seth
This document discusses different types and classifications of bus bodies. It describes mini buses, town/city buses, suburban buses, and luxury coaches based on their passenger capacity and key features. The document also provides a table comparing passenger capacities for different bus types. Finally, it classifies buses based on body shape, such as classic, single deck, double deck, two level single decker, and articulated buses.
Full Frontal, 40% & 20% Offset Impact Analysis on Ford Econoline.Vaibhav porwal
Full Frontal, 40%, and 20% impact analysis of Ford Econoline using LS-PrePost and LS-DYNA, including front airbags, side curtain airbag and a seatbelted to reduce the fatal injuries.
The document summarizes the design of an off-road vehicle created by University of Texas at San Antonio students for the 2015 Baja SAE competition. It describes the design of the front and rear suspension systems, drivetrain, controls including steering and braking, and the frame. Analysis was conducted using software tools to optimize various components for performance over rough terrain while maintaining structural integrity. The vehicle was designed with a focus on safety, manufacturability, durability and performance given engineering and economic constraints.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on train wheel assembly at the Ajmer Carriage Workshop of the North Western Railway in Ajmer. It discusses the components of a wheel set including the wheel disks, axle, and axle boxes. It then gives details on wheel measurements and maintenance procedures in the workshop, including inspecting wheels, measuring wheel diameters and flange thickness. The document also outlines the wheel profile, wheel machining process using various machines, and potential causes of wheel skidding.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from road shocks. Common suspension types include independent front suspensions like MacPherson struts and solid rear axles with leaf springs. Proper suspension provides cushioning, stability, and ride comfort while preventing excess body movement.
The document summarizes side impact crash test simulations conducted on a 1993 Ford Taurus finite element model according to FMVSS 214, NCAP, and IIHS testing protocols. The simulations showed injury metrics like TTI(d) and pelvis acceleration within acceptable limits for FMVSS 214. Velocity curves for the NCAP test matched well with actual data. B-pillar deformation for the IIHS test was acceptable. Overall, the simulations produced results comparable to real crash tests.
This document discusses active suspension systems for vehicles. It begins with an introduction that describes vehicle suspension systems and the conflicts between ride comfort and handling. It then provides figures to illustrate contact patch deformation during cornering and bumps. The document discusses various suspension designs and their effects. Subsequent chapters will cover objectives, methodology, active suspension design including controller, software and hardware design, functions of active suspensions, examples like the Bose system, and recent developments.
DESIGN & STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SUPRA SAE CAR CHASSISPrashant Sahgal
This document summarizes the design and structural analysis of a racing car chassis. It describes using CATIA software to model the chassis and ANSYS for finite element analysis to simulate various loads on the chassis, including front impact, side impact, torsion, bumps, and rollovers. The analysis found maximum deformations between 1-5 mm and stresses below 300 MPa across the tests, with safety factors above 1.5 in all cases. The document concludes the finite element analysis provided valuable insights for designing a chassis that can withstand the forces of racing.
•SAE Baja is an Inter-colligate off road racing competition where the top engineering colleges in India successfully fabricate and race there all-terrain vehicles.
•The competition has various automotive giants like Mahindra, General motors etc. powering the event.
•The contest challenges each team to function as a firm whose objective is to design, fabricate, market and race off their vehicles that would be evaluated on a variety of manufacturing angles by various professionals from the sponsoring automotive companies.
The document summarizes the key components and working of a vacuum brake system used in trains. It describes the driver's brake valve, exhauster, dummy couplings, brake cylinders, vacuum reservoirs, brake pipes and other parts. It explains how applying the brakes causes a loss of vacuum in the brake pipe, pushing the piston up and engaging the brake blocks, while releasing the brakes restores vacuum. The vacuum brake allows partial braking and is fail-safe but is less effective than modern air brakes.
The document describes the key specifications of a modern Formula One race car. It is a single-seater open-cockpit car with a V8 engine mounted behind the driver. It has lightweight carbon fiber body construction, produces over 1750 kW of heat dissipated through radiators, and can brake from 100 to 0 km/h within 15 meters. Aerodynamic wings and drag reduction systems are adjustable to control air flow and reduce drag during races.
Varta batteries are the optimal choice for vehicles with start-stop technology. Varta offers two types of batteries: Start-Stop batteries which are well-suited for basic start-stop functions, and Start-Stop Plus batteries which can handle advanced start-stop systems with regenerative braking and additional fuel-saving technologies. Start-Stop Plus batteries have absorbent glass mat technology, thicker plates, and higher cycling ability than standard or Start-Stop batteries. They provide reliable power for more engine starts and longer periods with the engine off. By 2015, 70% of new vehicles are expected to feature start-stop technology, highlighting the growing importance of innovative battery solutions.
An active suspension system uses sensors, an electronic control unit, actuators and adjustable shocks/springs to actively adjust the suspension based on driving conditions like wheel speed, braking, and acceleration. It improves ride control, reduces body roll, and provides better handling, safety and passenger comfort compared to conventional passive suspension systems. However, active suspension systems are more complex and expensive than traditional systems.
Roof Crush Analysis For occupant safety and ProtectionPratik Saxena
Optimization for Roof Crush Analysis under section FMVSS-216. Performed this test on the passenger’s side using Hypermesh and LS-Dyna placed the dummy (Hybrid III 50th percentile), seat, seat belt and side airbag on passenger’s side to perform the analysis. Performed optimization to reduce the chances of injury.
This tutorial introduces the basics of using Lotus Suspension Analysis. It describes how to start the application, create a new front double wishbone suspension model using default parameters, and manipulate the graphical 3D view. Basic functions like displaying results graphs, animating the suspension kinematics, and saving files are also covered to help users get started with the software.
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
The hydraulic brake is an arrangement of braking mechanism which uses brake fluid, typically containing ethylene glycol, to transfer pressure from the controlling mechanism to the braking mechanism.
The document discusses vehicle aerodynamics and the forces involved. It introduces concepts like drag, lift, and side forces caused by air flow over a moving vehicle. Drag opposes the vehicle's motion and is made up of skin friction, induced, and pressure drag. Lift and side forces can cause rolling, pitching, and yawing moments. The key aerodynamic forces of drag, lift, and side forces are defined using equations that relate them to air density, velocity, vehicle area, and coefficient values. Reducing aerodynamic drag improves fuel efficiency and vehicle design.
¿Cuándo cambiar tus discos de freno? ¿Cómo hacerlo? ¿Necesitan tus discos de freno un cambio? Todos estos consejos y más con nuestro experto en mecánica. Descubre todos los secretos para poder realizar el mantenimiento y el recambio de las piezas de tu coche tú mismo. En esta presentación: las discos de freno.
The combined braking system (CBS) links the front and rear brakes on a motorcycle or scooter, applying both brakes when either brake lever is pressed. The CBS uses an equalizer to distribute braking force between the front and rear wheels simultaneously for more effective and safer braking. CBS provides benefits for inexperienced riders by reducing braking distances and improving stability, but is not suitable for experienced riders or high-performance motorcycles. While ABS is a more advanced safety system, CBS is a cheaper option for low-cost vehicles.
1. The document outlines the design specifications and rules for an all-terrain vehicle (ATV) racing competition. It includes requirements for dimensions, materials, driver safety, speeds, and allowed pre-fabricated parts.
2. Detailed specifications are provided for the vehicle's 10HP engine, roll cage made of chromoly steel, dimensions, weights, double wishbone front and rear suspension systems, rack and pinion steering, disc brakes, and 4-speed transmission.
3. Performance targets include minimum weight, desirable traction, maximum gradeability, reduced rolling resistance, and optimized braking. 2D drawings and 3D models illustrate the vehicle design.
DESIGN & FABRICATION OF FOUR WHEEL STEERED MULTI- UTILITY VEHICLEDelwin CK
This document describes the design and fabrication of a four-wheel steered multi-utility vehicle. The vehicle uses four-wheel steering to improve maneuverability in tight spaces compared to conventional rear-wheel follow systems. It also includes a scrap collecting mechanism using magnets. Design calculations were performed for components like chains, bevel gears, and spur gears to analyze stresses. An Ackerman steering mechanism is used to prevent tire slip when turning. The overall goal is to create a low-cost, user-friendly vehicle for industrial applications like floor cleaning and scrap collection.
Vehicle Body Engineering Bus Body DetailsRajat Seth
This document discusses different types and classifications of bus bodies. It describes mini buses, town/city buses, suburban buses, and luxury coaches based on their passenger capacity and key features. The document also provides a table comparing passenger capacities for different bus types. Finally, it classifies buses based on body shape, such as classic, single deck, double deck, two level single decker, and articulated buses.
Full Frontal, 40% & 20% Offset Impact Analysis on Ford Econoline.Vaibhav porwal
Full Frontal, 40%, and 20% impact analysis of Ford Econoline using LS-PrePost and LS-DYNA, including front airbags, side curtain airbag and a seatbelted to reduce the fatal injuries.
The document summarizes the design of an off-road vehicle created by University of Texas at San Antonio students for the 2015 Baja SAE competition. It describes the design of the front and rear suspension systems, drivetrain, controls including steering and braking, and the frame. Analysis was conducted using software tools to optimize various components for performance over rough terrain while maintaining structural integrity. The vehicle was designed with a focus on safety, manufacturability, durability and performance given engineering and economic constraints.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on train wheel assembly at the Ajmer Carriage Workshop of the North Western Railway in Ajmer. It discusses the components of a wheel set including the wheel disks, axle, and axle boxes. It then gives details on wheel measurements and maintenance procedures in the workshop, including inspecting wheels, measuring wheel diameters and flange thickness. The document also outlines the wheel profile, wheel machining process using various machines, and potential causes of wheel skidding.
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels using springs, shock absorbers, and linkages. It serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking, and protecting the vehicle and passengers from road shocks. Common suspension types include independent front suspensions like MacPherson struts and solid rear axles with leaf springs. Proper suspension provides cushioning, stability, and ride comfort while preventing excess body movement.
The document summarizes side impact crash test simulations conducted on a 1993 Ford Taurus finite element model according to FMVSS 214, NCAP, and IIHS testing protocols. The simulations showed injury metrics like TTI(d) and pelvis acceleration within acceptable limits for FMVSS 214. Velocity curves for the NCAP test matched well with actual data. B-pillar deformation for the IIHS test was acceptable. Overall, the simulations produced results comparable to real crash tests.
This document discusses active suspension systems for vehicles. It begins with an introduction that describes vehicle suspension systems and the conflicts between ride comfort and handling. It then provides figures to illustrate contact patch deformation during cornering and bumps. The document discusses various suspension designs and their effects. Subsequent chapters will cover objectives, methodology, active suspension design including controller, software and hardware design, functions of active suspensions, examples like the Bose system, and recent developments.
DESIGN & STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SUPRA SAE CAR CHASSISPrashant Sahgal
This document summarizes the design and structural analysis of a racing car chassis. It describes using CATIA software to model the chassis and ANSYS for finite element analysis to simulate various loads on the chassis, including front impact, side impact, torsion, bumps, and rollovers. The analysis found maximum deformations between 1-5 mm and stresses below 300 MPa across the tests, with safety factors above 1.5 in all cases. The document concludes the finite element analysis provided valuable insights for designing a chassis that can withstand the forces of racing.
•SAE Baja is an Inter-colligate off road racing competition where the top engineering colleges in India successfully fabricate and race there all-terrain vehicles.
•The competition has various automotive giants like Mahindra, General motors etc. powering the event.
•The contest challenges each team to function as a firm whose objective is to design, fabricate, market and race off their vehicles that would be evaluated on a variety of manufacturing angles by various professionals from the sponsoring automotive companies.
The document summarizes the key components and working of a vacuum brake system used in trains. It describes the driver's brake valve, exhauster, dummy couplings, brake cylinders, vacuum reservoirs, brake pipes and other parts. It explains how applying the brakes causes a loss of vacuum in the brake pipe, pushing the piston up and engaging the brake blocks, while releasing the brakes restores vacuum. The vacuum brake allows partial braking and is fail-safe but is less effective than modern air brakes.
The document describes the key specifications of a modern Formula One race car. It is a single-seater open-cockpit car with a V8 engine mounted behind the driver. It has lightweight carbon fiber body construction, produces over 1750 kW of heat dissipated through radiators, and can brake from 100 to 0 km/h within 15 meters. Aerodynamic wings and drag reduction systems are adjustable to control air flow and reduce drag during races.
Varta batteries are the optimal choice for vehicles with start-stop technology. Varta offers two types of batteries: Start-Stop batteries which are well-suited for basic start-stop functions, and Start-Stop Plus batteries which can handle advanced start-stop systems with regenerative braking and additional fuel-saving technologies. Start-Stop Plus batteries have absorbent glass mat technology, thicker plates, and higher cycling ability than standard or Start-Stop batteries. They provide reliable power for more engine starts and longer periods with the engine off. By 2015, 70% of new vehicles are expected to feature start-stop technology, highlighting the growing importance of innovative battery solutions.
Aerodynamic Drag Reduction for Ground Vehicles using Lateral Guide Vanes Mohamed Shahin
This document is the final report for an engineering design project aimed at reducing aerodynamic drag on sport utility vehicles using side guide vanes. A team of four students conducted simulations and experiments to test designs for side guide vanes on a scale model of a Hummer H2. In the second phase of the project, the team finalized their design, manufactured guide vanes out of plexiglass, attached them to the model using connecting plates, and tested the prototype in a wind tunnel. The simulations predicted a 15% reduction in drag coefficient with the guide vanes, while experimental testing yielded a 9% reduction, within 4% of the numerical results.
The document discusses safety features and ejection systems for a T-38 aircraft. It describes the ejection seats, which can be adjusted for height, and an emergency oxygen system. It also details the inter-seat sequencing system, which allows pilots to select between solo, both, or command forward modes to control the order in which the front and rear seats eject and canopies are jettisoned.
The document discusses safety features and the ejection seat system for a T-38 aircraft. It describes a safety pin for the seat firing handle, a SAFE/ARMED handle, Mk T16T series ejection seats, a seat raising actuator to adjust seat height, an emergency oxygen system that supplies oxygen for 10 minutes, canopy breakers to break the transparency if the jettison system fails, pulling the seat firing handle to eject, and a manual override handle as a last chance for the pilot after ejection.
Aerodynamic drag reduction by Vortex GeneratorsAbhijith C
The document discusses the use of vortex generators to reduce aerodynamic drag. Vortex generators are small vanes attached to surfaces like aircraft wings or vehicles. They work by creating tip vortices that draw high-energy air from outside the boundary layer into the slower-moving air close to the surface. This transitions the boundary layer from laminar to turbulent flow, which is less prone to separating from the surface at high speeds or angles of attack. Vortex generators have been shown to delay flow separation on aircraft wings and are now used on vehicles like cars and trucks to reduce drag and improve fuel efficiency at highway speeds.
An ejection seat is a system designed to rescue the pilot or crew of an aircraft in an emergency by ejecting them clear of the aircraft. Once clear, the ejection seat deploys a parachute. Ejection seats subject the occupant to high g-forces, around 8 g, during ejection. Modern ejection seats are rocket powered and designed to safely eject occupants even at supersonic speeds. The seat propels the occupant out of the aircraft using an explosive charge or rocket motor.
Hybrid rockets use a liquid oxidizer and solid fuel. They are mechanically simpler than other rocket types and can provide denser fuels. A hybrid rocket consists of a pressure vessel containing liquid oxygen and a combustion chamber housing solid fuel. When thrust is desired, the liquid oxidizer flows into the combustion chamber where it reacts with the solid fuel surface in a boundary layer flame. Hybrid rockets offer higher safety during fabrication and operation compared to solid rockets, and allow for throttling capability not available with other rocket types. While hybrid rockets currently have some performance disadvantages, their safety features make them promising for future propulsion applications.
KERS systems capture kinetic energy lost during braking and store it to provide a power boost by releasing stored energy. There are two main types - electrical systems store energy in batteries while mechanical systems use a flywheel. Formula One introduced KERS in 2009 to increase overtaking opportunities by providing a short power boost. Mechanical KERS has higher efficiency than electrical systems as it avoids multiple energy conversions.
This document provides a literature review of hybrid rocket propulsion. It begins with definitions of key terms related to hybrid rockets. The main advantages of hybrid rockets over solid and liquid rockets are safety during handling and storage, reliability due to fewer complex components, and flexibility for throttling and restarting. Challenges include understanding the complex chemical combustion processes. Overall, the document examines the potential for hybrid rockets as a safer and lower-cost alternative to traditional rocket designs.
Gear Fundamentals & _Failure Analysis.pdfZiad Salem
Scott Ouellette from Rexnord Industries presented on gear fundamentals and failure analysis at the Vibration Institute – Piedmont Chapter meeting in Myrtle Beach, SC on May 5th and 6th, 2016. The presentation covered topics including the different styles of gear reducers, best maintenance practices, common failure modes, and technology enhancements that can extend gear and bearing life. Predictive maintenance using data-driven decisions was emphasized as the most effective approach.
Bygen Ltd. is a highly innovative startup company that is currently developing and commercializing a new disruptive transmission technology for the electric vehicles.
Bygen has developed a fully electric powertrain that is capable of increasing the driving range of electric vehicles in combined city traffic and highway driving by more than 50% in any road-speed conditions. By using new concept of mechanical technology it is possible to build a highly efficient fully electric multispeed transmission system for electric vehicles. Bygen's transmission system has no hydraulics to control clutch, which enables transmission to be light and tiny. This also makes it possible to be "in-wheel" type, which lifts efficiency higher. Much lowering cost is expected to contribute electric vehicle industry to expand faster and higher than ever.
Trolley assist systems allow electric haul trucks to draw power from overhead lines, reducing diesel fuel consumption by 70-80% over the haul cycle. While initially popular in the 1980s during an energy crisis, trolley assist fell out of favor due to perceptions of high costs and inflexibility. However, improvements in AC drive technology, wayside equipment, and truck components have addressed prior drawbacks. Trolley assist now provides benefits like increased haul truck speeds, extended engine life, lower maintenance costs, and reduced environmental impact. With payback periods of 1-2 years due to higher productivity and savings, trolley assist should be reconsidered for new mining operations.
A technological break-through, resulting from almost three decades of research and development. FuelAid Systems and Optimizers harness the science of fluid conditioning to improve combustion efficiency and increase fuel economy.
When properly installed, FuelAid systems cause fuel to take on a millivoltage charge which breaks up molecular clusters, causing better burning. Emissions are greatly reduced as a result.
The non invasive molecular optimization technology is capable of delivering the proper magnetic field necessary to break up the electrons in the fuel and reach the Rayleigh Limit - defined by NASA as the correct charge, and the number of electrons, to induce the desired effect.
All of this is a fancy way of saving that FuelAid Systems save money and reduce emissions, passively, using proven scientific theory. No driver training required.
Electric motors are major electricity users. Implementing efficiency improvements in motors and motor systems can help reduce electricity demand. Key opportunities include installing energy efficient motors, power factor correction, soft starters, variable speed drives, and optimizing motor sizing and loading. Regular maintenance and proper part selection can also improve system efficiency. Overall, analyzing motor and process needs can identify the most cost-effective efficiency measures for a given water supply system.
This document presents information on continuously variable transmissions (CVTs). It discusses the three main types of CVTs: pulley-based, toroidal, and hydrostatic. Recent developments in CVTs from Subaru, Honda, and Nissan are outlined, focusing on improved fuel efficiency and driving experiences. Advantages include improved fuel efficiency and engine performance, while disadvantages include higher costs and limitations for high-torque applications. Future applications in hybrid vehicles are also discussed.
The document provides specifications for the 374D L Series Hydraulic Excavator. It has an operating weight of 71,132 kg and is powered by a Cat C15 ACERT engine producing 355 kW of power. It features a spacious operator station for comfort, electronic joysticks for control, and a liquid crystal display monitor. Maintenance items like filters are easily accessible and service intervals are 500 hours. A variety of work tools can be attached to increase versatility.
This document discusses several automobile safety features including airbags, anti-lock braking systems (ABS), traction control, and electronic stability control. It provides details on how each system works and its effectiveness in reducing accidents and injuries. Airbags deploy through inflation units within milliseconds of a collision to cushion impact. ABS uses sensors and microprocessors to regulate braking pressure and prevent skidding. Traction control builds on ABS to also control engine and throttle inputs to prevent wheel slip. Electronic stability control integrates additional sensors and hydraulics to apply brakes individually and induce correcting yaw torques to maintain vehicle stability during turns or slippery conditions. Studies show each of these technologies significantly reduces risks to drivers and passengers compared to vehicles without such safety features
This document is a project report on automatic transmission systems submitted by Saswat DaS to his professors at C.V Raman Global University. It provides an overview of automatic transmissions, including their components like planetary gear sets, hydraulic systems, and computer controls. It describes different types of automatic transmissions like continuously variable transmission, dual clutch transmission, and torque converter transmission. It also discusses advantages like smooth shifting and disadvantages like higher costs compared to manual transmissions. The conclusion is that while manual transmissions have been around longer, automatic transmissions are eliminating the need for a clutch pedal and are the future of transmissions.
The document describes the design of a zero-turn radius system for a John Deere 5065E tractor. The system uses hydraulic tie rods attached to a double-acting cylinder to enable the rear wheels to rotate independently, allowing the tractor to turn within its own width. Calculations are shown for sizing the steering and tie rod cylinders and rods. The design also incorporates a hydrostatic transmission system to provide infinitely variable speed control for the rear wheels to facilitate zero-turn maneuvers. Performance simulations and a cost analysis are presented to evaluate the technical feasibility and cost-effectiveness of the zero-turn design.
This document discusses different types of vehicle transmission systems. It describes manual transmissions which require the driver to shift gears manually. Automatic transmissions can shift gears automatically using planetary gear sets, hydraulic systems, and torque converters. Continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) provide an infinite range of gear ratios without fixed gears by varying the diameters of drive and driven pulleys. The document proposes a new type of CVT that uses a chain drive system to eliminate slippage and provide higher torque capacity without frictional losses of belt-driven CVTs.
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Diseñado para trabajos exigentes en aplicaciones de explanación, el tractor de ruedas 834G combina un aumento de potencia, movilidad y comodidad del operador para proporcionar un avance revolucionario en las topadoras. El 834G es ideal para movimiento de tierras, industrias y minería.
Brochure, Folleto, Specalog, oroscocatt, oroscocat
Catalogo 834G CAT pdf
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Drs (drag reduction system) creative journey
1. DRS (Drag Reduction System)
By:
Patrick Antar 7664257
Lachlan Wilton 7656890
Theodore Johnson 9741194
Daniel Loi 9501258
2. Taking a step backwards
• What is a DRS and why?
A Drag Reduction System on the rear wing helps with reducing the
overall drag generated by the car with the help of elevating a flap
element, reducing its angle of attack.
It can significantly increase the straight line speed of a racecar.
My group and I are assessing its effectiveness and determining how
much of a benefit it could bring to this year’s Team Swinburne’s electric
racer.
7. Rules and Regulations
• For rear wing:
In plan view, no part can be further rearward than 250 mm rearward
of the rear of the tires.
Cannot be wider than the outside of the rear tires measured at the
wheel hubs.
Cannot be higher than 1.2 m above the ground without a driver
onboard, from the side view.
10. Constraints
• Total weight limit of 5kgs with DRS.
• The design should satisfy all the competition rules.
• Not more than 10mm of deflection, measured at furthest point from t
he chassis, in any direction at maximum loading.
• Should not interfere with other critical mounting points on the rear ch
assis.
• The aerodynamic design should not increase the overall aerodynamic
drag by 5-10% of the baseline(with no wings (+DRS) but with
undertray) model.
12. Sub-Systems
Actuator Mounting Linkage
Input High/Low Inboard/Outboard # of points Direction Material
Electrical
Linear High Inboard Single Compression Wire
Rotational Low Outboard Dual Tension Solid
Magnetic N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Fluid
Pneumatic
Hydraulic
Manual
• Initial design evaluation gave us a total of approximately 32 different potential designs.
• To reduce the design decision process instead of each team member accessing 8 designs covering different areas of study,
each team member has been assigned a single area of study that covers a number of potential options.
• There are three subsystems required, for the car.
• An input motion, a way of converting that motion into an appropriate vertical linear motion and a way of transferring that
force
into a rotating
17. Electrical
Rotational.
DC motors, Stepper Motors, Servos.
Small, cheap, light, accurate, rotational to linear motion possible.
Linear Actuator.
Microcontroller, drain on the battery.
Electromagnets/Solenoids
Low force, Expensive.
18. Comparison
GOOD BAD
BAD GOOD
GOOD BAD
BAD GOOD
BAD GOOD
BAD GOOD
GOOD BAD
1-35 MPa 0-800 KPa
Accuracy
Cleanliness
Controllability
Flammability
Inexpensive
Leakage/failure
Lubrication
Pressure regions
PNEUMATICSHYDRAULICS
19. Our choice: PNEUMATICS
It is the best for our application after looking at the comparison.
There still is a plenty of decisions to make:
• Cylinder size
• Ports size
• Inlet and exhaust valve flows
• Air pressure
• Bore and length of the hoses
• Load against which cylinder is working
We also have the choice between a single acting or a double acting cylinders.
• A single acting with spring return seems to be best for our application
20. Other factors (Calculations, activation method…)
Means of activation
Pushing effective area Pulling effective area
Effective area
for a given
force
21. Summary
• DRS activated by the press of button and will spring back to its initial
position once the driver lets go
• Pneumatics provide an safe and relatively light and inexpensive means to
achieve it
• Packaging will be in one of the side pods away from the driver
• Strategically deployed to last the entire competition.