Public Health Concerns About Resistant Foodborne Infections - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Infections, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2013 NIAA Symposium Bridging the Gap Between Animal Health and Human Health, November 12-14, 2013, Kansas City, MO, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2013-niaa-antibiotics-bridging-the-gap-animal-health-human-health
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: T...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: The Public Health Concerns - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Livestock disease drivers, ecology and pathogen evolutionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Discovering novel pathways of cross-species pathogen transmissionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: T...John Blue
Antimicrobial Resistance and The Human-Animal Interface: The Public Health Concerns - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Livestock disease drivers, ecology and pathogen evolutionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Discovering novel pathways of cross-species pathogen transmissionEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
Antiviral Effects of Beta Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virusijtsrd
Introduction The avian virus is an Influenza A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. Objective For this purpose ß lactoglobulin is esterified with various alcohols over different circumstances like acidity, protein intentness, water substance, time, temperature, etc. Methodology Methylated ß lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. The impact of this study is viral HA Hemagglutinin action is repressed by the imposition of different convergences of MET BLG depending upon their distinctive concentration. Result A large number of positive charges on the MET BLG can disrupt the electrostatic intuitive inside hem agglutinin subunits that influences its soundness and movement, lessens its capacity to intertwine and restraints its contamination power. But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. Conclusion A different result shows that a higher incubation time increases the antiviral activity of MET BLG. Sadia Afrin | Rezwan Ahmed Mahedi | Mimona Akter "Antiviral Effects of Beta-Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38098.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38098/antiviral-effects-of-betalactoglobulin-against-avian-influenza-virus/sadia-afrin
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Tuberculosis hardly excuse anyone irrespective of its shape, size, colour, cast, creed, breed, species or genus having a little warmth in blood. Therefore, elephants e not exception, rather very prone for this disease which have taken many times more lives than any of the war.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Human Health Viewpoint and Setting the Tone for the Antibi...John Blue
Human Health Viewpoint and Setting the Tone for the Antibiotic Symposium - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from the 2015 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Stewardship: From Metrics to Management, November 3-5, 2015, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://swinecast.com/2015-niaa-symposium-antibiotics-stewardship-from-metrics-to-management
Antibiotic Resistance form food of animal origint- Debatable issueAsima Zehra
Contribution to the development of antibiotic resistance is multifactorial wherein human medicine plays a major role and food of animal origin are least to bother.
Bovine tuberculosis epidemiology & control in indiaBhoj Raj Singh
Tuberculosis in India is in hyperendemic state both in human and animals. No DOTS can help in control of human tuberculosis unless tuberculosis is controlled in animals. Control of tuberculosis in animals is a far reacheachable dream in India and thus the Tuberculosis will persist in India till the dooms day.
Peste des-ruminants-is-a-rinderpest.doc pdfGudyne Wafubwa
Peste des petits ruminant virus (PPRV) is a disease mostly affecting goats and sheep. Since its first discovery, it has caused massive economic loss to most small pastoralists in Africa and other developing countries. It is the integral role of all stakeholders to join hands so as to eradicate the disease.
Antiviral Effects of Beta Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virusijtsrd
Introduction The avian virus is an Influenza A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. Objective For this purpose ß lactoglobulin is esterified with various alcohols over different circumstances like acidity, protein intentness, water substance, time, temperature, etc. Methodology Methylated ß lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. The impact of this study is viral HA Hemagglutinin action is repressed by the imposition of different convergences of MET BLG depending upon their distinctive concentration. Result A large number of positive charges on the MET BLG can disrupt the electrostatic intuitive inside hem agglutinin subunits that influences its soundness and movement, lessens its capacity to intertwine and restraints its contamination power. But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. Conclusion A different result shows that a higher incubation time increases the antiviral activity of MET BLG. Sadia Afrin | Rezwan Ahmed Mahedi | Mimona Akter "Antiviral Effects of Beta-Lactoglobulin against Avian Influenza Virus" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38098.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/38098/antiviral-effects-of-betalactoglobulin-against-avian-influenza-virus/sadia-afrin
Relations between pathogens, hosts and environmentEFSA EU
Presentation of the EFSA's second scientific conference, held on 14-16 October 2015 in Milan, Italy.
DRIVERS FOR EMERGING ISSUES IN ANIMAL AND PLANT HEALTH
Tuberculosis hardly excuse anyone irrespective of its shape, size, colour, cast, creed, breed, species or genus having a little warmth in blood. Therefore, elephants e not exception, rather very prone for this disease which have taken many times more lives than any of the war.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Human Health Viewpoint and Setting the Tone for the Antibi...John Blue
Human Health Viewpoint and Setting the Tone for the Antibiotic Symposium - Dr. Robert Tauxe, Deputy Director, Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), from the 2015 NIAA Antibiotic Symposium - Stewardship: From Metrics to Management, November 3-5, 2015, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://swinecast.com/2015-niaa-symposium-antibiotics-stewardship-from-metrics-to-management
Antibiotic Resistance form food of animal origint- Debatable issueAsima Zehra
Contribution to the development of antibiotic resistance is multifactorial wherein human medicine plays a major role and food of animal origin are least to bother.
Dr. Brian Lubbers - Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistanc...John Blue
Animal Agriculture's Contribution to Antibiotic Resistance - What Should (& Should Not) Be On The Table - Dr. Brian Lubbers, Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Director of Clinical Microbiology, from the 2014 NIAA Symposium on Antibiotics Use and Resistance: Moving Forward Through Shared Stewardship, November 12-14, 2014, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-niaa-antibiotics-moving-forward-through-shared-stewardship
Dr. Peter Davies - Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in ...John Blue
Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in Food Animals - Dr. Peter Davies, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Dr. Peter Davies - Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in ...John Blue
Emerging Issues in Antibiotic Resistance Linked to Use in Food Animals - Dr. Peter Davies, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2017 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 16-19, 2017, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2017-leman-swine-conference-material
Herbal antimicrobials are considered as an important alternative to antibiotic and probable tools to mitigate emerging antimicrobial-drug-resistance (AMR). However, it is difficult to accept that microbes may not adapt to herbal antimicrobials as rapidly as to antibiotics. This is now well documented that herbal antimicrobial resistance is also common among common pathogenic microbes and genes are now known to encode herbal drug-resistance too. This lecture gives description how resistance to conventional antimicrobials impacts susceptibility of microbes for herbal antimicrobials. Lecture Scheduled on 21st February 2023, In: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Foodborne pathogens” sponsored under the ICAR-NAHEP-CAAST project by the MAFSU, Mumbai Veterinary College, at the Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-IVRI from 20th February to 25th February, 2023.
Dr. Peter Davies - Antibiotic Use In Swine Production - Where Is It At And Wh...John Blue
Antibiotic Use In Swine Production - Where Is It At And Where Is It Going? - Dr. Peter Davies, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, from the 2016 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 17-20, 2016, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2016-leman-swine-conference-material
Antimicrobial resistance as an emerging food-borne infectious diseaseJean Jacques Bernatas
Food safety is also about acquired antimicrobial resistance in big farms, and its spread in the environment. Be a smart consumer, a smart producer, and a smart patient to contributing to get antimicrobial resistance under control.
AMR challenges in human from animal foods- Facts and Myths.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This presentation talks about ÄMR: A public health threat, a “silent pandemic”.
Infections caused by Antimicrobial-drug-resistant (AMR) pathogens caused >1.27 million deaths worldwide in 2019 (low level or no surveillance) and increasing year after year which may be > million in coming decades. Covid-19 caused ~6.8 million deaths in >3 years but now the pandemic is ending but the AMR pandemic has no timeline for its ending. Many deaths are also attributed to AMR pathogens.
More antibiotic use (irrespective of the sector) = More AMR.
This presentation also talks about ways and means to mitigate the AMR pandemic. 1. Stopping the blame game. All are equally responsible for the emergence of AMR, the share of developed and educated communities is much more than poor and un-educated communities.
2. Working together: On-Line Real-Time AST Data Sharing Platform for different diagnostic and research laboratories doing AST routinely.
3. Implementing not only antibiotic veterinary and medical stewardship but antimicrobial production and distribution stewardship too.
4. Educating for Environmental health not only human, plant, and animal health.
5. AMR's solution is not in searching for alternatives to antibiotics but in establishing environmental harmony.
6. More emphasis on AMR epidemiology than on AMR microbiology and pharmacology.
7. Development of understanding that bacteria and other microbes are more essential for life on earth than the human race. Microbes can live without humans, but humans can’t without microbes.
Global-Health is of prime importance than economic growth/ greediness.
Randall Singer - Ensuring Healthy Animals and Food Safety – The Need to Prese...John Blue
Ensuring Healthy Animals and Food Safety – The Need to Preserve Antibiotics - Randall Singer, Ph.D, DVM, Associate Professor, Epidemiology, University of Minnesota, from the 2010 Animal Ag Alliance Stakeholder's Summit: Truth, Lies and Videotape: Is Activism Jeopardizing Our Food Security?, April 28 - 29, 2010, Washington, DC, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/home/conference/2010-animal-ag-alliance-stakeholders-summit
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Dr. Robert Tauxe - Public Health Concerns About Resistant Foodborne Infections
1. Public health concerns about resistant foodborne
infections
Antibiotics Symposium
National Institute for Animal Agriculture
Kansas City , Missouri
November 12, 2013
Robert Tauxe, MD, MPH
Deputy Director,
Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2. Antimicrobial treatments have been critical in
human and veterinary medicine for 60+ years
Antimicrobial resistance a challenge for almost as long
Emerges in settings where antimicrobials are used
In a variety of bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
Sometimes spreads from one bacterial strain to another
Central issue for managing infections of all kinds
3. One Health: The Way Forward
A multidisciplinary collaborative effort that
focuses on the interconnectedness of a large
ecosystem to achieve optimal health of
humans, animals, and environments across
the world.
4. CDC report released
September 17, 2013
18 pathogens
Burden
•2,049,000 illnesses
•23,000 deaths
Foodborne pathogens
•4 of the 18 often transmitted
through foods
•2 with animal reservoirs
•2 with human reservoirs
http://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013
5. Annual public health burden of resistant
foodborne infections
Resistant to principal clinical agents used for treatment
Pathogen
Percent
Resistant
# illnesses/
year
# deaths/
Year
Campylobacter
24%
310,000
28
Non-typhoidal
Salmonella
8%
100,000
38
Salmonella Typhi
67%
3,800
<5
Shigella
6%
27,000
<5
441,000
66-70
Total
CDC 2013 Antibiotic Resistance Threats
6. Tracking the public health challenge of foodborne
antimicrobial resistance at CDC
1970’s: Periodic surveys of Salmonella and Shigella
1980’s: Outbreaks of resistant infections
1996: National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System for Enteric
Bacteria (NARMS), a collaborative effort
• USDA/FSIS - animals at slaughter
• FDA Center for Veterinary Medicine – retail meats
• CDC – human clinical cases
• Human, animal strains from all 50 states
• Retail food isolates from 14 states
• Standard panels of antimicrobial agents
(See cdc.gov/NARMS for 2011 Annual Report, testing details)
8. Emergence of drug resistant strains of concern:
Salmonella and Campylobacter
9. Recent multistate outbreaks of resistant
Salmonella infections
Year
Serotype
vehicle
cases
states
% hosp
resistance
2010
Typhimurium
Ground beef
20
7
47
AKSSuFoxCx
2011
Heidelberg
Ground
turkey
136
34
39
ASSuT
2012
Heidelberg
Chicken
134
13
31
Variable*
2013
Heidelberg
Chicken
362
21
38
Variable*
* Polyclonal outbreak, varied patterns,
Some strains had no resistance at all
Some strains resistant to clinically important drugs
2013 testing is incomplete
10. What connects antibiotic use in animals with
human health?
Use of antibiotics in food producing animals selects for antibiotic-resistant bacteria (including ones pathogenic to humans)
Resistant bacteria can be transmitted from food –producing animals to humans through the food supply
Resistant bacterial pathogens can cause illness in humans
Infections caused by resistant bacteria can result in adverse health consequences for humans
11. Why are resistant strains of particular concern?
When treatment is needed, early empiric treatment may fail, and treatment choices will be limited
Increased morbidity and mortality
• Longer illnesses
• More invasive infections
• More likely to be hospitalized
• More deaths
When resistance is located on a mobile genetic element, it may be transferred to other bacteria horizontally
Mølbak 2005 Clin Infect Dis 41:1613-20
12. Why are resistant strains of particular concern?
(continued)
Epidemiological observations, and a well-established animal model
Resistant strains have a selective advantage in individuals who are taking antimicrobial for other reasons
Colonization with a resistant pathogen may convert to overt disease if the individual takes an antibiotic to which it is resistant
• Illness in individuals already ill for other reasons
• More clinical cases: Proportion of illness attributable to resistance estimated at 3-26% for Salmonella (=58,000 more illnesses)
Barza 2002 Clin Infect Dis 34:S123-125, S126-130
14. Non-Typhoidal Salmonella
Resistance to ceftriaxone (2009-2011)
• 2.9% of all isolates
• 17.9% of Heidelberg isolates
Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (2009-2011)
• 2.7% of all isolates
• Approximately half were serotype Enteritidis
• Most are travel-associated
Penta-resistance (e.g. ACSSuT)
• 8.2% in 2002 4.6% in 2011 all isolates
• 23% 21% of Typhimurium
• 23% 4% of Newport
NARMS 2009-2011 data, 2011 NARMS report
15. Ceftriaxone resistance in
Salmonella serotype Heidelberg, 1996-2012*
32%
3%
0%
*2012 human data are preliminary; only 10 ground turkey isolates were tested in 2009 and 11 retail chicken
isolates in 2002 and 2011
16. Salmonella Heidelberg in Québec
Ceftiofur resistance – 2003-2008
Cft R S. Heidelberg
was common in
poultry meat, but
was not found in
beef or pork
2005-2006:
Poultry industry
in Québec
voluntarily halted
use of ceftiofur
in eggs
Dutil et al. 2010 EID 16: 48-54
17. Microbiological characterization of non-typhoidal
Salmonella strains from food animals, retail meat,
and people in US, 2008
Decreased susceptibility to ceftriaxone/ceftiofur (MIC>2μg/L)
blaCMY genes, usually combined with other resistance genes
• Human:
4.6% (Newport, Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Agona)
• Retail meat: 15.7% (Typhimurium, Heidelberg, Kentucky, Newport)
• Animals:
10.6% (Dublin, Kentucky, Newport, Typhimurium)
Conclude:
• substantial overlap in strains across sources
• same CMY gene is found in all three sources
• same CMY gene appearing in several serotypes
Karlsson 2013 Microbial Drug Resist 19:191-197
18. CMY2 genes in Salmonella Heidelberg are
plasmid-borne, 2009
The CMY2 gene for ceftiofur/ceftriaxone (Cft/Cx) resistance was first described on a plasmid that easily transferred between Salmonella and E. coli (1998-9)
2009: S Heidelberg that was Cft/Cx-resistant blaCMY +
• 47 strains found in NARMS
• All 47 were plasmid encoded on plasmids
• 41 of the 47 plasmids were Inc type 1, with two closely related sequence types
• Same plasmid found in variety of Heidelberg strains
• 26 of the 29 animal and meat isolates were from chicken
The 2009 increase in Cft/Cx resistance is related to spread of a plasmid among various Heidelberg strains in poultry, rather than to the clonal expansion of one strain
Winokur 2001 AAC 45:2716-2722
Folster et al 2012 FPD19:638-645
20. Shigella
Ciprofloxacin resistance
2011: resistance to Amp 34%, Tet 41%, TMP-SXT 67%
Reduced susceptibility to azithromycin:
• 3.1% in 2011 and 4.3%* in 2012
*preliminary data
21. Challenges in other parts of the world
Campylobacter in Europe: Cipro resistance in
• 52% of strains from humans
• 50% of strains from poultry
• 80% of strains from international travelers
Salmonella Typhimurium and Enteritidis in eastern Africa
• Recurrent outbreaks, sometimes nosocomial
• Highly multi-resistant strains
• Invasive infections with higher mortality (typhoid-like)
Taiwan: Salmonella Choleraesuis:
• Increase in human infections in late 1990’s
• Resistant, up to 60% cipro R, some to ceftriaxone (CMY2)
• Highly invasive, presenting with aortitis, septic shock
• Related to epizootic in pigs with same organism
WHO Campylobacter Consultation 2013
2013 Kotloff Lancet; 2008 Gordon CID; 2011 Su EID;
22. Salmonella Kentucky in Africa/Asia/Europe
Since 1960, Pasteur Institute tracking Salmonella Kentucky
• First: infections in travelers from Tunisia
• 1990’s: from Egypt
• 2000’s: from India
Progressive increase in resistance (since 1990’s)
2008: Appeared in Polish turkey flocks, meat and consumers
Since then in turkey flocks and meat in Germany and France
One genetic lineage: now R to ASSuTTmpGentCip, and
sometimes has CMY2
LeHello 2013 Lancet Infectious Disease 13:652-679
Wasyl 2012 Food Research Int 45:958-961
23. CDC is addressing the challenge of resistant
foodborne infections by
Promoting prevention
Tracking resistance through NARMS
Making that information more available more quickly
Refining estimates of the health impact of resistance
Making realtime resistance data part of outbreak investigations
Refining understanding of sources and mechanisms of
• resistance genes
• and resistant bacterial strains
24. Addressing public health concern about resistant
infections with Shigella
Management of Shigella infections in children has changed
Until the 1990’s, often routine to
• treat all cases aggressively, no matter how mild
• treat exposed family members
• prophylaxe other children in the child care center
Rapid increase in resistance to Amp, Tmp-Sxt, Nalidixic acid
In the 1990’s, routine changed to:
• reserve treatment for severe illnesses only
• provide family members with soap and handwashing advice
• Isolate ill children and increase hygiene in child care centers
Tuttle et al 1993 Inf Dis Clin Pract 2:55-59
25. Addressing the public health concern about resistant
foodborne zoonotic infections
Expertise in animal health and management is vital to
Reduce introduction of resistant strains into production
• Breeder stock, hatcheries
• Animal feed sources
• Water, environment, employees, etc.
Consider conditions that foster selection of resistance and
spread of resistant organisms
• Antimicrobial use that is sub-therapeutic, repeated,
widespread, or unnecessary
• Management practices that spread illness among animals
Implement prevention measures
• Judicious antimicrobial use
• Alternate prevention steps
• Reduce food contamination
26. Antimicrobial resistance in foodborne infections in
the 21st century
Substantial challenge to human and animal health
The burden is substantial, but perhaps not irreversible
Non-judicious medical use is being addressed with major efforts
Foodborne pathogens resistant to drugs important in human medicine, whether
related to human use or agricultural use
Limit the emergence of resistance, and prolong effectiveness of current antibiotics
• Judicious use for food animals supervised by a veterinarian
• Measures that prevent spread and food contamination
We all want
• Food to be safer
• Those who eat it to be healthier
• People to have confidence in food supply
27. Thank you
The findings and conclusions in this presentation are
those of the author and do not necessarily represent
the views of the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention
28. Our websites
Antimicrobial resistance:
www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/index.html
Our Programs:
NARMS:
www.cdc.gov/NARMS
FoodNet:
www.cdc.gov/foodnet
PulseNet: www.cdc.gov/pulsenet
FoodCORE: www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dfwed/orpb/foodcore/index.html
Specific pathogens:
E. coli:
www.cdc.gov/ecoli
Salmonella: www.cdc.gov/salmonella
Listeria:
www.cdc.gov/listeria
Multistate foodborne outbreaks:
www.cdc.gov/outbreaknet/outbreaks.html
General information about foodborne diseases:
www.cdc.gov/foodsafety
www.foodsafety.gov
29. Urban dictionary:
“I’m Audi” = to suddenly leave
1987 Audi 5000
Sudden acceleration
700 incidents, 6 deaths
First corporate response
blamed customers
Market response:
Loss of $100 million in 1987
US sales dropped 84% by 1991
VW bought Audi
Later corporate response:
Recalled 5 years of production
Retired the A5000 model
Re-engineered pedals to be
farther apart
New interlock required foot
on brake to shift from “park”
Editor's Notes
Thank you very much, and I would be happy to entertain questions.